1450 1750 o verview
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1450 17501450 1750The West and the Changing The West and the Changing
World BalanceWorld Balance By 1400, shifting world balanceBy 1400, shifting world balance Islam declining—fall of the AbbasidsIslam declining—fall of the Abbasids Mongols in declineMongols in decline Ming step into vacuum for a whileMing step into vacuum for a while But West was most dynamic contenderBut West was most dynamic contender Italy, Spain, and Portugal take Italy, Spain, and Portugal take
leadership rolesleadership roles Americas and Polynesia also Americas and Polynesia also
experience big changesexperience big changes
Decline of the Old OrderDecline of the Old Order
Byzantium and Byzantium and Abbasids crumbledAbbasids crumbled
Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire pressed by pressed by Ottoman Turks, Ottoman Turks, falls in 1453falls in 1453
Abbasids Abbasids destroyed by destroyed by Mongols in 1258Mongols in 1258
Fall of Constantinople, 1453
Social & Cultural Change in Social & Cultural Change in Middle EastMiddle East
Islamic leader focus on religion rather than Islamic leader focus on religion rather than poetry, philosophy, and sciencepoetry, philosophy, and science
Landlords seize power over peasants Landlords seize power over peasants leading to fall in agricultural productivityleading to fall in agricultural productivity
Tax revenue decrease, merchants lost Tax revenue decrease, merchants lost ground to European competitorsground to European competitors
Islamic decline gradual and incompleteIslamic decline gradual and incomplete Muslims remain active in Indian Ocean Muslims remain active in Indian Ocean
networknetwork Ottoman Turks building one of world ‘s Ottoman Turks building one of world ‘s
most powerful empiresmost powerful empires
Chinese Century & Chinese Century & WithdrawalWithdrawal
Ming replace YuanMing replace Yuan Influence in Mongolia, Influence in Mongolia,
Korea, Viet Nam, and Korea, Viet Nam, and TibetTibet
State-sponsored trading State-sponsored trading expeditions to India, expeditions to India, Middle East, and eastern Middle East, and eastern AfricaAfrica
Led by Zheng HeLed by Zheng He Missions halted in 1433 Missions halted in 1433
because of high costs and because of high costs and Confucian oppositionConfucian opposition
Withdrawal opened Withdrawal opened opportunities for opportunities for European expansionEuropean expansion
Zheng He’s treasure ship
Rise in the WestRise in the West West still backward West still backward
in 14in 14thth and 15 and 15 centuriescenturies
Medieval culture Medieval culture and Catholic Church and Catholic Church under attackunder attack
Population Population outstripped food outstripped food supplies and supplies and famines recurrent famines recurrent after 1300after 1300
Black death cost Black death cost Europe 1/3 of its Europe 1/3 of its populationpopulation
Sources of Dynamism in Sources of Dynamism in the Westthe West
Despite reverses, Europe still dynamicDespite reverses, Europe still dynamic Strengthened feudal monarchs provide Strengthened feudal monarchs provide
effective leadershipeffective leadership Hundred Years War stimulated military Hundred Years War stimulated military
innovationinnovation Spain drove back Muslim occupiersSpain drove back Muslim occupiers Urban growth spurs commerceUrban growth spurs commerce Church accepts key capitalistic conceptsChurch accepts key capitalistic concepts Technology, esp. in ironworking and Technology, esp. in ironworking and
timekeeping continued progresstimekeeping continued progress
Imitation and International Imitation and International ProblemsProblems
Earlier rise of Mongol empire gave Europe Earlier rise of Mongol empire gave Europe access to Asian knowledge and technologyaccess to Asian knowledge and technology
Elites sought Asian luxury productsElites sought Asian luxury products Paid for them with export of raw materialsPaid for them with export of raw materials Created unfavorable balance of trade, had Created unfavorable balance of trade, had
to be made up in goldto be made up in gold Rise of Ottoman empire further threatened Rise of Ottoman empire further threatened
Europe’s balance of tradeEurope’s balance of trade City-state of Venice begins explorations to City-state of Venice begins explorations to
bypass Muslim dominated routes to Asiabypass Muslim dominated routes to Asia
Iberian Spirit of Religious Iberian Spirit of Religious MissionMission
Spain key center for changeSpain key center for change Castile and Aragon established Castile and Aragon established
regional monarchies by 1400regional monarchies by 1400 Untied through royal marriage Untied through royal marriage
in1469in1469 Rulers developed religious and Rulers developed religious and
military agendamilitary agenda Mission to convert or expel Mission to convert or expel
Muslims and Jews to maintain Muslims and Jews to maintain doctrinal puritydoctrinal purity
Western Expansion: Western Expansion: experimental Phaseexperimental Phase
Late 13Late 13thth century, Europe century, Europe begins efforts to begins efforts to explore Atlanticexplore Atlantic
Early Early discoveries discoveries leads to colonial leads to colonial systemsystem
Early ExplorationsEarly Explorations
Focused on search for route Focused on search for route to Indiesto Indies
Hindered by technological Hindered by technological barriers until 1430 so ship barriers until 1430 so ship hugged coasthugged coast
After 1430, better ships and After 1430, better ships and learning from Arabs use of learning from Arabs use of Chinese compass and Chinese compass and astrolabeastrolabe
European mapmaking European mapmaking improvedimproved
Colonial PatternsColonial Patterns Portuguese and Portuguese and
Spanish began to Spanish began to exploit discovered exploit discovered territories of territories of Azores, Maderias, Azores, Maderias, and Canariesand Canaries
Prince Henry of Prince Henry of Portugal reflected Portugal reflected intellectual intellectual curiosity, religious curiosity, religious fervor, and financial fervor, and financial interest that interest that stimulated stimulated European expansionEuropean expansion
Colonial PatternsColonial Patterns Land grants given to Land grants given to
colonist who brought colonist who brought along Western plants, along Western plants, animals and diseasesanimals and diseases
Laboratory for later Laboratory for later imperialismimperialism
Large estates Large estates produced cash cropsproduced cash crops—sugar, cotton —sugar, cotton tobacco—for western tobacco—for western marketsmarkets
Slaves introduced for Slaves introduced for crop cultivationcrop cultivation
Outside World NetworkOutside World Network
International framework developed International framework developed during Postclassical period left out during Postclassical period left out regions and peoplesregions and peoples
Americas and Polynesia not part of Americas and Polynesia not part of international exchangeinternational exchange
Political Issues in the Political Issues in the AmericasAmericas
Aztec and exploitation of subject Aztec and exploitation of subject populations created opportunities populations created opportunities for outside interventionfor outside intervention
Inca created tension between Inca created tension between central and local leadershipcentral and local leadership
European invasion changed European invasion changed AmericasAmericas
"Cortez and Montezuma at Mexican Temple"
Expansion, Migration, and Expansion, Migration, and Conquest of PolynesiaConquest of Polynesia
Between 600 and 1400, Polynesia Between 600 and 1400, Polynesia experienced spurts of migration and experienced spurts of migration and conquestconquest
Result—spread people far beyond Result—spread people far beyond initial base of Society Islandsinitial base of Society Islands
Some go to Hawaiian IslandsSome go to Hawaiian Islands After 1400, Hawaiian society cut off After 1400, Hawaiian society cut off
from Polynesiafrom Polynesia Warlike regional kingdoms formedWarlike regional kingdoms formed
Adding up the ChangesAdding up the Changes 1400 was time of transition in world history1400 was time of transition in world history Marked most important shift since fall of Marked most important shift since fall of
classical empiresclassical empires Rise of west was part of complex events all over Rise of west was part of complex events all over
worldworld Shifts in international trade leadership, in Shifts in international trade leadership, in
power relationships, and civilization dynamism.power relationships, and civilization dynamism. Although sub-Saharan Africa continued Although sub-Saharan Africa continued
independent paths of evolution,, changing world independent paths of evolution,, changing world patterns draws it into new relationship with patterns draws it into new relationship with EuropeEurope