Chapter 16-17World War II

(1939-44)50 Countries, 6 Years, 40-60 Million

Deaths

World War II Looms

• European conditions– Economic collapse– Worldwide depression– Social unrest– Outcry for strong leadership

Dictators

Dictators rise to powerDictators rise to power

• Rise of dictators one of the major causes of the war

• took advantage of economic, social crisis

• promised to restore countries to greatness

• blamed problems on current government and on specific groups

Italy

• Mussolini• Fascism• Extreme nationalism

– state placed above individual

““BlackshirtsBlackshirts””

• private “army” of supporters– strict military

discipline– beat-up, killed

political opponents

Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco

Spain - Fascism

• Spanish Civil War, 1936-Spanish Civil War, 1936-193919391.1. thought to be 1thought to be 1stst

battleground of WW IIbattleground of WW II2.2. Germany, Italy, Russia Germany, Italy, Russia

help Francohelp Franco• Franco becomes dictatorFranco becomes dictator• Remained neutral during Remained neutral during

WW IIWW II•

Soviet Union

• Joseph Stalin– Dictator, total control

of government, people– Admired U.S.

productivity– Transformed the

USSR from a rural nation into an industrial power

– Murdered 8-13 million of his people

Germany 1920-1945

• Adolf Hitler– Nazi Party– Capitalized on feelings

of humiliation/resentment after WWI

– Promised to build a new German empire (Third Reich)

– Blamed problems on current government

Brown Shirts

• Hitler’s militaristic supporters

• Intimidated, beat-up opponents and Jews

Hitler develops industries/military

• Massive rearmament• Began military build up in 1935

– Stockpiling weapons– Against Treaty of Versailles– Nothing happened which only encourage

Hitler

• Eliminated unemployment• Rationed food, made Germans self-

sufficient

built autobahn (1st freeway)

“Master-Race” Propaganda

• Germans were the status of perfection

• Gave Germans sense of prestige, strength, and importance

• Restored pride to German people

1940 – Axis Powers

• Germany and Italy create the Axis Powers

• Japan joins later

Hitler wants to regain territory lost after WWI

• 1936 – sent troops into the Rhineland– No response from

League of Nations

• 1938 – Invaded/annexed Austria– Again no response

AfricaAfrica

• wanted to build German Empire

• invades Ethiopia, 1935– Ethiopia asks League

of Nations for help– none given

Hitler begins demanding the Sudentenland (Czecholovakia)

• Home to 3 million German speaking citizens – says they are being abused and need protection

• Germans needed more living space

• States this will be his last demand

Appeasement

• The world remembered WWI

• Submitted to Hitler’s demands in order to avoid war – Hoped he would stop demands– Hitler had valid objections to WWI treaty

• Fear of communism – Nazis could help defeat communism

U.S. maintain neutral status

• Neutrality Acts – 1935, 1936, 1937

• Banned loans or arms sales to nations at war

• This limited the options of the President in a crisis

The Non-Aggression Pact

• Germany signs “Non-Aggression Pact” with Russia– Agreement to divide

Poland– But not to attack each

other

War in Europe

• September 1, 1939, Nazis invade Poland from the west– 3 weeks later Russia invades from the east

• England/France declare war on Germany

• Poland is defeated in 30 days – blitzkrieg – lightening war

1940 – Hitler invades Western Europe

• April – attacks Denmark and Norway

• May – Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg

• June – France falls to the Nazis

• Hitler prepares to invade Great Britain

Phillipe PetainVichy France

FranceFranceCharles De Gaulle France

Prime MinisterPrime Minister

Neville Chamberlain Neville Chamberlain 1937-19401937-1940

Winston Churchill Winston Churchill 1940-1945 & 1951-19551940-1945 & 1951-1955

Battle of Britain

• Battle of Britain – air war, Germany fails to defeat the UK air force

• New Technology – Radar – plays a big part in victory

London Blitz

Royal Air Force

• “Never in the field of human conflict, was so much owed by so many to so few.” – Winston Churchill

Germany invades Russia, June 1941Germany invades Russia, June 1941

• With France defeated and England chased off the continent– Hitler opens two front

war• retreating Russians use

“Scorched Earth policy”– destroy everything

they leave behind• Russia bore brunt of

fighting

Atlantic Charter

• Britain/U.S. pledge to commit to each other

• A set of goals for which the war was being fought (U.S. not yet in the war)

Lend-Lease Program

• Lend or lease war materials, food to the Allies

FDR orders Navy to attack German submarines on sight

• Nation prepares for war

• 1940, Selective Service Act (draft) passed

• Army triples in size

U.S. enters war

• Pearl Harbor is attacked

• U.S. declares war on Japan

• U.S. declares war on Germany

U.S. enters war in North AfricaU.S. enters war in North Africa• Battle of Kasserine Pass

– huge U.S. victory

• by May, Nazis driven out of Africa• Russia demands that the US and England open a

second front

Invasion of Italy, July 1943

Mussolini’s govern. defeatedMussolini’s govern. defeatedMussolini and mistress killed by Mussolini and mistress killed by

Italians Italians

President President RooseveltRoosevelt

Admiral NimitzAdmiral NimitzGeneral MacArthurGeneral MacArthur

General General EisenhowerEisenhower

EuropeEurope PacificPacific

Hitler unleashes “bliztkrieg” Hitler unleashes “bliztkrieg”

• “lightening war” use of planes, tanks, infantry

• massive force surprised Allies

Europe invaded, June 6, 1944• Operation Overlord, D-Day Normandy

invasion– invasion of Normandy– 150,000 Allied soldiers land

• Opened a Second major front in Europe

within a few months France is within a few months France is liberatedliberated

Battle of the Bulge, Dec. 1944

• Huge Nazi counterattack– Effort to win the war or

at least gain an armistice

• Nazi’s were defeated• Last German

offensive

The Holocaust

Genocide – deliberate and systemic killing of an entire

population

Final Solution

• Aryan race must be preserved and pure

Nuremburg Laws

• Stripped Jews of their German citizenship, jobs, and property

• Jews had to wear Star of David on their clothes to identify them

Kristallnacht

• “Night of Broken Glass”

• Nazis attacked Jewish homes and businesses

• Hundreds killed and injured

Refugees

• Many Jews to flee to other countries

• U.S. only let 100,000 refugees in

• Great Depression and Anti-Semitism

St. Louis

"We are going to Poland to strike at the Jews."

Forced Relocation

• Jews ordered to Ghettos – segregated areas in Polish cities

• Sealed off with barbed wire and stone walls

• Little food, water, poor living conditions

Concentration Camps

• Jews shipped by trains or trucks to “work camps”

“Work makes one free”

Auschwitz

• Largest Death Camp

Himmler

• Head of the camps

Jews would be sent to camps by train Jews would be sent to camps by train

Most not killed right awayMost not killed right away

• upon arrival, sorted into groups by age, gender, health

• after sorting you were either sent to the left side or right side of a Nazi officer

• Left, meant death, sent to the “showers” for “cleaning”– Children and

their mothers always went left

• Right, meant you lived (for now)

• harsh treatment

• Forced to work • Little food, water• Many died of

starvation, exhaustion

Fences were electrically chargedFences were electrically charged

Learned to become more “efficient” by Learned to become more “efficient” by using gasusing gas

• used gas in shower rooms

• “assembly line” process, mass murder

They began to cremate the They began to cremate the bodiesbodies

Six Million died in the death camps

Liberation

• Allies discovered death camps as they headed towards Germany

• This is what they saw

Made German people view the work of their guards

• http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2010/01/27/riddell.auschwitz.liberation.cnn

Allies capture BerlinAllies capture BerlinApril, 1945April, 1945

Hitler commits suicideHitler commits suicide

Americans link with Russians at Americans link with Russians at the Elbe Riverthe Elbe River

May, 8 1945, Germany surrenders

• V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

Allied leaders meet at Yalta to discuss peace terms

• Unconditional surrender• Divide Germany into 4 occupation zones• Create a United Nations

Nuremburg War TrialsNuremburg War Trials• Nazi leaders put on trial for “crimes against

humanity”– First time leaders held accountable for actions in war– some found guilty and hanged

The Pacific War

• MacArthur FDR Nimitz

Hideki TojoHideki Tojomilitarists disliked militarists disliked democracydemocracyrestore the restore the bushido Codebushido Code (samurai Warrior Code)(samurai Warrior Code)terrorized/murdered terrorized/murdered oppositionoppositionEmperor Hirohito Emperor Hirohito becomes a powerless becomes a powerless figureheadfigurehead

Japan 1920-1945Japan 1920-1945

• Japan takes advantage of the Axis victories in Europe by invading China

ChinaChina

Chiang Kai ShekLeader of China 1928-1949

• U.S. begins an embargo on Japan which angers them.

Japan prepares to attack U.S.

• Only threat to Japanese expansion

• U.S. knew attack was coming, not sure when/where– “experts” predicted the Philippine Islands

• Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Pearl Harbor, HI

• Dec. 7, 1941 – Sunday morning, 7:55, Japan attacks U.S. fleet– “A date that will live in infamy”

• 2409 Americans killed– 18 ships destroyed– 150 planes destroyed

• Japan fails to destroy:– Dry docks– Aircraft carriers– Submarines

USS Arizona

America abandons neutrality and joins the war

Philippines

• Douglas MacArthur commands troops

• Allied troops evacuate as Japanese take over

• MacArthur famously says: “I shall return.”

Leyte Gulf….MacArthur fulfills his promise and returns…

Bataan Death March

• Transfer of Filipino and American POWS

• Forced to march 60 miles in tropical heat with no food or water

• Prisoners killed or attacked for various reasons (i.e. helping fellow prisoners) or for no reason at all

2 pronged attack

• Admiral Nimitz– Navy and marines,

move through the central Pacific

• General MacArthur– Navy and the army,

move through the southern Pacific

Pacific strategy was “Island hopping”

• Capture a few islands by passing many others– Island chains play a

major role in military strategy

June, 1942, Battle of Midway

• Invading force stopped by Navy

• Turning point of the war in the Pacific– Ended Japanese naval

supremacy in the Pacific

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/USS_Yorktown_hit-740px.jpg

Chester Nimitz

Bushido Code

• Warrior code of the Samurai

• Loyalty, devotion, honor to the death

• Japanese would commit seppuku rather than be captured

Kamikaze

• Suicide pilots

1944, Saipan

• many Japanese women and children committed suicide rather than fall into U.S. hands

• this would influence the decision to drop the bomb

Iwo Jima, February 1945

• Close to Japan

• Heavily guarded

• Allies capture Island

April 1945, Okinawa Captured

• Next stop: Japan

Manhattan Project

• Building of the atomic bomb

• Developed by J. Robert Openheimer

July 16, 1945

• Successful test of Atomic bomb

• Alamogordo, NM

I am become death, the destroyer of worlds.

J. Robert Oppenheimer

1945, FDR Dies

• Truman becomes president

• Truman wanted to avoid invasion of Japan

• Wanted to end the war and save American and Japanese lives

• Remember Saipan civilians, Kamikaze planes, casualties at Iwo Jima and Okinawa

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

IWO JIMA OKINAWA

KILLED

WOUNDED

TOTAL

Potsdam Ultimatum

• Issued by United States, England, China

• Asked Japan to surrender unconditionally– Militarism in Japan must end– Japan would be occupied– Japanese army would be completely

disarmed and allowed to return home– War criminals would be punished

• Japan refused

Aug. 6 1945, Hiroshima, Japan

• Destroyed by one bomb

• 80,000 killed immediately

• 140,000 more eventually died

• Truman asked Japan to surrender again– No reply

Enola Gay, PLANE THAT DROPPED THE BOMB

Three Days later – drops bomb on Nagasawki

Sept. 2, 1945 Japan surrenders on deck Sept. 2, 1945 Japan surrenders on deck

of the U.S. warship USS Missouriof the U.S. warship USS Missouri

VJ DAY, AUGUST 14, 1945 WORLD WAR II ENDS

Occupied Japan

• General Douglas MacArthur in command

• Tojo and other Japanese leaders sentenced to death

• MacArthur changes Japan into a democratic country with a free market economy

• MacArthur Constitution still in place today

WWII and the Homefront

The Homefront

• Similar to WWI

• Economic boom

• Government actively planned economy

• New jobs for minorities– Women take jobs formerly held by men again

Government takes control of economy

• Office of Price Administration– Froze prices on most goods

• War Production Board– Decided which companies would convert to

wartime production– Collected goods for recycling into war goods

• Automobile factories – tanks, planes, boats

• Mechanical Pencil Factory – bomb parts

• Bedspread Manufacturer – mosquito nets

• Soft Drink Company – filled shells with explosives

Rationing

• Fixed allotment of goods deemed necessary for the military

• Households received ration books– Could use to buy meat, sugar, coffee, gas

Greatest Generation

• People willingly made and accepted sacrifices in their lives in support of the war

• George Marshall-Army Chief of Staff-wanted to form a Women’s Auxillary Army Corps (WAAC) – Women volunteers

serve non-combat positions

Once again women take the jobs of men

• Hired by factories and defense plants to produce war goods

1944 - Congress passes the G.I. Bill 1944 - Congress passes the G.I. Bill of Rightsof Rights

• provides education, job training, low interest loans for veterans

• Helped veterans adjust to civilian life

Great Migration, part II Great Migration, part II (1940-1950)(1940-1950)

Japanese Internment

• After Pearl Harbor over 112,000 Japanese Americans lost their homes and businesses

Japanese Internment• Sent to 26 camps in 16

states• Strong anti-Japanese

sentiment due to Pearl Harbor

• Many Americans believed they could be spies even though 2/3rds were born in the U.S. – citizens that were denied their civil rights

• Executive Executive Order 9066Order 9066

• Upheld by Upheld by Supreme CourtSupreme Court

• Necessary for Necessary for national securitynational security

Not allowed to take major Not allowed to take major possessionspossessions

WW II Memorial in WW II Memorial in Washington DCWashington DC

WW II Memorial in WW II Memorial in Washington DCWashington DC

Dedicated on April 29, ______Dedicated on April 29, ______