Empires in the EastChina, Japan, and Russia

(1450-1750)AP World History

Presentation Outline

1.China: Ming Dynasty2.China: Early Qing Dynasty3.Japan: The Tokugawa Period4.Russia: Imperial Expansion

1) China: Ming Dynasty (1368- 1644)

Overthrew Yuan Dynasty Time of greatest wealth in Chinese history last native Han Emperors in Chinese history. first to deal with large numbers of European merchants arriving Population of about 100 million Very prosperous time in China Confucians dominated government again

Centralized authority• Emperor directly ruled rather than use chief

ministers as Mongols had

• New modernized and traditionally Chinese code of laws written

• Civil service exam re-instated Chinese scholarship

• Careful records kept (census, hereditary social hierarchy) and used to control peasants and strengthen kingdom

Confucian Centralized authority

Emperor directly ruled rather than use chief ministers as Mongols had

Updated Confucian code of laws written The Code regulated all aspects of social affairs, for the

harmony of political, economic, military, familial, ritual, international, and legal relations in the empire

Civil service exam re-instated so government workers chosen based on Confucian knowledge and ability

Careful records kept (census, hereditary social hierarchy) and used to control peasants and strengthen kingdom

Chinese Naval Power

expeditions sailed to East Asia, Southeast

Asia, southern India, Ceylon, the Persian Gulf, the

Middle East and Africa. China the world's greatest

commercial naval power in the world at the time, far superior to any European power.

Ming China 1368- 1644

Economy China continued its shift from agricultural and

rural to commercial and urban Porcelain production and painting (China dishes)

became VERY important Commercial port cities including Beijing,

Nanjing, Yangzhou, Suzhou, Guangzhou, Xian and Chengdu grew to trade with Japan and Europe

Farming still important; especially rice and tea Markets and merchants more important than

before

Ming China

Europe traded silver from S. America to China for porcelain

Resold all over Europe

Linked China to Europe via sea trade

Also sold to Middle East along Silk Rd

Ming Industrial Development textiles, paper, silk, and porcelain

traded with Japan, Europe (especially Spain), India, SE Asia and Indonesian islands for:

firearms, and American goods such as sugar, potatoes, and tobacco.

In exchange for raw goods such as silver—probably half the silver mined in the Americas from the mid-1500's to 1800 ended up in China—

technological boom in every area .

Fall of Ming corruption of the court officials and the domination

of the eunuchs. natural disasters like famine from “little ice age”

and worst earthquake of all time in Shaanxi(800,000 dead)

the rebellions that racked the country in the 17th century and

– the aggressive military expansion of the Manchus.

By 1643 the government was bankrupt from fighting and the peasants were broke because of the constant taxes imposed to pay the armies to fight

2) China: Early Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1750)

Ming dynasty fell in 1644 amid peasant uprisings and Manchu invasion

Manchu and Han Chinese

Qing 1644-1910

Politics

Manchus rule - not Han Chinese strongly resisted by native Han Chinese 2 % of the pop. of China was Manchu Manchus ruled using Chinese system but Chinese

were forbidden to hold high national offices. Continued Confucian civil service system. The Neo-Confucian philosophy - obedience of

subject to ruler continued

Economy Built large public buildings and

public irrigation, walls, gates and other infrastructure.

Light taxes to win popularity with people

Commerce and international trade grew enormously especially with Japan and Europe

Exported porcelain, Silk and spices through maritime trade and Silk Road

Social Order Han Chinese discriminated against all Han men to wear their hair braided in the back,

which they found humiliating forbid women to bind their feet but repealed the

rule in 1688 since they couldn't enforce it Manchus were forbidden to engage in trade or

manual labor. Intermarriage between the two groups was

forbidden. system of dual appointments was used--the

Chinese appointee was required to do the substantive work and the Manchu to ensure Han loyalty to Qing rule.

Intellectual and Cultural Developments to 1750

European influences enter Chinese thinking European liberalism emphasizing individualism,

freedom, equality, and economic opportunity contradict Confucian ideals

Qing China does not modernize – focuses on the greatness of the past “the self strengthening movement”

the Europeans and Japanese gain trading concessions and some territory from China

3) Japan: The Tokugawa Period 1600- 1800s• A shogun (military governor) ruled Japan through retainers who

received political rights and large estates in return for military services.

• After the 14th century, the ambitions of shoguns and retainers led to a series of civil wars in the 16th century.

• Japanese historians refer to the 16th century as the era of sengoku, “the country at war.”

Tokugawa Japan•Toward the end of the 16th century, powerful states emerged in several regions of Japan.

•A series of military leaders brought about the unification of the land.

•In 1600 the last of the leaders, Tokugawa Ieyasu, established a military government, the “Tokugawa bakufu” (tent government).

•Ieyasu and his descendants ruled the bakufu as shoguns from 1600 until the end of the Tokugawa dynasty in 1867.

Control of Foreign Relations

•The shogun closely controlled relations between Japan and the outside world.

•They knew that Spanish forces had conquered the Philippine Islands in the 16th century.

•They feared that Europeans might cause serious problems by making alliances with daimyo and supplying them with weapons.

Control of Foreign Relations During the 1630’s, the shoguns:

• forbade Japanese from going abroad,

• prohibited the construction of large ships,

• expelled Europeans from Japan,• prohibited foreign merchants

from trading in Japanese ports, • controlled trade with Asian

lands, • permitted small numbers of

Chinese and Dutch merchants to trade in Nagasaki.

Social and Economic Change

• Increased agricultural production

• New crop strains• New methods of water control

and irrigation• Use of fertilize increased rice

yields• Production of cotton, silk,

indigo, and sake increased.• Move from subsistence farming

to market production.

Court life: The Geishas

• Similar to the Ottoman harems, the Geisha girls entertained the Tokugawa emperors at court

• Although they did act as courtesans, they also performed songs, played instruments, and entertained guests

Confucian Social Hierarchy

• Ruling Elites• Shogun• Daimyo• Samurai

• Peasants and Artisans

• Merchants

Social Changes

• Once Japan was stable, Tokugawa authorities pushed daimyo and samurai to become bureaucrats and government officials.

• As they lost their place in society, many of the ruling elite fell into financial difficulty.

• Their principal income came from rice collected from peasant cultivators.

• Many of them fell into poverty.• Merchants in Japan became increasingly wealthy and prominent.• Japanese cities flourished.• Rice dealers, pawnbrokers and merchants soon controlled more

wealth than the ruling elites.

Neo-Confucianism• Traditional Confucian values

such as filial piety and loyalty to superiors was emphasized.

• All those who had formal education (sons of merchants and government officials) received constant exposure to neo-Confucian values.

• By the early 18th century, neo-Confucianism had become the official ideology of the Tokugawa bakufu.

Christian Missions

• In 1549, the Jesuit Francis Xavier traveled to Japan and opened a mission.

• Several powerful daimyo adopted Christianity and ordered their subjects to do so.

• By the 1580’s about 150,000 Japanese had converted to Christianity.

• Tokugawa shoguns restricted European access to Japan for fear Christianity might allow for alliances between daimyo and Europeans.

• Buddhist and Confucian scholars resented Christian conviction that their faith was the only true faith.

• Christian converts became frustrated that they could not become priests or play leadership roles in the missions.

Anti-Christian Campaign• In 1612, shoguns began rigorous

enforcement of decrees putting a halt to Christian missions.

• They tortured and executed European missionaries who refused to leave as well as Japanese Christians who refused to abandon their faith.

• They often executed victims by crucifixion or burning at the stake.

• By the late 17th century, the anti-Christian campaign had claimed tens of thousands of lives.

4) Russia: Imperial Expansion

• From 1240 to 1487 most of Russia was under Mongolian rule• As a result, Russia was effectively cut out of the European

Renaissance• During the 1500s and 1600s Russian Czars began unifying the Russian

speaking people and soon expanded their empire to include many non Russian peoples

The Muscovite Era and Growth of the Russian Empire: Late 1400s-Early 1500s

Ivan III "The Great"1462-1505

Russia Expands

• Under Peter the Great (1682-1721) and Catherine the Great (1762-1796) the Russian Empire stretched from the Baltic Sea across the Pacific Ocean to Alaska, covering an enormous amount of territory

• Russians established fur trading posts in Alaska and set up small settlements

• Like the Spanish, Portuguese, English and French, the Russians too would encounter native people in the Americas

• Russian soldiers and settlers spread small pox to the native population of Alaska

Russia stretched from Europe to Alaska and claimed lands in California.

The Fur Trade was a lucrative business for the Russians

A small Russian army arrives to fight the Tlingit Nation at Sitka, Alaska in 1804

Russian Orthodox Church in Alaska