Download - CLASS #1: AP CLASS #2: AP/AdvP CLASS #3: AdvP, PP CLASS #4: PP CLASS #5: ADVERBIALS CLASS #6: ADVERBIALS CLASS #7: ADVERBIALS AND MIDTERM OVERVIEW CLASS

CLASS #1: APCLASS #2: AP/AdvPCLASS #3: AdvP, PPCLASS #4: PPCLASS #5: ADVERBIALSCLASS #6: ADVERBIALSCLASS #7: ADVERBIALS AND MIDTERM OVERVIEW

CLASS #8: MIDTERM OVERVIEW and SIMPLE SENTENCECLASS #9: SIMPLE SENTENCECLASS #10: SIMPLE SENTENCECLASS #11: COMPLEX SENTENCECLASS #12: COMPLEX SENTENCECLASS #13: COMPLEX SENTENCE , WRAP-UP & ORAL EXAM HINTS

MIDTERM

SINCE WE ARE SLIGHTLY BEHIND SCHEDULE IN TERMS OF PRACTICE CLASSES…

THE MIDTERM EXAM IS RE-SCHEDULED FOR

MAY 15, 2012

THAT’S TUESDAY FOUR WEEKS FROM NOW. THE EXACT TIME WILL BE ANNOUNCED

SOON, BUT IT WILL BE IN THE AFTERNOON AND IT WILL TAKE PLACE IN THE AUDITORIUM (‘AMFITEATAR’)

MIDTERM TEST - OVERVIEW

WHAT IT REALLY LOOKS LIKE…

IT’S WORTH TAKING A GOOD LOOK, BECAUSE IT’S WORTH 25% (OF YOUR FINAL GRADE)

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NOW, LET ME WALK YOU THROUGH EACH TASK…

SO THAT YOU CAN BE FULLY PREPARED…

1. Identify the word class of the underlined items in the following sentences:

a) He was the last person to hear the news. __________

b) He finished last. __________

c) She thinks highly of her teachers. __________

d) I’ve been feeling under stress lately. __________

e) It may be many years before the situation improves. __________

f) The task before us is a difficult one. __________

g) We drove up to Inverness to see my father. __________

h) In case of emergency, take the up escalator. __________

i) You should have told me so before. __________

j) The travel agent recommended a cruise up the Neva. __________

k) Don’t you ever give up! __________

ADJ

ADV

ADV

P

CONJ.

P

ADV

ADJ

ADV

PADVERB PARTICLE OF A PHRASAL VERB

2. Underline the required phrases in the following sentences and analyze their structure and syntactic function. Examples:

2.1. APs – Adjective phrasesa) This is a very interesting book.

S: _____________________ F: ______________________b) She isn’t old enough to get married.

S: _____________________ F: _____________________c) We are delighted that you have made it.

S: _____________________ F: ____________________d) He found her prettier than her sister.

S: _____________________ F: _____________________

She is [very happy] S: AdjP=Adv+Adj; F: CsHe speaks [fluently enough]. S: AdvP=Adv+Adv; F: AShe has [a house in the woods] S: PP=P+NP; F: complement of NP

AP=Adv + ADJ premodication in an NP

AP=Adv + ADJ +Cl (n.f.)

Cs

AP=ADJ +Cl (f.) Cs

AP=ADJ +PP Co


2.2. AdvPs – Adverb phrasese) He plays the piano surprisingly well

S: ___________________ F: ___________________f) I hope to meet him soon enough.

S: ____________________ F:___________________g) He spoke too fast for us to take notes.

S: _________________ F: _____________________


AdvP=Adv + ADV A(dverbial)

AdvP=Adv + ADV A(dverbial)

AdvP=Adv + ADV+ Cl(non-f.)

A(dverbial)


2.3. PPs – Prepositional phrasesh) An extra £10 million will be sent to the flooded region.

S: ___________________________ F: _________i) For certain personal reasons I shall not be able to attend.

S: ___________________________ F: _________j) We’re very sorry about the damage we caused.

S: ___________________________ F: ______________k) From what I heard, the company’s in deep trouble.

S: ___________________________ F: _____________

S: ___________________________ F: _____________


PP=P +NP obligatory ADVERBIAL

PP= P + NP

complement of APPP=P +NP

optional ADVERBIALPP=P +Cl (finite, wh)

obligatory ADVERBIAL

optional ADVERBIAL

PP=P +NP

3. Arrange the adjectives into the correct order within the NP:

a. dress (silk/ long/ extravagant/ red) _____________________________________________________

b. dog (brown/ friendly/ large) _____________________________________________________

c. biscuits (home-made/ delicious/ chocolate) _____________________________________________________

d. skirt (striped / tight / silk) _____________________________________________________

e. woman (thirty-year old / attractive / tall / blonde) _____________________________________________________

an extravagant long red silk dress

a friendly large brown dog

delicious home-made chocolate biscuits

a tight striped silk skirt

an attractive tall thirty-year old blonde woman

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4. Transform the following sentences by changing the nouns with adjectives into verbs followed by suitable expressions (AdvP, AdjP, PP):

a. There has been a drastic fall in the dollar. _________________________________________________________

b. Why did she give me such a stern look? _________________________________________________________

c. Tom is a good cook. _________________________________________________________

d. I gave her a fatherly talk. _________________________________________________________

e. The flowers had a fragrant smell. _________________________________________________________

The dollar has fallen drastically.

Why did she look at me so sternly?

Tom cooks well.

I talked to her in a fatherly way/manner.

The flowers smelt/smelled fragrant.

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5. Rephrase the sentences so that they begin with the words in italics:

I have never met such a man. _______________________________________________ You should not sign the document on any account.

____________________________________ I realized what happened only when they left.

_________________________________________ A truer word has seldom been spoken.

______________________________________________

Never have I met such a man.

On no account should you sign the document.

Only when they left did I realize what happened.

Seldom has a truer word been spoken.

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6. Underline the adverbs in each of the following sentences and determine their syntactic functions (1. Adverbial - adjunct, conjunct, disjunct; 2. Modifier of – NP, AdjP, AdvP, PP, Det; 3. Complement of P):

a. Understandably, the project was a success.

b. She has an awfully bad temper.

c. He showed us straight to our seats.

d. Mary works very hard.

e. He is quite a nice man.

f. Yet, she could never forgive him.

g. Over twenty people came to the party.

h. This letter came from abroad.

ADVERBIAL - disjunctMODIFIER - AP

MODIFIER - PP

1:MODIFIER - AdvP 2:ADVERBIAL- adjunctMODIFIER - NP

1: ADVERBIAL - conjunct2: ADVERBIAL- adjunctMODIFIER -

DeterminerComplement of P

Exercises 7 & 8 deal with ADVERBIALS

STRUCTURE, POSITION AND SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION

7. Underline all the adverbials in the following sentences and specify their a. type (adjunct, conjunct, disjunct), and subtype; b. position in sentence (I, M, F):

Example: The people upstairs are noisy [in the evening]. type: adjunct (time, time-when); position: F

a) It is my opinion, personally, that she is totally wrong.

b) Studying hard, she got a scholarship.

c) I go to school by bicycle.

d) The lady in the last row was talking very loudly.

e) In spite of his excellent knowledge, he failed the exam.

DISJUNCT STYLE POSITION: M

ADJUNCT CONTINGENCY: REASON

POSITION: I

ADJUNCT (to school)

SPACE/PLACE: GOAL POSITION: FADJUNCT (by

bicycle)PROCESS: MEANS POSITION

: FADJUNCT PROCESS: MANNER POSITION

: F

ADJUNCT CONTINGENCY: CONCESSION

POSITION: I


Example: The people upstairs are noisy [in the evening]. type: adjunct (time, time-when); position: F

f) I miss you so much!

g) To sum up, the initial hypothesis was flawed.

h) She is probably going to dump him.

i) As far as science is concerned, this is irrelevant.

j) He usually sees his child twice a week.

ADJUNCT DEGREE/INTENSIFIER: AMPLIFIER

POSITION: F

CONJUNCT SUMMATIVE POSITION: I

ADJUNCT MODALITY: APPROXIMATION

POSITION: M

ADJUNCT VIEWPOINT (sentence adjunct)

POSITION: I

ADJUNCT (usually)

TIME: FREQUENCY POSITION: MADJUNCT

(twice…)TIME: FREQUENCY POSITION

: F


k) Resentfully, she accepted his invitation.

l) I only tried to illustrate a problem.

m) By the way, talking softly like that, I hardly kept my cool.

n) Frankly speaking, he did not drive fast enough, so I could not pass Massa.

ADJUNCT SUBJUNCT: GENERAL/VOLITIONAL

POSITION: I

ADJUNCT FOCUSING: LIMITER POSITION: M

CONJUNCT (by…)

TRANSITIONAL POSITION: IADJUNCT

(talking…)CONTINGENCY: CAUSE/REASON

POSITION: IADJUNCT

(hardy)DEGREE/INTENSIFIER: DOWNTONER

POSITION: M

DISJUNCT (Frankly…)

STYLE POSITION: IADJUNCT (fast

enough)PROCESS: MANNER POSITION

: FADJUNCT (so I …)

CONTINGENCY: RESULT

POSITION: F

8. Underline all the adverbials in the following sentences and specify their syntactic structure (type of phrase or clause):

Example: The people upstairs are noisy [in the evening]. structure: PP

a) When red, these apples are ripe.

b) From an ecological point of view, these cars are considered to be very similar.

c) The man in the corner complained very angrily.

d) The woman standing behind you is rather sad, although she has just received her salary.

VERBLESS ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

PP

AdvP

FINITE CLAUSE



e) Hardly anyone went to the meeting on Wednesday because they were not given enough time to prepare.

f) Driving home, I ran into some problems.

g) To be honest, I don’t think that she is telling the truth.

h) She risked her job in order to solve the problem.

PP PP FINITE CLAUSE

NON-FINITE CLAUSE

NON-FINITE CLAUSE

NON-FINITE CLAUSE



i) She learns English with great enthusiasm.

j) They had covered a long distance.

PP

X = THERE ARE NO ADVERBIALS IN THIS SENTENCE.In “He swam a long distance.”, “a long distance” is an ADVERBIAL, because you can ask a question “How much did he swim?”, although it is ambiguous, since it can also be an object (A long distance was swum.).

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

LECTURE #1 – 2012-04-25

Basic concepts of a science are notoriously difficult to define, e.g. atom, number, society, etc.

WHAT IS A SENTENCE?

SENTENCE

In the traditional view, a sentence is defined: “A sequence of words that is complete in itself,

conveying a statement, question, exclamation or command, typically containing a subject and predicate.” (OED)

“A group of words that usually contains a subject and a verb, and expresses a complete idea” (LDOCE)

“A grammatical unit that is syntactically independent and has a subject that is expressed or, as in imperative sentences, understood and a predicate that contains at least one finite verb.” (MWED)

SENTENCE

In computational linguistics, a sentence is defined: “A sequence of words that begins with

capital letter and ends in “.”, “!” or “?”.” (Manning and Schutze)

SENTENCE: some examples

“A dog sleeps.” “A friendly dog in the kennel next to our

house sleeps like a baby.” “Yes.” “No!” “Good.” “Aaaah, a dog!” “The more, the merrier!” “To hell with Skyrim!”

SENTENCE: some examples

“A dog sleeps [wherever it finds a suitable place].”

“I know [that a friendly dog in the kennel next to our house sleeps like a baby].”

“Stop [doing that]!” “Stop that!” “Stop!” “Wow!” “A-ha.”

SENTENCE: what examples tell us Not all sentences contain the subject

and the verb: Structures such as “Wow!”, “Yes.”, “Aaaah,

a dog!”, “The more, the marrier.”, which do not contain a subject and a verb, are called SENTENCE FRAGMENTS or MINOR SENTENCES.

Structures such as “A dog sleeps.” and “I bought a book yesterday in a nice bookstore somewhere on the West Side.”, which do contain both a subject and a verb, are called FULL SENTENCES or MAJOR SENTENCES.

SENTENCE: what examples tell us Not all sentences contain just one subject

and one verb: Structures such as “A dog sleeps.” and “I bought

a book yesterday in a nice bookstore somewhere on the West Side.”, which contain just one subject and one verb, are called SIMPLE SENTENCES.

Structures such as “A dog sleeps [wherever it finds a suitable place].” and “I know [that a friendly dog in the kennel next to our house sleeps like a baby].”, which contain more than one subject and a verb (i.e. which contain more than one clause), are called COMPLEX SENTENCES.

SENTENCE vs. CLAUSE

WHAT IS A CLAUSE?

SENTENCE

CLAUSE

CLAUSE

In the traditional view, a clause is defined: “A unit of grammatical organization next

below the sentence in rank, and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate.” (OED)

“A group of words that contains a subject and a verb, but which is usually only part of a sentence.” (LDOCE)

“A group of words containing a subject and a predicate and forming part of a compound or complex sentence.” (MWED)

SENTENCE vs. CLAUSE

CLAUSE – a syntactic unit which is larger than a phrase and which consists of ONE PREDICATION. Clauses can be both FINITE and NON-FINITE, and DEPENDENT and INDEPENDENT.

SENTENCE – the biggest syntactic unit. It consists of at least one clause. Sentences are always FINITE. Sentences are always INDEPENDENT.

E.g.

To be happy means to be in love.

clause (non-finite), function: S, structure: VCs

clause (non-finite), function: Od, structure: VA

clause (finite) = sentence, structure: S(clause) V Od(clause)

EVERY SENTENCE IS A CLAUSE.

NOT ALL CLAUSES ARE SENTENCES.

SENTENCE vs. CLAUSE

Some other examples:I am happy.

I want to be happy.

I know that he wants to be happy.

clause (finite) = sentence, structure: S V Cs

clause (finite) = sentence, structure: S V Od(clause)

clause (non-finite), function: Od, structure: V Cs

clause (finite) = sentence, structure: S V Od(clause)

clause (finite), function: Od, structure: S V Od (clause)

clause (non-finite), function: Od, structure: VCs

SENTENCE vs. CLAUSE

The previous example showed us an important feature of all human languages including English:

LANGUAGES ARE RECURSIVE IN OTHER WORDS, YOU CAN EMBED A CLAUSE INTO

ANOTHER CLAUSE AND THEN EMBED YET ANOTHER CLAUSE INTO THAT CLASUE, AND THEN DO IT AGAIN…

Mary is telling the truth.I know [that Mary is telling the truth].I know [that John knows [that Mary is telling the truth]].I know [that John knows [ that Bill knows [that Mary is

telling the truth]]].I know [that John knows [ that Bill knows [ that the police

believe [that Mary is telling the truth]]]].

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES

CLASSIFICAITION OF SENTENCES STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION = based

on the NUMBER AND TYPE of clauses in a sentence:

SENTENCE

SIMPLE COMPLEX COMPOUND

VERB CLASSES

One of the properties of verbs is VALENCY.

VALENCY is the number of obligatory elements that a particular verb takes.

On the basis of VALENCY verbs can be divided into five types.

VERB CLASSES

VERBS

INTENSIVE

EXTENSIVE

INTRANSITIVE

TRANSITIVE

monotransitive

ditransitive

complex transitive

ON THE BASIS OF VERB CLASSES

CLAUSE TYPES

CLAUSE TYPES

VERBS CLAUSE TYPES

INTENSIVE/LINKING VERBS

1. SVCs

2. SVA

EXTENSIVE

INTRANSITIVE 3. SV

TRANSITIVE

MONOTRANSITIVE

4. SVO

DITRANSITIVE 5. SVOiOd

COMPLEX TRANSITIVE

6. SVOCo

7. SVOA

THE SINGLE VERB ELEMENT OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE IS ALWAYS A

FINITE VP.

SO, THESE ARE THE 7 TYPES OF SIMPLE

SENTENCES IN ENGLISH

CLAUSE TYPES

Naturally, OPTIONAL ADVERBIAL may be added to sentences of any type:

(Luckily) the sun is (already) shining.I (definitely) must send her a birthday card

(tomorrow). The S, V, O and C are OBLIGATORY sentence

elements, whereas the A can be either OBLIGATORY or OPTIONAL. The A is obligatory in the SVA and SVOA clause types:

John often goes to the cinema. S(A)VA She kept the children in bed during the

storm. SVOA(A)

SYNTACTICALLY DEFINED

SENTENCE ELEMENTS

SYNTACTIC CONSTITUENTS (S, V, O, C, A) can be realized in different forms: PHRASES and CLAUSES

SENTENCE ELEMENTS syntactically defined

PP In the state of nirvana is how I want to feel.

AdvP

Here is the latest report from Tripoli.Tomorrow is Thursday.

AP Beautiful beyond words is how I would describe her.

SENTENCE ELEMENTS syntactically defined

SEMANTICALLY

SENTENCE ELEMENTS

DEFINED

SENTENCE ELEMENTSsemantically defined

Let’s take a simple sentence as an example: Eric Cartman killed Kenny with a knife.

SUBJECT

VERB OBJECT

ADVERBIAL

A syntactic analysis of the sentence would yield the following syntactic structure: SVOA


Semantically speaking, every verb describes a SITUATION in which one or more PARTICIPANTS are involved.If we look at the sentence “Eric Cartman killed Kenny with a knife.” we can say that the verb KILL describes a situation which involves three different participants:

1 = THE PERSON WHO PERFORMED THE

ACTIVITY2 = THE PERSON WHO

WAS KILLED

3 = THE INSTRUMENT USED

FOR KILLING


One SYNTACTIC ELEMENT/CONSTITUENT can have VARIOUS SEMANTIC ROLES.For example, the SUBJECT can have three different semantic roles:John opened the door. (SUBJECT is the AGENT)The key opened the door. (SUBJECT is the INSTRUMENT)The door opened. (SUBJECT is the THEME/PATIENT)Actually, this is just the tip of the iceberg: the subject can have as many as THIRTEEN (13!!!) different semantic roles.

SUBJECT – semantically defined

DIRECT OBJECT – semantically defined

INDIRECT OBJECT – semantically defined

COMPLEMENTS – semantically defined

NOW…

…SOMETHING COMPLETELY DIFFERENT

CONCORD

CONCORD

Concord is AGREEMENT between two sentence elements with respect to certain grammatical features. Officially: CONCORD (sometimes termed AGREEMENT) is the relationship between TWO GRAMMATICAL UNITS such that one of them DISPLAYS A PARTICULAR FEATURE (e.g. plurality) that ACCORDS WITH A DISPLAYED (or semantically implicit) FEATURE in the other unit.

There are several types of concord. Even in English! But more about it later.

WHERE CAN WE SEE CONCORD?

*Mary were in London yesterday. S-V concord (person & number)

*John cut herself. S-O concord (gender, person, number)

*John cut themselves. S-O concord (gender, person, number)

*John is an actress. S-Cs concord (gender, person, number)

*John considers Bill an actress. S-Co concord (gender, person, number)

*John considers them an actor. S-Co concord (gender, person, number)

CONCORD – types ofCONCORD

Depending on

SENTENCE ELEMENT

Subject-verb concord

Subject-complement

concord

Object-complement

concord

Depending on

GRAMMATICAL FEATURES

Concord of NUMBER

Concord of PERSON

Concord of GENDER

S-V concord: NOUN PHRASESThe CHANGE in male attitudes is most

obvious in industry.The CHANGES in male attitude are most

obvious in industry.

When the subject is realized by a noun phrase, the phrase counts as singular IF ITS HEAD IS SINGULAR.

S-V concord: AdvP and PP

Slowly does it!In the evenings is best for me.

Prepositional phrases and adverb phrases functioning as subjects count as SINGULAR.

S-V concord: CLAUSES

How they got there doesn’t concern me.To treat them as hostages is criminal.Smoking cigarettes is dangerous to your

health.

Finite and non-finite clauses generally count as SINGULAR.

However, there are some apparent exceptions.

S-V concord: clauses add-on

What were supposed to be new proposals were in fact modifications of earlier ones.

What was once a palace is now a pile of rubble.Whatever book a Times reviewer praises sells well.What ideas he has are his wife’s. These are NOMINAL RELATIVE CLAUSES: their number depends on the interpretation of the

number of the WH-ELEMENT, e.g. with determiners WHAT and WHATEVER the concord depends on the number of the determined noun (the last two examples)

S-V concord: general rules

General rule of S-V concord:A subject which is not clearly semantically

plural requires a singular verb.In other words: SINGULAR is the

UNMARKED FORM which is to be used in neutral circumstances when there is no positive.

This explains why in informal speech we can often hear:

There is hundreds of people in the streets.

S-V concord: exceptions

Measles is sometimes serious.Our people are complaining.

Apparent exceptions include SINGULAR NOUNS ending in –S (e.g. measles, billards, mathematics, etc.) and PLURAL NOUNS lacking the –S (e.g. cattle, people, clergy, etc.).


Crime and Punishment is a great novel.Brother Karamzov is his masterpiece.The Cedars has a huge garden.‘Senior citizens’ means people over sixty.Plural noun phrases (including coordinate

phrases) count as singular if they are used as NAMES, TITLES, QUOTATIONS, etc.

Such NPs can be regarded as appositive structures with an implied singular head: the book ‘Crime and Punishment’, the expression ‘senior citizens’, etc.


The Canterbury Tales exists in many manuscripts.

The Canterbury Tales exist in many manuscripts.

The titles of some works that are collection of stories may be counted as either singular or plural.

Principles of grammatical concord: NOTIONAL concord & PROXIMITY

No one except his own supporters AGREE with him. The head is NO ONE, but the verb agrees with

SUPPORTERS – this is called PROXIMITY. PROXIMITY (also called ‘ATTRACTION’) denotes

agreement of the verb with a closely preceding NP in preference to agreement with the head of the NP that functions as subject:

Proximity is here reinforced by NOTIONAL CONCORD (‘Only his own supporters agree with him’).

NOTIONAL CONCORD – how the speaker understands the concept denoted with the NP (singular or plural) regardless of the grammatical form

EXAMPLES OF NOTIONAL CONCORD

Ten dollars is all I have left. [That amount is…]

Fifteen years represents a long period of his life. [That period is…]

Two miles is as far as they can walk. [That distance is…]

Two thirds of the area is under water. [That area is…],

BUT: Sixty people means a huge party.

[That number of people means…]

Principles of grammatical concord: NOTIONAL concord & PROXIMITY

Conflict between grammatical concord and proximity increases with the distance between the NP head of the subject and the VP (e.g. when an adverbial or a parenthesis intervenes between the subject and the verb).

Proximity concord occurs mainly in unplanned discourse – in writing it will be corrected to grammatical concord.

We will discuss GRAMMATICAL CONCORD, NOTIONAL CONCORD and PROXIMITY in the following cases: Collective noun head Coordinated subject Indefinite expressions

COLLECTIVE NOUNS

The audience were enjoying every minute of it.

The public are tired of demonstration.England have won the cup.Our Planning Committee have

considered…Singular collective nouns may be

notionally plural. In BRITISH ENGLISH the verb may be EITHER SINGULAR or PLURAL.

COLLECTIVE NOUNS

The audience was enormous.The public consists of you and me.The crowd has been dispersed.The choice between singular and plural verbs

depends in BRITISH ENGLISH on whether the group is being considered as a single undivided body or as a collection of individuals.

On the whole: the plural is more popular in speech, whereas in writing the singular is preferred.

COORDINATED SUBJECTS

When a subject consists of TWO or MORE noun phrases (or clauses) coordinated by AND, we must make a distinction between:

COORDINATION (PROPER)COORDINATIVE APPOSITION

COORDINATION (PROPER)

Tom and Alice ARE now ready. =[Tom is now ready and Alice is now ready.] What I say and what I think ARE my own affair. =[What I say is my own affair and what I think is

my own affair]BUT: What I say and do IS my own affair. COORDINATION REFERS TO CASES WHEN WE

HAVE FULL COORDINATED FORMS (not REDUCED FORMS).

A PLURAL VERB IS USED EVEN IF EACH CONJOIN IS SINGULAR.


His camera, his phone, his money WERE confiscated by the customs officials.

A PLURAL VERB IS ALSO NEEDED WHEN THERE IS NO COORDINATOR.


You problem and mine ARE similar. =[Your problem is similar to mine and

mine is similar to yours.] What I say and do ARE two different

things. =[What I say is one thing and what I do is

another thing.]Conjoins expressing MUTUAL

RELATIONSHIP are also PLURAL.

COORDINATION PROPER TRICKY ISSUE

Every adult and every child was holding a flag.

Each senator and congressman was allocated two seats.

Each of them has signed the petition.BUT: They have each signed allocated two seats.PREPOSED EACH AND EVERY HAVE A

DISTRIBUTIVE EFFECT AND REQUIRE A SINGULAR VERB.

COORDINATIVE APPOSITION

This temple of ugliness and memorial to Victorian bad taste was erected in the main street of the city.

BUT: His ages servant and the subsequent editor of his

collected papers was with him at his deathbed. His ages servant and the subsequent editor of his

collected papers were with him at his deathbed. SINGULAR IS USED IF THE SERVANT AND THE EDITOR

ARE THE SAME PERSON (APPOSITIVE COORDINATION) AND PLURAL IS USED IF THEY ARE TWO DIFFERENT PERSONS (COORDINATION PROPER).

COORDINATION WITH OR AND NOR

1. Either the Mayor or her deputy IS (ARE) bound to come.2. What I say or what I think IS(ARE) no business of yours.3. Either the strikers of the bosses (HAS) HAVE misunderstood

the claim.4. Either your brakes or your eyesight IS (ARE) at fault.5. Either your eyesight or your brakes ARE (IS) at fault.When coordinated items have the same number, there is pure

grammatical concord: when they are both singular (1 and 2) the verb is also singular, when they are both plural (3), the verb is also plural.

When coordinated items do not have the same number, English follows the principle of PROXIMITY: whichever phrase comes last determines the number of the verb. (4 and 5).

NOT…BUT and NOT ONLY…BUT behave like EITHER…OR.

INDEFINITE EXPRESSIONS AS SUBJECT - CONCORD

THE END

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME!CU NEXT WEEK!

Download - CLASS #1: AP CLASS #2: AP/AdvP CLASS #3: AdvP, PP CLASS #4: PP CLASS #5: ADVERBIALS CLASS #6: ADVERBIALS CLASS #7: ADVERBIALS AND MIDTERM OVERVIEW CLASS

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