Download - Chapter 16 17
Chapter 16-17World War II
(1939-44)50 Countries, 6 Years, 40-60 Million
Deaths
World War II Looms
• European conditions– Economic collapse– Worldwide depression– Social unrest– Outcry for strong leadership
Dictators
Dictators rise to powerDictators rise to power
• Rise of dictators one of the major causes of the war
• took advantage of economic, social crisis
• promised to restore countries to greatness
• blamed problems on current government and on specific groups
Italy
• Mussolini• Fascism• Extreme nationalism
– state placed above individual
““BlackshirtsBlackshirts””
• private “army” of supporters– strict military
discipline– beat-up, killed
political opponents
Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco
Spain - Fascism
• Spanish Civil War, 1936-Spanish Civil War, 1936-193919391.1. thought to be 1thought to be 1stst
battleground of WW IIbattleground of WW II2.2. Germany, Italy, Russia Germany, Italy, Russia
help Francohelp Franco• Franco becomes dictatorFranco becomes dictator• Remained neutral during Remained neutral during
WW IIWW II•
Soviet Union
• Joseph Stalin– Dictator, total control
of government, people– Admired U.S.
productivity– Transformed the
USSR from a rural nation into an industrial power
– Murdered 8-13 million of his people
Germany 1920-1945
• Adolf Hitler– Nazi Party– Capitalized on feelings
of humiliation/resentment after WWI
– Promised to build a new German empire (Third Reich)
– Blamed problems on current government
Brown Shirts
• Hitler’s militaristic supporters
• Intimidated, beat-up opponents and Jews
Hitler develops industries/military
• Massive rearmament• Began military build up in 1935
– Stockpiling weapons– Against Treaty of Versailles– Nothing happened which only encourage
Hitler
• Eliminated unemployment• Rationed food, made Germans self-
sufficient
built autobahn (1st freeway)
“Master-Race” Propaganda
• Germans were the status of perfection
• Gave Germans sense of prestige, strength, and importance
• Restored pride to German people
1940 – Axis Powers
• Germany and Italy create the Axis Powers
• Japan joins later
Hitler wants to regain territory lost after WWI
• 1936 – sent troops into the Rhineland– No response from
League of Nations
• 1938 – Invaded/annexed Austria– Again no response
AfricaAfrica
• wanted to build German Empire
• invades Ethiopia, 1935– Ethiopia asks League
of Nations for help– none given
Hitler begins demanding the Sudentenland (Czecholovakia)
• Home to 3 million German speaking citizens – says they are being abused and need protection
• Germans needed more living space
• States this will be his last demand
Appeasement
• The world remembered WWI
• Submitted to Hitler’s demands in order to avoid war – Hoped he would stop demands– Hitler had valid objections to WWI treaty
• Fear of communism – Nazis could help defeat communism
U.S. maintain neutral status
• Neutrality Acts – 1935, 1936, 1937
• Banned loans or arms sales to nations at war
• This limited the options of the President in a crisis
The Non-Aggression Pact
• Germany signs “Non-Aggression Pact” with Russia– Agreement to divide
Poland– But not to attack each
other
War in Europe
• September 1, 1939, Nazis invade Poland from the west– 3 weeks later Russia invades from the east
• England/France declare war on Germany
• Poland is defeated in 30 days – blitzkrieg – lightening war
1940 – Hitler invades Western Europe
• April – attacks Denmark and Norway
• May – Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
• June – France falls to the Nazis
• Hitler prepares to invade Great Britain
Phillipe PetainVichy France
FranceFranceCharles De Gaulle France
Prime MinisterPrime Minister
Neville Chamberlain Neville Chamberlain 1937-19401937-1940
Winston Churchill Winston Churchill 1940-1945 & 1951-19551940-1945 & 1951-1955
Battle of Britain
• Battle of Britain – air war, Germany fails to defeat the UK air force
• New Technology – Radar – plays a big part in victory
London Blitz
Royal Air Force
• “Never in the field of human conflict, was so much owed by so many to so few.” – Winston Churchill
Germany invades Russia, June 1941Germany invades Russia, June 1941
• With France defeated and England chased off the continent– Hitler opens two front
war• retreating Russians use
“Scorched Earth policy”– destroy everything
they leave behind• Russia bore brunt of
fighting
Atlantic Charter
• Britain/U.S. pledge to commit to each other
• A set of goals for which the war was being fought (U.S. not yet in the war)
Lend-Lease Program
• Lend or lease war materials, food to the Allies
FDR orders Navy to attack German submarines on sight
• Nation prepares for war
• 1940, Selective Service Act (draft) passed
• Army triples in size
U.S. enters war
• Pearl Harbor is attacked
• U.S. declares war on Japan
• U.S. declares war on Germany
U.S. enters war in North AfricaU.S. enters war in North Africa• Battle of Kasserine Pass
– huge U.S. victory
• by May, Nazis driven out of Africa• Russia demands that the US and England open a
second front
Invasion of Italy, July 1943
Mussolini’s govern. defeatedMussolini’s govern. defeatedMussolini and mistress killed by Mussolini and mistress killed by
Italians Italians
President President RooseveltRoosevelt
Admiral NimitzAdmiral NimitzGeneral MacArthurGeneral MacArthur
General General EisenhowerEisenhower
EuropeEurope PacificPacific
Hitler unleashes “bliztkrieg” Hitler unleashes “bliztkrieg”
• “lightening war” use of planes, tanks, infantry
• massive force surprised Allies
Europe invaded, June 6, 1944• Operation Overlord, D-Day Normandy
invasion– invasion of Normandy– 150,000 Allied soldiers land
• Opened a Second major front in Europe
within a few months France is within a few months France is liberatedliberated
Battle of the Bulge, Dec. 1944
• Huge Nazi counterattack– Effort to win the war or
at least gain an armistice
• Nazi’s were defeated• Last German
offensive
The Holocaust
Genocide – deliberate and systemic killing of an entire
population
Final Solution
• Aryan race must be preserved and pure
Nuremburg Laws
• Stripped Jews of their German citizenship, jobs, and property
• Jews had to wear Star of David on their clothes to identify them
Kristallnacht
• “Night of Broken Glass”
• Nazis attacked Jewish homes and businesses
• Hundreds killed and injured
Refugees
• Many Jews to flee to other countries
• U.S. only let 100,000 refugees in
• Great Depression and Anti-Semitism
St. Louis
"We are going to Poland to strike at the Jews."
Forced Relocation
• Jews ordered to Ghettos – segregated areas in Polish cities
• Sealed off with barbed wire and stone walls
• Little food, water, poor living conditions
Concentration Camps
• Jews shipped by trains or trucks to “work camps”
“Work makes one free”
Auschwitz
• Largest Death Camp
Himmler
• Head of the camps
Jews would be sent to camps by train Jews would be sent to camps by train
Most not killed right awayMost not killed right away
• upon arrival, sorted into groups by age, gender, health
• after sorting you were either sent to the left side or right side of a Nazi officer
• Left, meant death, sent to the “showers” for “cleaning”– Children and
their mothers always went left
• Right, meant you lived (for now)
• harsh treatment
• Forced to work • Little food, water• Many died of
starvation, exhaustion
Fences were electrically chargedFences were electrically charged
Learned to become more “efficient” by Learned to become more “efficient” by using gasusing gas
• used gas in shower rooms
• “assembly line” process, mass murder
They began to cremate the They began to cremate the bodiesbodies
Six Million died in the death camps
Liberation
• Allies discovered death camps as they headed towards Germany
• This is what they saw
Made German people view the work of their guards
• http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2010/01/27/riddell.auschwitz.liberation.cnn
Allies capture BerlinAllies capture BerlinApril, 1945April, 1945
Hitler commits suicideHitler commits suicide
Americans link with Russians at Americans link with Russians at the Elbe Riverthe Elbe River
May, 8 1945, Germany surrenders
• V-E Day (Victory in Europe)
Allied leaders meet at Yalta to discuss peace terms
• Unconditional surrender• Divide Germany into 4 occupation zones• Create a United Nations
Nuremburg War TrialsNuremburg War Trials• Nazi leaders put on trial for “crimes against
humanity”– First time leaders held accountable for actions in war– some found guilty and hanged
The Pacific War
• MacArthur FDR Nimitz
Hideki TojoHideki Tojomilitarists disliked militarists disliked democracydemocracyrestore the restore the bushido Codebushido Code (samurai Warrior Code)(samurai Warrior Code)terrorized/murdered terrorized/murdered oppositionoppositionEmperor Hirohito Emperor Hirohito becomes a powerless becomes a powerless figureheadfigurehead
Japan 1920-1945Japan 1920-1945
• Japan takes advantage of the Axis victories in Europe by invading China
ChinaChina
Chiang Kai ShekLeader of China 1928-1949
• U.S. begins an embargo on Japan which angers them.
Japan prepares to attack U.S.
• Only threat to Japanese expansion
• U.S. knew attack was coming, not sure when/where– “experts” predicted the Philippine Islands
• Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Pearl Harbor, HI
• Dec. 7, 1941 – Sunday morning, 7:55, Japan attacks U.S. fleet– “A date that will live in infamy”
• 2409 Americans killed– 18 ships destroyed– 150 planes destroyed
• Japan fails to destroy:– Dry docks– Aircraft carriers– Submarines
USS Arizona
America abandons neutrality and joins the war
Philippines
• Douglas MacArthur commands troops
• Allied troops evacuate as Japanese take over
• MacArthur famously says: “I shall return.”
Leyte Gulf….MacArthur fulfills his promise and returns…
Bataan Death March
• Transfer of Filipino and American POWS
• Forced to march 60 miles in tropical heat with no food or water
• Prisoners killed or attacked for various reasons (i.e. helping fellow prisoners) or for no reason at all
2 pronged attack
• Admiral Nimitz– Navy and marines,
move through the central Pacific
• General MacArthur– Navy and the army,
move through the southern Pacific
Pacific strategy was “Island hopping”
• Capture a few islands by passing many others– Island chains play a
major role in military strategy
June, 1942, Battle of Midway
• Invading force stopped by Navy
• Turning point of the war in the Pacific– Ended Japanese naval
supremacy in the Pacific
Chester Nimitz
Bushido Code
• Warrior code of the Samurai
• Loyalty, devotion, honor to the death
• Japanese would commit seppuku rather than be captured
Kamikaze
• Suicide pilots
1944, Saipan
• many Japanese women and children committed suicide rather than fall into U.S. hands
• this would influence the decision to drop the bomb
Iwo Jima, February 1945
• Close to Japan
• Heavily guarded
• Allies capture Island
April 1945, Okinawa Captured
• Next stop: Japan
Manhattan Project
• Building of the atomic bomb
• Developed by J. Robert Openheimer
July 16, 1945
• Successful test of Atomic bomb
• Alamogordo, NM
I am become death, the destroyer of worlds.
J. Robert Oppenheimer
1945, FDR Dies
• Truman becomes president
• Truman wanted to avoid invasion of Japan
• Wanted to end the war and save American and Japanese lives
• Remember Saipan civilians, Kamikaze planes, casualties at Iwo Jima and Okinawa
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
IWO JIMA OKINAWA
KILLED
WOUNDED
TOTAL
Potsdam Ultimatum
• Issued by United States, England, China
• Asked Japan to surrender unconditionally– Militarism in Japan must end– Japan would be occupied– Japanese army would be completely
disarmed and allowed to return home– War criminals would be punished
• Japan refused
Aug. 6 1945, Hiroshima, Japan
• Destroyed by one bomb
• 80,000 killed immediately
• 140,000 more eventually died
• Truman asked Japan to surrender again– No reply
Enola Gay, PLANE THAT DROPPED THE BOMB
Three Days later – drops bomb on Nagasawki
Sept. 2, 1945 Japan surrenders on deck Sept. 2, 1945 Japan surrenders on deck
of the U.S. warship USS Missouriof the U.S. warship USS Missouri
VJ DAY, AUGUST 14, 1945 WORLD WAR II ENDS
Occupied Japan
• General Douglas MacArthur in command
• Tojo and other Japanese leaders sentenced to death
• MacArthur changes Japan into a democratic country with a free market economy
• MacArthur Constitution still in place today
WWII and the Homefront
The Homefront
• Similar to WWI
• Economic boom
• Government actively planned economy
• New jobs for minorities– Women take jobs formerly held by men again
Government takes control of economy
• Office of Price Administration– Froze prices on most goods
• War Production Board– Decided which companies would convert to
wartime production– Collected goods for recycling into war goods
• Automobile factories – tanks, planes, boats
• Mechanical Pencil Factory – bomb parts
• Bedspread Manufacturer – mosquito nets
• Soft Drink Company – filled shells with explosives
Rationing
• Fixed allotment of goods deemed necessary for the military
• Households received ration books– Could use to buy meat, sugar, coffee, gas
Greatest Generation
• People willingly made and accepted sacrifices in their lives in support of the war
• George Marshall-Army Chief of Staff-wanted to form a Women’s Auxillary Army Corps (WAAC) – Women volunteers
serve non-combat positions
Once again women take the jobs of men
• Hired by factories and defense plants to produce war goods
1944 - Congress passes the G.I. Bill 1944 - Congress passes the G.I. Bill of Rightsof Rights
• provides education, job training, low interest loans for veterans
• Helped veterans adjust to civilian life
Great Migration, part II Great Migration, part II (1940-1950)(1940-1950)
Japanese Internment
• After Pearl Harbor over 112,000 Japanese Americans lost their homes and businesses
Japanese Internment• Sent to 26 camps in 16
states• Strong anti-Japanese
sentiment due to Pearl Harbor
• Many Americans believed they could be spies even though 2/3rds were born in the U.S. – citizens that were denied their civil rights
• Executive Executive Order 9066Order 9066
• Upheld by Upheld by Supreme CourtSupreme Court
• Necessary for Necessary for national securitynational security
Not allowed to take major Not allowed to take major possessionspossessions
WW II Memorial in WW II Memorial in Washington DCWashington DC
WW II Memorial in WW II Memorial in Washington DCWashington DC
Dedicated on April 29, ______Dedicated on April 29, ______