dr. m. sam mannan, pe, csp, dhc mannan.pdfdr. m. sam mannan, pe, csp, dhc regents professor and...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LNG Safety Excellence: A Decade of Efforts by the Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center
Dr.M.SamMannan,PE,CSP,DHCRegentsProfessorandExecutiveDirectorHolderofT.MichaelO’ConnorChairI
MaryKayO’ConnorProcessSafetyCenterArtieMcFerrinDepartmentofChemicalEngineering
TexasA&M UniversitySystemCollegeStation,Texas77843‐3122,USA(979)862‐3985,[email protected]://process‐safety.tamu.edu
PHMSAGovernment&IndustryR&DForumCleveland,Ohio,November16‐17,2016
![Page 2: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline• Introduction• LNGSafetyConcerns• LNGSafetyResearchOverview• AreasofStudy
– LNGVaporDispersionandPoolFireModelingwithCFD– LNGVaporCloudControlusingWaterCurtain– LNGVaporandFireMitigationusingExpansionFoam– ExperimentalStudyandCFD SimulationofBundOvertopping
– Source‐TermandPoolSpreadingofSpillonLandandWater
• Conclusions
2
![Page 3: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction• Liquefiednaturalgas(LNG):providesflexibilityinnaturalgasindustryfor
storageandinter‐regionaltrade– NewemergingnaturalgasmarketwillaccelerateLNGtradeglobally
• GrowingconcernsonpotentialLNGspillandconsequencearoundfacilities– FurtherresearchonLNGsafetyisrequiredtoensurepublicsafetyandsafeoperation
U.S.naturalgasproductionbysource(trillioncubicfeet)(source:EIA)
LNGimportandexportterminalsapprovedintheU.S.(source:FERC)
3
![Page 4: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
LNG Safety Concerns
LNGProperties• Flammableasafuel
– Flammablelimitrangesapproximately5‐15v/v%inair
• Cryogenicliquidforeaseofstorageandtransportation– Extremelycold,boilingpointis
‐162˚C(‐263˚F)– Expands600timesinvolume
duringvaporization– Difficulttodispersedueto
heavier‐than‐airbehaviorbelow‐114˚C (‐173˚F)
HazardsandRegulations• Mainhazards
Flammablevaporcloud Poolfire
• Standardsandregulations 49CFRPart193
Define“exclusionzones”intermsofvapordispersion(1/2LFL)andfirethermalradiation(5kW/m2)
NFPA59A(2013) Requiremitigationmeasurestoreduceriskstoatolerablelevel
4
![Page 5: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
LNG Safety Research at MKOPSC• InvolvedinresearchfortheimprovementsofLNGsafety,securityand
spillresponsesince2005• Researchprogram,sponsoredby BPGlobalGasSPU, QatarNational
ResearchFoundation,and othersincludes– LNGvapordispersionandpoolfire
• LNGvapordispersionandpoolfireCFD modelingandvalidation– Safetymeasuresfordispersionandfirecontrol
• ApplicationofwatercurtaintodisperseLNGvaporcloud• ApplicationofexpansionfoamandalternatesystemstocontrolLNGvaporandfire
– Riskanalysisofbundovertopping– Source‐termandpoolspreadingofspillonlandandwater
• Combinationoftheoreticalunderstandingwithfield/labteststomaketheresearchapplicabletothecurrentindustryneeds
5
![Page 6: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
LNG Facility at TEEX• SevenseriesofLNGoutdoorspilltestshavebeenperformedsince2005atLNGtestfacilityattheBraytonFireTrainingField(BFTF)ofTexasA&M EngineeringExtensionService(TEEX),CollegeStation,Texas
6
• Averagetotalvol.ofLNGused:41m3
• Averagespillrate:0.36~1m3/min• Datameasured
– Windspeed,direction,temperature,humidity,atmosphericheatflux
– LNGflow,level,temperature– LNGvaporturbulence,speed,concentration,temperature
– LNGfiretemperature,heatflux•Pit 1: Small Pit ‐ 3m x 3m x 1.22 m•Pit 2: Large Pit ‐ 10m x 6.7m x 1.22m•Pit 3: L‐shaped trench•Pit 4: Marine Pit ‐ 2.44 m x 6.7 m x 6.7 m
![Page 7: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
LNG Vapor Dispersion and Pool Fire Modeling with CFD
7
![Page 8: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
LNG Vapor Dispersion and Pool Fire
• Highdemandexistsforperformingsite‐specificriskanalysisofcomplexscenariosinLNGfacilitiesandterminals
• NospecificguidelineonhowtoaddresscomplexscenarioswithCFD
• ImprovetheunderstandingofphysicalprocessofLNGvapordispersionandpoolfire
• StudykeyparametersofmodelingLNGvapordispersionandpoolfirewithCFDcodes
8
![Page 9: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
LNG Vapor Dispersion and Pool Fire
• Field test setup
9
![Page 10: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
LNG Vapor Dispersion and Pool Fire
10
![Page 11: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
LNG Vapor Dispersion and Pool Fire
11
Ti = 0.2
0.033
0.05
0.025
0.008
0.017
0.042
Comparison of gas concentration contours and effect of turbulence induced by the dike
![Page 12: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
LNG Vapor Dispersion and Pool Fire
12
• LNGunderwaterrelease
Over‐the‐land video camera Underwater video camera
![Page 13: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
LNG Vapor Dispersion and Pool Fire
13
FDSExperiment
Pulsation behavior of the fire compared with experiment
Source R3 (kW/m2) R4 (kW/m2)Experiment 2.5 5.0
FDS-Deardorff3.1
(+22%)5.5
(+11%)FDS-Smagorinsky
3.5 (+39%)
6.4 (+28%)
Deardorff turbulence model results in better accuracy of radiation prediction
Flame temperature comparison with experiment
R3 (-2, -2, 0.9) m R4 (-2.2, -0.1, 0.9) m
![Page 14: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
LNG Vapor Cloud Control using Water Curtain
14
![Page 15: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Controlling LNG Vapor Cloud using Water Curtain
• Watercurtainisconsideredoneofthemosteffectiveengineeringmethodsinmitigatingvarioustypesofhazards
• NodefinitiveandcomprehensiveguidelineforwatercurtaindesigninLNGvaporcontrol
• DeterminethekeyparametricdependenceofdifferentwatercurtainsincontrollingtheLNGvaporcloud
• Developaneffectiveengineeringguidelineforwatercurtainapplication
15
![Page 16: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Controlling LNG Vapor Cloud using Water Curtain
16
Facility: Brayton Fire Training Field
Pit 1 (3m x 3m x 1.22m) filled with water up to 1.2m
Wooden confinement(1.52m x 1.52m x 0.31m)
3 types spray: Fan, Conical and FogFan type Fog typeConical type
Experiment design
![Page 17: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Controlling LNG Vapor Cloud using Water Curtain
17
Conc. at 3 different height with/wo full cone type
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
22.5
25.0
‐1.0
‐0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
CH4con
c., % (v
/v)
downwind distance, m
No Spray z=0.5m FC Spray z=0.5m
No Spray z=1.2m FC Spray z=1.2m
No Spray z=2.1m FC Spray z=2.1m
LNG Spill edge Full Cone (FC) water curtain
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
22.5
25.0
27.5
‐1.0
‐0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
CH4con
c., % (v
/v)
downwind distance, m
No Spray z=0.5m FF Spray z=0.5m
No Spray z=1.2m FF Spray z=1.2m
No Spray z=2.1m FF Spray z=2.1m
LNG Spill edge Flat Fan (FF) water curtain
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.06.57.07.58.0
0 30 60 90 120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Chan
ge in te
mpe
rature, deg C
Relative test time, sec
Test 1: Full ConeAverage: 4.5 C
Test 3: Mist (down)Average: 6.5 C
Test 2: Flat FanAverage: 2.5 C
Change in water spray temperature reading
Droplet Size: Mist Cone < Full Cone < Flat FanHeat Transfer Rate :
Flat Fan < Full Cone < Mist Cone
Conc. at 3 different height with/wo flat-fan type1 2 3
![Page 18: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Controlling LNG Vapor Cloud using Water Curtain
18 18
• ForcedDispersionatRM=5.32&12.76
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Gasconcentration[v/v]
DownwinddistancefromLNGsource[m]naturaldisp forceddispRm=5.32 forceddispRm=12.76
Z=0m
LNGW.C.
X=31m
82.3%
X=23m
25.8%
X=5.5m
ForcedDispersion(t=200s)(RM =5.32) ForcedDispersion(t=200s)(RM =12.76)
15%
0%
7.5%
![Page 19: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
LNG Vapor and Fire Mitigation using Expansion Foam
19
![Page 20: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
High Expansion Foam
• upto20Lowexpansion
• 20to200Mediumexpansion
• 200to1000Highexpansion
HighExpansion
MediumExpansion
Vaporhazardmitigation Poolfirecontrol
Studyrequiredtounderstandthephysicalphenomenaanddevelopspecificguidelinesforfoamsystemdesign
Foam=Foamsolution+Air
NFPA11:StandardforLow‐,Medium‐,andHigh‐ExpansionFoam
20
![Page 21: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
LNG Vapor and Fire Mitigation using Foam
21
![Page 22: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
LNG Vapor and Fire Mitigation using Foam
22
![Page 23: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
LNG Vapor and Fire Mitigation using Foam
23
![Page 24: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
LNG Vapor and Fire Mitigation using Foam
24
The idea of intermittency I(L) was used to determine average flame lengthThe average flame length was 16.34 m for the fire without foam application, which is the flame length with an intermittency of 0.5
![Page 25: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Experimental Study and CFD Simulation of Bund Overtopping
25
![Page 26: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Bund Overtopping• RolesofBund
– Secondarycontainment
– Limitcontamination
– Reducevaporization
– Controlpoolfireimpact
• CapacityofBund– ≥110%*tankcapacity
26
www.polystarcontainment.com
![Page 27: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Scenario ‐ Catastrophic Tank Failure
27
Video– CFDSimulationonBundOvertopping incaseofcatastrophictankfailure.
Bund Overtopping
![Page 28: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Labtest
28
Snapoftheovertoppingprocess:(a)0.0s;(b)0.1s;(c)0.2s;(d)0.3s.
Bund Overtopping
SetupofbundovertoppingtestatBraytonFireTrainingField
• Fieldtest
![Page 29: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Source‐Term and Pool Spreadingof Spill on Land and Water
29
![Page 30: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
LNG Spill on Water
30
L‐ShapedTrench
Experimental setup for release of LN2 on water
High‐speed Image from flow visualization experiment
LNG release in L‐Shaped Trench, Release duration – 1200 s
![Page 31: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
LNG Spill on Land
31
Time=0.05sec Time=0.39sec
Time=0.61sec Time=0.62sec Time=0.67sec
![Page 32: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Publications• B.R.Cormier,R.Qi,G.W.Yun,Y.Zhang,M.S.Mannan,“ApplicationofComputationalFluidDynamicsfor
LNGVaporDispersionModeling:AKeyParametersStudy”,JournalofLossPreventionintheProcessIndustries,22(3),332‐352,2009.
• R.Qi,D.Ng,B.R.Cormier,M.S.Mannan,“NumericalSimulationsofLNGVaporDispersioninBraytonFireTrainingFieldTestswithANSYSCFX”,JournalofHazardousMaterials,183(1),51‐61,2010.
• R.Qi,M.Albaker,O.Basha,R.Hassiba,M.S.Mannan,T.Olewski,S.Waldram,“Qatar,LNG,SpillExperimentsandProcessSafety”,AdvancesinGasProcessing,Elsevier,349‐357,2010.
• J.A.Suardin,R.Qi,B.R.Cormier,M.A.Rana,Y.Zhang,M.S.Mannan,“ApplicationofFireSuppressionMaterialsonSuppressionofLNGPoolFires”,JournalofLossPreventionintheProcessIndustries,24(1),63‐75,2011.
• R.Qi,P.K.Raj,M.S.Mannan,“UnderwaterLNGReleaseTestFindings:ExperimentalDataandModelresults”,JournalofLossPreventionintheProcessIndustries,24(4),440‐448,2011.
• R.Qi,D.Ng,M.S.Mannan,“BraytonFireTrainingFieldLNGSpillTestsandAnalysis”,TobesubmittedtoJournalofHazardousMaterials.
• Rana,M.A.,Y.Guo,etal.(2010)."UseofwaterspraycurtaintodisperseLNGvaporclouds."JournalofLossPreventionintheProcessIndustries23(1):77‐88
• Rana,M.A.andM.S.Mannan(2010)."ForceddispersionofLNGvaporwithwatercurtain."JournalofLossPreventionintheProcessIndustries23(6):768‐772.
• G.Yun,W.Rogers,M.S.Mannan(2009)“RiskassessmentofLNGimportationterminalsusingtheBayesian–LOPA methodology”,JournalofLossPreventionintheProcessIndustries22,91–96
• Yun,G.,D.Ng,etal.(2011)."KeyFindingsofLiquefiedNaturalGasPoolFireOutdoorTestswithExpansionFoamApplication."Industrial&EngineeringChemistryResearch50(4):2359‐2372.
• Yun,G.,D.Ng,etal.(2011).“KeyObservationsofLiquefiedNaturalGasVaporDispersionFieldTestwithExpansionFoamApplication”Industrial&EngineeringChemistryResearch50 (3),pp1504–1514
32
![Page 33: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Publications• Kim,B.K.,Ng,D.,Mentzer,R.A.,&Mannan,M.S.(2012).ModelingofWater‐SprayApplicationinthe
ForcedDispersionofLNGVaporCloudUsingaCombinedEulerian–Lagrangian Approach.Industrial&EngineeringChemistryResearch,51(42),13803–13814.
• Kim,B.K.,Mentzer,R.A.,&Mannan,M.S.(2014).NumericalstudyonphysicalmechanismsofforceddispersionforaneffectiveLNGspillmitigation.IndustrialandEngineeringChemistryResearch,53(22),9488–9498.
• Kim,B.K.,Ng,D.,Mentzer,R.A.,&Mannan,M.S.(2013).KeyparametricanalysisondesigninganeffectiveforcedmitigationsystemforLNGspillemergency.JournalofLossPreventionintheProcessIndustries,26(6),1670–1678.
• Gopalaswami,N.,Laboureur,D.M.,Mentzer,R.A.,&Mannan,M.S.(2016).Quantificationofturbulenceincryogenicliquidusinghighspeedflowvisualization.JournalofLossPreventionintheProcessIndustries,42,70–81.
• Gopalaswami,N.,Mentzer,R.A.,&SamMannan,M.(2015).Investigationofpoolspreadingandvaporizationbehaviorinmedium‐scaleLNGtests.JournalofLossPreventionintheProcessIndustries,35,267–276.
• Gopalaswami,N.,Vechot,L.,Olewski,T.,&Mannan,M.S.(2015).Small‐scaleexperimentalstudyofvaporizationfluxofliquidnitrogenreleasedonice.JournalofLossPreventionintheProcessIndustries,37,124–131.
• Ahammad,M.,Liu,Y.,Olewski,T.,Vechot,L.,&Mannan,M.S.(2016).ApplicationofComputationalFluidDynamics(CFD)inSimulatingFilmBoilingofCryogens.Industrial&EngineeringChemistryResearch,acs.iecr.6b01013.
• Ahammad,M.,Olewski,T.,Vechot,L.,&Mannan,M.S.(2016).ACFD basedmodeltopredictfilmboilingheattransferofcryogenicliquids.JournalofLossPreventionintheProcessIndustries44,247‐254
33
![Page 34: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Publications• Zhang,B.,Liu,Y.,Olewski,T.,Vechot,L.,&Mannan,M.S.(2014).Blanketingeffectofexpansionfoamon
liquefiednaturalgas(LNG)spillagepool.JournalofHazardousMaterials,280,380–388.• Zhang,B.,Harding,B.,Liu,Y.,&Mannan,M.S.(2016).LiquefiedNaturalGasVaporHazardMitigation
withExpansionFoamUsingaResearch‐ScaleFoamGenerator.IndustrialandEngineeringChemistryResearch,55(20),6018–6024.
• Harding,B.,Zhang,B.,Liu,Y.,Chen,H.,&Mannan,M.S.(2016).Improvedresearch‐scalefoamgeneratordesignandperformancecharacterization.JournalofLossPreventionintheProcessIndustries,39,173–180.
34
![Page 35: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Conclusions
35
Understand complex phenomena of LNG vapor dispersion and
pool fire
Understand complex phenomena of LNG vapor dispersion and
pool fire
Understand water curtain mechanisms to disperse the LNG
cloud
Understand water curtain mechanisms to disperse the LNG
cloud
Understand the mitigation effect of foam on LNG vapor and fire scenarios
Understand the mitigation effect of foam on LNG vapor and fire scenarios
Assess the risk of LNG overtopping and provide recommendations for
dike design
Assess the risk of LNG overtopping and provide recommendations for
dike design
Understand the LNG spill phenomena and develop accurate source term and pool spreading model
Understand the LNG spill phenomena and develop accurate source term and pool spreading model
![Page 36: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Acknowledgements• Dr.BinZhang• LNGSafetyTeamofMKOPSC
36
![Page 37: Dr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Mannan.pdfDr. M. Sam Mannan, PE, CSP, DHC Regents Professor and Executive Director Holder of T. Michael O’Connor Chair I Mary Kay O’Connor Process](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062507/5fcc7247ee318272295ccf9f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Thank you!
Questions and Comments?