teaching model and means based on constructivism for collegiate bilingual courses
TRANSCRIPT
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Education Research Frontier September 2013, Volume 3, Issue 3, PP.82-91
Teaching Model and Means Based on
Constructivism for Collegiate Bilingual Courses Haiyan Liu 1#, Gang Xu 1, Zongjing Liang 1, Shangyuan Yang 2
1. Computer Science and Information Engineering College, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
2. College of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, P. R. China
#Email: [email protected]
Abstract
A composite teaching model based on principles of constructivism for bilingual courses is put forward and the effectiveness of the
model that has been used in practice for years is investigated. A survey is then performed and the results for bilingual teaching
efficiency are analyzed, showing that the cooperation studies including group discussion and doing experiment and presentation in
group, Web resource and Lab practice are evaluated as important and significant elements in the model. The analysis also indicates
that the proposed model and relevant teaching means well satisfy the needs of bilingual teaching and learning in our practice.
Keywords: Bilingual Teaching Model; Teaching Means; Cooperate Study; Lab Resource
1 INTRODUCTION
In the past decade, Chinese economy has developed quickly. More and more foreign companies have set up factories
and branches in China and Chinese companies have crossed the border to do business in foreign countries. Thus,
training and educating college students with knowledge of their majors as well as good English capability have
become an urgent demand in the labor market. Encouraged by the said demand, bilingual teaching of some important
technical courses in universities are commonly seen in China nowadays.
This paper proposes a bilingual teaching model based on constructivism and practice for collegiate bilingual courses
and further analyzes the learners’ perception on the application of the proposed model, probes solutions to a better
teaching efficiency and tries to offer useful reference for bilingual teaching in colleges in non-English spoken
countries.
To better present the research result, the present paper is organized as following: Section 1 introduces the
background of relevant researches; Section 2 describes the teaching model containing elements of constructivism
and the sampling of survey; Section 3 presents the numerical results and relevant analysis, and Section 4 gives the
conclusions obtained in this paper.
1.1 Relevant Studies
Many researchers have focused their studies on teaching and learning models, communication barriers, learning
environment and so on in order to improve the quality of bilingual teaching and learning efficiency. For example,
Jane Jackson[1] analyzed the perceptions about the value of case-based bilingual teaching regarding teaching
problems they experienced using cases in Hong Kong; in addition, Okhee Lee, Sandera H. Frado[2] and Ryuko
Kubota[3] found that an teacher-student interaction suggests that culturally congruent communication patterns, class
and race are important in promoting student participation and engagement; and Xiaoping Liang, Bernard A. Mohan[4]
noticed in her study that the ultimate goals claimed for cooperative learning may involve dilemmas between L1
maintenance and L2 development, between the use of L1 and L2 in academic discourse, and between the use of the
L1 and L2 for the learning of content; Jane Jackson[5] provided result from a survey and interviews which suggested
the direction for an ESP business communications course and highlighted the need for culture and context-specific
preparation for case leaders and students; Lei Yalin, Sun Peng, Xu Fang[6], Ge Hongjuan[7] and Chen Zhiguo, Jiang
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Ling[8] introduced teaching models and problems they encountered in bilingual teaching in college level courses. Yi
Yang and Li Yan[9] proposed a reform idea about personalized design in some aspects of bilingual teaching such as
teaching, learning, evaluation and assessment and described various design points in the process. Judith Purkarthofer
and Jan Mossakowski[10] focused on how particular dual-medium models are applied in Slovene-German schools in
Carinthia, Austria. They examined not only how these schools provide for a balanced bilingual teaching and learning
environment, but also how they dealt with their students’ multilingual realities and supported their identification with
bi- and multilingualism. Z.M. Zhou, W. J. Huang, T. Zhou, H. Xia, C. Y. Peng[11] proved that it is practical and
fruitful to conduct bilingual teaching based on excellent original English teaching materials, multimedia methods,
scientific organization and modularization teaching. Wang Yun, Xu Zhenying, Dai Yachun, Zhang Kai, Jiang
Yinfang, Ren Naifei[12] proposed a novel bilingual teaching mode which is combined with the Top-Down and
Down-Top methods. The conclusion is that bilingual teaching “Student-centered and Teacher-Guided” can be
developed with inspired teaching environment. These studies have provided us with useful ideals on some important
aspects regarding bilingual education either on learning or teaching. However, the present research has its own
unique features which fit for the application in colleges in non-English spoken countries and are different from the
studies mentioned above.
FIG. 1 COMPOSITE TEACHING MODEL
2 MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1 Principles of Constructivism Applied in the Research
Constructivism suggests that learning is a process of self-constructing knowledge by the learner, which is an active
self-learning process (VanTassel-Baska Joyce[13]). The learner selects and processes the information received based
on his or her own experience and knowledge, and gains the significant knowledge through the interaction of old
experience and knowledge with the new ones. In this process, the conflict between the old and new knowledge and
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experience leads to the restructuring of the learner’s cognitive structure (Brandon AF, All AC[14]).
Constructivism emphasizes student-centered teaching approach, in which teachers play the role of organizer,
instructor, helper and promoter (Liu Fang, LI Kang, Xu Feng[15]). Teachers work to maximize student enthusiasm
and help them to effectively construct significant knowledge in learning with the aid of situational teaching,
cooperative learning and multimedia and so on (Yuxing Yu[16]). A series of questions on the topic should be
designed and further applied in the teaching process to support the learning activities. The real, complicated and
challenging situation and environment for learning will promote learners to probe, think and solve learning problems.
Thus, careful design of the key elements such as situational teaching, questions and cooperative learning among
learners are significant for a better knowledge construction outcome in teaching programs (Chen Dong[17]).
2.2 Teaching Model
It is commonly seen that there is an obvious difference in English skill among the bilingual learning participants in a
non-English spoken country. Therefore, it is significant to set up a teaching model and design the relevant teaching
elements that can maximize learners’ potentials through the aid of learning environment, learning partners and
mutual learning activities for the purpose of the guarantee that the majority of the learners can reach the goal of
learning. Based on practice, a composite teaching model is put forward in this paper, as shown in FIG. 1, which
emphasizes the application of multiple teaching means based on constructivism principles. The model focuses on the
importance of the learners’ needs, learning resources and the role of teachers as organizer, instructor, assistant and
manager during the teaching process, and gives the learners full play in mutual learning activities through
cooperation among themselves.
The model consists of three major components which are the English improvement program, teaching process and
teaching environment. In the model, the English improvement program, Web and Lab resources are the
environmental components built around the teaching system to act as learning assistance through the teaching
process. Principles of constructivism are applied in the stages of the teaching system from teaching to evaluation. As
for the 1st component, the English level of students is different and scattered due to their school backgrounds as
mentioned above. The ones who come from schools in cities have better English knowledge than those who come
from schools of small towns and countryside. Therefore, it is important to elimilate the difference and enhance their
English level before they start the bilingual courses of the major. The solution to this problem is to start English
improvement program among students during their first year in college to help them to learn terms that the bilingual
courses used and enhance their English grammar capability, thus reducing the difficulty they might encounter during
the teaching and learning processes. English improvement program goes through the whole bilingual course as more
and more vocabularies are introduced during the learning process.
The 2nd component, teaching system, involves several elements which are presented with teaching, discussion,
presentation, homework and evaluation. The principles of constructivism are applied in the elements such as
teaching, discussion and presentation. This part of the process emphasizes learner oriented approach. Learners can
take the advantage of mutual learning under the questions predesigned for digest and meaning construction through
self thinking and discussion among students and teacher/students to improve learning efficiency. Going through
these steps, student will acquire the knowledge needed. At the end, Learners are required to present their learning
result to exchange their understanding with other learners and examine achievement openly. Homework assignment,
as a supplement, ensures that the students review and understand the key concepts and knowledge of the course.
Through the whole teaching system, students play the role of active learners who select and process the information
received based on their own experience and knowledge, and gain the significant knowledge through the interaction
of their old experience and knowledge with the new ones. Thus, the conflict between the old and new knowledge and
experience leads to the restructuring of the learner’s cognitive structure.
The 3rd component relates to different resources that support the teaching and learning process. Web resources offer
student and teachers the materials related to the course and a forum through which students and teachers can post
their questions and opinions, thus creating cooperation learning atmosphere among learners. To enhance the effect of
constructivism on the learning process, our bilingual teaching program uses Lab resources as an important bilingual
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leaning aid, which offers students different software such as enterprise resource planning, electronic commerce
platform and programming software for practice. These resources allow students to better digest and understand the
knowledge step by step through the carefully and strictly designed software.
2.3 Teaching Means
Besides the application of the model, some featured teaching means have been applied including learning in pairs
and personalization in the teaching practice. Learning in pairs requires students to make learning pairs in which one
of the students should have better English skills. Through this type of team learning, students with poor English
skills can get help anytime from his teammate and be easier to achieve the learning goals, and the other one can also
benefit from the cooperation by playing the role of a helper or a leader. Personalization focuses on around 10% of
the students who have good English skills and knowledge to learn more during the learning process. Teachers will
assign them more reading and writing homework to maximize their learning potentials. They are also purposely and
individually assigned to learning groups to play the role of leaders in the cooperate study to obtain a better overall
learning efficiency.
TABLE 1 RESULT OF TEACHING AND LEARNING APPROACHES
Item Question category Question and answer Result
1 Language used in
the course
(1)Preferred percentage of English used in classroom teaching Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A less than 30%
B 30-50%
C 50-80%
D 100%
Total
21
36
23
1
81
25.9
44.5
28.4
1.2
100
25.9
70.4
98.8
100.0
(2) Preferred language used in classroom discussion Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Use English according to requirement
B Use English as much as I can
C Always use English
D Use Chinese only
Total
27
21
6
27
81
33.4
25.9
7.4
33.3
100.0
33.3
59.3
66.7
100.0
2 Answering questions
in classroom
(1) Want more classroom questioning? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Yes
B No
C Doesn’t matter
Total
34
39
8
81
42.0
48.1
9.9
100.0
42.0
90.1
100.0
(2) The reason for less classroom questioning Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Afraid that cant give the answer in English
B Afraid that cant give the answer either in Chinese or English
C Others
Total
43
26
12
81
53.1
32.1
14.8
100.0
53.1
85.2
100.0
3 Learning effort
needed
Do you have to spend more time in bilingual learning courses than
that in Chinese courses? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Yes
B No
Total
46
35
81
56.8
43.2
100.0
56.8
100.0
4 Classroom
discussion
Is there a need to increase classroom discussion time? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Yes
B No
C Doesn’t matter
Total
46
17
18
81
56.8
21.0
22.2
100.0
56.8
77.8
100.0
5 Textbook
Is the textbook appropriate? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Yes
B No
C not sure
Total
31
22
28
81
38.2
27.2
34.6
100.0
38.2
65.4
100.0
6 Teaching approach
In what approach you can learn more knowledge? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Scenario simulation
B Group discussion
C Teaching
D Doing more exercise in classroom
Total
48
15
11
7
81
59.3
18.5
13.6
8.6
100.0
59.3
77.8
91.4
100.0
7 Learning approach (1) What will you do when you encounter learning difficulty? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
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TABLE 1 RESULT OF TEACHING AND LEARNING APPROACHES(CONT.)
A Find solution through reading or from Internet
B Discuss with group members
C Find help from teacher
D No idea
Total
18
41
20
2
81
22.2
50.6
24.7
2.5
100.0
22.2
72.8
97.5
100.0
(2) Which way can make you learn more knowledge? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Do more homework after class period
B More guidance from the teacher
C Mutual learning with classmates
D Others
Total
26
23
30
2
81
32.1
28.4
37.0
2.5
100.0
32.1
60.5
97.5
100.0
8 Mid-term evaluation
(1) Is the mid-term evaluation helpful to the knowledge acquiring? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Yes
B No
Total
43
38
81
53.1
46.9
100.0
53.1
100.0
(2) The best way of mid-term evaluation Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Group Presentation in English
B Individual presentation in English
C Test
D Others
Total
50
14
12
5
81
61.7
17.3
14.8
6.2
100.0
61.7
79.0
93.8
100.0
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to the model and method described above, it is obvious that the model and specially designed teaching
means work together create a cooperative learning environment with rich resources as learning aid for learners. In
order to better understand the outcome of the application of the proposed teaching model and assistant means, some
important questions have been investigated. The statistical results are shown in TABLE 1 and 2 respectively. The
questions investigated are able to show the typical perception of students after taking part in the bilingual teaching
project, which can further help us to optimize the teaching model and means, and also enlighten bilingual educators
working in similar situation in other countries to understand student behavior in a careful designed bilingual teaching
system. The following analysis concentrates on two major issues based on the model which are the teaching and
learning approaches and the usefulness of Lab practice as an element in teaching environment in helping students to
master the knowledge.
3.1 Survey and Sampling
In order to get a clear understanding on the result of the application of the proposed teaching model and relative
means, a survey was carried out. The sample set for the survey consists of 81 students coming from those enrolled
from 2008 to 2010 in the Information System major in Guangxi Normal University of China. Among them, there are
38 male and 43 female students who make up 46.9% and 53.1% of the sample respectively. Questionnaire was
distributed to these students, and then, the answers to the questions were processed with SPSS 16.0 to calculate their
frequency and percentage for the analysis of specific questions after the teaching model and teaching means have
been applied in the learning process. The survey mainly focuses on the learners’ response on the questions related to
teaching and learning problems and the helpfulness of the Lab practice to the knowledge acquisition.
3.2 Analysis of Teaching and Learning Approaches
As shown in TABLE 1, some useful implications can be obtained from the survey.
1) English level is always the major challenge for the learners in the learning process. The results shown in question
categories 1~3 indicate that English level is the major obstacle for learners to acquire the course knowledge. From
category 1, it is obvious that there are 26% of the learners having difficulty in listening comprehension when the
percentage of English used in teaching is over 30% and 30% of the learners use Chinese only in classroom
discussions. However, 30~80% of English used in teaching is well accepted by most of the students. Thus, it is
reasonable to believe that 50 or up percentage of English used in teaching in the classroom can be set as the
minimum usage of English as teaching language and using English in discussions can be used as a basic demand for
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the bilingual courses.
The result also gives us the enlightenment that special attention has to be paid to the other 30% of the learners who
have difficulty in learning because of the language level. Teachers need to fully use the advantage offered in the
teaching model, design more questions with logical relationship to lead these learners digesting the knowledge, post
more reference materials in mother language in the course Web pages to help the understanding of this group of
learners and adjust the explanation approach for key principles and concepts during the teaching process. The results
imply that the model used in practice can well deal with the issues indicated in question categories 1~3.
2) Classroom discussion, a key element in constructivism, is a learning approach preferred by most of the learners as
shown in category 4 and 7. In practice, we generally give students a 25 minutes in a 120 minutes teaching time to
discuss the knowledge just learned in the classroom. The discussion is held in the form of groups which consist of
3~4 students each with mixed English levels. The students who have better English and course related knowledge
are asked to play the role of leaders in the groups. Through this approach, a cooperation study among students is
formed and it helps the students who have difficulty in learning due to the weakness of language or related
knowledge to understand the knowledge taught as much as possible. The survey results show that more than half of
the students agree to increase group discussion time. It is obvious that increasing the current discussion time may
need to be considered, but it should be determined by the teacher according to the difficulty of the knowledge and
the content o be taught in the classroom. Another implication is that good discussion guidance from the teacher may
increase the learning efficiency of the groups in the preset discussion time period. This result also proves that the
group discussion element set in the model is an important way to help learners to gain the knowledge. It was also
found that application of discussion in class and Lab practice in the teaching process enable students to get help from
group members and digest the knowledge by going through the learning stages themselves set in the software one by
one, where the important idea and concepts taught in the classroom are combined. Therefore, teachers can use the
group cooperation and hands-on practice to improve the language shortage of this group of learners.
3) Scenario simulation can improve learner’s participation and interest. It is an element in teaching process proposed
by constructivism. Category 6 shows that there are almost 60% of the students who feel that they can learn more
through scenario simulation teaching approach. It was noticed that the learners show higher participation interest
when they are learning in an environment close to the reality, which certainly makes them feel that they are learning
the knowledge used in the real world and useful in their future career. Scenario simulation teaching is a method that
has to be planed and designed carefully ahead of the start of the course and need to utilize more resources during the
process. We generally arrange scenario simulation teaching, for important knowledge in some chapters in the
teaching element of the model, such as real electronic payment process in a B2C exchange and combine the teaching
with group discussion and presentation. From the survey result, it is noticed that most of the 30% students who have
lower English level prefer this method and it also reveals that more scenario simulation should be designed and
applied in the bilingual courses under the condition of teaching time and resource availability.
4) Self-reading and Internet resources plus mutual learning and homework are the useful ways that help learners to
reach the learning goal. This result is related to the ways that students use to make up shortage in learning from their
won side under the learning environment provided by the model. Three out of the four ways are the elements
covered by the model. Self-reading is an activity that must be carried out by learner himself through out the learning
process. Thus, a hint can be obtained from the result that rich Web resource and reading materials for bilingual
courses should be provided to learners and mutual learning among students who should be encouraged and even
prearranged as an assignment to meet the needs of the learners.
5) Answers on Mid-term evaluation show that the test method of presentation in English is preferred by learners.
This result indicates that almost half of the students do not like the mid-term test while presentation approach would
be preferred by most of the students if a mid-term test is not avoided. The survey result implies that half of the
students think that mid-term test may put more learning burden on them and consume their more learning time. It
also suggests that most students believe that presentation in English gives them more ease feelings and more space of
showing their achievement, while traditional test method only forces them to spend a lot of time to memorize
definitions, concept and principles like a robot. However, it also implies that English oral capability makes more
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students chose group presentation as their preferred test form by which they can get better scores through the group
presenter with better English skills. It is believed that mid-term test is necessary for checking the learning
performance of the students but the test method may bring different result. Therefore, to make sure that every student
in a group has a contribution in their group performance and the knowledge learned is checked for every learner, the
method of group presentation in which each member plays a role plus a paper test regarding key knowledge may be
a better approach for the mid-term test.
TABLE 2 RESULT OF LAB PRACTICE INFLUENCE
Item Question and answer Result
1
Is the Lab practice helpful to your study? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Very helpful
B Not very helpful
C Not sure
D Others
Total
60
15
5
1
81
74.1
18.5
6.2
1.2
100.0
74.1
92.6
98.8
100.0
2
Do you think the Lab hours need to be increased? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Yes, for learning more knowledge
B No, this brings more learning burden
C No, I don’t like Lab course
D I don’t care
Total
53
18
2
8
81
65.4
22.2
2.5
9.9
100.0
65.4
87.6
90.1
100.0
3
Are the software and experiment suitable? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Yes
B No
C Not sure
Total
45
12
24
81
55.6
14.8
29.6
100.0
55.6
70.4
100.0
4
Preferred form for doing Lab practice Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Individual
B Group
C I don’t care
Total
17
52
12
81
21.0
64.2
14.8
100.0
21.0
85.2
100.0
5
Does Lab practice improve hands-on capability and knowledge learning? Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent
A Yes
B No
C Yes, but not much
D Others
Total
55
7
18
1
81
67.9
8.6
22.3
1.2
100.0
67.9
76.5
98.8
100.0
The analysis of the survey result shows that the bilingual teaching model based on constructivism we have been used
has its own advantages for bilingual teaching in universities located in a non-English spoken area. The results show
that the elements making up the model are reasonably designed and offer their contribution to effective teaching
result of bilingual courses respectively. But problems exist and may arise in different forms during the teaching
process. The application of the model requires teachers to adjust the elements’ weight for a better outcome during the
whole teaching process according to the course and its content. The survey results also show that group discussion,
scenario simulation and mutual learning are the important elements for good result and need to be carefully planed
and designed for each bilingual course based on its features.
3.3 Analysis of Lab Practice Influence
Lab practice assignment, one of the most important parts in each bilingual course in our project, belongs to the
situation teaching described in constructivism. In order to reveal and prove its value and understand the practice
form preferred by learners in bilingual teaching process, questions in TABLE 2 are investigated. The statistical
results well indicate the importance of Lab practice.
1) Lab practice really helps most learners to understand the knowledge and achieve the learning goal. As shown in
Item 1~3 and 5, more than 70% of the students give the Lab practice positive opinion on achieving their learning
goals. Students say that the logical steps they have to finish one by one in operating the software make them get to
learn and understand the details of the business process described in the textbook. They also can make up the
shortage in understanding the content taught by teachers in English in the classroom through self research in the Lab
and discussion with classmates. This result strengthens our confidence in the helpfulness of Lab practice in bilingual
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teaching. It proves the importance of hands-on learning as an assistant mean in bilingual teaching for technical
courses, especially for students who are not English speakers.
2) Doing experiment in group form is in favoured by more than half of the learners. Item 4 indicates that over 50%
of the students prefer doing experiment in group form which offers group members the chance of mutual help and
learning. Many students say that the software such as ERP software is quite complicated and so many functions are
new to them. Generally, they have to spend time to probe the manipulating method and relationship among the
modules at the beginning. Thus, group work provides them the possibility of assigning tasks among members first
and then teaching and learning mutually. In this way, they can enhance the efficiency of learning and save time for
those they feel harder. Their answer is consistent with that we have observed in practice. This result proves that
experiment in group form used till now is a meaningful approach, and it can be used in colleges, in the similar
environment for bilingual courses.
As described above, Lab practice is very helpful not only for the students who have difficulty in classroom learning
and those who have good English capability. They can take the advantage offered by software to understand the
details of the concepts taught by teachers in English. Going through the whole process provided by the software,
students can also build up a whole picture of the knowledge in their minds. The results show that Lab practice is a
very important arrangement for student learning through self probing and practicing the details of the elements of the
knowledge with advanced software, especially for bilingual technical courses which generally requires well
understanding of the technical details. Besides, students can enhance their learning efficiency by cooperation study
with group members through experiment.
4 CONCLUSION
Based on constructivism, some important elements in bilingual teaching we experienced in practice are combined
into the proposed model. The model does not only focus on the teaching elements but also the learning environment.
Web resource and Lab practice are closely integrated with teaching process to offer students better learning
conditions together in the purpose of improving teaching and learning outcome.
The analysis shows that English level is always the obstacle to be overcome by some of the students in the whole
learning process, which is normal in a non-English spoken place. However, this obstacle can be somewhat overcome
by introducing different assistant elements into the teaching and learning environment.
The survey results indicate that the elements included in the model present good functionality in the bilingual
teaching process, but some adjustment and attention should be constantly made to get better result. Cooperation
study including group discussion and doing experiment and presentation in group form is evaluated as an interesting
and efficient learning method by most of the learners; Web resource is frequently used by students especially those
who are poor in English skill when they encounter difficulty in the learning process; scenario simulation applied in
the teaching process can enhance students interest and participation passion and Lab practice can provide learners an
advanced way of learning details and logical relationship behind in principles or concepts, thus helping them master
the knowledge better. Lab practice is also an efficient way for students who have difficulty in understanding the
content taught in English in the classroom, and thus achieving their learning goal.
Based on the data and analysis, it can be clearly seen that the application of principles of constructivism in the
bilingual teaching system can effectively improve the learning efficiency of learners and the proposed model and
relevant teaching means well satisfy the needs of bilingual teaching and learning in our practice. Thus, it is believed
that the model and approaches proposed in this paper could be meaningful reference for bilingual educators in
colleges in non-English spoken countries; however, as well as that new problems may arise in any stage in the
teaching process. They may provide us chances to identify new elements, find better solutions and optimize the
proposed model further.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by The Project of National Model Course of Bilingual Teaching (The Education Department
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of China) and “Ba Gui Scholarship” Foundation.
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AUTHORS
1Haiyan Liu, born in Beijing, China on the
14th of March, 1954, MBA degree obtained
in Northpark University, Chicago, USA.
He works in the fields of Bilingual
Teaching and application of Cellular
Automata. He currently serves as the head
of Information System Department of
College of Computer Science and Information Technology of
Guangxi Normal University. He is also the head of the research
team of National Bilingual Model Course Electronic Commerce.
Recently published articles: 1) Evacuation Model with Multiple
Exits and the Influence of Fire and Smoke Based On Cellular
Automata, International Journal of Digital Content Technology
and its Applications, 2012, Vol. 6, No. 17,EI indexed; 2)
Simulation of evacuation from a floor of lecture building with
obstacle in corridor based on Cellular Automata, International
Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications,
2013,Vol.7No.4,EI indexed; 3) Simulation of Impact of
Classroom Layout on Evacuation Efficiency Based on Cellular
Automata, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2013,Vol.263-266,
EI indexed. earned. The author’s major field of study should be
lower-cased.
2Gang Xu, born in Guangxi, China on the 15th of May, 1987,
currently he is studying in a master degree program in the major
of Computer Software and Theory in Guangxi Normal
University.
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www.erfrontier.org
3Zhongjing Liang, born in Guangxi, China on the 12 of
September, 1967, PhD of Geological Information Systems,
currently he works as a teacher in the Information System
Department of College of Computer Science and Information
Technology of Guangxi Normal University.
4Shangyuan Yang, born in Guilin, Guangxi on October, 1979,
master degree of education of Chinese, currently he works as a
teacher in Qing Dao University.