early civilizations in india chapter 3 section 1
TRANSCRIPT
India and China
Early Civilizations in IndiaChapter 3 Section 1
The Impact of Geography
Mountains, Rivers and PlainsHimalaya – Far north mountain range in
India Ganges River – South of the Himalayas Indus River Valley – dry plateau that
forms the backbone of modern day Pakistan
Deccan Plateau – hilly and dry in the interior
Eastern and Western Coasts are lush plains
Monsoons
Seasonal wind pattern June through September winds come
from the South and SouthwestOctober through February winds blow
from the north to the northeast
Indus Valley Civilization Harappa and Mohenjo Daro
Cities were carefully planned Main streets ran in a north south direction Walled neighborhoods with narrow lanes
separated the row of houses Houses formed a grid pattern Public wells Bathrooms featured an advanced drainage
system• Wastewater flowed out to drains located under
the streets then was carried to sewage pits beyond the city walls
Chutes took household trash from houses to street level garbage bins
Migration and Interaction Indus River Valley Civilizations
ending is a mysteryGradual decay, floods, earthquakes,
change in the course of the river Arrival of the Aryans
Lived in tribal groups and had a strong warrior tradition
Gradually moved eastward across India and gradually took over the Indus River Valley people
Migration and Interaction A New Way of Life
North – wheat, barley and riceSouth – grain, vegetables, cotton,
pepper, ginger and cinnamonWriting
Sanskrit – Indo-European language• Vedas – early writings that tell of small
kingdoms throughout India
Migration and Interaction Daily Life in Ancient
Family was the basic unit in society Grandparents, parents, and children lived
under the same roofPatriarchal
Oldest male had legal authority Inherit property
Children Marriages were arranged • Parents would support their daughters until
marriage and then pay a dowry to the family of the man she married
Migration and Interaction Daily Life
Suttee Dead were placed on
heaps of material called pyres which were set on fire
The wife was required to throw herself on her dead husband’s flaming pyre
If she did not she was held in disgrace
Social Class in Ancient India Aryans believed Society was divided into 4
varnasTop Level = Brahmins (priests)2nd Level = Kshatriyas (warriors)3rd Level = Vaisyas (commoners)4th Level = Sudras (peasants or servants)5th Level = Unmentionables
Caste System Born into a caste and it determined what
occupation you could have, who to marry, and what groups they could socialize with Lowest level in Indian society were the
Untouchables who were given menial tasks
Religions of India
Hinduism Believed in the existence of a single force
in the universe = Brahman Yoga
Leave behind earthly life and join Brahman in a kind of dreamless sleep
Most ordinary Indians could not relate to this ideal and came to have a number of human like gods and goddesses Brahma – the creator Vishnu – the preserver Shiva – the destroyer
Religions of India
Principles of HinduismReincarnation
Rebirth Gives hope to people especially those in
the lower castesKarma
“what goes around comes around” Dharma • Requires people to do their duty which
depends on their status in society
Religions of India
BuddhismSiddhartha Gautama – founder of Buddhism
Raised in luxury and at age 16 he married a princess and began to raise a family
At age 20 he noticed people suffering from illness, death and old age • Decided to spend his life seeking the cure for
human suffering Practiced self denial but it took him very
close to death Turned to meditation and met enlightenment
and his teachings became Buddhism
Religion in India
Principles of BuddhismSiddhartha denied the reality of the material world
Believed human sufferings were caused by their attachments to things in this world
Nirvana – ultimate reality Four Noble Truths
Ordinary Life is full of suffering This suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy
ourselves The way to end suffering is to end desire for
selfish goals to see others as extensions of ourselves
The way to end desire is to follow the Middle Path
Religions of India Middle Path
Eightfold Path 1. Right view – know the 4 noble truths2. Right intention – Need to know what we want3. Right Speech – Speak truth and well of each
other4. Right Action – Do not: Kill, steal, like, unchaste,
drugs or alcohol 5. Right Livelihood – Work that uplifts us and others6. Right effort – Do not give up 7. Right Mindfulness – Keep our minds in control of
our senses8. Right Concentration – meditate to see the world
in a new way