CAA2015 KEEP THE REVOLUTION GOING >>>

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 43RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS

IN ARCHAEOLOGY

Edited by Stefano Campana, Roberto Scopigno,

Gabriella Carpentiero and Marianna Cirillo

Volume 2

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 43 ANNUAL CONFERENCE ONCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS

IN ARCHAEOLOGY

Edited byStefano Campana, Roberto Scopigno,

Gabriella Carpentiero, Marianna Cirillo

RD

KEEP THE REVOLUTION GOING CAA2015

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 43 ANNUAL CONFERENCE ONCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS

IN ARCHAEOLOGY

Edited byStefano Campana, Roberto Scopigno,

Gabriella Carpentiero, Marianna Cirillo

RD

KEEP THE REVOLUTION GOING CAA2015

PRO

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Archaeopress Archaeology www.archaeopress.com

Vol 2

CAA

2015

Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on Computer

Keep the Revolution Going Applications and Q

uantitative Methods in Archaeology

CAA15 cover Vol 2.indd 1 11/03/2016 14:34:32

CAA2015 KEEP THE REVOLUTION GOING >>>

Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative

Methods in Archaeology

Edited by

Stefano Campana, Roberto Scopigno, Gabriella Carpentiero and Marianna Cirillo

Volume 2

Archaeopress Archaeology

Archaeopress Publishing LtdGordon House

276 Banbury RoadOxford OX2 7ED

www.archaeopress.com

CAA2015 Volume 2

ISBN 978 1 78491 337 3ISBN 978 1 78491 338 0 (e-Pdf)

© Archaeopress and the individual authors 2016

CAA2015 is availabe to download from Archaeopress Open Access site

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise,

without the prior written permission of the copyright owners.

Printed in England by Oxuniprint, OxfordThis book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com

i

Table of Contents

Volume 1

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. ixStefano Campana, Roberto Scopigno

Introductory Speech........................................................................................................................................................ xProfessor Gabriella Piccinni

Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER 1 Teaching and Communicating Digital Archaeology ............................................................................. 1

From the Excavation to the Scale Model: a Digital Approach .............................................................................................. 3Hervé Tronchère, Emma Bouvard, Stéphane Mor, Aude Fernagu, Jules Ramona

Teaching Digital Archaeology Digitally ............................................................................................................................ 11Ronald Visser, Wilko van Zijverden, Pim Alders

3D Archaeology Learning at the Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne University ............................................................................. 17François Djindjian

How to Teach GIS to Archaeologists ............................................................................................................................... 21Krzysztof Misiewicz, Wiesław Małkowski, Miron Bogacki, Urszula Zawadzka-Pawlewska, Julia M. Chyla

Utilisation of a Game Engine for Archaeological Visualisation ......................................................................................... 27Teija Oikarinen

The Interplay of Digital and Traditional Craft: re-creating an Authentic Pictish Drinking Horn Fitting ................................... 35Dr Mhairi Maxwell, Jennifer Gray, Dr Martin Goldberg

Computer Applications for Multisensory Communication on Cultural Heritage .................................................................. 41Lucia Sarti, Stefania Poesini, Vincenzo De Troia, Paolo Machetti

Interactive Communication and Cultural Heritage ........................................................................................................... 51Tommaso Empler, Mattia Fabrizi

Paleontology 2.0 - Public Awareness of Paleontological Sites Through New Technologies ................................................... 59Tommaso Empler, Fabio Quici, Luca Bellucci

Lucus Feroniae and Tiber Valley Virtual Museum: from Documentation and 3d Reconstruction, Up to a Novel Approach in Storytelling, Combining Virtual Reality, Theatrical and Cinematographic Rules, Gesture-based Interaction and Augmented Perception of the Archaeological Context ........................................................................ 67

Eva Pietroni, Daniele Ferdani, Augusto Palombini, Massimiliano Forlani, Claudio Rufa

CHAPTER 2 Modelling the Archaeological Process ...................................................................................................79

Principal Component Analysis of Archaeological Data ..................................................................................................... 81Juhana Kammonen, Tarja Sundell

IT-assisted Exploration of Excavation Reports. Using Natural Language Processing in the Archaeological Research Process ... 87Christian Chiarcos, Matthias Lang, Philip Verhagen

A 3d Visual and Geometrical Approach to Epigraphic Studies. The Soli (Cyprus) Inscription as a Case Study ........................ 95Valentina Vassallo, Elena Christophorou, Sorin Hermon, Lola Vico, Giancarlo Iannone

Modelling the Archaeological Record: a Look from the Levant. Past and Future Approaches ............................................ 103Sveta Matskevich, Ilan Sharon

3D Reconstitution of the Loyola Sugar Plantation and Virtual Reality Applications ........................................................... 117Barreau J.B., Petit Q., Bernard Y., Auger R., Le Roux Y., Gaugne R., Gouranton V.

ii

Integrated Survey Techniques for the Study of an Archaeological Site of Medieval Morocco ............................................. 125Lorenzo Teppati Losè

CHAPTER 3 Interdisciplinary Methods of Data Recording ................................................................................... 131

3-Dimensional Archaeological Excavation of Burials Utilizing Computed Tomography Imaging ......................................... 133Tiina Väre, Sanna Lipkin, Jaakko Niinimäki, Sirpa Niinimäki, Titta Kallio-Seppä, Juho-Antti Junno, Milton Núñez, Markku Niskanen, Matti Heino, Annemari Tranberg, Saara Tuovinen, Rosa Vilkama, Timo Ylimaunu

Palaeoenvironmental Records and Php Possibilities: Results and Perspectives on an Online Bioarcheological Database ..... 143Enora Maguet, Jean-Baptiste Barreau, Chantal Leroyer

Integrated Methodologies for the Reconstruction of the Ancient City of Lixus (Morocco) ................................................. 157Cynthia Mascione, Rossella Pansini, Luca Passalacqua

A Dig in the Archive. The Mertens Archive of Herdonia Excavations: from Digitisation to Communication ......................... 167Giuliano De Felice, Andrea Fratta

Archaeological and Physicochemical Approaches to the Territory: On-site Analysis and Multidisciplinary Databases for the Reconstruction of Historical Landscapes ....................................................................................................... 177

Luisa Dallai, Alessandro Donati, Vanessa Volpi, Andrea Bardi

Interdisciplinary Methods of Data Recording, Management and Preservation ................................................................ 187Marta Lorenzon, Cindy Nelson-Viljoen

Driving Engagement in Heritage Sites Using Personal Mobile Technology ........................................................................ 191Thom Corah, Douglas Cawthorne

A Conceptual and Visual Proposal to Decouple Material and Interpretive Information About Stratigraphic Data ............... 201Patricia Martin-Rodilla, Cesar Gonzalez-Perez, Patricia Mañana-Borrazas

Recording, Preserving and Interpreting a Medieval Archaeological Site by Integrating Different 3d Technologies. .............. 213Daniele Ferdani, Giovanna Bianchi

A 3D Digital Approach to Study, Analyse and (Re)Interpret Cultural Heritage: the Case Study of Ayia Irini (Cyprus and Sweden) ......................................................................................................................................................... 227

Valentina Vassallo

CHAPTER 4 Linking Data .................................................................................................................................................. 233

Beyond the Space: The LoCloud Historical Place Names Micro-Service ............................................................................ 235Rimvydas Laužikas, Ingrida Vosyliūtė, Justinas Jaronis

Using CIDOC CRM for Dynamically Querying ArSol, a Relational Database, from the Semantic Web .................................. 241Olivier Marlet, Stéphane Curet, Xavier Rodier, Béatrice Bouchou-Markhoff

Connecting Cultural Heritage Data: The Syrian Heritage Project in the IT Infrastructure of the German Archaeological Institute ......................................................................................................................................... 251

Sebastian Cuy, Philipp Gerth, Reinhard Förtsch

The Labelling System: A Bottom-up Approach for Enriched Vocabularies in the Humanities ............................................. 259Florian Thiery, Thomas Engel

Providing 3D Content to Europeana ............................................................................................................................. 269Andrea D’Andrea

How To Move from Relational to 5 Star Linked Open Data – A Numismatic Example ........................................................ 275Karsten Tolle, David Wigg-Wolf

Homogenization of the Archaeological Cartographic Data on a National Scale in Italy ...................................................... 283Giovanni Azzena, Roberto Busonera, Federico Nurra, Enrico Petruzzi

The GIS for the ‘Forma Italiae’ Project. From the GIS of the Ager Venusinus Project to the GIS of the Ager Lucerinus Project: Evolution of the System ............................................................................................................................ 293

iii

Maria Luisa Marchi, Giovanni Forte

GIS, An Answer to the Challenge of Preventive Archaeology? The Attempts of the French National Institute for Preventive Archaeology (Inrap) .............................................................................................................................. 303

Anne Moreau

Dynamic Distributions in Macro and Micro Perspective ................................................................................................ 309Espen Uleberg, Mieko Matsumoto

CHAPTER 5 New Trends in 3D Archaeology .............................................................................................................. 319

Hand-free Interaction in the Virtual Simulation of the Agora of Segesta .......................................................................... 321Riccardo Olivito, Emanuele Taccola, Niccolò Albertini

Master-Hand Attributions of Classical Greek Sculptors by 3D-Analysis at Olympia - Some Preliminary Remarks ................. 329A. Patay-Horváth

Using 3D Models to Analyse Stratigraphic and Sedimentological Contexts in Archaeo-Palaeo-Anthropological Pleistocene Sites (Gran Dolina Site, Sierra De Atapuerca) ......................................................................................... 337

I. Campaña, A. Benito-Calvo, A. Pérez-González, A. I. Ortega, J.M. Bermúdez de Castro, E. Carbonell

Establishing Parameter Values for the Stone Erosion Process ......................................................................................... 347Igor Barros Barbosa, Kidane Fanta Gebremariam, Panagiotis Perakis, Christian Schellewald, Theoharis Theoharis

The New Trend of 3D Archaeology is … Going 2D! ......................................................................................................... 363Giuliano De Felice

Documentation and Analysis Workflow for the On-going Archaeological Excavation with Image-Based 3d Modelling Technique: the Case-study of the Medieval Site of Monteleo, Italy ........................................................... 369

Giulio Poggi

3D Technology Applied to Quantification Studies of Pottery: Eve 2.0 .............................................................................. 377Miguel Busto-Zapico, Miguel Carrero-Pazos

3D Recording of Archaeological Excavation: the Case of Study of Santa Marta, Tuscany, Italy ........................................... 383Matteo Sordini, Francesco Brogi, Stefano Campana

Visual Space, Defence, Control and Communication: Towers and Fortresses System of the Tuscan Coastal Belt and Islands 393Michele De Silva

CHAPTER 6 Integrating 3D Data .................................................................................................................................... 397

Photomodelling And Point Cloud Processing. Application in the Survey of the Roman Theatre of Uthina (Tunisia) Architectural Elements .......................................................................................................................................... 399

Meriem Zammel

Deconstructing Archaeological Palimpsests: Applicability of GIS Algorithms for the Automated Generation of Cross Sections ................................................................................................................................................................ 407

Miquel Roy Sunyer

Pompeii, the Domus of Stallius Eros: a Comparison Between Terrestrial and Aerial Low-cost Surveys ............................... 415Angela Bosco, Marco Barbarino, Rosario Valentini, Andrea D’Andrea

Pottery Goes Digital. 3D Laser Scanning Technology and the Study of Archaeological Ceramics ........................................ 421Martina Revello Lami, Loes Opgenhaffen, Ivan Kisjes

ARIADNE Visual Media Service: Easy Web Publishing of Advanced Visual Media ............................................................ 433Federico Ponchio, Marco Potenziani, Matteo Dellepiane, Marco Callieri, Roberto Scopigno

Mapping Archaeological Databases to CIDOC CRM ........................................................................................................ 443Martin Doerr, Maria Theodoridou, Edeltraud Aspöck, Anja Masur

Scientific Datasets in Archaeological Research .............................................................................................................. 453Nikolaos A. Kazakis, Nestor C. Tsirliganis

iv

CHAPTER 7 Spatial Analysis: Theories, Questions and Methods ...................................................................... 461

Fuzzy Classification of Gallinazo and Mochica Ceramics in the North Coast, Peru Using the Jaccard Coefficient .................. 463Kayeleigh Sharp

Dynamics of the Settlement Pattern in the Aksum Area (800-400 Bc). an ABM Preliminary Approach ............................... 473Martina Graniglia, Gilda Ferrandino, Antonella Palomba, Luisa Sernicola, Giuseppe Zollo, Andrea D’Andrea, Rodolfo Fattovich, Andrea Manzo

An Application of Agent-Based Modelling and GIS in Minoan Crete ................................................................................ 479Angelos Chliaoutakis, Georgios Chalkiadakis, Apostolos Sarris

Evaluating the Crisis: Population and Land Productivity in Late Medieval Salento, Italy .................................................... 489Giuseppe Muci

When GIS Goes to the Countryside: Detecting and Interpreting Roman Orchards from the ‘Grand Palais’ (Drôme, France) . 499Christophe Landry, Bertrand Moulin

GIS Applications and Spatial Analysis for the Survey of the Prehistoric Northern Apennine Context: the Case Study of the Mugello in Tuscany ..................................................................................................................................... 517

Andrea Capecchi, Michele De Silva, Fabio Martini, Lucia Sarti

The Statistics of Time-to-Event. Integrating the Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Data and Event History Analysis Methods ............................................................................................................................................................... 533

Juan Antonio Barceló, Giacomo Capuzzo, Berta Morell, Katia Francesca Achino, Agueda Lozano

Hypothesis Testing and Validation in Archaeological Networks ...................................................................................... 543Peter Bikoulis

Traveling Across Archaeological Landscapes: the Contribution of Hierarchical Communication Networks .......................... 555Sylviane Déderix

Dispersal Versus Optimal Path Calculation .................................................................................................................... 567Irmela Herzog

Visibility Analysis and the Definition of the Ilergetian Territory: the Case of Montderes ................................................... 579Núria Otero Herraiz

Volume 2

CHAPTER 8 Spatial Analysis: Predictivity and Postdictivity in Archaeology .................................................. 591

Predictivity – Postdictivity: a Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................................... 593Antonia Arnoldus-Huyzendveld, Carlo Citter, Giovanna Pizziolo

Predicting and Postdicting a Roman Road in the Pre-pyrenees Area of Lleida (Spain) ....................................................... 599Antonio Porcheddu

Predict and Confirm: Bayesian Survey and Excavation at Three Candidate Sites for Late Neolithic Occupation in Wadi Quseiba, Jordan ............................................................................................................................................ 605

Philip M.N. Hitchings, Peter Bikoulis, Steven Edwards, Edward B. Banning

Predicting Survey Coverage through Calibration: Sweep Widths and Survey in Cyprus and Jordan ................................... 613Sarah T. Stewart, Edward B. Banning, Steven Edwards, Philip M.N. Hitchings, Peter Bikoulis

Estimating The ‘Memory of Landscape’ to Predict Changes in Archaeological Settlement Patterns ................................... 623Philip Verhagen, Laure Nuninger, Frédérique Bertoncello, Angelo Castrorao Barba

On Their Way Home ... A Network Analysis of Medieval Caravanserai Distribution in the Syrian Region, According to an 1D Approach ................................................................................................................................................ 637

Augusto Palombini, Cinzia Tavernari

v

Modelling Regional Landscape Through the Predictive and Postdictive Exploration of Settlement Choices: a Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................................................... 647

Emeri Farinetti

Site Location Modelling and Prediction on Early Byzantine Crete: Methods Employed, Challenges Encountered ............... 659Kayt Armstrong, Christina Tsigonaki, Apostolos Sarris, Nadia Coutsinas

Potential Paths and the Historical Road Network between Italy and Egypt: from the Predictive to the Postdictive Approach. ............................................................................................................................................................. 669

Andrea Patacchini, Giulia Nicatore

CHAPTER 9 Spatial Analysis: Occupation Floors and Palaeosurfaces in the Digital Era ............................. 683

Ritual use of Romito Cave During the Late Upper Palaeolithic: an Integrated Approach for Spatial Reconstruction ............ 685Michele De Silva, Giovanna Pizziolo, Domenico Lo Vetro, Vincenzo De Troia, Paolo Machetti, Enrico F. Ortisi, Fabio Marti-ni

Visualizing Occupation Features in Homogenous Sediments. Examples from the Late Middle Palaeolithic of Grotte De La Verpillière II, Burgundy, France ...................................................................................................................... 699

Jens Axel Frick

A New Palaeolithic Burial From Grotta Del Romito (Calabria, Italy). A Digital Restitution ................................................. 715Francesco Enrico Ortisi, Domenico Lo Vetro, Giovanna Pizziolo, Michele De Silva, Claudia Striuli, Pier Francesco Fabbri, Fabio Martini

Predicting the Accumulative Consequences of Abandonment Processes. Intra-site Analysis of Lakeside Settlements ......... 723Katia Francesca Achino, Juan Antonio Barceló, Micaela Angle

Reconstructing the Boom of Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Population Size in Finland by Agent and Equation-Based Modelling ............................................................................................................................................................. 733

Tarja Sundell, Martin Heger, Juhana Kammonen

Archaeology, Geomorphology and Palaeosurfaces Studies: a Multidisciplinary Approach for Understanding the Ancient Laos Territory ............................................................................................................................................ 739

Vincenzo Amato, Cristiano Benedetto De Vita, Francesca Filocamo, Alfonso Santoriello, Francesco Uliano Scelza

Intrasite Analysis in the Florentine Plain: from Data Integration to Palaeosurfaces Interpretation .................................... 749Giovanna Pizziolo, Nicoletta Volante, Lucia Sarti

Living in a Palaeoriverbed: Intra-site Analysis of Two Prehistoric Sites in the Florentine Alluvial Plain ............................... 761Rosalba Aquino, Matteo Faraoni, Laura Morabito, Giovanna Pizziolo, Lucia Sarti

Exploring Scenarios for the First Farming Expansion in the Balkans Via an Agent-based Model ......................................... 773Andrea Zanotti, Richard Moussa, Jérôme Dubouloz, Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel

CHAPTER 10 Spatial Analysis: Data, Patterns and Process Interpretation........................................................ 781

Strontium Isotope Analysis and Human Mobility from Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age in the Central Plain of China ...... 783Chunyan Zhao

The Iron Age in Serakhs Oasis (Turkmenistan). The Preliminary Results of the Application of Geographic Information System in the Study of the Settlement Pattern of the Earliest Confirmed Occupation of the Oasis ............ 791

Nazarij Buławka, Barbara Kaim

Multi-Scale Approach for the Reconstruction of a Past Urban Environment. From Remote Sensing to Space Syntax: the Case of Dionysias (Fayum, Egypt) ...................................................................................................................... 803

Gabriella Carpentiero, Carlo Tessaro

Enhancing GIS Urban Data with the 3rd Dimension: A Procedural Modelling Approach .................................................... 815Chiara Piccoli

Structural Integrity Modelling of an Early Bronze Age Corridor House in Helike of Achaea, NW Peloponnese, Greece ........ 825Mariza Kormann, Stella Katsarou, Dora Katsonopoulou, Gary Lock

vi

Discovering Prehistoric Ritual Norms. A Machine Learning Approach. ............................................................................ 837Stéphanie Duboscq, Joan Anton Barceló Álvarez, Katia Francesca Achino, Berta Morell Rovira, Florence Allièse, Juan Fran-cisco Gibaja Bao

Application of the ‘Bag of Words’ Model (bow) for Analysing Archaeological Potsherds ................................................... 847Diego Jiménez-Badillo, Edgar Roman-Rangel

Autonomy in Marine Archaeology ................................................................................................................................ 857Øyvind Ødegård, Stein M. Nornes, Martin Ludvigsen, Thijs J. Maarleveld, Asgeir J. Sørensen

Identifying Patterns on Prehistoric Wall Paintings: a New Curve Fitting Approach ............................................................ 867Michail Panagopoulos, Dimitris Arabadjis, Panayiotis Rousopoulos, Michalis Exarhos, Constantin Papaodysseus

Pottery Studies of the 4th-Century Necropolis at Bârlad-Valea Seacă, Romania ............................................................... 875Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu, Vincent Mom

A Bridge to Digital Humanities: Geometric Methods and Machine Learning for Analysing Ancient Script in 3D .................. 889Hubert Mara, Bartosz Bogacz

CHAPTER 11 Remote Sensing: Computational Imaging Advances and Sensor Data Integration .............. 899

The Possibilities of the Aerial Lidar for the Detection of Galician Megalithic Mounds (NW of the Iberian Peninsula). The Case of Monte De Santa Mariña, Lugo ............................................................................................. 901

Miguel Carrero-Pazos, Benito Vilas-Estévez

Reflectance Transformation Imaging Beyond the Visible: Ultraviolet Reflected and Ultraviolet Induced Visible Fluorescence ......................................................................................................................................................... 909

E. Kotoula

Endangered Archaeology in the Middle East and North Africa: Introducing the EAMENA Project ...................................... 919Robert Bewley, Andrew Wilson, David Kennedy, David Mattingly, Rebecca Banks, Michael Bishop, Jennie Bradbury, Emma Cunliffe, Michael Fradley, Richard Jennings, Robyn Mason, Louise Rayne, Martin Sterry, Nichole Sheldrick, Andrea Zerbini

Enhancing Multi-Image Photogrammetric 3d Reconstruction Performance on Low-Feature Surfaces ................................ 933George Ioannakis, Anestis Koutsoudis, Blaž Vidmar, Fotis Arnaoutoglou, Christodoulos Chamzas

Combination of RTI and Decorrelation — an Approach to the Examination of Badly Preserved Rock Inscriptions and Rock Art at Gebelein (Egypt) ............................................................................................................................ 939

Piotr Witkowski, Julia M. Chyla, Wojciech Ejsmond

Geophysical-Archaeological Experiments in Controlled Conditions at the Hydrogeosite Laboratory (CNR-IMAA) ............... 945Felice Perciante, Luigi Capozzoli L., Antonella Caputi, Gregory De Martino, Valeria Giampaolo, Raffaele Luongo, Enzo Rizzo

Colour and Space in Cultural Heritage in 6Ds: the Interdisciplinary Connections .............................................................. 953Anna Bentkowska-Kafel, Julio M. del Hoyo Melendez, Lindsay W. MacDonald, Aurore Mathys, Vera Moitinho de Almeida

Integrating Low Altitude with Satellite and Airborne Aerial Images: Photogrammetric Documentation of Early Byzantine Settlements in Crete ............................................................................................................................... 963

Gianluca Cantoro, Christina Tsigonaki, Kayt Armstrong, Apostolos Sarris

Creating 3D Replicas of Medium- to Large-Scale Monuments for Web-Based Dissemination Within the Framework of the 3D-Icons Project .......................................................................................................................................... 971

Anestis Koutsoudis, Fotios Arnaoutoglou, Vasilios Liakopoulos, Athanasios Tsaouselis, George Ioannakis, Christodoulos Chamzas

The Lidoriki Project: Low Altitude, Aerial Photography, GIS, and Traditional Survey in Rural Greece .................................. 979Todd Brenningmeyer, Kostis Kourelis, Miltiadis Katsaros

A Fully Integrated UAV System for Semi-automated Archaeological Prospection ............................................................. 989Matthias Lang, Thorsten Behrens, Karsten Schmidt, Dieta Svoboda, Conrad Schmidt

Stereo Visualization of Historical Aerial Photos as a Valuable Tool for Archaeological Research ........................................ 997Anders Hast, Andrea Marchetti

vii

CHAPTER 12 Open Source and Open Data ................................................................................................................ 1003

Strati5 - Open Mobile Software for Harris Matrix ........................................................................................................ 1005Jerzy Sikora, Jacek Sroka, Jerzy Tyszkiewicz

Archaeology as Community Enterprise ....................................................................................................................... 1015Néhémie Strupler

Digital Resources for Archaeology. The Contribution of the On-Line Projects by Isma-Cnr .............................................. 1019Alessandra Caravale, Alessandra Piergrossi

A Swabian in the Orient. In the Footsteps of Julius Euting ............................................................................................ 1027Matthias Lang, Manuel Abbt, Gerlinde Bigga, Jason T. Herrmann, Virginia Hermann, Kevin Körner, Fabian Schwabe, Dieta Svoboda

GQBWiki Goes Open ................................................................................................................................................. 1033Stefano Costa, Alessandro Carabia

Archaeological Contents: from Open Access to Open Data ........................................................................................... 1037Aurélie Monteil, Viviane Boulétreau

CHAPTER 13 Computers and Rock Art Studies......................................................................................................... 1047

Archaeoacoustics of Rock Art: Quantitative Approaches to the Acoustics and Soundscape of Rock Art ........................... 1049Margarita Díaz-Andreu, Tommaso Mattioli

Photometric Stereo 3D Visualizations of Rock-Art Panels, Bas-Reliefs, and Graffiti ......................................................... 1059Massimo Vanzi, Paolo Emilio Bagnoli, Carla Mannu, Giuseppe Rodriguez

SIVT – Processing, Viewing, and Analysis of 3D Scans of the Porthole Slab and Slab B2 of Züschen I ............................... 1067Stefanie Wefers, Tobias Reich, Burkhard Tietz, Frank Boochs

Digital Practices for the Study of the Great Rock in the Naquane National Park, Valcamonica, Italy: from Graphic Rendering to Figure Cataloguing ........................................................................................................................... 1081

Andrea ArcàReal-time 3D Modelling of the Cultural Heritage: the Forum of Nerva in Rome 1093Tommaso Empler, Barbara Forte, Emanuele Fortunati

Mediated Representations After Laser Scanning. The Monastery of Aynalı and the Architectural Role of Red Pictograms . 1105Carlo Inglese, Marco Carpiceci, Fabio Colonnese

875

Introduction

After decades of scientific studies, the Late Roman and Early Migration period (300 AD - 450 AD) is still one of the least studied fields in Romanian archaeology. Although there are some general studies (e.g. Horedt 1982; 1986; Harhoiu 1998), most of the available publications describe stray finds or singular archaeological features only, ignoring their general context. Also, during the last 20 years several site monographs were published (for example Dragomir 2001; Palade 2004; Șovan 2005; Vornic 2006; Ursachi 2007; 2010) but for the other large sites of the Migration period adequate publications are still missing. And without further publications of such site monographs the elaboration of a general history of this complex epoch cannot continue.

Because of the lack of a good research strategy for this period, the majority of archaeological material comes from rescue excavations and stray finds, while there are only a few systematic excavations that are properly documented. The processing of these larger excavations is difficult due to the huge quantities of finds but also because of the limited documentation of the archaeological contexts. The archaeological research of pottery from this period therefore is much behind and the existing gaps are only just beginning to be filled (Lăzărescu 2011).

Discussions about broader subjects such as the general context of this era and the relations between different communities that inhabited the nowadays territory of Romania are scarce, and, in many cases, ignored by the majority of Romanian archaeologists who are still focusing on cataloguing and analysing individual sites and artefacts without creating theoretical frameworks to integrate their research. Moreover, there is a lack of regional studies highlighting specific patterns of evolution and development of regional tendencies and the

national archaeological research strategy has no proper research plan (Stanciu 2010 and for reflections on the manner in which archaeology in Romania was approached at a theoretical level see e.g. Niculescu 2002 and 2004-2005; Anghelinu 2003; Palincaș 2006; Dragoman and Oanță-Mărghitu 2006; Măgureanu 2007; Dragoman 2009; and more recently Dragoman and Oanță-Mărghitu 2013). But many of the complex topics raised by the research of the Early Migration period are of paramount importance for the understanding and contextualising of the phenomena that contributed to the development of the European civilization. Therefore a reassessment of the current theories of this historical period, based on the (re-) interpretation of both old and new discoveries, is highly needed.

Our research is focused on the problems mentioned above, and we attempt to put our analysis results in context, starting with the site at Bârlad-Valea Seacă. We try to find the right position of this site in the general framework of its historical period, hoping that some of the patterns observed for this site will enhance and improve the knowledge of the Early Migration period. To achieve such results the research is conducted at two different levels, a general level to establish the main chronological and spatial characteristics of the period and on the other hand at an interpretative level in line with current archaeological theories.

1 Bârlad-Valea Seacă

The site at Bârlad-Valea Seacă (Vaslui County, Moldavia region) was discovered by Vasile Palade in 1959. The site is located on a relatively narrow valley of the river Periana/Valea Seacă, being part of the larger area of the Tutovei Hills (geographical coordinates: 46°41’ northern latitude and 20°40’ eastern longitude). The site is nowadays part of the city of Bârlad (Fig. 1). The next year, performing small scale rescue

Pottery Studies of the 4th-Century Necropolis at Bârlad-Valea Seacă, Romania

Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu lazarescu_vlad@yahoo.com

Romanian Academy, Institute of Archaeology and History of Art, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Vincent Mom v.mom@kpnmail.nl

DPP Foundation, Rotterdam, Netherlands

Abstract: The Migration period in general and the Early Migration period in particular continue to be among the least studied fields in Romanian archaeology. Pottery from important sites from that period, especially necropolises, was not given much attention and especially the necropolis at Bârlad-Valea Seacă, one of the largest sites, was paradoxically hardly studied. Moreover, the site (that was never before studied in its entirety due to the huge quantity of artefacts) is one of the richest cemeteries suffering little from post-disturbances while covering the complete chronology of the Sântana de Mureș - Černjachov (SMC) culture. The present paper studies the evolution of artefact types, using a clustering machine learning approach through the use of the Secanto software, a sophisticated version of the ‘sliced method’ introduced by Shennan and Wilcock (1975). The software is both effective and efficient in handling big datasets and generating large distance matrices that constitute the basis for the subsequent statistical analysis and creation of distribution maps. Finally, by using combined artefacts from the closed contexts it was possible to establish a prelimi-nary relative chronology while making also close observations regarding the spatial distribution and chronological evolution of the necropolis which led to interesting archaeological conclusions about the entire site.

Keywords: Romanian archaeology, Migration period, Necropolis, Pottery

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Fig. 1. Spatial distribution of the Sântana de Mureș - Černjachov sites in Romania (after Petrescu 2002).

Fig. 2. Grave 84: excavation snapshot (after Palade 2004).

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excavations, Palade uncovered the remains of a large antler comb workshop, quite a rare phenomenon for Early Migration period. In 1961 Palade started systematic investigating the site, being convinced of the great value of his discovery. The excavations of the necropolis were continued between 1967-1975 and the settlement between 1967-1975 and 1980-1986 (Palade 2004).

The results were impressive: an area of 2500 m2 was excavated with 24 surface dwellings (of which 5 stag antler comb workshops), 21 sunken floor dwellings (of which 18 also contained traces of stag antler comb production) and 8 open working places for antler processing. Furthermore 10 other outbuildings, 2 pottery kilns and over 40 waste pits were discovered. The necropolis was completely excavated, containing of 547 tombs (295 cremation graves and 252 inhumation graves) (Figs. 2 and 3).

Unfortunately, Palade did not manage to finalize the monograph of the site and it was only in 2004, that a team of archaeologists from the Bârlad Museum joined forces to finalize the work that was started by their now deceased colleague. The monograph, although it only contains the raw, un-interpreted documentation, field drawings and an inventory of the finds, discloses hitherto unknown information with high impact for the study of the Late Roman and Early Migration period.

2 The Sântana de Mureș - Černjachov culture

The great importance of the Bârlad-Valea Seacă site lies in the fact that it is one of the largest (and entirely excavated)

sites that covers the complete chronology of the Sântana de Mureș - Černjachov (SMC) culture. Moreover, the site (that was never before studied in its entirety due to the huge quantity of material) is one of the richest cemeteries suffering little from post-disturbances. This makes Bârlad-Valea Seacă an ideal case for the study of chronological developments, and therefore may serve as a standard for comparing other important sites from this culture.

The concept of the ‘Sântana de Mureș - Černjachov culture’ appeared at the end of the 19th century after the discoveries of Černjachov, Ukraine and Sântana de Mureş, Romania (Wolfram 1990). This culture is attributed to a complex multicultural phenomenon of acculturation of several populations of which the Gothic component seems to be the most important. It was formed during the middle of the 3rd century AD north of the Black Sea and moved slowly southward towards the Danube during the 4th century AD (Ioniță 1966; Magomedov 2001). This cultural complex reached the territory of nowadays Romania probably at the beginning of the 4th century AD (Mitrea and Preda 1966), the population becoming foederati1 after concluding a peace treaty with the Roman Empire in 332 AD (IstRom 1961; IstRom 2001). So the antiquities found at Bârlad-Valea Seacă belong to a wide cultural heritage, covering the area between the basin of the northern Donet (to the East - Ukraine) and Transylvania (to the West - Romania)

1 Foederati in the 4th century AD were a group of ‘barbarians’ that were allowed inside the territory of the Roman Empire as part of a foedus, namely a peace treaty between a certain ‘barbarian group’ and the Roman Empire (Pohl 1997; Wolfram 1990).

Fig. 3. Grave 507: items 6, 7 and 15-21 are part of the dataset (after Palade 2004).

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and between the Lower Danube (to the South) and Volynia (to the North - Ukraine) (Bierbrauer 1995; Heather 1998).

Starting with the settling of the Goths in the northern region, we can discern a radical change at the ethnic and demographic level. The large number of sites from this period suggests a demographic boom (Petrescu 2002, see Fig. 1) together with a mixture of different populations and/or cultural traditions of local origin or newly arrived (Diaconu 1963; Diaconu 1964; Diaconu 1965; Diaconu 1965a; Diaconu 1975; Diaconu 1980; Niculescu 2003). One of the most relevant examples of this phenomenon is the cemetery at Târgșorul Vechi, Prahova County (Diaconu, 1965 and Niculescu 1993) although similarities are present in other necropolises such as e.g. Mihălășeni, Botoșani County (Șovan 2005) and Bârlad-Valea Seacă (Palade 2004). And even though the chronology of the SMC culture on the nowadays territory of Romania is generally attributed to the 4th century AD, some features argue both for an earlier dating towards the second part of the 3rd century AD as well as for the beginning of the 5th century AD for the late phase (Kazanski and Legoux 1988; Tejral 2000; Kazanski 2012; Schukin and Charov 1999), as is the case for the necropolis at Bârlad-Valea Seacă. See Lăzărescu (2014 and 2015) for the entire discussion and literature regarding the late phase of the SMC culture on the territory of nowadays Romania.

3 Sântana de Mureș - Černjachov pottery

Sântana de Mureș - Černjachov pottery is only briefly mentioned in the Romanian archaeological literature, limited to local classifications for specific sites and without a general approach or conclusions (Mitrea and Preda 1966; Ioniță 1966 and 1982; Nemeti 2007). The only attempt for a global approach of wheel thrown pottery so far was done by Diaconu (1970a). Worth mentioning are the studies of the cemeteries at Târgșorul Vechi (Diaconu 1965; Niculescu 1993), Mogoșani (Diaconu 1970), Independența (Ioniță 1971) and, more recently, the latest monographs about the necropolises at Mihălășeni (Șovan 2005) and Budești (Vornic 2006). The last two publications also present relative chronologies of certain types of pottery based on the different combinations in which they were found as part of closed contexts together with well-dated artefacts. This information improves the comparisons and dating of different sites considerably.

The way pottery was studied changed over time. In the 1960s-1970s there was a tendency to present an increasing number of new pottery types, due to the increasing number of newly discovered sites. During the 1980s-1990s, certain topics of special types of pottery were studied in more detail. And currently the approach focuses on the development of regional typologies whilst the corresponding pottery database is enlarged. This increased amount of data enables better site comparisons and might finally result in a general pottery typology and (relative) chronology of the individual pottery types from the SMC culture (see also Lăzărescu 2011).

4 The Secanto computer program

It is important that when dealing with a large collection of vessels (in our case 634) to group similar items in meaningful categories in order to recognise patterns in the dataset as well as providing a framework to link other information to (Orton, Tyres, Vince 1993). In our case, the first step was to establish

shape categories and afterwards to attach to this classification structure other types of attributes relevant to pottery such as fabric, firing etc.

To do this the Secanto computer program was used. Secanto is a sophisticated version of the ‘sliced method’ as developed by Shennan and Wilcock (1975) in order to classify bell beakers from Central Germany. In figure 4 the main principle is shown: two vessel profiles are scaled to the same height and are divided into 150 equidistant slices along the vertical axes. The ‘distances’ between the vessels are calculated as the sum of squares of the distances between the points on the outer surfaces of the vessels. The profiles are shifted until the minimal value is obtained (Fig. 5). To incorporate not only the shape of the outer vessel wall, but also the overall vessel width, the distances between the central axes are added as well.

The Secanto computer program has several advantages when compared to the traditional intuitive classification. The main one being that it calculates exactly the distance between the overall shapes of vessels. Such a procedure is more precise, objective and repeatable (and therefore easier to check) than intuitive classifications such as ‘beaker A looks very similar to B, however specimen C has an entirely different shape’. Such statements do not include a precise quantification of the degree of similarity.

However, it should be emphasised that the Secanto computer program focuses on the overall vessel shape and, therefore, ignores any details. Accordingly, nominal traits, such as inverted rims, protruding feet and carinated profiles, are not seen as being important, in contrast to traditional typologies. See Mom (2007 and 2008) for more information.

Fig. 4. Calculation of the distance between two vessel shapes.

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Fig. 6. Clustering using Ward’s method.

Fig. 5. Obtaining the lowest distance value.

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In this phase of the research of the SMC pottery we used the data from Bârlad-Valea Seacă to create the foundations for a local typology, which would also serve as a reference database for comparing other similar sites. Using Secanto the 634 vessels were grouped according to shape, to get an overview of the data set and also to detect any ‘special’ shapes. The distance matrix contains 634*(634-1)/2 = 200661 individual distances but this amount did not pose a problem to the PAST statistical program (Hammer 2001) that was used to do the subsequent cluster analysis of the distance matrix.

For this cluster analysis, Ward’s method (Ward 1963) was used. The resulting hierarchical clustering, small part of which is shown in figure 6, gives a good overview and especially ‘special’ vessels (that is: unique ones without lookalikes) stand out clearly. Figure 7 shows the 17 special shapes that were detected.

The other 617 vessels were distributed over 56 clusters. Half of the vessels were distributed over 12 clusters only. In figure 8 the number of vessels per cluster is shown, with the image of the vessel that is considered to be the best representative of the shape cluster. The largest cluster contains 80 vessels.

A second method of clustering the vessels is by assigning them initially at random to a preset number of clusters, and then improving these assignments based on so-called silhouette criteria (Rousseeuw 1987). The silhouette value measures how well a vessel lies within its cluster. The values range from -1 (bad) to +1 (perfect). If the silhouette value of a vessel is

below zero then this implies that there exists a better cluster for this vessel, and the vessel is moved to this better cluster. This iterative process ends when there are no more vessels that should be moved to another cluster.

The number of clusters at the end of the process is always less or equal to starting number, as clusters can ‘evaporate’ during the reassignment process. This makes it possible to manipulate the process such that the resulting number of clusters is (more or less) the same as the number of clusters resulting from Ward’s method. This gives two different views on the dataset.

Using the silhouette method starting with 110 clusters results in an average of 75 clusters, of which on an average 5 are ‘special shapes’. Because of the random starting position the end results vary and there is also a spread in the quality of the end results, measured as the average silhouette value of the complete dataset. See figure 9 for the ‘special shapes’. In figure 10 the number of vessels per cluster is shown for the silhouette method. Ward’s clustering technique provides, in our opinion, a better insight in the composition of the vessel dataset, especially as it isolates the ‘special shapes’ better.

Principal Coordinate analysis diagram of the 56 clusters is shown in figure 11. The horizontal coordinate relates strongly to the height/width ratio of the vessels, while the vertical coordinate reflects the ‘openness’ of the vessel: flask like vessels with a belly are found in upper/left part of the diagram while open bowl shapes are in the opposite corner.

Fig. 7. Special shapes.

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Fig. 9. Special shapes according to the silhouette method.

Fig. 8. 56 shapes and the number of vessels per shape cluster.

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Fig. 10. 68 shapes using the silhouette method and the number of vessels per shape cluster.

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5 Preliminary results

Using combined artefacts from the closed contexts (in our case: graves) we established a preliminary relative chronology of the necropolis and implicitly of the pottery groups from the Secanto analysis.

To improve the accuracy two additional methods were used. In the first place the seriation of all the closed contexts suitable for such an analysis, incorporating also the superpositions of several graves using the PAST statistical program (Hammer 2001) and the spatial distribution of the pottery groups (Fig. 12). Secondly, the spatial distribution of the graves containing well-dated finds was analysed using the open source platform QGIS 2.8.2. Both methods confirm the chronological horizontal development of the site (Fig. 13).

Another topic of interest is the spatial evolution of the necropolis through time. Based on the dated finds we can distinguish the following phases:

The initial assumption was a simple linear evolution from the south-east towards the north-west. However, it appeared that the necropolis had a two-way evolution, both on the south-east to north-west axis and, at the same time, the development of a poly-nucleate structure. This may indicate that the group structure of the community is reflected in the structure of the necropolis with dedicated funerary spaces for different groups of people.

We also observed during each phase several changes in the frequency of used pottery types. Initially, only a handful of shapes, mainly handmade pots, is used. Later the typological diversity increases as well as the diversity of the pottery fabrics. During the late phase there is a decrease in the typological variability while at the same time new shapes and decorations emerge. Also the use of coarse handmade pottery diminishes. It

is during the late phases that the necropolis spreads towards the north-west, probably due to capacity problems in the central, initial nucleus of the cemetery which is now out of use (Fig. 14).

Although these observations are preliminary working hypotheses that will be more thoroughly approached as part of future studies of this cemetery, our main goal at this stage was to establish a suitable classification technique to determine the general evolution of the site based on the combination and seriation of artefacts found in the graves.

6 Conclusions

In the past, the process of constructing typologies sometimes became an aim in itself as many a publication about Roman pottery bears witness to. The underlying questions were lost out of sight and interpretations and conclusions, if any were present, did not always get the proper attention that they deserved. But nevertheless, classification is a powerful tool in the hands of the archaeologist as long as one keeps in mind that the process must fit the research question at hand. Or, in other words, classifications as such have no absolute value (Adams and Adams 1991), but always are part of the interpretative reasoning that archaeologists produce to explain observed phenomena.

A classification is the result of the comparison of attributes of a set of objects (Klejn 1982). Both the attributes, chosen by the researcher, and the objects under study must obey certain rules, such as that each object in the set must possess enough attributes to allow comparison with the other objects. Also, each attribute is present in several objects although, in general, it is not necessary that all objects display all attributes (Clarke 1968). And, maybe the most important rule, all attributes must be relevant for the intrinsic nature of the objects. For example,

Fig. 11. Principal coordinate analysis of 56 shapes.

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Fig. 13. Spatial distribution of cups in the necropolis at Bârlad-Valea Seacă.

Fig. 12. Seriation of the main finds categories found in the cemetery at Bârlad-Valea Seacă.

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Tab. 1: Phases of the SMC culture necropolis at Bârlad-Valea Seacă.

Phase Period

I approx. 270-300 AD

II A-B approx. 310-350 AD

II/III-IIIA approx. 350-400 AD

IIIB approx. 400-430 AD

the attribute ‘colour’ usually is not very relevant for pottery, but for dyes and paints it is the most important one.

For our current approach, where we have chosen the single attribute ‘shape’, the above rules become very simple. Shape is a good attribute for pottery, as it is closely related with ‘volume’ and therefore with the primary container functionality of pottery. Also, using one attribute removes the difficult, subjective task to weight the relative importance of different attributes. And it also simplifies the question about the contents of the dataset: either the attribute is present (the object has a complete profile) or not (shard).

The Secanto computer program proved to be quite effective and efficient in handling big datasets and generating large distance matrices that were the basis for the subsequent statistical analysis and creation of distribution maps. As the results obtained for the single site of Bârlad-Valea Seacă are quite satisfying, we intend to take our analysis a step further by creating similar datasets for other sites from the SMC

culture such as Mihălășeni (Șovan 2005), Târgșorul Vechi (Diaconu 1965) or even sites from neighbouring territories such as Velikaja Bugaevka (Petrauskas 2011), and study the differences and similarities that the comparisons will produce. It is only in this way that regional patterns may be discovered to shed a light on the complex historic events that occurred during the dynamic Late Roman and Early Migration period.

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