STUDY MATERIAL Class 6 English (upto 14 june 2020)

Dr.Farhat Parveen

TGT English

SYLLABUS Periodic test- I

Literary Reader-Chap 1-The Model Millionaire

Chap 2-The Little Matchseller

Poem-Dear Mum

Workbook - UNIT 1

Coursebook- UNIT 1

CONTENT COVERED UPTO 14 JUNE 2020.

PARTS OF SPEECH

In a sentence, words can be considered as the smallest components that have unique

meanings. We can categorize words into several types or parts of speech based on their use

and functions. An individual word can function as more than one part of speech when used in

different circumstances. Therefore, understanding parts of speech is essential for

determining the correct meaning of a word.

There are eight parts of speech in the English language: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective,

adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

1. The Noun

This part of a speech refers to words that are used to name persons, places, things, events or

ideas. All nouns are naming words.

Example: Ravi, woman, boy (person); elephant, rabbit, tiger (animal); parrot, crow, sparrow

(bird); Delhi, Mumbai, India (place); computer, mobile, pencil (thing); honesty, courage (idea),

etc. Whatever we can see, feel or think and have names are considered nouns.

Sample Sentences:

1. Rita lives in India.

2. Mina uses an ink pen for writing.

3. Tina is very flexible.

4. Diva is looking very pretty.

5. Today is Harry’s birthday.

This part of a speech refers to a word that replaces a noun. They eliminate the need for

repetition. A pronoun is usually substituted for a specific noun, which is called its antecedent.

Example: I, you, he, she, we, ours, mine, yours, his, her, him, hers, they, them, theirs, it, etc.

Sample Sentences:

1. Jia is a very determined child. She always focuses on her goal.

2. The largest share is mine.

3. We are Indian.

4. The teacher gave all of them punishment.

5. Tina gave her bicycle to Rina.

6. His car is bigger than ours.

2. The Pronoun

This part of a speech refers to a word that replaces a noun. They eliminate the need for repetition.

A pronoun is usually substituted for a specific noun, which is called its antecedent.

Example: I, you, he, she, we, ours, mine, yours, his, her, him, hers, they, them, theirs, it, etc.

Sample Sentences:

1. Jia is a very determined child. She always focuses on her goal.

2. The largest share is mine.

3. We are Indian.

4. The teacher gave all of them punishment.

3. The Adjective

This part of a speech refers to a word that modifies, describes or gives more information

about a noun or pronoun. Adjectives are describing words and normally come before the

nouns.

Example: fast, quiet, useful, much, pretty, old, blue, smart, beautiful, big, sad, red, young,

fun, crazy, three etc.

Sample Sentences:

1. The little boy had a blue umbrella.

2. The hardworking student received "A" grade.

3. I have two cars.

4. Wow! That cake is delicious.

5. She is a young woman.

6. Tom is a wise man.

4. The Verb

This part of a speech refers to a word that tells us what the subject does, or what happens to

it, or what state it is in, or what possesses.

Examples: am, is, was, are, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, be, am, is, are, was, were,

being, been, should, could, will, would, might, can, may, must, shall, ought (to), go, speak,

run, eat, play, live, walk, like etc.

Sample Sentences:

1. They are always ready for any disaster.

2. Ria is charming.

3. Tia runs every morning.

4. I like vanilla ice-cream.

5. We had a healthy breakfast.

6. I think that she is right.

5. The Adverb

This part of a speech refers to a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.

Adverbs tell us how, when, where, how often and to what degree (extent) something

happens or takes place. Adverbs often end in -ly.

Examples: gently, quickly, extremely, carefully, well, slowly, quietly, very, always, never, too,

tomorrow, here etc.

Sample sentences:

1. He ate his pie quickly.

2. The teacher carefully corrected the exam copy.

3. Ravi was extremely excited about his adventure camp.

4. She danced gracefully.

5. We are going tomorrow.

6. He looked everywhere for his sunglasses.

6. The Preposition

This part of a speech refers to a word or a group of words that shows its relation with

another noun or pronoun or a verb. Therefore, it can also be called as a ‘relation’ word and

comes before a noun or a pronoun in a sentence. They are used to indicate time, place,

direction or relationship.

Example: in, on, into, at, by, upon, across, besides, between, of, out of, for, above, below,

throughout, outside, before, near etc.

Sample Sentences:

1. Rita’s act is lying under the bed.

2. She left her purse on the table.

3. He sat on the carpet.

4. Let's go into the cave.

5. They will gather at 5 o’ clock in the evening.

6. Look under the pillow.

7. The Conjunction (Connectors or Linking Words)

This part of a speech refers to a word that joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses. .

There are three kinds of conjunctions:

1. Coordinating Conjunctions: These are the words that join words, phrases,

and clauses of equal grammatical importance in the

sentence. Example: and, but, or, so, nor, for, yet.

2. Correlative Conjunctions: These are the words that join equally important

ideas, but they work in pairs. Example: either...or, both...and, not only...but

also, neither…nor, whether…or, either…or

3. Subordinating Conjunctions: These are the words that join words, phrases,

and clauses that are not equal. Example: because, although, while, since,

after, as, as if, before, even if, even though, if, so that, though, unless, until,

when, whenever, where, wherever, whether.

Sample sentences:

1. He wants to go, but he can't.

2. She is honest and hardworking.

3. Would you like a cup of tea or a coffee?

4. He didn't clear the test because he was not prepared.

5. We were thirsty, so we ordered cold drinks.

6. I was exhausted but I still finished my assignment.

8. The Interjection

This part of a speech refers to a word or phrase that states strong, sudden emotions. It

expresses strong feelings of joy, sadness, surprise, appreciation, condemnation, etc. Since

interjections are commonly used to convey strong emotions, they are usually followed by an

exclamation mark but in case of mild interjections we place comma after the interjection.

Example: Ouch!, Alas!, Oh!, Bravo!, Fantastic!, Gorgeous!, Wow!, Hurrah!, Pooh!, Pshaw!,

Fie!, Gosh!

Sample Sentences:

1. Ouch! I got hurt.

2. Hurray! Tomorrow is a holiday.

3. Hey! You are wrong.

4. Oh, we’re late for the party.

5. Oh! I’m late for my office.

6. Wow! I cleared my IIT entrance exam.

Note 1: Articles and determiners like a, an, the, some, any, etc. are also adjectives but they

are studied separately due to their importance in modifying the meaning of the word they

qualify.

Note 2: Same Word – Several Parts of Speech

There are words that can be used in more than one way. This implies that a word can

function as several different parts of speech. The function of a word in a sentence decides to

which part of speech it belongs.

Note the highlighted words in the following sentences.

1. She like to watch plays on T.V. (noun)

2. He plays cricket during his vacation. (verb)

3. I would like a drink. (noun)

4. They drink too much alcohol. (verb)

5. Rima bought a new sofa for her house. (noun)

6. She is planning to buy a sofa bed for her living room. (adjective)

TENSES

There are three main tenses: (i) The Present (ii) The Past (iii) The Future The tense of a verb shows the time of action or event.

1. PRESENT TENSE

I. Simple Present Tense or Present Indefinite Tense

The Simple Present Tense is used:

1. To express what is actually taking place at the present moment; as: See, how it rains.

2. To express a habitual action; as: He gets up everyday at six o’clock.

3. To express general truths; as: The sun rises in the east.

Structure of Simple Present: —> Subject + V1/Vs (s or es)

II. Present Continuous Tense

The Present Continuous Tense represents an action as going on at the time of speaking; as; Shweta is singing. The school boys are playing football. I am opening the door.

I am not going to Delhi today. What are you doing now?

Structure of Present Continuous: —> Subject + is / am / are + V4 (V1 + ing)

III. Present Perfect Tense

1. The Present Perfect Tense denotes an action that has just been completed; as: I have written my essay. He has worked the sum.

2. The Present Perfect Tense is also used instead of past tense, to represent a past action as continuing to the present; as: We have lived here ten years (and we are still living here). Note the difference between: (a) We have lived here for ten years, and (b) We lived here ten years. Structure of Present Perfect Tense: —> Subject + has / have + V3

IV. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

1. Sometimes an action, beginning in the past, is still continuing at the present moment. This frequently happens with verbs such as stay, wait, sit, stand, lie, study, learn, live, rest etc. Such verbs Eire rarely found in the simple present perfect because by their very nature they continue into the present. Structure of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

Subject + has / have been + V4(V1 + ing)

2. If we do not suggest duration from the past, the present continuous is used but as scon

as we imply a relationship between the past and now, the perfect continuous must be used; as: (a) He is lying on the floor, (now) (b) He has been lying there for three hours. (and there he still is) You have been here since half past ten. Mr. Singh has been here for twenty minutes. He has been here since Monday. He has been here for one day.

Use of ‘since’ and ‘for’

1. ‘Since’ means ‘from some definite point or period in the past till now’ ‘Since’ is used before a noun or phrase denoting some point of time in the past. It is preceded by a verb in the present perfect tense; as: I have not seen Sanjay since 10 th May. She has been ill since Tuesday

2. ‘For’ means “a length of time till now.” ‘For’ is used before a noun or phrase denoting a period of time and is used with all the tenses; as: I shall stay here for a week. They were there for ten days.

2. PAST TENSE

I. Simple Past Tense

The simple Past Tense is used:

1. to denote a single action in the past: as: Sachin again scored a century. The ship sailed yesterday.

2. To denote an action going on in the past; as: While they danced, we sang.

To denote a habitual action in the past; as: He studied marry hours everyday. Structure of the Simple Past Tense: —> Sub + V2

II. Past Continuous Tense

The past continuous tense represents an action as going on at some point of time in the past; as:

I was reading, when he called on me. It was raining heavily yesterday at 4 O’clock.

Structure of the Past Continuous Tense: —> Subject + was / were + V4

III. Past Perfect Tense

1. The Past Perfect Tense denotes an action completed before a certain moment in the past; as;

He had already read this book. When I reached school, all the students had already come. Teaching had not started before he reached school. Had the students left the school before the bell rang?

2. The Past Perfect Tense is related to a moment in the past in the same way that the present perfect is related to the present moment, i.e., it describes an action completed before some special past moment we have in mind. Structure of the Past Perfect Tense: —> Subject + had + V3 + object

5. had not read.

IV. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

The Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used for an action that began before a certain point in the past and continued up to that time; as:

Renu had been reading book for two hours. It had been raining continuously since last Wednesday. You had not been going to school since Tuesday. He had not been meeting me for a month. Where had Raman been playing since noon?

Structure of the Past Perfect Continuous Tense: —> Subject + had been + V4 (V1 + ing)

WRITING SECTION

LETTER WRITING

Letter writing is an important topic in the English writing skills section for school students. Everyone must know how to write a letter. While writing a formal letter, one has to follow the format for letter writing. A formal letter can be written for various reasons. Here we have covered the format of a formal letter written for different purposes. On the other hand, an informal letter is written to one’s friends, family or relatives. As an informal letter is not an official letter, one does not have to follow the format of an informal letter strictly. Here, we will discuss samples of letter writing. Letters are of two types –

1. Formal Letter

2. Informal Letter

Formal Letter

A Letter written for a formal purpose is called a Formal letter. It addresses a serious issue. Let us discuss the types of formal letter -

Types of Formal letter

1. Letter to the editor 2. Letter to the Government 3. Letter to the principal 4. Complaint letter 5. Inquiry letter 6. Business letter 7. Application letter for job 18. Invitation letter

FORMAL LETTER FORMAT 1. Sender’s address: The address and contact details of the sender are written here. Include email and phone number, if required or if mentioned in the question. 2. Date: The date is written below the sender’s address after Leaving one space or line. 3. Receiver’s address: The address of the recipient of the mail (the officer / principal / Editor) is written here. 4. Subject of the letter: The main purpose of the letter forms the subject. It must be written in one line. It must convey the matter for which the letter is written. 5. Salutation (Sir / Respected sir / Madam) 6. Body: The matter of the letter is written here. It is divided into 3 paragraphs as follows - Paragraph 1: Introduce yourself and the purpose of writing the letter in brief. Paragraph 2: Give a detail of the matter. Paragraph 3: Conclude by mentioning what you expect. (For example, a solution to your problem, to highlight an issue in the newspaper, etc). 7. Complimentary Closing 8. Sender’s name, signature and designation (if any)

Sender’s address

Date

Receiver’s Address

Subject

Salutation

Body of the letter

Complimentary closing

Sender’s name ,signature and designation

Informal Letter

A Letter written for an informal purpose is called an Informal letter. It is written for a casual purpose. Let us discuss the types of informal letter -

Types of Informal letter

1.Letter to parents

2. Letter to siblings

3. Letter to friends

4. Letter to classmates

5. Letter to neighbours

Format of an Informal Letter

1. Address: The address of the sender is followed by that of the receiver.

2. Date: The date is written below the address after leaving one line.

3. Salutation / Greeting (Dear / Hi / Hello)

4. Body: The matter of the letter is written here. It is divided into 3 paragraphs as follows -

a) Paragraph 1: beginning

b) Paragraph 2: Main content.

c) Paragraph 3: ending

5. Sender’s name and signature.

Address

Date

Salutation

Body of the letter

Sender’s Name and signature

Sample Letters

Here are some solved questions on Letter Writing 1. Write a letter to the Mayor of your city seeking a solution to the problem of water logging in your area. You are Raj / Rani of Dharma Colony, Ramgarh.

14 / 8, Dharma Colony Ramgarh.

Date: 23 August 2018

The Mayor Ramgarh

Subject: Complaint regarding the problem of water logging in Dharma Colony

Sir / Madam

I am Raj, a resident of Dharma Colony. The residents of the area are facing a lot of problems due to water logging. Every year in the monsoon season, the area gets filled with water as the drainage system gets choked. We have requested the area committee many times, but the situation is still the same. The residents’ lives have become miserable as many water - borne diseases have spread. All the houses are submerged, and we are facing a tough time. Please consider the issue as serious and find a solution at the earliest.

Yours Sincerely

2. You are Garima / Gaurav. Write a letter to your friend Sanjana / Sanjay, inviting her / him to your birthday party. Give details regarding the day, time, venue, etc. Add interesting details like theme, dress code, etc.

45, Jan Marg Delhi.

33, Khan Gali Delhi.

Date: 21 August 2018

Dear Sanjay

Hi! You are invited to my birthday party on 25th August. The party will be at Archie’s Place, Nehru Park from 4:00 to 7:00 PM. As the party is based on ‘Spiderman’ theme, please wear a dress in red / black colour combination. It will be fun as I have arranged a Mask game, a ‘Spidey’ web game and a never – seen – before neon light and music show. I am very excited as I will wear the special Spidey costume designed by my sister. Please come as it will be good to have your company. Also, bring your brother Saurav. Waiting for your confirmation.

Gaurav

STORY WRITING

Story writing is an art it is the oldest form of written composition. Following points must be kept in mind while writing story.

• Title – title of the story must be very intrusting and should evoke curiosity.

• Planned and logical series of events must be reflected.

• Theme must be interesting.

• Language must be simple.

• Word limit given by the examiner must be followed.

Writing Stories from Given Outlines

Below are the examples of stories written from given out lines? These will give your idea on how to build stories from the outlines.

STORY 1

Outline: The mice very unhappy-the cat killed many of them-held a meeting to discuss how to get rid of the cat-various suggestion - no plan practicable. Then a young mouse suggested that a bell should be tired round the cats's neck - all welcomed the proposal with joy - an old mouse stood up ? asked who was going to tie the bell round the cat's neck?

Belling the Cat

In a certain house which was infested with mice, the cat found easy prey. The mice were very unhappy. The cat killed so many of them that they were all in great fear. At last they held a meeting to discuss how they could get rid of the nasty cat. One mouse said this, another said that but none of the plans was of any use. Then a young mouse stood up and said,' The best thing we can do is to tie a bell round the cat's neck. Then when the cat comes we will hear the bell and get out of the way.? All the mice shouted. 'Good! Admirable! Simple! Easy! They all thought it was a very good plan, indeed. But now an old mouse, who had all the while been listening to the proposals quietly, stood up and said, 'Yes, it is a very good plan, no

doubt, but who will tie the bell round the cat's neck?' No one came forward to say that he would.

Moral: It is easy to suggest, but difficuilt to follow.

STORY 2

Outline

: The hare laughed at the slow moving tortoise - the tortoise not at all ashamed of his slow pace - retorted that he could beat the hare in a race - agreed - the hare went away in lighting leaps - the tortoise went slowly after him - the hare confident - had a nap - the tortoise went on and on ? reached the winning post first - the hare beaten in the race.

The Hare and the Tortoise

One day a hare made fun of the slow tortoise. The tortoise quietly replied that if the hare would run a race with him he would prove that he was not slow. The race began, and the hare quickly leaped ahead at a great pace. He was soon so far in front that he decided to have a little sleep. Plodding steadily on, the tortoise presently passed the sleeping hare. He smiled to himself and kept straight on. After some time the hare awoke and raced on. When he reached the winning post, however, he found that the tortoise had already arrived. He realized that slow but steady wins the race.

Moral: Slow and Steady wins the race.

STORY 3

Outline: A poor farmer ____ gets a wonderful _______ hen ____ lays a golden egg daily _______ farmer becomes rich ____ richer _______ wants to be richest ___ cuts it ____ finds no gold _____

The Greedy Farmer

Once there lived a farmer in a village. He was very poor. A saint visited the village. He took pity on the farmer. He gave the farmer a wonderful hen that gave one golden egg every day.

The farmer grew rich. But he was greedy. He wanted to get all the eggs for once. So he took a knife and cut the hen's stomach to extract all the golden eggs once for all. But he could find nothing. He was sad and disappointed. But it was no use repenting. The farmer could get no more gold. He grew poor again.

Moral: Greed is a Curse.