geotechnology not your grandfather’s map
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Geotechnology Not Your Grandfather’s Map. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Joseph K. BerryJoseph K. BerryCSU Alumnus,CSU Alumnus, MS in Business Management ’72 and PhD emphasizing Remote Sensing ‘76MS in Business Management ’72 and PhD emphasizing Remote Sensing ‘76
W.M. Keck Scholar in Geosciences, University of DenverW.M. Keck Scholar in Geosciences, University of DenverPrincipal, Berry & Associates // Spatial Information SystemsPrincipal, Berry & Associates // Spatial Information Systems
1701 Lindenwood Drive, Fort Collins, CO 805241701 Lindenwood Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80524Phone: (970) 215-0825 Email: [email protected]: (970) 215-0825 Email: [email protected]
Website at Website at www.innovativegis.com/basiswww.innovativegis.com/basis
GeotechnologyGeotechnologyNot Your Grandfather’s MapNot Your Grandfather’s Map
(Nanotechnology)(Nanotechnology) Geotechnology Geotechnology (Biotechnology)(Biotechnology)
Global Positioning Global Positioning SystemSystem
Remote SensingRemote Sensing
Geographic Information Geographic Information SystemsSystems
WhereWhere isis WhatWhat
GPS/GIS/RSGPS/GIS/RS
AnalysisAnalysis involves involves investigation of investigation of
spatial spatial relationshipsrelationships
(numerical)(numerical)
Prescriptive Prescriptive ModelingModeling
Mapping Mapping involves involves precise placementprecise placement (delineation) of (delineation) of
physical featuresphysical features
(graphic)(graphic)
Descriptive Descriptive MappingMapping
GeotechnologyGeotechnology is one of the three "mega technologies" for the 21st century and is one of the three "mega technologies" for the 21st century and promises to promises to forever change how we conceptualize, utilize and visualize forever change how we conceptualize, utilize and visualize spatial spatial
relationships in scientific research and commercial applications relationships in scientific research and commercial applications
(Berry)(Berry)
(Nanotechnology)(Nanotechnology) Geotechnology Geotechnology (Biotechnology)(Biotechnology)
Internet Mapping
““The Sizzle”The Sizzle”
Descriptive Descriptive MappingMapping
GPS Navigation
Desktop Mapping Multimedia Mapping
… we created a multimedia map of Pingree Park
Last Year
(Berry)(Berry)
(Nanotechnology)(Nanotechnology) Geotechnology Geotechnology (Biotechnology)(Biotechnology)
Surface Modeling maps the spatial distribution and pattern of point data… Map Generalization— characterizes spatial trends (tilted plane) Spatial Interpolation— deriving spatial distributions (e.g. IDW, Krig) Other— roving windows and facets (e.g., density surface; tessellation)
Spatial Data Mining investigates the “numerical” relationships in mapped data… Descriptive— aggregate statistics (e.g. average, stdev, similarity; clustering) Predictive— relationships among maps (e.g., regression) Prescription— appropriate actions (e.g., decision rules; optimization)
Spatial Analysis investigates the “contextual” relationships in mapped data… Reclassify— reassigns map values (position, value, size, shape, contiguity) Overlay— map coincidence (point-by-point; region-wide; map-wide) Distance— proximity and connection (movement; optimal paths; visibility) Neighbors— roving windows (slope; aspect; diversity; anomaly)
Grid-Based Map Analysis
““The Science”The Science”
Prescriptive Prescriptive ModelingModeling
SpatialStatistics
(Berry)(Berry)
Surface Modeling Surface Modeling (Density Surface — “counts”)(Density Surface — “counts”)
(Berry)(Berry)
Elevation
…continuous Map Surface (grid-based analysis frame)
A value is stored at each A value is stored at each grid cell location indicates grid cell location indicates ““whatwhat is is wherewhere”— ”— for for example, a set of elevation example, a set of elevation values form the familiar terrain values form the familiar terrain surface we hike on.surface we hike on.
A paradigm shift from traditional A paradigm shift from traditional discrete discrete Map FeaturesMap Features comprised of comprised of PointsPoints, , LinesLines, , PolygonsPolygons..
……Map SurfacesMap Surfaces are used to investigate are used to investigate relationships within and among map layersrelationships within and among map layers
Map StackMap Stack
Hugag Density SurfaceHugag Density Surface Hugag Activity draped over ElevationHugag Activity draped over Elevation
ContinuousMap Surface
Avg- 17.49 StDev= 14.99
Most of the activity is on the NE ridge in cover type 14 near steep slopes toward the river
HugagHugagCountsCounts
DiscreteMap Surface
2 Hugags every 30 min for 30 days
Hugag
Surface Modeling Surface Modeling (Mapping the Variance)(Mapping the Variance)
The “The “iterative smoothingiterative smoothing” process is similar to slapping a big chunk of ” process is similar to slapping a big chunk of modeler’s clay over the “data spikes,” then taking a knife and cutting away modeler’s clay over the “data spikes,” then taking a knife and cutting away
the excess to leave a the excess to leave a continuous surfacecontinuous surface that encapsulates the that encapsulates the Peaks and valleys implied in the field samples – Peaks and valleys implied in the field samples – Spatial DistributionSpatial Distribution
Continuous Surface — Geographic Distribution
Numeric Distribution — Average, Standard Deviation
(Berry)(Berry)
Spatial InterpolationSpatial Interpolation (soil nutrient levels)(soil nutrient levels)
Spatial InterpolationSpatial Interpolation maps the maps the geographic distributiongeographic distribution inherent in the data inherent in the data
IDW SurfaceData “Spikes”
Corn Field Phosphorous (P)
(Berry)(Berry)
Comparing Spatial Interpolation ResultsComparing Spatial Interpolation Results
Comparison of the Comparison of the IDWIDW interpolated surfaceinterpolated surface
to theto thewhole field averagewhole field average
shows shows large differenceslarge differences in localized estimatesin localized estimates
(-16.6 to 80.4 ppm)(-16.6 to 80.4 ppm)
Comparison of the Comparison of the IDW interpolated surfaceIDW interpolated surface
to the to the Krig interpolated surfaceKrig interpolated surface shows shows small differencessmall differences
in localized estimatesin localized estimates (-13.3 to 11.7 ppm)(-13.3 to 11.7 ppm)
(Berry)(Berry)
Spatial Data MiningSpatial Data Mining
What spatial relationships What spatial relationships do you see?do you see?
Interpolated Spatial DistributionInterpolated Spatial Distribution
Phosphorous (P)
……do relatively high levels do relatively high levels of P often occur with high of P often occur with high levels of K and N?levels of K and N?
… …how often? …where?how often? …where?
HUMANSHUMANS can “see” broad can “see” broad generalized patternsgeneralized patterns
in a in a singlesingle map variable map variable
(Berry)(Berry)
Clustering Maps for Data ZonesClustering Maps for Data Zones
……groups of “floating balls” in data space identify locations in the field groups of “floating balls” in data space identify locations in the field with similar data patterns– with similar data patterns– data zonesdata zones
COMPUTERS can “see” detailed patterns in multiple map variables
(Berry)(Berry)
The Precision Ag ProcessThe Precision Ag Process (Fertility example)(Fertility example)
As a combine moves through a field As a combine moves through a field 1)1) it uses GPS to it uses GPS to check its location then check its location then 2)2) checks the yield at that checks the yield at that
location to location to 3)3) create a continuous map of the yield create a continuous map of the yield variation every few feet (variation every few feet (dependent map variabledependent map variable). ).
On-the-Fly On-the-Fly Yield MapYield Map
Steps 1–3)Steps 1–3)
Derived Derived Nutrient MapsNutrient Maps
Step 4)Step 4)
Prescription MapPrescription Map
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1
The yield map The yield map 4)4) is analyzed in combination with is analyzed in combination with soil, terrain and other maps (soil, terrain and other maps (independent map independent map variablesvariables) to derive a “Prescription Map” …) to derive a “Prescription Map” …
Variable Rate ApplicationVariable Rate Application
Step 5)Step 5)
5)5) …that is used to adjust fertilization levels every …that is used to adjust fertilization levels every few feet in the field (few feet in the field (actionaction).).
Intelligent ImplementsIntelligent Implements
““As-applied” mapsAs-applied” maps
……more generally termed the more generally termed the Spatial Data Mining ProcessSpatial Data Mining Process (e.g., Geo-Business application)(e.g., Geo-Business application)(Berry)(Berry)
ContinuousSpatial Distribution
(Detailed)
Map AnalysisMap Analysis
Spatially Spatially Interpolated data Interpolated data
((Geographic Space — Geographic Space — Spatial Statistics)Spatial Statistics)
Data Analysis Perspectives Data Analysis Perspectives (review)(review) (Data vs. Geographic Space)(Data vs. Geographic Space)
Identifies the Identifies the Central TendencyCentral Tendency Maps the Maps the VarianceVariance
Central TendencyCentral Tendency
Average = 22.0Average = 22.0
StDev = 18.7StDev = 18.7TypicalTypical
How TypicalHow Typical
DiscreteDiscreteSpatial ObjectSpatial Object
(Generalized)(Generalized)22.0 28.2
Traditional AnalysisTraditional Analysis
Field DataField DataStandard Normal Curve Standard Normal Curve
fit to the data fit to the data
((Data Space Data Space — Non-spatial Statistics)— Non-spatial Statistics)
(Berry)(Berry)
Precision Ag(Individual Field Focus)
Terrain
Soils
Yield
Potassium
CIR Image
Precision ConservationPrecision Conservation (compared to Precision Ag)(compared to Precision Ag)
Isolated Perspective2-dimensional
Precision Conservation(Farm, Watershed,… Focus)
Wind Erosion
Runoff
Leaching Leaching
Leaching
SoilErosion
Chemicals
(Stewardship Focus) (Production Focus)
Interconnected Perspective
3-dimensional
(Berry)(Berry)
(Nanotechnology)(Nanotechnology) Geotechnology Geotechnology (Biotechnology)(Biotechnology)
Surface Modeling maps the spatial distribution and pattern of point data… Map Generalization— characterizes spatial trends (tilted plane) Spatial Interpolation— deriving spatial distributions (e.g. IDW, Krig) Other— roving windows and facets (e.g., density surface; tessellation)
Spatial Data Mining investigates the “numerical” relationships in mapped data… Descriptive— aggregate statistics (e.g. average, stdev, similarity; clustering) Predictive— relationships among maps (e.g., regression) Prescription— appropriate actions (e.g., decision rules; optimization)
Spatial Analysis investigates the “contextual” relationships in mapped data… Reclassify— reassigns map values (position, value, size, shape, contiguity) Overlay— map coincidence (point-by-point; region-wide; map-wide) Distance— proximity and connection (movement; optimal paths; visibility) Neighbors— roving windows (slope; aspect; diversity; anomaly)
Grid-Based Map Analysis
SpatialStatistics
Spatial Analysis
(Berry)(Berry)
““The Science”The Science”
Prescriptive Prescriptive ModelingModeling
Slopemap …relative terrain steepness
Flowmap …relative amount of water
Elevation
…continuous Map Surface (grid-based analysis frame)
Spatial Analysis Spatial Analysis (example procedures)(example procedures)
(Berry)(Berry)(Berry)(Berry)Simple Proximity to RoadsSimple Proximity to Roads
…far from Roads
RoadsRoads& Water& Water
Viewshed from RoadsViewshed from Roads
…not seen
Visual Exposure from RoadsVisual Exposure from Roads
…seen a lot
……whereas whereas Spatial StatisticsSpatial Statistics investigates investigates Numerical RelationshipsNumerical Relationships, ,
Spatial AnalysisSpatial Analysis investigates investigates Geographic ContextGeographic Context
Map StackMap Stack
Calculating Slope and FlowCalculating Slope and Flow (terrain analysis)(terrain analysis)
Elevation Surface
Inclination of a fitted plane to a location and its eight surrounding elevation values
Total number of the steepest Total number of the steepest downhill paths flowing into each downhill paths flowing into each location location
Slope (47,64) = 33.23%
Slope map draped on Elevation
Slopemap
Flow Flow (28,46)(28,46) = 451 Paths = 451 Paths
Flow map draped on Elevation
Flow map
Deriving Erosion PotentialDeriving Erosion Potential (terrain modeling)(terrain modeling)
Erosion_potentialFlow/SlopeSlope_classes
Flow_classes
But all buffer-feet are not the same…
Need to reach farther under some conditions and not as far under others— common sense?
Erosion PotentialErosion Potential
Simple Buffer – fixed geographic reach
Protect the stream
Flowmap
Slopemap
Individual MapAnalysis Operations
Calculating Effective DistanceCalculating Effective Distance (variable-width buffer)(variable-width buffer)
Erosion_potential
Streams
Erosion Buffers
Distance away from the streams is a function of Distance away from the streams is a function of the erosion potential (Flow/Slope Class) with the erosion potential (Flow/Slope Class) with intervening heavy flow and steep slopes intervening heavy flow and steep slopes computed as effectively closer than simple computed as effectively closer than simple distance— “as the crow walks”distance— “as the crow walks”
Effective Distance Effective Distance
Variable-width BuffersVariable-width Buffers
Effective Erosion DistanceEffective Erosion Distance
CloseClose FarFar
Heavy/Steep(far from stream)
Light/Gentle(close)
Simple BufferSimple Buffer
(Berry)(Berry)
ConclusionsConclusions
WhereWhere isis WhatWhat
Mapping Mapping involves involves precise placementprecise placement (delineation) of (delineation) of
physical featuresphysical features
(graphic)(graphic)
Descriptive Descriptive MappingMapping
(Berry)(Berry)
Multimedia Multimedia MappingMapping
GIS GIS ModelingModeling
AnalysisAnalysis involves involves investigation of investigation of
spatial spatial relationshipsrelationships
(numerical)(numerical)
Prescriptive Prescriptive ModelingModeling
WhyWhy andand So WhatSo What
GeotechnologyGeotechnology promises to promises to forever change how we conceptualize, utilizeforever change how we conceptualize, utilizeand visualizeand visualize spatial relationships in scientific research and commercial applications spatial relationships in scientific research and commercial applications
Remote Sensing, GPS, Internet Mapping, Desktop Mapping, Multimedia Mapping,Remote Sensing, GPS, Internet Mapping, Desktop Mapping, Multimedia Mapping,Spatial Statistics and Spatial AnalysisSpatial Statistics and Spatial Analysis
Where to go from here…Where to go from here…
GPS – Google Earth — and BeyondGPS – Google Earth — and Beyond (# OSHR 1502 100 )(# OSHR 1502 100 )
Thursdays October 9, 16, 23, 30 from 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.Thursdays October 9, 16, 23, 30 from 5:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m.
and Saturday field lab, October 25and Saturday field lab, October 25 from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.
Osher Lifelong Learning Institute Osher Lifelong Learning Institute Colorado State University, Division of Continuing Colorado State University, Division of Continuing EducationEducationPhone: 303-376-2618 Phone: 303-376-2618 Web Site: Web Site: http://www.learn.colostate.edu/fortcollins/osher/
www.innovativegis.com