a tomb from börükçü necropolis

ISSN 1338-5410

STUDIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD

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Tr navská univerzita v Tr nave Fi lozof ická fakulta

Universitas Tyr naviensis Facultas Philosophica

A N O D O SStudies of the Ancient World

11/2011

Trnava 2014

A N O D O SStudies of the Ancient World11/2011

Redakčná rada/Editors: prof. PhDr. Mária Novotná, DrSc. prof. Dr. Werner Jobst doc.PhDr.MarieDufková,CSc. prof.PhDr.KláraKuzmová,CSc. doc.PhDr.VladimírVarsik,CSc.

Recenzenti/Prereviewer: Prof.Dr.MustafaŞahin prof.PhDr.EduardKrekovič,CSc.

Redakcia/Editorial Staff: prof.PhDr.KláraKuzmová,CSc. Ph.Dr.ElisabettaGagetti,PhD doc.PhDr.VladimírVarsik,CSc.

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©TrnavskáuniverzitavTrnave,Filozofickáfakulta,2014

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Obálka/Cover: motív„Zázračnéhodažďa“zostĺpaMarkaAuréliavRíme.Vokienku:scénananáhrobku,Ostia.Motifofthe„Miraclerain“fromthecolumnofMarcusAureliusinRome.Inthewindow:gravestonescene,Ostia.

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ISSN1338-5410

Proceedings of the International Conference

ARTS AND CRAFTS OVER THE PASSAGE OF TIME

(From the Bronze Age to Late Antiquity)

Organized on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of Trnava Universityand the 15th anniversary of Department of Classical Archaeology

Pezinok, 19 – 21 October 2012

Contents

PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................................................................7

MariusARDELEANUImports of terra sigillataintheUpperTiszaBasinStatistic view and historical remarks ......................................................................................................................................9

AsumanBALDIRAN–ZelihaGIDERArectangularvotivealtarfromLycaoniaregion ................................................................................................................21

Dávid BARTUSAnewRomanterracottamouldforleadMercuriusfigurinesfromBrigetio .................................................................29

AytekinBÜYÜKÖZERAtombfromBorukcunecropolis ..........................................................................................................................................37

OsmanDOĞANAYWarinstrumentsinthefortificationstructuresofZengibarCastle(Isaura) ..................................................................49

OsmanDOĞANAY–EmineKÖKERIoniccapitalsusedasconversionmaterialsinstructuresfromtheSeljukperiodinKonya .......................................69

ErtekinM.DOKSANALTI–İbrahimKARAOĞLAN–L.UfukERDOĞANPreliminaryreportonGiresun(Aretias/Khalkeritis)Islandexcavation: BurialpracticesonElousaSebasteMonasteryonGiresunIsland ....................................................................................77

Marie DUFKOVÁSomeremarksontheiconographyofEarlyGreekart ........................................................................................................91

Piotr DYCZEKArtemisandTheseuswithMinotaurongemsfromancientRhizon/Risinium(Montenegro) ......................................99

Václav FURMÁNEK–VladimírMITÁŠEinGräberfelddesVolkesderUrnenfelderkulturalsGegenstandderInteressenvonKelten (WasmachtendieKelteninCinobaňa?).............................................................................................................................. 111

ElisabettaGAGETTIExempla [...] plena dignitatis, plena antiquitatisLangobardictwo-layerglasscameosandtheirRomanImperialmodels .....................................................................123

Zeliha GIDERDoriccapitalswithIoniccymationinthelightofexamplesfromCariaregion ..........................................................139

Erik HRNČIARIKBelegedergermanischenhandwerklichenTätigkeitinderSlowakei ........................................................................... 149

Werner JOBSTOPUSMUSIVUM–BunteSteine.DieTechnikderantikenMosaikkunst ....................................................................159

KláraKUZMOVÁRomanpotteryinBarbaricum:thecaseofterra sigillatainnorth-easternpartoftheCarpathianBasin(EasternSlovakia) ........................................................................................................................171

AliceLANDSKRONDenkmälerzurVisualisierungderArbeitsweltinarchaischerundklassischerZeit .................................................185

Irena LAZARTheglassproductioninsoutheasternAlpinearea.Questionsaboutlocalproduction ..............................................193

Ireneusz ŁUĆCraftsmeninthestructureoftheRomanlegions:theirstatusandtasks .....................................................................203

AndreaNÁMEROVÁSelectedjewelryimportsfromtheSarmatiangraveno.18,Nogaichik ......................................................................... 213

LuciaNOVÁKOVÁCommonthemesinfuneraryart:contributiontotheHellenistictombdecorationinsouth-westcoast ofAsiaMinor ...........................................................................................................................................................................223

GregorPOBEŽINPlinytheElderonartsandcrafts–aneducatedcriticism ...............................................................................................237

Erwin POCHMARSKIIkonographischeundchronologischeProblemederSarkophageausAquincum .......................................................247

Kamil ŠVAŇAPost-Valentinianandearly5thcenturyfindsofLateRomanglazedpotteryfromtheauxiliaryfortatIža, bridgeheadofBrigetio ............................................................................................................................................................269

Mehmet TEKOCAKAnewdiscoveryinAksaray(Cappadocia)survey:AkçakentandAğaçörenrock-cuttombs ..................................283

Vladimír VARSIKTechnischeAnlagenindenquadischenSiedlungenausderSüdwestslowakei (Töpferöfen,RennöfenundBacköfen) .................................................................................................................................297

UlrikeWELS-WEYRAUCHBronzezeitlicheColliers:KunstvollesHandwerk .............................................................................................................. 317

Anodos. Studies of the Ancient World 11/2011, 37-48.

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A tomb from Borukcu necropolis

Aytekin Büyüközer

Keywords: Börükçü, tomb, Late Geometric period, Classical period, lekythos, kylix.

Abstract: Börükçü is one of the settlements on the holy road that connects Stratonikeia, which was one of the important cities of the Caria region, and the Sacred District of Hekate at Lagina. It is located to the east of the holy road, which starts at the north gate of the city of Stratonikeia and on the western slope of Aldağ. Situated within the borders of the Directorate of GELI Plant affiliated to the Turkish Coal Enterprise, Börükçü was discovered when marble blocks were exposed after a dynamite explosion in 2002.Findings that have been uncovered especially in the necropolis during excavations conducted in Börükçü indicate that this settlement was inhabited uninterruptedly from the Late Geometric period well into the Roman period. We can say, on the basis of the data that have been obtained as a result of the excavations, that this settlement was a provincial settlement in ancient ages which included industrial structure complexes, necropolis areas and small units of living. 268 graves of different types were determined in the necropolis area and their excavations were completed. The grave which constitutes the subject matter of this study was uncovered in the excavations of 2006. The first phase of use of this grave was in the Late Geometric period and it was used a second time in the Classical period. Local and imported materials were found together among the grave findings. Among the imported artifacts were attic vessels as well as artifacts typical of the Egyptian culture. The grave is important in that it reveals commercial activities in the Caria Region and the commercial zones there.

The ancient settlement in Börükçü area is in the east of the sacred road that begins at the northern gate of the city of Stratonikeia in Karia region and ends at the Sacred District of Hekate at Lagina; and on the western slope of Aldağ. Found on the drilling site of GELI institution of the General Directorate of Turkish Coal, Börükçü was discovered in 2002 when marble blocks were seen after a dynamite explosion, and the first excavations were carried out by Muğla Museum. Börükçü area rescue excavations were performed by Lagina excavation team between 2003 – 2009 in accordance with the protocol signed by the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums and the General Directorate of Turkish Coal1. The excavations carried on for 12 months without any intervals between 2004 and 20092.

The finds from Börükçü excavations indicate continuous settlement from the Late Geometric period to the mid-Roman period. Inferring from the data gathered through excavations, we can state that this was a rural area in the ancient period where industrial building complexes, necropolis areas and small settlements were found. The structures and findings from the archaeological excavations show that the ancient settlement of Börükçü went through its most glorious period in the 2nd century B.C. during Hecatomnids period. An epigraph found in the area raises the possibility that this is one of the five demos of Stratonikeia3, “Koliorga”4.

1 Söğüt 2004, 24-31; Tırpan and Söğüt 2005, 371-86; 2006, 257-70; 2007, 591-612; 2008, 387-410; 2009, 243-66; 2010, 505-27; Tırpan and Büyüközer 2010, 227-40.

2 Thanks to Prof. Dr. Ahmet A. Tırpan who let me publish the tomb. 3 The other demoi of the city are Koraia, Lobolda, Hiera Kome and Koranza. (Şahin 1976, 23-4). Koranza is

approximately 500 m north of the Sacred Precinct of Hecate in Lagina. Hiera is thought to be much closer to the city. For more detailed analysis of this subject, see Şahin 2010, 4-6.

4 Aydaş 2006, 111-12.


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Apart from the necropolis, small settlements, industrial building complexes and roads connecting these were also discovered. Olive oil and textile workshops among these are quite significant. Besides two textile workshops, there are five large olive oil workshops in the area5. Many blocks from the olive oil workshops were discovered on the surface. The large number of olive oil workshops concentrated in a small area is an indicator of commercial production.

5 Tırpan and Büyüközer 2010, 227-40.

Fig. 1. Necropolis of Börükçü.

Fig. 2. Tomb no. 06BM47.


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Börükçü Necropolis

268 tombs were excavated during the excavations carried out in 2002 – 2009. Through a general evaluation of the tombs, finds and their architecture, a continuous chronology from the Late Geometric period to the mid-Roman period can be observed in the necropolis area (Fig. 1). When the tombs found in Börükçü are analyzed regarding their typology, it is seen that different building methods were used in them6. The context material discovered in these tombs shed light on the history of Western Anatolia.

Tomb No. 06BM47

The tomb analyzed in this study was excavated during the archaeological excavations of 2006. It was coded as 06BM47 regarding the order it was excavated.

The tomb was discovered 0.80 m deep from the upper topography level at the south necropolis in Börükçü. As in most tombs found in Börükçü, this tomb is also in north-south direction (Fig. 2). There are three capstones over it made of local limestone. While the sides of capstones facing the tomb were neatly leveled, the other sides were roughly done. The shorter sides of the tomb in the north and south were raised through big blocks of limestone below and 6 small stone sheets built over them. Long sides were built with 10 small stone sheets (Fig. 3). Muddy mortar was used as cement7. The tomb is 2.25 m long, 0.80 m wide and 0.97 m deep from the upper level of the tomb.

Burial

Four skeletons were found in the tomb (Fig. 2, 4). Three skeletons piled at the west side of the tomb are from the previous burial or burials.

The skeleton lying on the east of the tomb in north-south direction is the latest burial. The positions of the skeletons indicate that the ones from the previous burials were pushed to the west of the tomb to make space for the latest burial. The body from the last burial was placed on its back to the area cleared in front of the eastern wall with its head facing north and arms open.

Finds

Inferring from the positions of the skeletons, we can say that the tomb was used in at least two periods. Tomb offerings from different periods also support this interpretation of the skeletons.

Most of the finds were discovered on the southwest corner of the tomb. There are one krater and a jug, and placed neatly on their rims a kylix and a skyphos (Fig. 4). The finds on the southwest of the tomb are not limited to these, but there are two terracotta lekytos and two glass amphoriskos placed inside the krater, a glass alabastron and a bronze kohl-tube (Fig. 4).

6 Tırpan and Söğüt 2005, 376-9; 2006, 258-9; 2007, 597-606; 2008, 401. 7 For other tombs in the area built with the same method, see Boysal 1970, 76; 1998, 155; Akarca 1971, 15.

Fig. 3. Contruction of the tomb no. 06BM47.


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The other finds were found around the tomb generally at the same levels. The most significant among these is the necklace found in pieces and the “Ra” symbol on the amulet of the necklace. This symbol common in Egyptian culture is foreign to this region.

Through the analysis taking into consideration the decoration, form and context characteristics of the tomb finds, the tomb offerings were seen to support the claim stating that there had been two different burials considering the positions of the skeleton, and the materials from the two burials were grouped and analyzed chronologically.

The first burial

Only one artifact represents the first burial of the tomb. The krater found in the southwest of the tomb was dated to the Late Geometric period considering its form and decoration characteristics, and discovered to be from the first burial of the tomb.

Inv. No: 06BM47-PT04 Krater

Height: 22.9 cm, Diameter of the body: 22.4 cm, Diameter of the mouth: 12.1 cm, Diameter of the foot: 11.1 cm.

It has a concave rim, large body and a conical foot. It has two vertical handles connecting the rim to the body. While the area from the handles to the foot is decorated with horizontal straps, there are geometrical motifs and two bird motifs in the middle in the area between the handles (Fig. 5). There are two vertical chain diamond motifs at both sides of this area8. There are vertical bands with Rhodes-influenced hourglass motifs next to this area9. The centre of the pot

8 For similar motifs, see Özgünel 2006, 70, Şek. 34; Stupperich 1994, 34 ff, Abb. 4.9 Blinkenberg 1931, Pl. 35, 60.

Fig. 4. View into the tomb no. 06BM47.


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is horizontally divided into two; and while there are fluted triangular decorations above, there are two bird motifs facing each other below. Both areas of decoration are separated by a meander motif10. The artifact has both the decorative characteristics of Karia Geometric period and that of the Rhodes and nearby islands. Considering its form and decoration characteristics, it was dated to the Late Geometric period.

Second Burial

The second burial of the tomb is from the Classical period. Among the tomb offerings of this burial, there are one kylix, two lekythoi, two glass amphoriskoi, one glass alabastron, one local production skyphos, one local production single-handled jug, one local production amphoriskos, five silver coins, silver earrings, one ring and iron spearheads, sickles and knives.

Imported finds

Inv. No: 06BM47-PT02 Kylix

Height: 4.8 cm, Diameter of the mouth: 18.2 cm, Diameter of the foot: 9.1 cm.

It has a wide flat mouth and a short ring foot. There are two horizontal U-form handles on the body. There is a concave flute on the tondo (Fig. 6).

This form was commonly produced from the second quarter of the 5th century B.C. to the first quarter of the 4th century B.C.11. A kylix kept in Mainz12 is similar to PT02 in terms of form and was dated to the 500s B.C13. Another kylix found in Athenian Agora14 is again similar to PT02. That example was dated to the late 5th century B.C15. PT02 is from a closer date to the Agora example and dated to the first quarter of the 4th century B.C. taking into consideration the context material.

Inv. No: 06BM47-PT07 Lekythos

Height: 10.8 cm, Diameter of the body: 4.5 cm, Diameter of the mouth: 2.6 cm, Diameter of the foot: 3.2 cm.

10 Özgünel 2006, 71-72, Fig. 38.11 Sparkes and Talcott 1970, 102.12 Büsing-Kolbe 1977, Taf. 41: 9.13 Büsing-Kolbe 1977, 88.14 Sparkes and Talcott 1970, II, Pl. 22, 470.15 Sparkes and Talcott 1970, I, 101-2.

Fig. 5. Krater from the tomb no. 06BM47.

Fig. 6. Kylix from the tomb no. 06BM47.


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It has a cut funnel-shaped mouth, long neck, cylindrical body and a double-profile foot. The vertical handle starts at the neck and ends at the shoulder. There is a vertical beam motif on the shoulder. The main scene is limited above and below by an Ion Kymation strap. There is a kneeling Eros depiction on the main scene (Fig. 7).

The lekythos used as oil containers by athletes, perfume and aromatic oil containers, cooking oil containers and as tomb offerings16 have various forms. PT07 is the standard type regarding this classification. Standard type lekythoi preserve their formal characteristics until the last quarter of the 5th century B.C. In the following years the cylindrical body form was lost, and it turned into an oval form17. These changes in form indicate that the artifact can be dated to the first quarter of the 4th century B.C. Some lekythoi kept in Palermo are similar to PT07 in terms of form18. Among these, the Lekythoi no. 6 – 9 in particular do not have similarities only in terms of form but also regarding the areas decorated. Both PT07 and four artifacts in Palermo have a beam motif on the shoulder, and the main scene is limited above and below by a band with Ion kymation decoration. Another example from Palermo19 is similar in its Eros depiction. All of these examples are dated to the last quarter of the 5th century B.C.20. Considering these examples and the context inside the tomb, PT07 is dated to 400 – 375 B.C.

Inv. No: 06BM47-PT08 Lekythos

Height: 9 cm, Diameter of the body: 4.6 cm, Diameter of the mouth: 2.7 cm, Diameter of the foot: 4.1 cm.

Cut-funnel shaped mouth, short and slanting shoulder. It has a cylindrical body and a ring foot. The vertical handle starts at the neck and ends at the shoulder. There is a sitting woman figure on the body painted in red figure method. The woman figure is depicted throwing an object into the box in front of her (Fig. 8).

This form is accepted to appear in Athens in the first quarter of the 5th century B.C. without Corinthian and Ionic influences. This type with figures and Attic black plain slip was popular particularly in the last quarter of the century. Squat lekythoi have cup-shaped mouth and thin long neck. The step seen on the shoulders of shoulder lekythoi is improved with this type. It turns into a general characteristic as a step between the shoulder and the neck. Long thin belly turns into a flat belly. The body narrows down to the foot and the foot is the same

16 Richter and Milne 1935, 28.17 Isler 1973, Taf, 32, 1-6.18 Genière 1971, III, I, Tav. 7: 1-9.19 Genière 1971, III, I, Tav. 8, 9.20 Genière 1971, III, I, 8.

Fig. 7. Lekytos from the tomb no. 06BM47.

Fig. 8. Lekytos from the tomb no. 06BM47.


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width as the body. The handles rise with a convex curve at the point the mouth and the neck is connected, and end at the shoulder. This type had been used until the mid-4th century B.C.21. An example from Tarsus museum is similar to PT08 in terms of form and the sitting woman figure on the main scene, and was dated to circa 420 B.C.22. Examples similar in form were found in Kelenderis23 and Athenian Agora24. Similar forms from Athenian Agora are dated to the late 5th century B.C.25. Considering these examples and the context group, PT08 is dated to the late 5th century and early 4th century B.C.

There are three glass artifacts among the finds from the Classical period. These three examples, two amphoriskoi and an alabastron, were shaped through core-forming method26.

Inv. No: 06BM47-C01 Amphoriskos

Height: 6.6 cm, Diameter of the body: 4 cm, Diameter of the mouth: 2.6 cm, Diameter of the mouth: 1.2 cm.

It has a mouth turned outwards, an oval body and a button base. Its two vertical handles start at the neck and end at the shoulder. There is a yellow strap circling the mouth. There are blue and yellow zigzag motifs between the horizontal yellow straps on the body (Fig. 9).

C01 is the Form 2 of Harden27. An example from Karaçallı Necropolis28 and one from Pan Cave29 are similar to C01 in terms of form and decorations, and an example from Istanbul Archaeology Museums30 and one that Kunina published31 are similar in terms of form. Amphoriskos C01 similar examples of which were dated from the 6th century to mid

4th century B.C32 is dated to the first quarter of the 4th century B.C. (400 – 375 B.C) considering the context group inside the tomb.

Inv. No: 06BM47-C02 Amphoriskos

Height: 7.2 cm, Diameter of the body: 4.5 cm, Diameter of the mouth: 2,5 cm, Diameter of the foot: 1.2 cm.

Amphoriskos no. C02 has similar characteristics to C01; it has an oval body with a mouth turned outwards and a button base. It has two vertical handles starting at the neck and ending at the shoulder. There is a yellow strap circling the mouth. There are blue and yellow zigzag 21 Isler 1973, Taf, 34, 1-8; Richer and Milne 1973, Type III, Fig. 102.22 Alkaç 2006, 58, Fig. 3.23 Zoroğlu 1999, 458-59, Pic. 4-5.24 Sparks and Talcott 1970, II, Pl. 38, 1123-6.25 Sparkes and Talcott 1970, I, 154.26 Harden 1981, 54; Grose 1989, 46; Atik 1990, 17.27 Harden 1981, 58.28 Çokay-Kepçe 2006, 157, CM3.29 Davidson-Weinberg 1992, Pic. 15.30 Atik 1990, Pic. 2.31 Kunina 1997, 253, No 31, Pic. 16.32 Schilardi 1983, 492-4, Fig. 55; Harden 1981, no. 190; Davidson-Weinberg 1992, Res. 15; Kunina 1997, no. 28.

Fig. 9. Amphoriskos from the tomb no. 06BM47.


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motifs between the horizontal yellow straps on the body (Fig. 9). The amphoriskos is the Form 2 of Harden33. Amphoriskos C02 similar examples of which were dated from the 6th century to mid 4th century B.C34 is dated to the first quarter of the 4th century B.C. (400 – 375 B.C) considering the context group inside the tomb.

Inv. No: 06BM47-C03 Alabastron

Height: 13.7 cm, Diameter of the body: 2.6 cm, Diameter of the mouth: 3.3 cm.The alabastron no. C03 is the Form 3 according to Harden’s classification35. It has an broad

projecting mouth, cylindrical body and a round bottom. Two vertical handles are placed under the shoulders. There are yellow, green and blue zigzag motifs from the mouth to the bottom (Fig. 9). Considering the examples similar in form and the context group found in the tomb, alabaston no. C03 was dated to the first quarter of the 4th century B.C. (400 – 375 B.C.)36.

Inv. No: 06BM47-KO01 Necklace

It is made with golden, glass, coral and lapis beads. There is an amulet in the middle with an Egyptian ideogram on it (Fig. 10).

Local Production

Inv. No: 06BM47-PT01 Skyphos

Height: 5.6 cm, Diameter of the mouth: 9.2 cm, Diameter of the foot: 5.4 cm.The skyphos has grey micaceous clay. It is round with wide mouth and low ring foot.

There are two horizontal U-shape handles by the rim (Fig. 11). Many artifacts with the same

33 Harden 1981, 58.34 Schilardi 1983, 492-4, Fig. 55; Harden 1981, no. 190; Davidson-Weinberg 1992, Res. 15; Kunina 1997, no. 28.35 Harden 1981, 58.36 Harden 1981, no. 139; Davidson-Weinberg 1992, Pic. 10; For an example similar in form, see Çokay-Kepçe 2006,

156, CM1.

Fig. 10. Necklace from the tomb no. 06BM47.


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clay characteristics and slip color were discovered in a number of tombs in the necropolis. These must be the local production of the region. The ceramic ovens found in Börükçü dated to the Classical period support this view. Highly popular in the late 5th century B.C., this form was used until the late 4th century B.C. A similar example found in Athenian Agora was dated to 380 – 350 B.C. Quite similar examples were discovered in the tombs excavated in Emirler Area in the southeast of Turgut Town in 1969 by Y. Boysal, and they were dated to circa 400 or the early 4th century B.C.37. Considering the context material in the tomb, PT01 was dated to 400 – 375 B.C38.

Inv. No: 06BM47-PT03 Jug

Height: 24 cm, Diameter of the body: 20 cm, Diameter of the mouth: 10.1 cm, Diameter of the foot: 10.4 cm.

The micaceous clay turned into grey for being cooked. The jug has broad projecting rim, circular mouth and cylindrical neck. It has a large globular body and a low ring foot. The wide handle starts at the rim and ends at the shoulder. There are horizontal flutes on the shoulder where the handle is connected (Fig. 11). PT03 is, like PT01, a local production regarding its characteristics of clay and slip. Considering the context material in the tomb, PT03 was dated to 400 – 375 B.C.

Inv. No: 06BM47-PT05 Amphoriskos

Height: 18.4 cm, Diameter of the body: 6.6 cm, Diameter of the rim: 3 cm, Diameter of the base: 2.8 cm.

The micaceous clay is in buff color. The amphoriskos has broad projecting rim, thin long neck, conical body narrowing downwards and a circular foot. It has two handles on both sides extending from the neck to the shoulder. There are horizontal red paint marks on the shoulder and the body (Fig. 11). Understood to be local production because of its clay and slip characteristics, PT03 was dated to 400 – 375 B.C. considering the context material.

Coins are another group of finds pointing out the commercial activities39. They are extremely important in dating the Classical period clearly in this tomb used in two different periods. Coin S01 is a Halikarnassos coin with a ram head on the front face and a young male head on the reverse side. The coin is dated to the early 4th century B.C.40. Coin no. S02 is a Mylasa coin with a lion head facing back on the front face and a lion depicted frontally in a square incus on the reverse side. This coin is dated to the late 5th – early 4th century B.C.41.

37 Boysal 1970, 74, Pl. XIV, Pic. 22.38 For an example similar in form from Börükçü, see Tırpan et al. (forthcoming).39 I would like to thank Makbule Ekici for her contributions in analyzing the coins.40 SNG Turkey, 1997; SNG Tübingen, 3320 (395-377 B.C.).41 Typos V-Taf.13-413.

Fig. 11. Skyphos, jug and amphoriskos from the tomb no. 06BM47.


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On the front face of the coin S03, which is a Miletos coin, there is an Apollo head and on the reverse side there is a standing lion facing back and a star depiction. The coin is dated to the 4th century B.C.42. Both S04 and S05 are Miletos coins and they have a lion depiction on the front faces and a rosette inside a square incus on the reverse sides. Both coins are dated to the late 5th and early 4th century B.C.43 (Fig. 12).

Besides ceramics and glassware some metal artifacts were also found. All of these finds were discovered at the Classical period burial layer. The metal artifacts are silver, bronze and iron. Five of the silver finds are earrings and four are rings. One of the bronze finds is a kohl-tube and two of the iron finds are knives, two are arrowheads, one is a spearhead and one a sickle. Considering the context all finds except the kohl-tube are dated to the late 5th and early 4th century B.C. The kohl tube is in the same context as the necklace from the first burial and dated to the Late Geometric period.

Review

Tomb finds were analyzed in terms of formal characteristics, stylistic improvements and their contexts thus the tomb was discovered to be used in two different periods. Taking this into consideration, we can say that the krater found in the southeast of the tomb is dated to the Late Geometric period and must be from the first burial. Kylix, lekythoi, glass amphoriskoi, glass alabastron, skyphos, single-handled jug, amphoriskos, silver coins and the other small finds are dated to the Classical period (late 5th – early 4th B.C.) and must be from the second burial of the tomb.

The fact that both local products and imported goods were used as tomb offerings indicates a good financial condition of the people in this small rural settlement. The common use of the imported ware, various examples of which are seen in many tombs, in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. must be a result of active commercial relations in this period. The artifacts from the second burial, in particular, show that the overseas trade was significant in the settlement during the Classical period. Glass Phoenician bottles, Attic ware and artifacts from Egyptian culture are evidence of Börükçü’s commercial relations with different cultures and regions. Especially the pendant with the Eye of Ra is important

42 SNG Turkey, 1833; SNG Tübingen, 3310; SNG Keckman, 840.43 SNG München, 703/713; SNG Turkey, 1462/482; SNG Tübingen, 2987/2994.

Fig. 12. Coins from the tomb no. 06BM47.


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as it supports the known Egypt-Karia relations44 with the Börükçü example. This shows that the local people had commercial relations with Egypt, merchants went to Egypt and bought some objects related to Egyptian culture and they might even have formed family relations. Local products, on the other hand, are the same as many other examples found in other tombs in Börükçü necropolis dated to the Classical period. While many olive oil workshops planned at the same time since, at least, the Archaic period indicate that the production was commercial, the finds from the necropolis are significant in showing which cultures the region had commercial relations with.

Almost all centers have proof of multiple burials in the Ancient period, and recent excavations also showed that tombs in the region were used more than once, which proves that this tradition was common45. That the finds were discovered in one piece in this tomb as in Börükçü and in other necropolis areas46 in the region show that the tomb offerings were not thrown during the funerals, on the contrary, placed inside the tomb carefully.

Dr. Aytekin BüyüközerSelçuk ÜniversitesiEdebiyat FakültesiArkeoloji BölümüTR – 42031 [email protected]

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a tomb from börükçü necropolis

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