Energy Geotechnology

J. Carlos Santamarina Georgia Institute of Technology

Hellenic Society For Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering

Athens September 16, 2013

Thessaloniki September 17, 2013

Distribution Copy:

References added for further reading

Click on links to see pdf files

Note: Academic use only

Today Energy

Geotech Geo-

Chemistry

Frozen

Ground

Future Unsat. Soil

Mechanics

Ground

Thaw

Use

&

Sources

Bio-Geo Fractures

Soils

(revisited)

Repetitive

Loading

Explosion: 4/20/10 (@10 pm) Deepwater Horizon

Sinks: 4/22/10 (~10 am) Oil slick: 5/6/10

Energy: News Deepwater Horizon (April 20, 2010)

Energy: News

abcnews.go.com

www.dailykos.com

Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant (March 11, 2011)

Energy: Civic Journalism

Energy: Civic Journalism

Energy: Civic Journalism

Energy: Civic Journalism

Energy: Civic Journalism

Energy: Civic Journalism

Energy: Civic Journalism

Energy: Civic Journalism

Energy: Civic Journalism

Energy: Civic Journalism

Energy: Civic Journalism

Time & The Economist (one week)

Energy: Advertisement

Carbon capture & storage Efficiency and conservation Alternative sources

Renewable sources C-free energy & the grid Smart grid

Energy

Geotech Geo-

Chemistry

Frozen

Ground

Future Unsat. Soil

Mechanics

Ground

Thaw

Use

&

Sources

Bio-Geo Fractures

Soils

(revisited)

Repetitive

Loading

0

50

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[%

]

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[yrs

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$/p

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[years

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[de

ath

s/1

03 b

orn

]

water

life expectancy

infant mortality

schooling

electrification

income

Energy

and

Life

Greece: 100%

Greece: 79 yr

Greece: 3.8/1000 born

Greece: 9.8

Greece: 97%

Greece: 26130 U$A

4.5

4.5

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[%

]

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[yrs

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ea

rs]

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[%]

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[%]

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[US

$/p

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on]

0.01 0.1 1 10

MY

S

[years

]

IM

[de

ath

s/1

03 b

orn

]

5

5

0.1

0.1

water

life expectancy

infant mortality

schooling

electrification

income

Energy

and

Life

5

15

25

1980 2010 2040

PT

[T

W]

Historical

This Study (Status Quo)

EIA (2010)

IEA (2009)

0

2

4

6

8

10

1980 2010 2040

QL

glo

ba

l

4

6

8

10

1980 2010 2040

Pop. [B

illio

n] UN (2010)U.S.C.B. (2011)

PT2040= 25.5 TW

QL2040= 6.3

P2040= 8.9 b

17 TW

5.0

7 b

Status Quo

Today

Future

Geo-

Chemistry

Frozen

Ground

Unsat. Soil

Mechanics

Ground

Thaw

Bio-Geo Fractures Repetitive

Loading

Energy

Geotech

Use

&

Sources

Soils

(revisited)

Sources

37% petroleum transport

24% natural gas heat&power

23% coal power

4 % biomass (renewable) industrial

8% nuclear power power

2% hydroelectric power

< 2% renewable non-hydro power

~88% fossil fuels

1 By

4.5 B

2 By 3 By 4 By 0

1 By

4.5 B

2 By 3 By 4 By 0

0 My 2 My 4 My 6 My 8 My 10 My

1 By

4.5 B

2 By 3 By 4 By 0

0 My 2 My 4 My 6 My 8 My 10 My

1 By

4.5 B

2 By 3 By 4 By 0

0 2000 yr -2000 yr -4000 yr -6000 yr

C

CO2

Fossil Fuel: 88%

Summary: Energy and Life

Quality of life: current development patterns: HDI Energy

By 2040: Δ-energy ~50%

most of the growth: developing countries

Resources: adequate …. C-dependency → global warming

Sustainable energy system:

quality of life > 1 kW/person

developing technological leapfrogging

QL population growth

developed technological breakthroughs

efficiency and conservation < 4 kW/person

world energy-for-life efficient governments

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2006www.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Pasten_2012a.pdf

FOSSIL FUELS (C-BASED) RENEWABLE Nuclear

Petroleum Gas Coal Wind Solar

• fines & clogging

•sand production

• shale instability

• EOR

• heavy oil & tar sand

• gas hydrates

• gas storage

• low-T LNG found. • characterization

• optimal extraction

• subsurface conv.

• off/onshore

• periodic load

• ratcheting

??

• engineered soils

• decommission

• leak detect

• leak repair • mixed fluid flow, percolation

• contact angle & surface tension = f(ua)

GEOLOGICAL STORAGE (energy and waste)

CO2 sequestration (Fly Ash) • mineral dissolution shear faults

• long-term containment

• upscaling geological properties

Energy Storage • for peak demand

(e.g., compressed air)

• pile-exchangers

• phase-change mixtures

Waste storage

105 yr BTHCM

GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION • Bio-chemo-geo phenomena and methods

CONSERVATION • Energy efficient construction technology: "Embodied Energy" in infrastructure projects

• Bio-mimetization: ant excavation: tunneling and new infrastructure; tree roots: smart/adaptable foundations

Hydro-electric: capacity almost saturated

Biofuels: strongly geo-related, BUT: water? land? food? energy efficiency?

Geothermal: viable in "hot-spots“ (high T rock performance, tools, monitoring, processes)

Tidal: foundation engineering

Electric grid: critical for renewable sources, CO2 capture and storage

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2011a.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2012b.pdf

Today

Future

Energy

Geotech Geo-

Chemistry

Frozen

Ground

Unsat. Soil

Mechanics

Ground

Thaw

Bio-Geo Fractures

Soils

(revisited)

-pores-

Repetitive

Loading

TVA – US EPA

Kingston Fossil Plant (12/22/2008)

oil

water

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

Fre

qu

en

cy

Gs

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2

SE -USA

Specific Gravity

Critical fines

Content FC*

finecoarse

coarse

total

fine*

ee1

e

M

MFC

Grain Size Distribution: The Role of Fines

Critical Fines Content

Critical fines

Content FC*

1 103

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1 103

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Specific Surface m2/g

Cri

tic

al fi

ne

s C

on

ten

t F

C*

USCS

eC=emax eF=e100 kPa

eC=emin eF=e1 kPa

K I B

Fines Migration and Clogging

fines migration

& clogging

Critical fines

Content FC*

Bridges at Pore Throats

Particles

Container

Orifice

Mica

Sand

Glass Beads

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pore throat -to- particle diameter O/d

min

max

min

min

max

max

5

Clogging in radial flow

?

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2008c.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2008c.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2006b.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Valdes_2006b.pdf

Clogging in radial flow

Clogging in radial flow

Clogging in radial flow

Clogging in radial flow

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

100.00

0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00

Sta

nd

ard

de

via

tio

n o

f d

[m

icro

n]

Mean of d [micron]

μln=ln(μd)-0.5(σd/μd)2

σln2=ln[1+(σd/μd)

2]

d

d

0.4

2

dln(b)

2.5 dP(d b) exp ln 0.05 dd

4

Bioactivity - Probabilistic ~1 μm

1μm

P(dpore>b)

sed fl fl

ec c n P(d b) c P(d b)

1 e

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

100.00

1000.00

0 2 4 6 8 10 12D

ep

th (

m)

Log10 of cell count per ml of sediment

0.0451070Ss [m2/gr]: 300

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Rebata-Landa_2006b.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Phadnis_2011a.pdf

Parkes et al. (1994, 2000)

COARSE

> 50%

retained

sieve #200

Gravel:

> 50% retained

sieve #4

< 5% fines

Cu>4, 1Cc3

GW

else …

GP

> 12% fines

Below 'A' line

GM

Above 'A' line

GC

Sand:

< 50% retained

sieve #4

< 5% fines

Cu>6, 1Cc3

SW

else …

SP

> 12% fines

Below 'A' line SM

Above 'A' line

SC

FINE

< 50%

retained

sieve #200

LL50

MH

CH

OH

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

pla

sti

cit

y in

de

x

liquid limit

CL-ML CL

ML

CL

OL or

ML

CH

OH or

MH

A line

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

?

Today

Future Fines

Bacteria

Energy

Geotech Geo-

Chemistry

Frozen

Ground

Unsat. Soil

Mechanics

Ground

Thaw

Fractures Repetitive

Loading

CO2 Storage

Caprock

Two phase flow: CO2 & brine

Single phase reactive flow

CO2 dissolved brine

Q

CO2(aq)

H+

CO2 Brine

buoyancy

capillarity

M

CO2

M

B

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2011a.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2012a.pdf

Kim and JCS – Several publications – Contact authors

CO2 Dissolution and H2O Acidification

10 mm

ES Bang (KIGAM)

1mm

1mm1mm

100m

1m

Droplet

zone

Calcite substrate

Water in CO2

acidification dissolution drying precipitation

wind

Volcanic Ash Soils: Formation

e= 0.8-1.5

Ss~0.1-1 m2/g

volcanic glass

time

e= 2.0-7.0

Ss=50-to-200 m2/g

hallosite

imogolite

alophane

ko= ?? ko=1-sinφ

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0 1000 2000

Time (sec)

La

tera

l s

tre

ss

co

eff

icie

nt,

k

0.00

0.02

0.04 Ve

rtic

al s

tra

in 90% glass bead + 10% NaCl

Experimental Results

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2009b.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2008d.pdf

Emergent: Shear Localization

Cha and JCS – contact authors

1km

250m

seabed

Polygonal Fault Systems

Cartwright (2005)

diffusion

Q

capillarity

pH

dissolution

contraction

ko shear CO2 Brine

buoyancy

advection convection

capillarity

HR

tensile fracture

-fingering

HCO2

Caprock

CO2 Storage ?

C

CO2

Today Fluids

Future Fines

Bacteria

Energy

Geotech

Frozen

Ground

Unsat. Soil

Mechanics

Ground

Thaw

Fractures Repetitive

Loading

Mixed Fluids

BBC News In pictures Visions of Science.jpg

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Santamarina_2010a.pdf

Surface Tension & Contact Angle: H2O-CO2

atm 20 MPa gas liquid

water droplet in CO2

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Espinoza_2010c.pdf

Time

Suction

wate

r co

nte

nt

a b c d e

a

b

c

d

e

Crack initiation

1 mm http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2011b.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2011a.pdf

http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu/papers/Shin_2010e.pdf

Shale: structured rock

Don Duggan-Haas

Marcellus shale outcrop

Thermogenic

zhistory > 5000 m

ztoday 1000-3000 m

L/D= 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Directional

Drilling

unconstrained

terra incognita

Laparoscopy

Catheter

Angioplast

y

known body

within artery rigid tool

Step 1: Drill

Step 2: HF "fracking"

But shales…

structured rock

Kirsch (1898)

Griffith (1921)

Irwin (1957) ???

Roshankhah et al – Contact JCS.

East Texas (2009)

1 km

Pads (several wells per pad)

Energy

Geotech

Frozen

Ground

Ground

Thaw

Repetitive

Loading

Multiple articles. Please, visit http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu go to publications then, search for "hydrate"

0

5

10

15

20

0 5 10

axial strain [%]

d

ev [

MP

a]

Sands

50%

0%

100%

2

h

u o h

SS a bq

n

Clayey Sediments

J Karl Johnson – NETL

Gas replacement in hydrates

30

min

Hydrate-bearing sand in liquid CO2

CO2

injection

[4.2MPa,275.4K]

[4.3MPa,274.1K]

Hydrate-bearing sand in CH4

0s 190s

Initial Sw=0.045

0.0h

0.5h

1.0h

-0.5h

1.5h

Gas replacement in hydrates

Today Frozen

Ground

Future Fines Capillarity

Bacteria

Energy

Geotech

Repetitive

Loading

Repetitive Loading - Coupling

Wind

Weight

Waves

Motor Compressor HP

Turbine

LP

Turbine

Generator

Salt Dome

Compressed

Air

Wind Turbine Compressed Air Energy Storage

Repetitive Loads:

•Mechanical

•Thermal

•Wet-Dry

•Chemical

Bakun-Mazor et al. (2011) http://www.jibe-edu.org

Masada - Israel

Delphi – Greece

Delphi – Greece

Thermo-Mechanical Ratcheting

Positive

displacement

η

INSULATED BOX

Thermo-Mechanical Ratcheting

24 C

49 C

Block T

Air T

Displacement

Articles in progress . Please, visit http://pmrl.ce.gatech.edu go to publications then, search for "Pasten"

HF

Energy

Geotech

Energy: critical for development

high increase in demand in next decades

resources: sufficient – but inadequate spatial distribution

C-economy → global warming

efficiency and conservation (primarily: top consumers)

Further developments in geotechnology: Rich & Complex

enhanced understanding of soil behavior

coupled processes

spatial variability and emergent phenomena

discontinuities

long time many repetitions ratcheting & terminal density

Geotechnology: central role

urgency …. fascinating !

Team

Thank you !

Hellenic Society For Soil Mechanics And Geotechnical Engineering

National Technical University of Athens

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki