potentials and limitations of media

Potentials and Limitations

of commonly used media

Love Grace de la Cruz-Campano

Media Description/use

Potential Limitation

Object media • Use to present ideas and procedures concretely

• Suitable in communicating with individuals and small groups

a. Real Objects

• Used in live demonstrations or as samples to be shown in farmers’ classes

• Impractical if not portable, durable and perishable

b. Specimens • Representatives or parts of a whole such as leaf of a plant infected by virus.

• Not cumbersome to carry around• It can be

preserved for repeated use

• Perishable and hard to avail of at times

Media Description/use


c. Replica • Exact three-dimensional copies of real objects.

• Useful only for presentation purposes.

• Expensive and difficult to make, requiring production workers with specialized, artistic skills

d. Models • Enlarged or reduced three-dimensional copies of real objects

• enlarged allows a better look at an object that is too small

• Reduced makes a large object more manageable to handle.

• Cheaper and more durable

• Use only for presentation and does not allow trial• Difficult to

make

Media Description/Use


e. Dioramas • three-dimensional representation of events, places or eras consisting of models of various objects and of their setting.

• Various parts are fixed or movable allowing reassembly.



Presentation Media

• Group media utilized by learners in groups although some maybe used to reach mass media

• Arranged in spatial and temporal

• Effective means of enhancing understanding, attitude change or reinforcement and skill learning• Lend well to

conveying specific and simple messages.• Suitable in

different types of uses or media modes• Can be utilized

for varied audiences



a. Non-

electronic

• Directly shown to audience without the use of electronic equipment

• Relatively cheap and easy to produce

• Many will not last long especially with repeated use• Because

they tend to be bulky, storing them could be a problem



a. Electronic • Those that require electronic equipment to produce and use

• Their cost pays off when used repeatedly, lending well to storage and filing

• Costlier to prepare• Require

production people with special skills and expensive production supplies

1. Picture, illustrations, slides and transparencies

• These are visual that can portray varying degrees of realism

• These can be presented as isolated visuals or as series, showing a procedure or sequence of events

• transparencyhas greatest limitation in terms of portraying realism, being suitable only for line drawings

Media Potential Limitation1. Picture,

illustrations, slides and transparencies

• These lend well to teaching cognitive tasks, simplifying complex instructions or explanations through the use of non verbal symbols such as colored images, tone of voice and SFX• Suitable for presentation

to varied audiences especially those with low literacy• When presenting realistic

stimuli, these lend well to influencing attitude in discussion and sharing modes

• Coming up with effective visuals require photographic and artistic skills



2. Posters and Billboards

• Popularly used in advertisement and campaigns

• They are mass media by nature

• The visuals and messages must arrest and hold attention and interest

• They are primarily used outdoors

• Billboards are larger, made of more durable materials and present short messages short n be enough to be caught by viewers in transit

• Posters are posted indoors, under roof or shade.

• Lend well to making announcements or creating awareness about innovations for varied audiences

• Must elicit action to be effective through prescriptive or thought provoking messages



3. Bulletin board displays and exhibit

• Useful in featuring an innovation and its various elements. Procedures may also be presented

• Suitable for the presentation, discussion and sharing modes of learning with various audiences intended to create awareness and understanding• Can be

produced for specific occasions or long term display.

• Costly and require time and team effort to make• Storing

and filing their parts maybe cumbersome

Media Potential Limitation

4. Flipcharts and flannel graphs

• Lend well in presenting steps in a sequence or procedure one by one.

Flannel graph

Flipchart

• use to present complex messages part by part as the facilitator explains, as such, dramatic impact is achieved.

• Requires piece of board covered with flannel cloth

• cheap and more portable, although using them requires stand.

Media DescriptionUse


5. Graphs and Charts

• Effective in showing relationships

• Maybe projected or non projected

• Maybe used for presenting relationships, trends and comparison through graphs and charts. • Colors and

illustrations make graphs and charts attractive and allows easier discrimination and identification of their elements.

• Less suitable for rural areas because of the abstract symbols used



6. Chalkboard and Whiteboard

• Often used for presentation function

• These are useful for discussion tools.

• Also useful for group note taking so that a group can keep tabs of its progress in discussion.

• Using these as discussion tool discourages group members from disgressing from the objective of the meting.• It helps maintain

some structure for discussion• Putting

messages on it does not make a lecturer less responsive to his audience.



7. Radio • It is a mass medium that can be used to send messages to a rural audience.

• Specialized and localized programs may command greater attentiom if listener is authentically interested to learn about a particular subject matter.

• Effective only in creating awareness and little understanding about an idea because a listener is most often occupied with other chores while listening

Media Use Potential Limitation

8. Audiocassette

• Can be used in presentation, sharing , and doing modes

• Allows greater control over the medium than radio. • These are portable,

easy to operate and can be loaned easily and passed around among neighbors in a village.• Commands greater

attention because the listener can play it in his free time or can reply it several times• It transcends

literacy barrier• Lend well to

varied treatments

• Because these are audio media, messages have to be presented in a creative manner to arrest attention and not to put the listener to sleep.• Audio writing

skills is needed in coming up with quality audiocassette aids.



9. Drama • This has been tried as a means of conveying developmental messages to rural audiences.

• Powerful means of moving an audience and participants alike to act on a problem.

• Need not be costly• It has potential

in teaching innovations and is important in tackling and affecting attitudes and values.


Potential10. Puppetry • Makes use of drama

to put a message across also in an entertaining manners of conveying developmental messages to rural audiences.

• May be made of low-cost materials such as old and scrap clothes. • The presentation is

smoother with a prepared soundtrack than with live delivery lines.• Can be useful tool

in explaining an innovations • Useful in

enhancing understanding and affecting and reinforcing attitudes about a technology



11. Demonstration

• A more straightforward way of teaching series of actions.

• Useful in teaching skills

• Preparing all the needed resources is cumber

some12. Soundslide

set• Useful in

presenting facts, drama and procedures.

• Lend well in in achieving cognitive and affective objectives and in some cases, psychomotor

• Skills are not learned by just watching them, but by practice• Costly

and requires skills to prepare



13. Video programs, motion pictures and television

• A more straight

forward way of teaching series of actions.

• They can show moving visuals and portray events and sequences realistically.• They can

present processes and procedures efficiently, editing out important details.• These can have

emotional impact• it is useful in

feedback mode because of its playback mechanism

• Room needs to be dark• Productio

n is costly and takes longer process



Television • Allows little viewer control of program scheduling

• TV sets are readily available in houses

• policy makers and the general public in urban areas who influence public policy.


Potential

Publications

Time-bound

Timeless

• Provide most abstract type of learning among communication media because using them requires mastery of printed verbal symbols or reading skills

• These are often used by readers individually

• those which contain information that are useful only when new.

• These are publications which remains useful over time although their content needs to be updated from time to time.

• Present information, although they may be adapted in the discussion and sharing modes.



1. Photonovels and comic magazines

Photonovels

Comic magazine

• Pictorial publications popular as entertain

ment media

• They show dialogues through bubbles.

Portrays scenes in a story in photographs

It uses illustrations

• Useful in teaching values and attitudes• Contain

messages toward increasing awareness and understanding about innovations and their merits



2. Handouts

3. Fact Sheets

• Like fact sheets, they are loose sheet of paper intended to supplement spoken instruction or those conveyed through presentation media.

• Loose papers containing information about a person, thing or an innovation

• They are not meant for mass production but are used for instructional purposes.

• Useful in keeping extension workers, literate farmers, and researchers updated about agricultural technologies

• Produced cheaply as they are only being photo

copied


Potential4. Manuals,

handbook, brochures, and leaflets

Manuals

Handbook

Brochures

Leaflets

• Provide detail about a learning task, such as technology, in varying degrees

• More comprehensive and may contain a whole range of practices

• Focus only on some parts of the farm production cycle. They are handy

• Contain fewer pages than handbook. It deals with broader coverage

• Single-sheet publications that maybe folded in different ways. It deals with specific topic.

• Useful in keeping extension workers, literate farmers, and researchers updated about agricultural technlogies


5. Bulletins and circulars

Bulletin

Circulars

6. Newsletters

• Are timely one-story publications ranging from one to a few pages.

• Contain timely news items or announcements

• Features specific products such as an innovation. They are circulated to officers and members of farmer association and villages.

• As a house organ that facilitates cooperation among members or subgroups in an organization such as research and extension programs

• As a means of informing the clients opf the organization about the developments within it.


7. Wall newspaper

8. Magazines

• Serves the same purpose as the newsletter except that it sports a different format.

• It occupies larger spread and using larger texts for easier reading at a distance

• It is tacked on bulletin boards and walls. • Readers may have simultaneous reading

hence, may spawn discussion of the contents.

• It maybe for general or specific interest groups such as agriculturists or farmers.

• Magazines for general patronage are useful media for reaching policy makers

• Magazines for specific interest are suited either for disseminating innovations to literate farmers or for keeping communication free flowing between researchers and extensionists or other specific sectors.


9. Newspapers • These are mass media and are effective channels in affecting policy in technology generation and transfer.

potentials and limitations of media

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