Copyright © 2006 EnerDel, Inc., All Rights Reserved

EnerDel PresentationLMO/LTO

Naoki Ota

February 25, 2008

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OutlineEnerDel Information and Resources

USABC Program SummaryHEV ProgramPHEV Program

Cell and System DesignCell test dataSystem architecture

Progress Highlight

EnerDel Mission & GoalMission

To be a leader in the development of renewable clean energy systems To ensure the reduction of oil consumption and green house gases for the benefit of our planetTo be the primary source of U.S. domestic supply of batteries for key strategic U.S. industries

Main GoalTo be the first lithium ion battery system manufacturer in the U.S. for automobile applications: Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV), and Electric Vehicles (EV). The core strategy to achieve this goal is the merger of our revolutionary lithium ion cell technology and automobile electronics technology through our own development effort and key strategic partnerships. 3

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Cell Assembly

Engineering

Cell & System

- Development

-Manufacturing

Cell System

Automotive System

Integration

EnerDel /Japan

USA

USA

Japan

US Manufacturing

Seek the shortest path of establishing a manufacturing site in the US with experienced partners.

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EnerDel Information Location

Indianapolis, IN

Full utility and infrastructure support for site

Facility built for the purpose of battery cell and pack manufacturing

Existing SpaceGeneral purpose plant area (~68,000 ft2)

Dry room facility (~6,000 ft2)Office area (~24,000 ft2)

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Assembly and testing of packs

Full systems integration

EnerDel Resources

Manufacturing and testing cells

USABC Programs Summary

HEV ProgramPhase1 ( May/2006 to June/ 2007)

LMO / LTO Chemistry Performance StudyPhase2 ( October/2007 to March/ 2009)

LMO / LTO Full Size Cell Study (3 to 5Ah)Pack design study

PHEV ProgramPhase1 (February/2008 to August/2009)

High Voltage Cathode and ElectrolyteMake the best use of LTO anode.

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Characteristics of LTO ChemistryAdvantages

High PowerLess impedance than graphite

Outstanding SafetyNo SEI layer

Remote risk of thermal runawayNo lithium dendritesStable active materials

Long LifeZero strain material

LTO ~ 0.2 % volume changeGraphite ~ 9% volume change

No lithium dendrites

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Characteristics of LTO Chemistry, cont’dAdvantages, cont’d

Low temperature performanceLess impedance than graphiteMore electrolyte choices because of LTONo lithium dendrites

DisadvantagesLower Energy DensityLower Cell Voltage. (1.5V on negative)

Compared cells with graphite anode.….Much higher available energy and voltage than Ni-MH

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High VoltageHigh voltage profile to couple with lithium titanate

Low Cost Low Cost Manganese Spinel powder cost is 3/4 of lithium iron phosphate, 1/2 of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Oxide, 1/3 of Lithium Cobalt OxideLarge worldwide reserves of Manganese

Power Capability Will allow for designing a small battery that can meet all the power requirements for HEV applications

Outstanding SafetyManganese Spinel release very small amount of oxygen under high temperature.

Manganese Spinel (Mn-Spinel/LMO) Advantages

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EnerDel’s Chemistry for HEV ApplicationPositive Active Material: LiMn2O4- spinel (LMO)

LiMn2O4 ↔ Li1-xMn2O4 + xLi+ + xe-

Negative Active Material: Li4Ti5O12 (LTO)Li4Ti5O12 + xLi+ + xe- ↔ Li4+xTi5O12

1.5

1.8

2.1

2.4

2.7

3.0

0 20 40 60 80 100% of 1C Capacity (%)

Volta

ge (V

) 1C discharge30oC

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Cell Design

PrismaticCase NeutralGood heat dissipationFlexible form-factor

CD Size A5 Size

Nominal Capacity 1.8 Ah 5 Ah

Nominal Voltage 2.5V 2.5 VDimensions(connections included) 145mm W, 130mm L, 5mm T 200mm W, 111mm L, 5.8mm T

Packaging Metal or Laminate Metal or Laminate

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Rate Capability of 1.8 Ah Cells

High discharge efficiency for rates up to 50C.

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

% of 1C Capacity

Volta

ge(V

)

2C5C10C20C30C40C50C30oC

1C chargeVarying discharge rates

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ASI(Area Specific Impedance)

Very low ASI achieved on both charging and discharging under USABC testing protocol

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% DOD

Are

a Sp

ecifi

c Im

pede

nce

Discharge ResistanceCharge Resistance

CD

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Power Capability

Gen2.0 cells show more power when comparing with the same BSF value.Gen2.0 has ~20% more power capability

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 20 40 60 80 100

Depth of Discharge (%)

Dis

char

ge P

ower

(kW

)

0

8

16

24

32

40

48

Reg

en P

ower

(kW

)

Discharge Gen1 BSF 127

Discharge Gen2 BSF 112

Regen Gen1 BSF 127

Regen Gen2 BSF 112

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 20 40 60 80 100

Depth of Discharge (%)

Dis

char

ge P

ower

(kW

)0

8

16

24

32

40

48

Reg

en P

ower

(kW

)

Discharge Gen1 BSF 127

Discharge Gen2 BSF 127

Regen Gen1 BSF 127

Regen Gen2 BSF 127

Gen1 BSF 127Gen2.0 BSF 112

Gen1 BSF 127Gen2.0 BSF 127

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Low Temperature Performance

0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.601.802.002.202.402.602.80

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Time (s)

Vol

tage

(V)

75% DOD50% DOD25% DOD

-30oC

Cold CrankingEquivalent to 5kW of power 1C Discharge

High power and full discharge capability at low temperatures.

0

20

40

60

80

100

-30°C 0°C 30°C 55°CTest Temperature

% o

f 30o C

Cap

acity

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Energy Efficiency30oC, 30,000 cycles> 97% efficiency

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

Cycle Number

Effic

ienc

y

No degradation in power capability after 30,000 energy efficiency cycles.

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Safety: Nail penetration video

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Time (min)

Volta

ge (V

)

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

Tem

pera

ture

(C)

Cell Voltage

Cell Temperature

Room Temperature

Nail penetrates

10% Overcharged Cell

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System Design Features

SafetySystem control redundancyUltra - low voltage assembly (non-lethal, easy maintenance)

Packaging EfficiencyStacking efficiency of prismatic cellsElimination of discrete wires for voltage / temperature sensing

Architectural FlexibilityModular design offers multiple arrangement configurations

Mechanical RobustnessDesigned for ease of assembly / error proofing features

Thermal managementDesign allows for air or liquid cooling

HEV Battery Concept Modules

Integration of EnerDelbattery system into an HEV (Prius)

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Chemistry Energy Available Energy Maximum Power

Current Ni-MH 1.2kWh 0.3 kWh 40kWEnerDel LTO/LMO 1.0kWh 0.8 kWh 90kW

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HEV Phase 1 Progress HighlightsEnerDel demonstrated the very high power capability of the LMO/LTO system in a scalable cell format (1.8 Ah).

The LMO/LTO system is able to provide high power across a broad range of usable energy and showed a good safety performance under preliminary test.

Achieved low temperature performance USABC requirements.

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AcknowledgementsDOE/USABC team.

Argonne National Laboratory

Idaho National Laboratory