1"HE UNtVERStry Ot CK'lCtA.00

POST-TIWARAKU R!GIORAL ECONOMIES IR THE OTORA VALLEY, SOUTH!RN P!RU

A DISS!RTATION SUBMITTED TO

THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

BY

CHARLES STANISH

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.

NOVEMBER, 1985 © 1985 C. Sterd.sh

Il.

L

R ll t

7.

8.

9.

ION DATA FR.OM ( p 1) ................................. .

"? ,;.., FROM COLANA (

3.

4. FROM ............................... ·1

iii

) "" ........ ..

8.

Distribution by Room LoL .............................................. ..

Distribution by Lot ........................................................ .

by

r<oorn ...................................................... .

6. Cvy Distribution by Room ........................................ .

J r. Grinding Stones by

9. Exotic Artifact Distribution by Room ............................................................. .

10. (lots) ................................................................................. .

1 l

,l\bbreviations in p 211

1. Southern Pert'.1 ................................................................................... .-...... 12

2. Moquegua Valley........................................................................................ 2 i 2

Otor,a Valley............................................................................................... 13

Topographic Map of Otora ....... ,................................................................. 114

Regional Chronology.................................................................................. 21

( p 1 ) ............................................................................. .

iv

'.:>ifif,nil"11DC'- of 1) .................................... ,................................. 217

10.

11.

21

lan V1ew ........................................................................... 21

14. Chulpa-Plan VievJ ........................................................................... .

15. Proto Chulpa-P8....................................................................................... 219

PS ................................................................................................. ..

17. 14ap of (P

18. Reservoir Excavation ............................................................................... .

19. Map of ( P8) ................................................................................ .

of P 10 .............................................................................................. ..

1. Of P 16 .............................................................................................. ..

Plan of Tomb Surface ................................................................................ .

Two Room Types Found in the Otora Valley ............................................. ..

Plan of P 1-5 ............................................................................................. .

Plan of P 1

Plan of P 1-7 .............................................................................................. .

Plan of P 1-8 .............................................................................................. .

Plan of P 1 19 ........................................................................................... .

Plan of P 1-20 .............................................................. 00 ............................ .

Plan of P 1 1 .................... " .................................. ' ................... " ............. .

1. Plan of P 1

Plan Pi -

p

p

Plan

Plan

Plan

Plan P

v

1 ............................................................................................... .

1 ............................................................................................... .

3 .............................................................................................. ..

40. Plan P

1. Plan P7-6 .............................................................................................. ..

Plan of and P

Plan of P7-'3 .............................................................................................. ..

Plan p 10 ............................................................................................ .

P1an of 11 ............................................................................................ .

Plan of 12 ........................................................................................... ..

Plan of P

Plan of

Plan of

Plan of

51. of 8

Plan of 10 and 11 ........................................................................... .

Plan P10-1 ............................................................................................ .

PREFACE

As "With ::i.r1y s.nth:t•c1po1c1gi<:al wot·k~ this thesis :is a p:t•odw.:t of the inte11e<:tua1 environment in "\'o/hich it "tflas. con<:ei"'.,red at1<1 '7f1t,itten. My view of' at"cha.eology as a scientif'h:: endeaYot" has been influenced by s<:holai·s f:1:·om both Chicago at1d Ann A:rbot~~ the latter dut·ing the moi1 ths spent as a visiting student a.t the University of' Michigatl.

My gi·a.duate education has <:onvvinced me of' one v-ery impo:1:·tant fact: that just as young &"chaeologists of' the .mid-sixties were confronted ~ith the <=hok:e C•f' two pa.:t•a.digm.s --noi·mative .:::ultut·e histot·y vet"sus the New Ar<:l1a.eo1ogy-.. students of' tbe mid-eighties must <:hoose bet·w·een equally divet•gent behav"'ioristi<:: a.t1d cult1Jt•a1 paradigms.

There has been an inc:1:·eas:ing d:ise:richsJ:1tment ~i.th a behavioristic models of' lrnmat1 cultural eYolution .. particularl'y with scholars working -writh complex so<:io­po1itk:al fot·mations. At Chicago for instat:i.<:e~ the wot~k of Rc•bet•t Mc. Adams has emphasi2ed the highly complex na.tui·e c•f' cultural evolution in the Tigt•is e11d Euplu·ates FloodplairJ.s of' I:raq. Don Rice's compt·ehensive studies in the CerJ.tral Peten .. whk:h w.re originally formulated ~ithin stri<:t cultural ecological methodologies .. have mc•st re<:ent1y bi·oaderJ.ed to include the ideological basis of' Maya kingship and state ideofogy.

At Ann Arbot•, extensive studies in Daxa<:a by Kem Flannery at1d Joyce Marcus of' the Univei·sity of' Mk:higa:t1 .. also emphasize th.at <:ultural change is not explicable by geogi·a.phica.1 deterministic atl.d reductionist models of cultural evolution. This is made even mo:t1e eXI)lk:it by Heriry Wright in his most re<:ent :resea:1:·ch on the evolutiot1 of' state f'oi·ma.tions in Madagascar.

There is no question that societies adat)t a:t1d evolve. Wha.t these and othet· in depth "case studies" of areas :t•ic:h in cu1 tural histoi·y have demonstrated ho"fve'le:r .. is that the ada{:itive process is mediated through vat")"ing (:u1t1Jt'a1 contexts in different geog:raplli<: 1o<:a.tions at differing pe1·iods of' time.

The recognition of' <:ultm·e .. as ru1 essential a:1:1d it·1·educib1e e1emer1t of social fur1<:tioning and tt·a.nsf'ormation .. does not necessitate a t•etun1 to normati"'ve pat·a.digms of' cu1tw·e change. What is be<:oming moi·e a.t1d more obvioi:is is tha.t the particular assemblage of <:u1tura1 adaptive processes <:population dynamics .. political <=etltra.1-zation, development of exchange relationships etc.) varies in diff'et·ing cultural <:on texts. That is .. the <:oncept of ada.ptation .. as bo1·1·0-wred directl"')i" from biology, is not a uni versa! pro(:ess somehovl sep&"ate from .. a.:1:1<1 unaff'ected by,. the pa.rtk:uta.:1:· <=U1tlu:·a1 mi1eau in which it ope1~a.tes.

In the Andes the .,,..m·k cif John V. Murra and other ethnohistorians a:1:1d ethnographers has defined the :ri..m<lam.enta1 elements a.nd i·etationships c1f indigenous sodety i:::ulture fot" the study C•f native politka.1 economy. The <=oncept of vet•ti<:a.1 cont:ro1 o:r zonal cc1mplementa:t•ity <:onstitutes an. 0 ideal" by which Andean people undet·sta.nd cultural and physka.11·ea.1it·f. This thesis is e.n archa.eo1ogka1 investigation which e.ck~no~·1edges the insights offered by such previous anthropological ~rm·k. Although the specifi<: e<:c•nomic mechanisms c•f' vet•tkelity~ their time depth and so<::io-poHti<:al contexts are a.11 tested~ the notion of' zonal complementarity is embedded in the in tet•pt·eti ve framework of this thesis.

The t•esea.t·d1 design fo(:used on a single small microdrainage (Otora o:r Pot•obaya) in the Moquegus. Basin that had sevet•al me.jot• sites ar.1.d extensi"y"'e ar.1.<I t•epi·esenta.tive (of the Moql..:iegua Valley a.s a -wvhole) areas C•f' aban<loned agrk:u1tural tet•fi:1.<::ing. A:t1 inter1sive surface sm·vey to<::ated 17 sites in the Ot.o:ra valley. Each ma.jor

vii

site was test ex<::a.v•:i.ted (one <=omp1ete t•oom) in ordet· to define a rough <:hroncilogy and redefine the sti·ategy. Once the <:ht·ono1ogy of the sites '?ftas established .. a. sample of :rooms f't•o:m site was. judgmentally selected so es to define the nature of the complete househo1<1 which Vf/8S usu.911y <:o:mposed of moi·e th.a.:n one i·c•om.

A six t>et•ictd sequen<:e TN"as developed en<:ompassing the full a ra:n.ge of settlement in the Oto1·a/Po1·ot:.ava. dt·ednage. This sequence '''ilas c:reated using established ceramf.:~ chronologies f'rom r.wrthern Chile .. the Titka<:a Basin and the Ho Valley a.s weU as nc•n-<:eramic ci·itetia. su<:h as funet•e.:t·y st"'yies and defensive ai·c11ite<::ture. The f'ft"•st ag:1:·icultura1 populations beg&l in the latest phases of' the Tiwa.naku pei·ic•d and s.t·e ass•:iciated With major t:1:·acts of now-abat"J.doned terrace agi·icutture. La.ter O(:<:upations .. also based upot1 ter1·ace agri<:u1tut•e, it1cluded a1tiplai10 and <:oa.steJ. colonies, a ma.jor pre- Inlta indigenous fortified settlement and a retracted Late Horizon cic<::upa.tion along the rivers.

After defining both direct and indirect integt·ative mechanisms within the theoretical fre.meTN·ork suggested above .. the data a.re presented and the mc•dels tested. An extended discussion of the ag:ri<:u1mra1 system is presented both as e.n importe.nt component of the domestic economy and e.s one .component cif' the test of' the zonal complementarity model. Given tha.t pt•e1imit1&·y reconna.isse.r1ce had demonstrated that a.ba.ndoned hi11side tet·races v;1e:re not assoeiated with major Ti"W'a:t1a.ku pe1·ic1d sites in the Moquegua valley but '1;1ere pa.rt of' the later fortified settlement system .. two diametrica11"y" opposed hypothetical models of land use dynami<~s ru1d a.bandonment were feasible: a <=u1tw·a1 model in which hypothetical Lupaqe.n colonial holdings wet•e abandoned "flith Inka C•ccupat:i.ons or a natut•al process in whi<:h ecofogi<:eJ. factors fot•ced sett1emen t dis1o<:a.tion. The pt•evious reseai·ch by Michael Mciseley a.nd associates in the Moche valley p:t·ovided the theoreti<:al f:r:~eTN·ork f'o:r e.ddressirlg the broad problem of' agrarian dynamics.

The first se.:::t:i.on of the thesis }>t•esen ts the general t•eseai·a:::h design .. theot·etk:al f't•ame'1;'0rk &ld detailed construction of' the zonal complementarity mc•de1. In the second I)a.:t·t.. the data are pt•ese:nted in summary fot·m~ and placed withi:n the theoretical categories presented in Pa.rt I. Section 3 contains the intepi·etation of' the data which includes a die.<:hronk pattern of' a.gt·oengineet·ing, so<:io-economi<: &ld po1iti<:al dynamics e.nd resti·u<:turings within the appt·oximate~500 yeat' prehistory" of the Otora valley. This in terI)t·etation is em bedded within a.:t1al yti<:eJ. categm•ies in "W'hich the domesti<: hmlseho1<1 is the fundamental unit. "1lith this 1·econstru.<:tion of the ecological, histo:rka1 and cultural processes of the Otora. valley .. the zot1al comp1emente.rity model is evaluated.

In. the last section, I argue that soc.:io-poiitica.1 hiet"&"<:hies and demogra{:.hk 1eve1s are <=t·itica1 ..,la.t·iaMes that broadly explain the Vat"ying political atld economic t•elationsh.ips between the Otora Ya11ey and other wries. It is suggested that in a <:ontext c•f 10'1;•' demog:raphic potential in the siert•a e.nd high socic1-p0Htica.1 ce:nu·aHzation in the <=oe.st or altiplano, <li:rect coloni2a.tion "W·i11 result. The development of' nudeated settlements ai1d modet·ate to high population densities in the siet":ra.s ma.t"ks the t•upnu~e of this colonial pattet·n ru1d a io·:::a1ized pc11ity emerges in the immediate pte-h1ka. period (Estuquifia.). In such a context &1d 1'lith socio-political centraliza.tion in the altip1&10 ar.1.d/or <::oast, the resultant e(:Onomic relationship is one i:n TN'hkh. if.ldigenous populations inct·ease surplus pt•odu<::tion aboYe the economi(~ necessities of the <lomestk.: economy fot" inte1·1·egiona1 ex.::::h&1ge mediated by some type of f'ot•mali2ed e(:onomi<: t•elationship \\'ith the 1&·get, extet·nal polities.

The fine1 <=ha.ptet· attempts to place the t•esu1ts of this resea:r<:h in a broa.<ler

viii

antht•opologk:a1 ft•am.e"W·ork uti1i2ing a. model developed by M. Rowlands for a 19th century West African case of rapid socio-<:1JJ.tui·e.1 u·e.nsformation. I argue that Rowlands' concept of' the "disat·ticu1ation" of the domesti<: e.:::onomy by an elite a.r.1.d this i):ro<:ess 'Tis 'a \:tis the de,re1opment of' long distance exchange .. ha.s a theoi·etice.1 utility in understanding similar cultural tt•at1sf'o1·mations in the Sc•uth Centra.1 Andes. This is due essentially to the ct•itica1 position C•f intei·zona1 subsistence excha.r1ge (a.s 01=-posed to sim1:.1y eHte ex<:hat1ge) in Andea.:n society.

The appendi<::es contain exter1ded a.r1d detailed descriptions of the room exca.vati0t1s .. <:era.mi<: drawings, tabulations .. maps .. p1a.ns, etc. These a.re designed to augment the in tei·pretati ve discussion of the data in the body of the text.

This thesis o'\Ves to a n um bet• of' s<:holat•s in Chi <:a.go &1 d Ann A:t·bor. My committee chairman .. Don :Rice, provided me with firsthand field experience in the Central Peten Lake basin of' northern Guatemala "Vthere a <:omplex social formation developed in a unique eco1ogics1 ~mne. Don's ex<:e11ent work h1 Mesos.merk:a. atld Per(~ has serv"'ed as a model for my i·eseai·d:i. in Moquegua. He is responsi Me fot• the ovet"a.11 direction of' this thesis as w11 as for ove:rseeit1g my graduate edti.cation at Chk:a.go. I hope he did a good iob. Professor Michael Moseley, an outside member on my committee, is largely responsible for overseeing the chapters on agrk:u1tut'*a.1 systems and land use d"yna.mics. His ~ror:k h1 Moche provi<Jes the methdologica.1 ft•amework for this thesis. He a.1so provided a. number of impo:rta.nt insights f'or the interprete.tio:n of sevet'*al key sites in the Otora. sequence. I am deep1y gi·ateful to him f'ot· pro,riding me the original opportur.dty to wm·k in the Moquegua. va11ey and consister1t support throughout the pt·ojes:::t. Prof'essc•r Robert McCormick Adams served as a second Unive:t·sity of Chica.go mem bei~ on my com.mi ttee. I believe I speak f'ot• mat1 y U of C students in saying that his "W'Ot'k in Neat· East and ime11ectue.1 achievments in genei·e.1 bav"e provided a. <=ontinue.1 source of academic inspiration. His emphasis on scicic•-po1iti<:a1 evolution as a. complex "con<:a.tenation" of varied .. c1J1tw·a11y embedded pt'C•<~esses not to be red1JCed away to a fe"VI simple fe.ctors has served as an in1e11ectue.1 framework fort.his thesis.

Professors f1ai1nery ai1d Mai·cus' wot·k in Oaxaca. and with the Lowland Maya has e1so made me keenly a"W·are that the adaptiv"'e process was one embedded within cuitu:rai traditions of' surp:t•izing tenacity. Their <:oncept of "genetic eYC•1ution" is one implicit in this thesis and further serves as a.ti inte11e<:tua1 and theoi·etk:a1 frs.mewo:t•k for a<ldressing the cu1tut•a.1 developments in the Otora Valley. I 'Vtas fortuna.te to be able to take e. <:ourse f':rom the former while a v·isi ting student a.t Mkhigai1. Professo:t" Marcus kindly set•ve<J as an outside member ot· my committee. Her suggestions in 196'3 prcf"v"'ed to be in-'v""a.luable once I was actually faced with a dozen maj01• sites and a frightful r.mmbe:t• of' potential field methodologies. She is 1·esponsi1>1e for a numbet· c•f method- o1ogi<:a1 pt•cicedures utilized in this thesis. Pt•ofess1:it· Tet·i·ence Turnei· also se:rved on my dissertation cc•mmittee and pro"'sfided importatlt comments on the theot·eti<:e.1 sections of this thesis for which I s.m tha.n:kf'IJ1.

I am g1·ate!U1 to professors Bufl::stt·a.. Flat1nery, Lumbret·as .. Mat'(:US, Moseley atld Rice fot• taking the time to visit the Otora va11ey exca,rations.

Throughout the cc1u.t·se of my ptoject I "Y/8S extt•emely fortunate to have the help of 17 students from the U11iv"e1·sidad Cato1k:a de "Santa Maria.'' of .A:requipa. Ea.ch one wot•ked with. enthusiasm and a. competence that is the best testimony to the exce11ent I>t·ogra.m in at•<:haeo1ogy of that uni"'vet·sity. Sevei·al of these, hc•wevet\ a.re unquestion­ably some of the finest students of ai·che.eo1ogy I ha.ve evet• met. A s1>ecia.1 pei·sone.1 at:i.<J prcifessior1a1 thar1ks goes to Elva A1atrista, Mat1uel Garcia.. Edumudc• de la. Vege ... G1o:ds.

ix

Salit1a.s &ld .Antcir.do Oquk:he. It is not a platitude to s.e.y that "flithout thei:t· he1t> in supet•vising excava.ticins, 1a.bora.tot·y wor!~ etc .. this thesis would ha.ve been considet·a.My na:t•rowet• in its theot•eti<:al and empi:ri<:al fO<:US.

This thesis has benefitted f't•om the comments &1d assistailce of many people in Chicago, Lima, .Ann .Arbot•, Moque.gua .. .At"equipa and Cuajone . .Apart f'1•om my committee, these in<:lude: Fernando Cabieses, Victm· Barua.. Luis Lumbreras, Luis '1lat&1a'be, Robert feklma.n, Kent I1anne1·y, Jane Buikstra., Jose Chavez .. .Augusto Belan .. Romulo Pari, Maximo Neira.. Linares Malaga.. GuiUermo Fo<:ca::~i, VIctor Barua.. Nelson Molina, Lucy

Diego Barus ... Jesus Gordi1fo, Paul Goldstein .. Jane Her.tt•i<:i, Ma:t•k .A1denderf'er .. Patt·i<:ia Dodson, Fre.nk Stevenson, M&'<: Bermat1n, John Schmid, Mat·ia Cecelia. Lozada Rita Ba.suray .. Glot·ia Salinas .. Manuel Ga.t·da, .Antonio Oqui<:he, Edmundo de la Vega, Li1ia.t1a Hua.co Dura.t1d, Elva .A1atrista Rosendc• Pa.t·L Mai'y Bat·reto .. Gladys Ba.t•reto .. Ofelia Cayeta.na. . .Anne Zege.t•a.. Barba1·s. Dolan .. Nilda J1Ja1·ez, Ma.:rialena. Rojas .. Hector Mant•ique .. Milagros Ra.ttt Mat·ga.rita a.t1d Mela Wata.t:iabe.

A special thanks to my friend and fe11ow student, Marc Berm&m of' .Ann Arboi· .. "Y:'ho generously too:k time off' f1"om his own work to analyze the hum.ail osteo1ogica1 materials f'i·om Otoi·a. He is to be credited for providing the data in appendix 7.

Funding was provided by The Henry and G1·ace Doherty re11o,;,ship in Ls.tin .Amet"k:a:t1 Studies, a Ne.tiona1 Science Ic•l.mdation Dissertation Impt•ovement Grant, The Tinker Foundation of the TJni"'.ret·sity of' Chicago, Ing. Vi(:tm· Ba.rua.. Lucy Bat•ua, and Mr. eno:j Mrs Robert P1·itske1·. The Field Museum of Natural History p1·ovided a gradua.te educational fe11owship while I was at Chicago.

A speda.1 thanks also to the Museo Pet•u.9J:10 de Ciet1das de 1a Sa.1ud - Lima, and its former dit·ec::tor Dr. Ferna.tldo Cabieses, i;:r110 pi·ovided <=ritica.1 support to Prog1·ama. Contisuyu and this project. Ing. Victc•r Ba.rue., Vice-i>t·esident of Southe1·n Peru Copper Corporation and Lucy Bat·ue ... prnvide<t a.dvi<:e .. friendship a.t1d inve1u.9.b1e help throughout the p:t•c1je<:t. I am deeply grateful fcir al1 of' their assista.nce.. 1 also heartily tha.tlk Mike Moseley a.tld Bob f eldmat1 fot· 1oa.t1ing me their ti·u<:ks. .An even higher 01·der of thanks must go to .Jim Richardson who was gentlemanly enough to remain silent af'tet· 1eat•ning I had borrc•wd his truck f'or 8 months. Ced1ia. Loza.de. ti·a.nslated my i-•et)ort to the INC and she a:t1d Ma.trne1 Ga:t·<:ia .. Edmundo de la Vega and .At'i.tonio Oquiche pt·oyided editot·iat and substa.t1thre he1p. .A.11 of' these students plus Gloria Salinas also pi·ovided numerol.:is comments~ suggestions and critk:isms throughout the cout"se of' the proje<:t ,.;.·hich ce1mot be adequately ctedited. The students from the Catci1foa, plus Karen .Alder.1.derfet· .. Rita Basui·e.y ar.td jar1e Henri.:::i drew· many of the a:rtif'a.cts that appeat· in the appendices. Edmundo de 1a. Vega and .Antonio Oquiche wre 1at·ge1y 1·espc1nsible fo:r counting the thousands of' at1ima1 bones. Gtci:ria Salinas .. ape.rt f't•om supervising excavations ar.1.d impecdbly <Jrawing hundreds C•f' cera.mi<:s, also orga.ni2e<l at1d lat•gely rat1 the la.borato1•y.

A11 e:t,t10t1s .. omissions, at1d misinterpretations ru·e purely my own 1·esp1:insibiHty.

PART I

INTRODUCTION

3

c•f the me(:ha:n.isms of' ir1te1·zona1 e.x.:.::hs.nge, 3) the t.dstod(:a.1 time depth of' vet"tk:a.1 med1ardsms ar1d 4) the socio-politkal context in which zonal complementa.i·ity opei·ates and <:&1. be ma.inta.ined.

In t•ega.i·d to the first of these questions, this thesis does not "test" the verticality "klee1... Previous eth:nohistot•k:al and ethno1ogk:a.1 researr:::h hes demonstrate.a that this (:Ultw·al ideal is indeed the most useful means of wdersta.i1ding indigenous Andear1 society. In this sense, this thesis e.ccepts the nc•n-behav'iorist premise that nc•n­"9testet·n .. non-industrialized societies opet•ate w1der differing cuitural pet·ceptio:ns ar1d t•ealities. Diff'e:ri:ng cultural realities diff'et•entia11y stru<:tui·e hume.r.1. beha.vicir, of which economi<: beha.vior is r10 excpetion.

The tlu·ee C•the:r quest.ions do :remain pt1oblematk: however. In his original f'ot·mu1ation of' the mo<let Mw·i·a t•ecognized only direct co1onization by the home <:omm ur.ti ty as the me&u of' securing a(:<:e.ss to geographfoa.11 y separate ecologi<:al zones. Consequemty .. there has been until recently, a tendency to equate the vertk:ality "ideal .. with this pa:rtk:ula.r me<:h&1ism of inter2c1r1a.1 exchange. In (:ontra.st to colo:n.ization .. m· direct cont:t·ot. as it ,;'ill be ref'et·red to here, a numbet· of' indirect mechanisms have since been recognized by students "9/t)t•king fit'm.1y with.in the verticality paradigm . Some examples of these include kin-based t>e.rter exchange, tong distan(~e exche.r1ge, elite alliances, market exche.rige and noi1-kin based barter exchange. AU of· these mecha.i1ism.s a.i·e mear1ingfU11y w1de1·stood with the verti.:~ality pt'inciple. While many of these cases of' indfre<:t mechanisms are pt•oba'bly the result of' Sp&1ish inf1uence (almost certainly price-fixing markets for histan·~e) others ""rVOUld appea1· to be exam.p1es of' prehisp&1i<: economk: strtK:tures.

The Otora Valley resea.i·ch sought to test direct a.i1<1 indit·ect mecha.i1isms of' in te1·2ona1 exchange with a:r<:haeo1c1gii:::a1 data from &'l area where prior ethnohistori<: 1·esearch (Mu1·1·a 1968) hypothesized the existence of preh.ispa.i1ic economic colonies. It has long been recognized that the pi·iroary methodological pt•oblem f'ot" ar<:haeo-1ogica.11·eseat·ch in the south cenu·al Andes lies in ext)Hcitty defining tests of vet·t­kality models (Mujk:a.. Riv·era and Lyn(::h 1983: 97-99). We <:1e&·1y must go beyond the simple :ee<::ognition of' non-lo<::a.1 materials a.s positi":fe itldications of vertical e<::onc•mic strategies. Any numbet• of a1te1·na.tive exd:1a.i:ige relationships <:ould theoreti<:a1ly pro"vide similar 1·egiona1 a.i·tifa.ct distributions. It is necessai·y to develop woi·t~ab1e defi:t:i.itions and explicit tests of models tha.t distinguish between dfrect.. indirect and non-Yertica.1 economic excha.i1ge. Moreovet•, it is necessary to embed the problem of' prehispe.r.dc zonal complementat'ity within a 1a.rger theoretical f'ram.ewrk in which the detet•minate elements mea.i1it1gfU11y a.i•ticu1ate With the mode1(s) to be tested.

The theo:reti<:el framework utilized het•e derives from contem.pot'ary anthi·o­po1ogk:al i·esearch on peasai1t economies. It is 110"1 i·ecognize<J that the domestic hm.wehold sei·ves both as a culturally meaningf'tU category a.rid as a.n e.r1a.1yti<:a1 toc•l in the study c•f' peasai1t so<::iety. In the An<les .. as in most C•f' the non-indusu·ia.1 woi·ld, the hotwehold constitutes the f\mdam.entel productiv"'EI &1d social unit. Intensification of household economic production is a key element of' zonal complemema.i·ity in tha.t both the <:olony and core territory ml.wt main.ta.in heightend levels of' surplus :t•e1ative tc•­theit· domestic needs. That is, any exploited zone (sue:::h as Moquegua.) must have irJ.dk:ations of' surphw e.grk:u1ti.u·a1 p:rodu.ctior.t i·e1e.tive to lc•t.:el population densities, if such pi·oduce is to 'be consumed outside of the "<:olonia.1" area.. The le\"61 of "supra~·domestk:" prodl..:i.ction becomes one ct·iterion with which to assess the na.tut•e a.t1d intensity of' interzona.1 economk: re1a.tionships. This is the case f'ot· both dire<~t and h1dfrect modes of ru:•tku1ation between e<:c•k•gk:a.1 aones.

An axiom of' sut>star.tti·ve economic anthropology is that the hC•l.~ehol<t as a prodl..:j.(::ti ve ur.1.i t.. is deep1 y em bed<le<l within, &ld media.ted thrc•t:igh a sod al sti·u.<::ture. l'his has a.ls•:> been a. central theme in An<Jear1 peasant studies (Guillet 1978). If' "'e accept this p:t•esupi)osition~ then the domestic.: hotwehoid is also a potential indi<:atoi· of'

5

the twe of Westet•n .:::onventional logi<: end has t•eproduced itse1t in spite of (:entut•ies of Colonial and Republican rule .. p&"al1e1 to the ca.pitalist development.

(Sanchez 1978: 213)

S&1<:hez's obsei·va.tions unde:t·scote the ft..mdamental differet1ce t>et-wreen Euro-Amedcan cu1tw:·a1 models end Ande&1 ones based upon zonal complementarity. A distinctive <=omponem of this ideal is the notion of "<.'.Hscontinuous territoriality" or <Jomir.do salP.i<:ado (Shimada 1985; Ramirez 1985). Ethnic boundaries are not continucn .. w, but &·e f1ufd &ld sporadi<:al1y distributed tltroughout a 1a.t1ds<::ape ovet• comp1ementa.ry ecological zones. Westen1 cot1cepts of w11-defined ethnk: ft·ontiers do not coi:n<:i<le with Andean models of political geography. The importance for ar<:haeology~ of course, is ob"'{ious.

To most social anthropologists, the appeal c•f verticality is readily apparent. Murra a.nd his students SU(:Cessf'u11y developed e. model of Andeen <:ultu.i·e not 'based upon ethno<~entric notions of' human behaviot 'but one predicated upon indigenous "ethnc•-<:a.tegories". In the words of Frenk Salomon, this <:onstitutes a "true ethnohistot•y" (1978). The uniquely Ande&1 ideal exists apart f'rom, and is as valid as we.sterr1e<:onomistk:1ogk:s. The failure to frame Andear1 studies within indigerwus cultural terms explains not only the poor pet·formance of' modern development projects, but also the inability of many s<:ho1ars to adequately unde:rstar1d past ar.1.d p11esent so<;is1 and economic behavior. Verticality is argued to p:t·ovide precisely that deeper anthropologi<:al ur.ide1·star1ding of native et.hnosemanti<:al categories. These .. ir.t turn, serve as the conceptual means of effectively dealing with indigenous commumies as they <:onf'ront the advance of' na.tional and internationa1 economies.

VerticalitY-: Emt;:fa'ical Cases

Murra's <lo<:toral thesis (1956) and several later articles (e.g. 1958, 1964) a.11 :N"ese.ged the mc•st explkit statement of the ve:rtk:ality model in 1968 end 1972. Ush1g the Gar<::i Diez Visits. of 1574 [1964]as the empirical base, Murrademonstt•ated that the Lake THi<:a.ca. basin kingdom of the Lupaqa maintained ,T•"'8.t'Ja retainei·s in 1ow1e.:nd economi<:: colonies. Areas of cont1·01 inctuded the southern PeruviM va11eys of Sa.ma. L1uta and I~oquegua. as w11 as lowland Bolivia (Lare<:e.ja.). These colonial holdings we1·e integrated into the Lupaqan state t>y vast <=ameHd he:rds that set·ved as pai:~:k &1imals. These herds cc•nstituted the prin<:ipa1 source of wealth in the aHipla.r.1.•:i and were the means by which 1ong-dist&1ce verti<::al control W8$. feasible.

This pattern of interzonal 1ar1d <=ontrol ''flS.S argued to be a prehispar1i<: phenomenon, remaining more or less intact in the case of the Lupaqs .. Unlike other native gi·oups in the Andes, this polity wa.s r.1.ot placed in en ... -:-1;-mJ'en.Ja but wre gi"'ven the status of dit'·ect Ct'O"ftn holdings.

The Visita exp1i<:itly mentions fields in the Moquegua Valley as cine of several major colonial holdings of the Lupaqa .. A typical statement ·~tou1d be one such as the f'o11c1wing given by the "prindpe1es" of' the "pat•ciali<lad de Ha.r1a.nsU"':fll de Chu.quite•":

Fue:ron pregunta.das si tienen hartas parasem'brar dijeron que tienen filU(:hes t.ienes para sem bra.r y que no cogen t:rigo ni ma.iz sine• es e11 Moquegua. y Sama y Capinota y Larecaj a. que a11i se <:c1ge tdgo y mai2 ...

(G&·ci Diez de S&1 Miguel 1964: 85)

In othet· testimonies i:n the Visits., the informants specified the pat•ticular na.tui·e of the la:n.d tenure in these pe:riphei·a1 sett1emet1ts:

6

ot· Ch upei.~ ... "r:::h u" (ibid.).

::ill politi·:~;:it ju:r81 is in f::i.ct.. no disti:n(:tio:n ..... ~ .. -~.•·c: .. "''""•

en :r e:n. (ibid: 17)

(ibid.: ~.o)

i:itrie:r stdct1y

7

. Red :P!'Od t;l is :3. .bU,• •• ···.11,,._.,.,._ ..... by some sort of'

._. 1.··.1..1.i:::. ·;;;•.• • .1.• •• •..1...1.,i::·_. d tu:il et(:. :Redistd b ution t.'eiar.ionship ;:i_ ~:·oliti(:::ii ;:i.ur.hm·ity iw

This :l:'e1::i.tio:nship ::ilmost eco:nomka11y ::i.symmetrk:::i1 "Ylith. a .-.·+•,i:::.-::.ir.::.+•

resouro:::es f1o\\rfng to the politk:;:il e.uH1ot'ity. SU(:ll ;311 economii::: st:i:·ui:::ture .. constitutes m::i.ted::i1 b::i.se of th::i.t so.:::io-po1i tk:::i1 Ink;::1. st::1.te

formalized and this f1.md;:imema1 :relationship to its ......... :.-.............. . 1961 .. 1962 e111d ;~ee a discussion of

(:o1cinists). :Redp:rodty !'edistt'ibution ::i111eve1s or= ...... ,_,._ .. _._.,_

sm::iii .. f"C111:: "'v"i1h:i~2:e to the im r~eri81 st::i.te. o:ne mo\res thi'Ol'.!!2:11 levels .. this fund;:iment::i1 "stt'1.K:tu:t•::i1 :l:'e1a.tionship" undet'goes e.:n.y

"'lillage 1e,.ret a (:omplex of :redpro·:~;:tl soo:::ial ._., ...... _·.1..~-.1·-··'.I feimi1ies is found.

(n .·:U T. 's (1982) et.l1:nol"Listori(:

8

gt·a~>hk: 1·esea:rch. in high1e.n<1 Bolivia i11ustra.te the nature of vmage level verticality with a contempora:t"Y example ft·om C:haya:t1ta:

Like theh· 17th Century p:rede·~essors, to·:ja.y's Co11ana outlie:t· :1:·esidents ma.inta.ir1 thefr membership in the pune. based e.,1°'1Ju th1·c•ugh. a '~•):tnp1ex system of reciprocities with theb· highland kin. Yearly, they play hosts to a la.t·ge numbet" of Co11a:t'la pwia dwellers who des<~end to the valley during the har-:rest to fill their puna storehouses with corn and other va11ey products. Since at least the 18th Century .. Sf>onsorship of the feast of· San Pedro in Lianqui:ri has been t·esponsi bi1 ty of highla:t1 d na.ti v:es who take on the ritual career leading to core te:rri tory a.uthori ty posts.

(Abercrombie, n.d.: 24)

In indige11ous i:::ommuniHes, such as that found in L1anquiri, the relationship betlteen households is mot·e or less symmetrical, at tea.st insofar as labor and subsis­tence goods are concerned . .Asymmett'i<:a.1 re<:iproca1 relationships between a poHti<:e1 authority (such as a cur«-dJ an<1 the ·:::ommtmity a.t 1a:t"ge represent an example of redistt•ibution in the sense origina11y defined by Po1anyi. Ir.i the .Andes .. the ecc•nomk: equation usua11y involves labor time on the part C•f the non-elite~ who in tut"n~ re<:eivore both :t•itua.1 and non-ritual gifts of' chk-lu:~ maize~ doth and other items of va.1.ue . .At the most complex socio-political le-vet such es the Inka state, reciprocal obligations of the ru1fr1g elite we.re more a.1ega1 fiction thar.1. an e<:ot:i.omic t"eality (see Mui':ra 1962 f'ot• the role of cloth mar1 uf'actut·e in the Inks. state).

The vertical economy is therefore a:n extension of tra.di ticana.1 social and e<:onomk: relationships based upon reciprocity. Aberc1·ombie's a.bow example highlights this complex relationship between sodal stru<:ture, econc1my and <:u1tura11y spedf'ic def1rlitions of' authority. In complex societies, redistt·ibutive relations de-velc•p between a <:entraJ.ized political hea.d and the community e.s a 1:t:h.01e. It is critical to emphasize tha.t these i·elationships are essentially restructurtngs of tt·aditional recipro<.:al me<:hs.nisms and that they are reprodti<::ed in periphera11arJ.d holdings. This process explains the formation of' the ar<:hipelagci-state in -;;rhich geogt•aphically set>a:t'e.te vi11ages are <:u1tura11y integrated to form a single ethnic community.

Whereas :reciprocity and redistribution are the dominant economic mechanisms in vertical control models .. Maria Rostwc•ro"W·ski de Diez Cat1seco has argued that la.bot" speciatiza.tion and exchange chara.cterized the prehispa:t1ic coastal polities of Pet"lJ ( 1970, 1977 .. 198 l ) . Rostworowski 's very im port~.1t in trod1X:tion to Etnia. :v. So<:iedad sets up a <1ichotomy beti:reen sierra modes of -ve1·tica1 control and coastal systems of tt'ade:

No vamos a. explayarnos sob:re la orge.ni2aci6n de le. economia serra:t1a en tiempos i:.rehispank:os pues ha sido in vestige.de. por variosos estudiosos y de modo especial pc1r John V. lvl1Jt"ra ... Los mercados y e1 inter·:~ambio <:omercial esta.ban testdngidos en compara<:i6n cm:11as epoca.s de Intet·medios .. y los pueblos sup1iar.1. sus necesidades poi· medio de "a:t"chipela.gos v:erticales" o sea. que un n1Jc1eo etnico f>ermanente contrc•1e.be. piscis eco16gi<:os dL~tar.1.tes po:t' medio de colonies multietn.ica.s ...

La existencia de estos dos modos de orgar.tize.d6:n tan distintos .. et <:ostefio y el serrano .. pueden sugerir e1 hecho que en e1 area a.ndina. pt1eco1om Mn.a. h ubo dos sistema.s socio-econ6mi<:os debido en pa.rte a las dif'eren<:ia.s eco16gkos. En la costa la div:isi611 le.bora1 pot· oficios y pot• pa:t·cia1Mad dio tu.gar a un principio de intei·r:::ambio comer<:ial .. mient:t·as er1 la sie:t·i·a una. economia. e.gdcola de ti~:.o redistrit>utivo estuYo base.de. en una. exp1ota<:i6n de enclaves -verticaies m u1 tietr.1.kos. (Rost"W·c•rc .. ·-w·ski 1977: 16-17)

9

At•chaeo1ogical inYestigations in the Chincha. T.la11ey suggest that this economic pattern antedates the Inka. occupa.tion, a.r.1.d was evidently in place dudng the late Late Intei·mediate Pei·iod (SarJ.d"f;'eiss 1985). That is, the development of specialized fishing r:::ommooities mait1taining a bdsk trade along the coast to be local deyefop-ment apa.i·t from Inks. and Spa.i1ish influences.

Rostworowski 's :reseru•ch, plus the subsequent ar.:::haeofogi<:el data referred to above, strongly suggest that t:rade-based economies eharactet•ized the indigenous Pet·uvia.r1 <:c•astal polities. Unlike the vertical models, <=ra:t"'t specialization at'id e. non-market tt·a<le were the dominant ex<:ha.i1ge a.i1d pt,oduction mechanisms. Do we therefot•e follow Rostwoi·owski in seeing these <:oasta1 economies as somehow quaH­tatiYely different from vei·tical exchange? Do these represent two distinct modes of e(:onomi<: integration or is there .. in fact s.n element cc•mmon to ea.ch.

Recip1·ocity, tedistribution a.i1d 1ong-distat1ce tta!:je a.re all forms of e<:onomic ex<:hru1ge. There is nothing inherent in a.rJ.v of these me<:henisms that ne.:::esse.ri1y restricts them to a pa.i·ticular geographical or cultw·e area. That is, "f;'hile the natw·e of mru•ine resources may ha.Ye favored specialization and trade, :reciprocal and/or redis­tt·ibutive economies a.i·e also fea.sit>le on the coast as are trade-based systems in the siert•a .. Vha.t is unique tc• ea.ch of these economic forms is the socio-poHtica1 .:::ontext in \\'hich the exchange is embedded. Reciprocity is a type of exchange berween indi­viduals, families c•r socially defined groups of more or less equa.1 status. Redistribution imp Hes an asymmetrical economic 1·elationship between caterogies of persons hiet·archk:a11y strU¢tured. Trade, on the othet" hand, suggests a. form of ex<:he.r.1.ge bet1teen po1iti<:al1y independent groups where the ime1·na1 social structure C•f the tra.ding partr!et•s remait1s variable.

The ct•itica.1 obser\i'ation here is tha.t the va.t·iation in econi::imi<: orgarJ.ization is <=ot•related not to geogt•a.phk: location .. .:::1J1ture1 type or historical pe1·iod .. but to the 1eve1 of sc•cio-poHtical complexity in -w·hi<:h the economy is embedded. As "fte have seen .. in tow population density villages where poHtk:al structures are su'bot .. dinate tc• socie1 ones .. reci1:i1·ocity preYails as an economic form. Redistribution .. of" cout·se, is defined by the p1·esence of' a centralized po1itk:e1 office °"''hich implicitly suggests e.n intet~nat hiei·at·chy. Trade between politically independent groups implies a :t•e1ationship between those groups that is more 01· less symmett•ical, °"'ith :1:10 pe.rtk:ule.r polity domin­ating the economic process or po1itica11a.i1dscape. To repeat there is no inherent gec•graphk:e1 o:t• e<:o1ogi<:a1 factor whk:h favors ru1 v regic•na1 economic system: as the internal so(~io-po1itica1 stnicture and regional po1itical 1at1ds<:ape alternate, so does the via'bili ty of' ·vertical or tt·a.de-based economi<: systems.

Ea.ch of' these economic mechar.dsms are easily subsumed under the yerti ca1i ty idea.1, insofar as this ideal is unde1·stood as s.r1 Andes.rJ. ethnosemantic category that su•1J<:tures human behaviot·. Their differential occurrence throughout the Andes underscores the f1exibiHty of indigenous economies in order to assures. cor1tro1 of' non-local eco1ogical 2ones. Dit·ect <=ontro1 of co1onia11e.nds was mediated through t•edistributic•n a.n<l recipro.:::ity, ref1ec::ting the so<:ic•-po1iti<:a.1 strU¢ture c•f the (:Ore te1·ritory. Whet•e the ar<~hipelago distt•ibution of' teri·itory was not feasible, other foi·ms of exchange were utilized. Tne~e alternative exchange mechar.dsms are ger1eri<:a11y i·ef~rre<I to as "indirect control". Thei·e is likewise no inherent ewlutiona.ry t•e1a.tionship bet°"'·een these va.t·ious forms. Thet·e is no demonstrable :re1a.tio:nshiI> between ecology~ geog:1:·aphy at1d the forms of economic orge.nization. Theit· dif'f'e:rential occurrence in the Andes :reflects the <:c•nstt•&nts and I)otentia1ities of' imei·na1 socio-political hierarchies at1d the regiona.1 po1iti<.:al stt·ucture in "f;'hich the ex<:hatlge toc•k place. ·

10

The distinction between dire<:t end indirect vefti<~al control 'fftas fh·st suggested, to my knowledge, by Tom Di11ehay (1977: 121) and Sylvia Forman (1978). Dfrect control

to the actual colonial extensions of the coi·e territot•ity ,;itJ.ich f'ot"m the at•chi­peia.go sta.te. Indirect contl'·ot on the other hand, is a ge:net•al term et1compassing any intt·a- o:r ime:1:·-regic•na1 economic strategy between politically distinct settleme:1:1ts designed to f'a.dlitate ex<:hange between geographkally seI)ara.te production zones. Any :1:1umbet· of ex<:l1at1ge mechanisms are theot·etica11y feasible within this <.:la.ss­iffoation. As Forman has suggested, both indirect and direct mechanisms are found throughout the Andes oftentimes integ:1:·ated within the same economi<: system:

My own impi·ession from the ethnographic literature at1d from my :1:·esea.t"ch in the central highlands of E<:1Ja.dot· (1972), is that at least under contemporary economic conditions, a mixed form of ve:1:·tica1ity is pt·evatent in many parts of the .Andes. This mixed form invo1"'ves direct acc:ess to two or more vertical ecmmnes .. ty members of a. peasant comm.unity, combined with indit·ect access to 0th.et· e<:mmnes tht••:iugh ex<:hange with communities based in different e<:mmnes.

(Fot·man 1978: 235)

Elia.s Mujica offet·s at1 archaeologicat at1a1og of this mixed f'ot·m of lferticalty for the Tiwana.1m oc<:upation of' nort.het"n Chile. Both direct co1oni2ation and long distan<::e exch.at1ge formed pat·t of the complex stt·ategy of' eco1ogicat complementarity in the Tiw-ctnaku state (1985: 116).

Indit·e<:t models of' yerticat control are decide1y more complex that1 dit·ect ones, but have dominated the most re<:ent wot•k on Andean political economy. I have a1read"f '-~ited Rostworo-,;rst.:i 's coastal examples. Murt•a himself' recognized that "exchat'ige [ti·ueque I. ceremonial ex<::hange as we11 as trade k:omerdo] offer answers to" problems of interva11ey resource distribution," each of which have probably occurred in the Andes (Mut·:ra 1972). In referen<:e to the case in question however (Chi11on) he quotes Pattet·son "i'ho argues f'or community self'- suf'f'iciency through direct control.

Working in the Not·thern Andes, F. Salomon examined 16th century Quito Province within the broad pt·o'blem of' vertical economies and interzonal integration. His con<:1usion i·ellects that of' Forman (ibid.:) arguing that a "mixed" set of' mechanisms <~haractet•ized indigenous exchat1ge:

Ho single me<~hanism of' inte:t~zonal at•ti<:ulatio:n seems to have met a11 of these [eco1ogk:a1] cc•nstraints ... Instead, the northern peoples seem to have responded to the limitations at1d opportunities of' the envit·onment by qualitatively diverse links 'With the surrcn.mding nk:hes. Among these we will en<:our1ter dynastic ties .. exchange i·e1ationships 'between households at1d/or other small units .. inter­commur.ial exogamy, long distance exchange specialists .. extt·a-territorial residence for purposes of' apprenticeship cit• cut•ing, exti·a-tei·ritoria1 sharecrop arrangements .. the formation of ethnk:el!y mixed co1onies .. e.t':!.d military a11ia.n<:es.

(Salomon 1978: 69:\

While it is true that Northern Andean geography is diffet·ent thatl the Centt•al .Andes in the degree and natm,e of' ecological 2ona1ion (Murra 1985*, Salomon's thesis pt•ovides a set of' testable hypothetical st:t'1x:turat Hn~:ages bet'ffreen dif'f'ei·ing eco1ogicat zones designed to f'ai:::i1ita.te regional exchange.

The recent volume edited 'by Ma.suds... Shimada s.t1d Mo1·ris (1985) underscores this expanded "'view of vet·tk:ality to in<::lude a. 'Wide range of direct and indirect mechan-

1 1

isms. These include 0 resout··:::e she.ring .. hot"i2onta.1 ar<:hipelego e.:nd long <listan<:e mari­time exo:~hange" (ibid: xiv). The vat·ious <:ont:ributions pt·ovide atl expe.nded empit•i<:a1 data. bEi.se of whkh indfre<:t mechat1isms predominate.

Primacy of the domestic:: household as an e.nalytk:e.1 <:a.tego:t·y

The key methodologi<::al category utilized in this analysis is the <=omplete domes­tk: household unit S'IJ(:h a focus e.11om one to 1) define the bask: level of' pt•oductivity and consumption in a culturally and a.rJ.al)?ti<:ally meaningful. category and 2) compare household consumption; surplus p:t•od'IJ(:tion and access to nor1-1oca.1 gc•c•ds within any settlement 01· settlement system. This infoi·mation provides foi· a detailed unde:t•standing of the so<:io-economk: relatiom:hips that <:hara.cterized the sites unde:t• study. These :relationships at•e critical elements in the test of 2011al comp1emema.t·ity models.

With 8.fJ. empfrica.1 base st:t•1J¢tured by the domestic household; the levels o:f economic production and the 1a.t·ger rocio-po1itical 1·e1ationships betwen individual productive. ur.1.its <:an be def'ined. A11 domestk: households .. even in the most "egal­itarian" of economies .. operate within a 1arger cultural context Which is understandable .. in la.:t•ge part to its relation to produc:ticin. This <:on text varies cross-cul tura.11 y depend­ing upon the "domina.r1ce" of the political (e.sci·iptive or achieved offices .. elite alliances etc1 socio1ogica.1 (kinship .. marriage a.11ia.nces etcl economic .. and/or ideo1ogk:a.11eve1s.

In peasant society we may distinguish bet"Woeen two categot·ies of economic prc•dU.(:tic•n. The domestk: e<:onomy_ refers to subsistence production .. risk "insure.nee" and non-subsistence production necessary foi· the t•eproduction of the social foi·mation. The e:YRra-domestk: economy_refe:rs to surplus productfon over and above the domestic needs at1d is usually stimulated (or forced} by external polities or internal elites. In (:omplex societies .. surplus hes been demonst:t•a.ted to be a central element of cultural process; although its causal i~e1ationship to the social formation as a whc•le remains debated (Ada.ms 1966; F1a.nnery 1972; Kir<;h 1984; SahHns 1972; Wright n.d.).

Thet•e is dea.t·ty a functional relationship between hiera.i·chy e.nd surplus, although there is "W'idespread disagreement as tc• ca.usa.1 relationships between these tw anal"',lti<;al <:ategot•ies. C1e.ssical mai·xist theory "W'Ould at•gue for hierat•chy to be deriva.tive. of· sut·plus prod'IJ(:tion .. the latter supportirJ.g a process of' socici-politi<:al differentiation. Later mat•xists ha~re questioned such a direct relationship at1d ha,re ru·gued f'or more complex interactions bet""Wreen technology, polity, social strw.:ture .. ide1)1ogy and economy. Americru1 neo-fUnctionalists .. particularly e<:o1ogic8.11y oriented archaeologists, would see surplus as resulting from f'a.vora.b1e population densities :relative to economic i·esoui·ces end technological cape.cities. Economic e.nth:ro­i)ologistS? .. on the othet• he.rid, wc•rkit:..g within a. Chayanovian perspective. .. would see intensified production as a consequence of intei·na1 elite pressw·es (ta.xes) or f:t•om extei·na1 imposition by a foreign polity (tribute).

Househo1 ds ha.ve recen t1 y become the focus of extensive theoretical e.nd empirical i·esearch .. stimulated partk:u1ar1y by the publk:ation Chayanov's Theorx of Peasant Economy (Laslett 1972.: Metting et 8.1. 1984; SahHns 1972). The household a.s atl e.nalytk unit in ar<::haeology has also beerl used by Flannery et al 0 976) a.nd F1ant1e:ry a.t1d Marcus (1983) in the Oaxa(:a Valley of southern Mexico. By defining entit·e household areas &ld jtidi<:ic•l.:isly ~a.m.pling domestic units .. at1a1yses at vi11age and t•egiona11eve1s "'W·ei·e made possible precisely because of the comparable nanu·e of the de.ta.. By focusing on the changing na.ture of the household <:luster (whi<:h inch.ides

12

".'.'t:ai'\i:::.t",Qt.i::s a.t•chitectut•a1 such as bui·ia1s .. storage strw.:tu:t·es e.:nci11ai:·y :rooms) the subsequent analyses were able to define the development of increasingly <:omp1ex 1eve1s of socio-po1i ti cal orgar.1.i2ation th:t•oughout the valley.

In the Otora Valley the test implications of' zonal <=omp1ementarity all articulate in some mar.1.ne:t• "W'ith the domestic household th:t•ough sw.:h analytical ce.tegories as ethnicity .. prnduction .. surplus, ag1·icu1tural land use, economic intensification and household &"<:hi tecu:re.

The crux of the research design is the <:onstruction of suitable test implications of' verti<:ality. One prc1b1em immediately pt·esents itself'. Given the synchronic nature of the ethnohistorical and ethnc•graphic evider.1.ce .. the current mc1dels of' verticality tack ruw dyne.mi<: compot1ent. It1 the words of' r. Salomon:

By widening our view to examine diverse alternatives, and by deepening the ai:"chaeo1ogi<:a1 reco:r<l, "W'S become inct•easingly awai:"e tha.t by "complementai:·ity" 'file should not ut1<Jerstand a permanent essence c•f' Andean societies .. but a. colle<:tive project continua.Uy renewd through prc•<:esses of a.djustment mobili­zation .. innovation .. and conflict. Systems earlier imagined on the pla.r.1.e of synchrony as durable adaptations begin to appeai:" as phases 01· emergents within long historic transitions. (Salomon 1985: 521 )

There are three potential relationships between ecological zones in the Andes: dire<:t vet·tk:a.1 cc•ntrc•l.. indirect vertical contrc•l and no vertk:a.1 control. The initiat step in the test of the model is to detet•mine if', in fact interzonal linkages existed between the core and coloniat territories. Material indk:a.tors include pottery .. architecture .. ftmerary forms and non-local subsistence goods. If such linkages exist, it is then ct•itical to distinguish betwen the exc::he.nge of elite or exotic goods and subsistence level zonal complementarity. T:rue economic complementarity involves domestic linkages bet.wen different productive :zones and not merely elite or ritually significant ru·tifacts. roi· Cltora these archaeo1ogica11y recoverable items inc1Ude such materiat reme.ir.1s as <:ame1id bc•ne .. mai:·ine resources .. maize, •11.lir.tot;; guano; a.r.1.<l non-1oca11ithics.

The degree C•f local production feat" externa.1 zones is indicated by t•e1ative levels of sgt"icu1tural intensification. Such pi·oduction can be measured by defining the ratio between the number of households ai:1d tota.1 &"ea of agrk:u1tura1 land. Total ai:·ea under cu1tiva.tior1 is t"eadily determined in most ch"cumstances in the Mo(1uegua drainage due to favorable to~)ographi<:a.1 and eco1ogi<:a.1 <:ir<::mstan<:es whic:::h set·ve to define ru1cient 1a.r1d use with we11-preser,red relict tert·a.cing. Vue may suggest that this ratio will increase (1ar1d: r.1.umbet· of domestic household units) as intensif'i<:ation in<:t•eases.

Given the nature of complementarity strategies in which the peripheral ai:"eas pi·oduce goods for the <:ot·e territory, "lite expes:::t indigenous .. non-co1oni8.1 settlements without significant intet·-zonal economic Hnks to have <:c•nsidet•ably 1owei· ratios than those which ai·e pt•oducing within some sort of' wider economic netitork. Therefore, both direct and indirect control mer:::hanisms "Wrou1d have the ss.m.e economic effect-... heightend levels of pt .. oductiVity beyond the needs of the 1o<:a.1 domestic ec1:ir.1•:im y.

13

Replication of the cultural f'eatl..u·es of the <:ore te:rritot"y.

In dis<:ussing the lad< c1f eviden<:e for Pukara <.:cilonization in the southern <lt"ainages, Mujica (1985: 111) suggests that "sculptures, typical a1tip1ano pottei·y 01· even villages .. [a.re features J which cine might to find if a. permanent a1ti1:>lano population lived there". To these .. we <:an add ftmei·a:ry patterns .. domestic architecture .. cranial. defot1mation, textiles and wooden artifacts. I have indicated a.bove that actual. zonal complementarity involves the linkage of the domestic economy between colonial and <:ore tet·:ritot'ies. In assessing direct <:o1onization .. it is necessary to emphasize tha.t non-local elite m· funet·ary goods do not in themselves .. constitute a positive indication of dit"e<:t control. The co-occur:rer1<:e of non-local. and local fur1eraty goods would me1·e1y suggest &1 exchange of i·itually signific&1t items bet'i7een non-colonial sett1emen ts.

On the other hand .. the exc1usi~re O<:<~uri·ence of altiplat10 or coastal artifacts at a settlement would suggest the esta.bHshment of' a colony in its strictest sense. We would expect these SJ:"tifacts however .. to be found in f'l.meraty as well as domesti<: <=ontexts such. as household midden .. in constt,uction f'i11 e.nd on living surfaces. In oi·der to test for direct colonization it is necessai·y to control for both domestic and non-domesti<: contexts. Funerary contexts or an occasional non-io<:al <:eram.i<: in random context is insuff'i cien t.

Discontinuities in Cultural Developmental Sequences.

For color1ial populations .. we expect a disjunctive cultut•al historical sequence with the nature and composition of' the colonial sett1emer1ts being dfrectly tied to external polities. We would expect ir1trusive colonial expansions when extei·nal polities a.ttair1ed a level of organizational capacity adequate to maintain such colonies. We expect a colonial settlements to t>e either pioneering populations in any &"ea 01· to i~eplace or coexist with local sites. If a prior .. indigenm.:as population already existed .. "9le

-,;rould expect at•chitectut·e.t ceramic .. and/or funerary differences between contem­porary sites due to the multi-ethnic nature of the occupation.

One of the most cu1tw·al1y sensiti"'re indicators of ethnic chai1ge is the composition and diachronk: change of the domestic household. Assuming a linkage between ar<::hi tectural and other material elements of a househol<l "With the socio-po1i tical context within which it operates .. we would expect to see corresponding <Jiachroni<: changes as etlmicity of a settlement che.r.1.ges. Architecture .. utilization of domestic and non-domestic space .. 1>ositioning of storage feattU"es .. tombs etc. should VSJ:"Y according to ethnic affiliation. Such a mi cro-aJ·chi tectw•a1 appt,oach may be the only alternative strategy in an area where other SJ:"<.:hitectura1 and material features SJ:"e largely determined or constt·ained by eco1ogica1 pat"ameters.

Regional settlement Heterogeneity

At both a regional and valley-wide 1e'\re1 "W·e expect dif'fet·en<~es between sites of the same period ill e.11 inhabited valleys of' the Moquegua drainage. This would be imp1ie<1 from the hypothetical multi-ethnicity of' the colonial settlements as stated in the zonal complementarity model. The converse would be the existence of' a widespread, archa.eo1ogica.11y simi1a.r settlement type .. which cannot be anticipated in a direct colonial model.

14

Indigenous or Local Styles Prevatent in Architectut1e and Artifa<:ts

Foi· direct colonization, both domestk: and non-domestk: contexts should ref1ect the material artifacts of the core territory. For indirect exchar1ge, we expect linkages on1 v between non-domestic artifact <::lasses. Local st)1es should prevail in .:::era.mi<: p1ainwares .. domestic architecture, agi·k:uttw·al constt·uctions and other domestic ru·tifacts.

Non-Disjunctive Development in the Settlement System

We expect to be able to define trar.tsitional forms in site architecture .. <:era.mies .. funerary styles .. household internal architect1.u·e .. et<~.

Homogeneity in Regional and Local Sett1emen t Types.

The dit·ect control model posits mu!tiethnic settlements. Fot· indirect ve:t·tical systems .. we expect contemporary sites to show little archaeological dif't"erentiation. In many respects .. the negatic1ns of direct coloni2ation test implications are. in fact the positive. indications of indirect mechar1isms. The two hypothetical modes of interzonal exchange are mutua11y exclusi\;re and logically opposing. This observation presup­poses~ of course, that an inter2ona1 Hnkage of some sort can 'be demonstrated.

This t•eseai·ch is nest prepared to further test the data tor particular types of' indirect mechanisms. While such tests car.t be constructed, utilizing a variety of ar.Laly"ti<:al techniques, this thesis is presented as a first step in elucidating the fundamental inter-t•egionat economic relationships and historical dynamics of the Otora Va11ey.

CHAPTER 2

AGRICULTURAL DYNAMICS: A METHODOLOGICAL fRAME~lORK

The a.gt•aj·ian eccinomies of the south centt•::il Andes were, and a.:re, based upon teri·ace agriculture. These tert·aces or "andenes", "ftere not constructed in a <:ultut·a.1 \i"B.cuum but were paj·t of a mlx:h 1a.:t•ge:r socio-ecc•nc•mic system 1Jr.1.iquely designed to exploit the exu·emeiyari<J siert"a valleys. A f'i:t•m understatlding of these sgroen­gineering constructions is indispensible for ccinf:ronting the larger problem of .Andean t•egionat politi<~a1 economies.

The methodology f'or investigating the agri<:ultut•al base must necessarily be sensitive to the ag:t·oengineet·ing charactet•isti cs of' ter:ra<::e-besed systems. The most systematic ft•a.me"W·ork fot• investigating long term agdcu1tura1 idynam.ics has been de-:.reloped by M. Moseley at1d associates in the Moche va11ey of' the Not·th Coe.st. Their wot"k ultimately resulted in a <=omprehenisve mc•de1 elf agricult.urat <:ontt'S.<=tion (Moseley 1974, 1978; Moseley and Deeds 1982.: Moseley et. al. 1983.: Moseley and Ortloff 1981.: Ort.1off et. a1. 1982, 198'3a, 198'3b). This con traction model is based upon presup­positions of a. non-static Holocene er.l'·,,it·onment and landsca.pe. Continua.Uy <:hat1ging: c1ima.to1ogi<:at tectonic and e<:ologi<:al <:ontexts in which the a.grk:u1tural systems ru·e <;onstructed constitute the fundamental ·~rariab1es used in 1J.t1derstat1ding lan<.J use dynamics tht•oughout the p:t•ehistori<: sequer.1.ce.

Uti1izing sett1emen t pe.ttern data from the l•Jloche va11ey .. Moseley et. a1. have demonstrated a p:t•ogressiV'e and uni-directional pa.ttern of' agri<:u1tura11and <=ont:t·ac­t.ion from .A.D. 500 to the present. 1'his pattern was chat·a.ctet·ized by initial field loss at the distal ca.nal ends (i.e. those most dist.ant from the canal source in the highest cut ti vated fie1 ds). Con traction proceeded f'rom these higher fie1 ds to lowei· ones on the desert plain. I:n tote.1 .. more that1 35% of' the total la.rid initi8.11y cultivated ha.d been abandoned throughout the entire <=u1tura.1 sequence.

The pri:t1<:ipal mechanism. of this progressive and down- source le.rid <:onu·action was. one of tectoni<:a11y induced ri"ve:r downcutting. This complex geophysi<::a1 and geomot•pho1ogical pt·ocess f'ctt•<:ed p:rog:ressive1y larger canal <:onstr'U(:tion upstream to rea<:h the water sources. That is .. a.s the landscape up·lif'ted .. the river dow:t1cut to a hydrological equilibrium. stt•anding the original <:anal intake. The original ca.nal .. which was constru<:ted undet· the ea:t·Het· hydro1ogice1 and geomo1·pho1ogical pa.ram.etet·s, ceased to fun<:tion.

The agroengineering response is tC•·1engthen. the origina1 canal in order to <:om.pensate for the e1ev"8.tion droI) in the rive:t" sour.:::e. Tha.t is .. the ¢ar'J.a1 intake is moved to highet• ground where it <:.:atl t .. ea<:h the t•iver ,;rater. By lengthening the cana.1 hcr'w'eV'et• .. thei·e is a proportional decrease in wa.te:r-use effidency dtie to increased seepage a.nd evapot•ation lc•sses . .Assuming that the total quantity of agt•icuttm·al land undet• cultivation is a.t absolute limits c1f its hydt•c11ogk:a1 t•esout•ces .. then the c•nly alternative is to abandon some fields. In stt•ict efficien<:y tei·ms, it is the distal fields which shou1d drop out first.

Canal lengthening continues Ui1 til the channel has to be dug so deep that it becomes labor inefffoierit and/or until it hits a 'bedt•c•<:k obst1·oction. In either ce.se .. the <;anal and fields must be <loned f'ot· 1ocations 1o,;ter down the river where entt·enchment is not so severe. Over centuries sU<:h a pro<:ess leads ultimately to a. patterned, dowm·iver 1oss of a.gricu1tm·at iat1<l. The o<:<:upationat history of' the Moche valley :t•elei:::ts this <:on tractior1 pro<:ess.

It is c:ritical to understand that the <:ontra<:tion process is one t·eie.tiv·e to a single ir:1:·igaticin system. Once s. <:ru:i.al is bui1 t and if maximization prin<:ip1es ru·e adhet·ed to f'or agricuitu:1:·a1 const:t·uctions tl1:t•1:iughout the histc•t"i<:al sequence, the settlements

16

dre.wing off the terra.ce <:anals aJ·e 0 1ocked in" to the en "'y"fronmen ta1 dynamics of the a.gro-eco1ogical system. 1'he pt·oximate (:a.use of' &1y agricuinu·al (:ont.re.ction in the Andes is a 1o-w·edng of the a."",i'aila'ble water supply. Once a.n agricu1tura1 system is constructed in a pat'tk:u1ar h ... fdt·otogkal regime .. and subsequent contra<:tion of -zvater su1)p1ies ensues .. the agt•k:ti1tw·a1 population must respond with mm·e 'Wa.ter-ef'f'i<:ient mecha.nisms in c11·de1· to maintain existing levels of' productivity.

The key term he:i:·e is 0 pa.tterned" land cont:1:·action in -w·hk:h the historical sequen<:e of' land abandonment is regulat· and unidirectional relative to the water source from -w·hk:h it derives. This patterning ref1e<:ts the operation of m:in-cu1 tural factors in the sequential loss of land at1d cot"Tesponding 1·esettlement of sites~ as opposed to <=u1tura1 ones. If a pro.:::ess of' agrk:u1tura11e.nd <:ontractictn can be estab~ Hshed, it becomes a fundamental ecological vat·ia'ble to control for in the construction of exp1a.natory models f'o:r e.r1y histoi"i<:al sequence, and is <:ertain1y a. ma;c•t' f'a.cto:i:· in the de1re1opment of 1·egiona1 a.t1d local e<:onomic structures.

It is predse1y the distinction between eco1ogica11y versus culturally induced land a.ba.ndonemem that is ci·itica1 in the evaluation of the zonal <:omplememarit.y models. This is due to the fa<:t tha.t a signifk:ru:1t proportion of agrku1tut•a11and assoa:::iated with prehispanic sites in the di·ainage is currently unused. Vii•tua11y all of the majc•r hilltop, f'ot•tif'ied settlements that "W"ere hypothesized to be Lupaqan <:olonies at•e asso<:iated with aba1:1doned teri·a<:ed land. A test implication of the direct (~o1onia1 model is that Lupaqa.r.t (or more correctly Titicaca basin) fortified <:c•1onies were abandoned as a result of cu1tu1·a1 f'actoi·s: the Inka conquest of the a1tiplanc1 at1d/01· Moquegua sierra and subsequent reorganization of the t•egiona1 e<:onomy, the demographi<: de<:line in the Titicaca basin during the Spanish Colonial pe1·ic1d, the Conquest and its reorganization or any othex· cultural f'a<:tors related to the <lisruption of the L upaqe. state.

In contrast a natui·at pmcess of la1:1d abandonment would not ne<:essarily negate the direct colonial model as long as one <=ou1d demonstt·ate a. <:o:t·responding x·eadjustment in the settlement a.nd agricultural systems. Should su<:h a pi·ocess be demonstra.ted .. it must t>e satisfactorily in<:ot•pot·ated into the re<:onstruction of the agre.ria.rJ. history of' the study aJ•ea.

The test of the model foi· Moquegua. is a.s follows: The settlement history of' the Otora valley should show w1i-dire<::tiona11ru:1d aba.r1donment pattet"ns over time assum­ing tha.t a simi1&' set of agro-e<:ological interactions as found in the Moche valley operated in the south central .Andes . .Assuming that the tempot•a1 position of' the te:t·raced hi11sides cat1 be reasona.'bly established, w expect to find a similat" contraction pattern as that found i:n lvio<:he. If the con tra.ction pro<:ess is not che.racteristk: of the south centi·al Andes, howver, then Yi/e expect a ra.ndom, non- directional movement of' agrkuHura11and ot' a progt·essive expansion and <:ont:ra.<:tian c1f agrkultural land cort·esponding to demographic profiles.

The sta.ted emphasis, both theoreti<:e11y a.r.1.d ana1ytka11y, of this thesis is the domestic household a.s a. p:t•oduction unit. It is therefore apparent that the <=ontrol of' agricultural contrar:::tion fac~to:rs is fundamental in oodet·star.Lding the dyrJ.amics of' household composition .. f'IJtJ.ction a.nd (:lla.:nge tl11·ougl1 time. An understat1ding or the a.gricultu:t·e.1 and e.(~ologice.1 intet·actions through time is .. in fact critical at seve1·a1 levels. fit•st, by testit1g the models as de\re1oped in Moche, we are fo:t•ced to deal conceptually with non-ste.tic 1•:mds(:apes a.nd environmental contexts. There seems to be at1 "inhet·ent" dangei· in Andean studies to presupt>ose modet·n <~on<:eptions of 1at1d use a.nd en vironmen tat stabiH ty.

The s·uggestion tha.t produ<:ti"'re agri<::u1tura11and could be a.bandoned in a. context of' demogt•a.phk: gro-w'th .. for insta.n<~e .. stdkes the modern obsei·ver as i11i:•gica1. Y;le expect agricultural land to (:ot•t•espond po1·portione1ly to demc1gi·aphi<: densities a1:1d total per capita demands within techno1c1gfoa1 <:apa.cities (e.g. see Boset"UP 196~)). Tha.t is~ as pc1pu1a.tion increa.ses~ land bt•c1ught undet· cultivation is inct~ementially a.dded and

17

le.nd is abandoned only as demographic levels decline or as the pt"C•ductive demands on the S">'Stem diminish .

.As is dearly implie<l from the model p:roposed 'by the Moche investige.to:rs .. we must be able to <1ea1 (:oni:::eptua.11y with the possibility of' land abandonment in a context of' in<)reased productive <lema.n<l. This 1ea.<ls to a secor1d imp1k:s.tion of the mc1de1 in that ce1cu1a.tions of total land undet• cultivation a.t any particu1ai· period in time must be estima.ted ta.king into account ecological factors which f'ot•.:::e large segments of' a field system be under-wed or actually a.'be.ndoned.

From purely theoretk:a1 gi .. ounds, we expect a color.d2ir1g pc1pu1a.tion to ha.ve a mtK:h higher level of supra-domestic ag1·icu1m.re1 prodoction relatiYe to existing agricultural settlements, should such indigenc•us sites be present. The impoi·ta.nce c•f methodologically controUing fot" this agricultural <:ontra.ction factor cannot be underestime.te<l in determining productive levels of a. given field system at a. particular period of time.

CHAPTER 3

STUDY AREA: THE MOQUEGUA DRAINAGE

Situated at 17° latitude, the Moquegua Valley comprises one of the southet·n­most Peru·.,ie.n dt•ainages. Bounded by the deeply incised Te.mbo dtaina.ge on the not·th and the small Rio Lo<=um ba to the south, the Moquegua hydrologi <:al basin stt·etches from. Uo i:1n the Coast to the more than 5000 m.a . .s.1. peal{ of Ne"ira.da At·tmdane, a distance of only 125 km (figure 2). As ,;.rith the et1tit·e Central Andes .. elevation is the major environmental factor responsible for ecolcigk:a.1 diversity, contro1Hng available moistm·e, tempet·a.tm·e .. pla.nt life zones and consequently .. agri<:ultura.1 viability.

Forming around 3500 m.a.s.1. ft·om the me1titaters of the pun.fl snc•w .. several smeller t·ivers converge at approximately 2000 m to fot·m the Rio Moquegua which eventually takes the name Osmore 1o,;rer down it1 the drainage. These smaller :rivers e.nd cort•esponding micro-drainages ir.aclude the Ca.pi11ane .. Cos<:ort Tora.ta ... Chujul.ay and Ot.ora.. a.11 of' which fot·m the Rios Tumi1a.ca and Huare.ca.ne, ultimately joining into the Rio Moquegua.

Accotding to O.N .E.R.N. (Oficina Na.cional Evaluacion de 1os Recut·sos Maturales) .. the geographical limits of the Moquegua Drainage lie bet,;.oeen 7oe· 27' x 71 ° 20 · an <116 (• 52 · x 17.:. 42 · .. -vii th a total areal extent of 3480 km 2 · The average slope of the enti:re drainage is 3.6% with some g:radients in the highet· :rea<:hes apptC•8.(:hing 6.5%. The months of pea!~ watet· discharge fa11 between January a.nd March while the three month period between July and September are characte!'ized by a se"vere d:rc•p in ,;.rater a"ifaile.bility (ibid. 39). An extensive study of mMern peasant agri(~ultw·at systems has been conducted by B. Dolan (n.d.) and deals extensively "flith these and other agro-e<~ologica.1 variables.

This marked variability in wate:t· aYai1ability occurs both seasonally and annually. Hydrological data collected from the Rio Tumilaca (ONERN 1976:327) indicate ma.xiplum discha.i·ge :t•ates from 3.10 to 80.00 m3/sec ar.td minimum rates from 0.22 to 0.69 r.q-~/se<:. Tota.1 annua.1 discharge ranged from 29 .. 349,000 m3 in 1959-60 to 87 .. 105,,QOO m3 in 1954-55. Within one single year discharge rates varied from 0.48 to 80.0 mJ/se<:.

As of 1972, there was a.ppmximate1y 3360 ha .of cultivated land in the Moquegua sector C•f the Drainage (ex<::luding Ile•). The vast majority of this 1a.i1d is exploited fot" intensive ft"uit &ld vegetable <~rops (2700 ha) ,;'hi1e the t•ematning 630 ha. is under maize, wheat and other minor non-intensive a.gdcu1tura.1 plar1ts (ibid. 273).

The Otora Valley is one of the smallest of the many micro ... dt"ainages tha.t (:omp·rise the MoqueguaBasin. With less tha.i1200 ha. of a.gricu1tura11and <:urrently in use, the valley constitutes less tha.n 4.5% of the total &"ea under cultiva.tion in the Moquegue. drainage as a whole. Such figures may be somewhe.t misleading for analogies to prehisp&1i<: agt"i<:u1tut"a1 t:at·actices however, given that much of the lowe:r Moquegt:ia Ve.11ey is irt"igiated by su'bter:raneen waters with hydt"auii<: pumps (ibid. 386). Such technology has signifi<:&1t1y altered the relationship between water avai1abi1ity and land use from the pre-hispani<: ar.ad Spar.1.ish Co1or.a:ial pa.st.

to<:ate<'I at 2500 tci 3100 m.a.s.1., the Otora Valley study &·ea is in an ideal maize gro,;.ing 2one. Today the prin(:fpal crops are maize and alfalfa with a. large "'variety of secondru·y plants which include wheat quitic'ft. t•.koto.. e,ii potatos, f1o"frers &1<1 minor fruits and vegetables (see B. Dolan n.d.). As wUh the Moquegl.:ia dt·a.fr.1.age a.s a ~thole .. all plant agricultut·e &1<1 animal husbandt·y below 3000 m t•equires ii•t•igated terrace hi11skle. In the Otoi·a Valley, tot.al an:nl..:ial i·ainfa11 f'o:r the years 1964-68 "'ilas. a

19

mere 64.6 mm -,;.·ith a frc1m 18.7to137.4. Vit·tua11ya11 of this meager rainf'a.11 was concentrated in the months of' Jat1u.·:1.rf.. I:'ebru.sty and Mar(:h (ONERN:21 ). At·ound 3000 ma ne.tural pasture occasionally develops in these :rainy months and a11ow some a.nime1 husber.1.d1·y .. although unless augmented by h·:riga.tion "W·a.terS;~mch pastm·e would be insufficient in and of itself'.

Previous Research in the Mc•quegua Valley

Un ti1 the inception of Pt·ograma Con tisuyu in 1981, the1·e had been no system­a.tk eJ•chaeo1ogica1 investigations in the upper Moquegua Valley. Gary VeceHus excavated at sevet·a1 Ti wanatm sites neat• Moquegua City such as Chen Chen but his fieldnotes are presently unpublished. b1 the lower va11ey area neat· the coast at 110 .. G het·si Bat·i·era (1956) defined Chit'i baya as a post-Ti wa.naku, pre- Ink a coastal po1i ty. Subsequent surveys ir.t the Ilo Valley by Bela.r.l (1981) confirmed a.r.t extensive late Ti~ra.:na.1m a.r1d Chiribaya occupation.

Two additional Chiriba.ya. sites known as La Yara1 a:t:id La Victoria. have been located iri the Moi11.Jegua Valley (Watanabe .. Feldman, Rice and Moseley .. pet·s. comm.). The site of' La Ya.rat is 1o<::ated at 1000 m.a.s.1. at the to·i.vest irt•igab1e section in the Rio Moquegua. In many respects, Ya.ra.1 t•epH<:ates A1got•t•at>al architecturally. Similar patterns of house str1.NC:ture differentiation <:ha.racterize both sites. La Victoria. is a ·~emetery '1:iithout at'l identified domestic residential area. (destroyed by modern constt"uction) and has a. n'l..Ullber of Chiribaya pottet·y vessels associated with tombs of ... ra.rying constructions.

Based upon ceramic stylistic criteria., Chfribaya. unquestionably develops out of' the Ti,-rm1a.ku sta.te. Like most Tricolor del Sur u·aditions, dominant motif's include step designs .. butterfly patte:t·ns, semi-cir<:les atld "W·hite dot designs, ma.r1y of which a.re trar1sftit .. mations of Ti wa.naku styles.

Ongoing research by P:rograma Contisuyu partk:ipants have greatly expanded our 1mo,;'1edge of the Moquegua Dt·ainage. A genet•al pi ctu1·e has emerged of' a. significant Forma.tive I>eriod o<:cupatior1 cha.racteri2ed by Pukara.-1i:ke polychromes and at>i.m.dat:i.t fiber-tempered pottet·y (R. Fe1dmat1 pers. comm). This was ftiUowed 'by ill-defined Classic Tiwanaku settlements and the as yet <:hrono1ogica11y problematic Wru:·i settlement on Cerro Baul. (In 1982~ Lumbreras .. Muji<:a ru:1d Vera published the f'i1•st report of Cerro Ba.u1.. the towering Wa.ri site near the Tora.ta. Valley). An extensive Tiwa:naku Expa.nsivore o<::<:upation is found a.long the Rio Moquegua a.t the sites <:o11ect­ive1y known as Omo (Goidstein 1985). Goldstein also feels tha.t a later Tiwana.ku <:era.mi<: assemblage .. (~e11ed Moquegua Tiwa.naku 6, <:at1 be distinguished in the surface co11e<=tions from the Omo sites. He suggests a post-Ti,;·ana.ku Expa.risive settlement system after the co11a.pse of' imperial hegemony in the valley (ibid.).

A post-Tiwat'laku s~tt1ement ty"Pe known s.s Estuquina has a. also been identified in the valley (Mose1ey'.n:.<J.; Stru:1ish at:i.d Pritsker 1983) .. located generally above 2000 m.a..s.1. The Estuquina sites a.re positioned on fortified hilltops .. at1d are characterized by distincth"'e <:era.mi<: e.ssem'b1ages .. chulpas and extensive at•eas of abandoned terrace agt~ku1 ture.

Inka settlements ha.·ve as yet not 'been positively identified. The site of' To:ra.ta Alta (Stat:iish ar.1.d Pritsker ibid.) has at".l a.btmdan<:e of late Inks. Chuquito at'ld IrJ.:ka impet•ia.1 pottery but r.he griod pa.ttern of' su·eets and structures is suggestive of' pre­

Toledo redu<:tiorJ.s (M. Nefra and D. Thompsc•n, pers. comm.).

20

The Mciquegua. is .. of course, gec•gt•aphica.11y bourJ.ded by the coast and a1tit)1ano .. both areas of significa.ntly complex pt"e-Hispanic cultural development. The cu1tut·e areas <=ritk:a.1 in evaluating :rmna.1 complementarity models include the southern Peru"i,:ia.n and northern Chilean coast as "W'ell a.s the cir<~um-Titica.ca. Basin.

In the following pai·e.gra.phs I -,;.i11 bdet1y review the cultural chronologies and nature of materia.1 characteristics of the Moquegua. a.nd surrouding areas in ordet· tc1 provide a framework for interpreting the Otora. data within a. b:roade:t• regional · perspective. There is a genet•a.1 continuity fi·om Ti,;ta.naim through.1a.tet· settlements in the southern <=oasta.1 valleys "flith &1 histork:a.1 pattern of initial Tiwa.rJ.a.ku co1oni2atiot1 and subsequent develot>ment into t,egiona.1 styles. With the <:o11a.pse or relaxation of Tiwa.na.ku control, thet•e began. a. regiona.1ization f:orocess of which the generic <:era.mi<:: term "Tricolor del Sui:·" (Lumbreras and Amat 1968) encompasses a whole range of stylistic traditions developing out c•f their Ti·wanaku predecessors. Tricolor de1 Sur ceramic styles include Churajon (Juli) .. Chiribaya, A1Hta Amaya, Mo11o .. and Maitas among others. A similar tt"adition is found in the post-Tiwanaku in Otc•ra and Moquegua (Tricolot· Pot·obaya). Within this entire area, in spite of the regionatization prc•<=esses that served to distinguish diffe:t,ent geographical areas .. there were strong intra-regional or inter-va.11ey economic linkages .. most probably along the structural lines of their Tiwa.na.ku predecessors.

The first <:era.mi<: sequence f'ot• the south central Andes was postulated by Ma"< Uhle from data re<:ov"ered in Tacna and A:t'*k:a. eat11y in this centu.ry. Uhle defined seven stages .. the last four of which "ftet·e 1) Tiahua:na.co .. 2) Ata.camefio-Indigenay 2) Chincha­Atacam.efio and 4) Inca. The ceramics asso<:iated with the Ata.cam.a-Indigenaa.i·e known today as San Miguel while the Genti1ar styles "ftere a.i·gued by Uhle tote part of a widespread iconography associated "flith his thec•:t·eti<:a.1 p:re-Inka Chincha empire (Uhte 1913 .. 1917 .. 1918 .. 1919 .. 1922). This concept of a Chincha empire, whi<:h puta.ti"'ve1y extended south to present day Chile .. north to Moche and as far east as the Bolivian a1tip1ano, has been disproven.

Subsequent work by Bird (1946) e.t P1aya.Mi11er formed the data base whei·eby he p:roposed the <:hronologica.1 periods of At•ica I &1d Arica II corresponding i·oughly to Uh1e's Ata<:a.mefio-Indigena. and Chincha-Ataca.meiio respectively. Bit"d's excavations were conducted in coastal middens while Uhle's information <:a.me exclusively from tomb lots a.nd private col1ectic1ns. Bird's work brought a degree of stt•atigraphk: control to the sequence and served to t•aise doubts a.bout the validity of the Chin ca empire h ypot.hesis.

Beginning in the 1920"s a number of Chilean investigators (Latcham 1927, 1928, 19'36 .. 1938.: Muni2aga 1957) identified a series of <=era.mi<: styles in the Arka/Tacna area which "W'ere s .. f'T1thesized intc• a <=ht·onology by Dauelsberg (1961.. 1969, 19?2a and see figure 6). Dauelsberg's chronology has been criti<:ized by Lumbreras (1912) for a conf'IJSion of ceramic style &1d time with ea.ch new style ghl'en a separa.te period.

There has recently been some consolidation of the Arica seque11ce as styles f'ormer1y thought to be temporally distinct were found in similar archaeological contexts, as anticipated by Lumbreras in 1972. The work of Fo<:<:a<:i (1969, 1981 ); Fo<:<~a<:i &1d Ei·tces 1971; Daue1st>erb (ibid.); Munoz (1981).: Nuiiez (1963, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1974).: Ore11ano (1964); end Rivera (1975, 1977) hes produced a.sequence of Formativ"'e-Ti wa.i1aku .. Desa.:rroUo Regional - Inl~a. -,;.·i th a n um t>er of fm·mer1 y cht·ono1ogi <=ally distinct <:era.mi<: styles in<:orporated into a simplified scheme (see figure 6). The construction of this chi·c•no1ogy ha.s been grea.t1 y f'acili tated by the co11ectic•n of a numbe.1· ofC-14 determinations since Dauelsbei•g's c1:rigina.1 f'ormu1a.tion. The chron­ology offet·ed ty a.i1d T&·ta.glia (1980) accords we11 with the Otora data (Chiriba.ya ex(:epted--see ch.apter 4) and represents the cu1·1·ently accepted absolute at:i.d i·e1ative <:hronology for the Azapa. and Ll uta &·eas.

21

lsabe1 F1ot·es reports that excavatic•ns neat• Ta.c:na suggest a simi1at• of' cet·amic styles and :1:·etaHve <~hro:nc11ogies such as that :1:·eported fo:1:· The

Tacna and Azapa at•eas to be culturally homogenous.

Research Design

F'revim.w reseat'ch has indicated that the Otm·a Valley of' the Moquegua Dt·ainage is a.n ideal at•ee. in which the bt·oad question of' ..... "'e:1:'tica1ity cat1 be approa.<:hed. Moq­uegua was referred to in the Ga:rci Diez Visi ta as a major at•ea. of L upa.qa colonies. P:t·eHminary archaeological t•esearch had identified a :number of' fortified .. sierra sites associated with massive agricultural terracing that <:ould be tested to be colonial extensions of circum.-Titicaca basin states. From st:t·ictly theo:retical conside:t·ations .. the Moquegu.s. area possessed all of the elements necessary to test :imnal <=ompleme:r.1.ta:rity models.

ft·om a methodologice.1 perspective as '"W"E!lt several characteristics of south central Andean sierra environment make Moquegua a.n ideal research area for the aquisition of the relevant data. Today .. as in the past, a :tcypera:rid climate p:redudes non-irrigation agricultut•e a.nd steep gradients mandate terrace construction for virtually a.11 agrk:u1tura11and .. even land dire.:::t1y a.dja<:ent to the t•ivers. Such a. situation "fossilizes", so to speak, abandoned field systems in that the entire amount of' <:rop gt,o"Wing area is defined by relict terraced hi11sides. Once the system goes out of use (i.e. the canal ceases to function) the main erosional agent--water-- is alsc• removed which promotes excellent preservatfon.

Therefore .. given geographical sepat•ation of' disc:1:·ete field systems (which does occur in the study&·ea.for most of the sequence) .. and presuming that any tract of agricu1tural 1at1d correlates in time with the <=1osest residemial site .. agricuttw·al terracing can be dated by site-<:a.ne.1-terra . .:::e geographice.1 relationships. Also .. "hori­zontal stratigraphy" (Moseley ibid) ca.n be discerned by looking a.t "intrusive" spa.tia1 relationships between agricu1tw·al features and non-ag:ri<:u1tura1 constru.ctions such as. cat1els cuting through domestic :1:·esider1ces, cutting eat•Her terraces .. t•esidential stt·u<:tures or tombs over te:rt•a.ces etc.

The ext:t·eme aridity l)f the of' the Peruviat1 south combines with the unique tcipogt·aphy C•f the upper siet•ra (above 2000 m.a.s.1.) to create atl eco1ogk:a1 situ.e.tion in which ru·able 01· potentially a.:t•abte tracts of land at"e ·~onf'ined to narrow river valleys and separa.ted f'rom each other vast expanses of p1a.nt1ess desert (Tosi 1960). Such an ecological situa.tic1n serves to absolutely define the limits of settlement systems at1d the associated maximum crop agricultural sustairJ.ir.1.g area. Each upper sierra valley,. hydrologically determined a.nd topographically cit·cum.sct•ibed, therefore constitutes atl easily definable study 8.t'ea. where its total agrk:ultw·at potentia.1 <;ar.1. be contro11ed.

The Otora 1:/alley was chosen for intensive study af'ter 4 months of p:t•eHminat·y field research (Stanish at1d Prikster 1983). At that time, 2 major settlemerJ.t types w.re t•e<:ognized: a Tiwa.nat::u occupation <:oncentt·ated in the lower Moquegua valley (be1o~' 2500 m.a.s.1) (Feldman .. Moseley .. Berma.nfJ., Goldstein, pers. comm.) and et post-Tivo.ne.1':.:u settlement type, named Estuquiiia at1d described by Moseley (n:d.). The Otora. period was. yet to be recc•gnized in the preliminat·y reconr.i.aissar.1.ce.

The Estuqui:f=.ta. period sites held the only pt•omise of being Lut)a.qar,1• 01· Titicaca Ba.sin ccilonies--hence, o:ne prerequisite for a study at•ea was. the existen<:e a. large .. represen ta.ti ve Estuquina peric1d site. Ag1·ii:::u1 tural te:t~races ~·re1·e already known to be a necessat'y facet of' &J.y upper siet·ra settlement.. a.r.i.d the preHmir.i.& .. y survey had lo<:ated · most of the larger Estuquina sites in this zone.

Based upon these criteria.. four sub-drainages w.re isdated as poten tis! study at·ea.s: Tot·a.ta... Chujulay .. Oto1·a at1d Tumi1a.c;:i, (Cos<:ori) ea.ch with large scale ter:re.cing .. foi·tified sett1eme:nts and no:n-Tiwa.r.i.a.ku pottery. Becatwe of its mat1ageabi1ity, size

.,,.._ ........ -....... "' indk::i.ted the of a tt·::i.nsitio:n•:il period(s) Such an une111 tidp•:i.ted .:Jis(:O'le1·y

the h ypotheti<:::i.1 Oto:ra pe:riod to tha.t thP. Otrii'ii i··f·rind i -~

·· Est~~~q1~;ifi~~)· -· - th~ prepon-u:npigme:r.1.ted bo'ihris

found in period whi(:h the Otora pe1·io.:j sites.

v?e:l:"e i:n tensi ve1 '''/ ( 11 t'ooms Ei :1:·ooms in P-Ei). P-1 or Pot·ot:.aye. \i:t;32 also in tensi vel y (9 rooms: Stanish.: 6

t·ooms: 'll a.ta:tl•:t.be) \Vhi1e 0 in tensi vei ~ ...... -w·o:ri~ed. At sites .. I relied upon sut•f';:i.(~e (:o11ections fot• At the quifia. and Estuquifi.a-Ii".1.k•:i. pet'iod site of Sajena (P-{J.. ex(:::i;v·::i.tio:ns 'Y'/e:re gi"".,."'e:n low· p:rio:rity the site Yil8:3 so ·:tra.ma.tk:811 ~ ..... simi1at· to · information ·~·-l-•·E.'l'.~·-"1 from the v?o:rk a.t .:::an be infe:re:ntially utilized i:n understanding P-3.

unit or z./;33 the domestfi::: hold In the Oto1·a. Valley rooms were e;:i.sily dis(:efr.i.::i.ble . .-.. -...... ::: ... ,.;:;,.,;;;, v..rind deflation -;1;.rhi(:h

a.nd to 1ooti:n;2: of ;31•e;:;i.s 'ii.rem hi;;:i.vil y looted). Alf stnKturn wells v.rere thet·e-i:::o:nsti tuted a k:no"'Y;rn sa:r11 p1i:ng The j udg:me:n tal se1e(:tio:n of

roo:o1s v.r::Js upon the following (::ri teri;:i.: 1 ) In tact rooms oppose·:j to distut•bed were import::i.:nt in to .:::o:mp1ete .. re::i.so:na.b1"f undisturbed 2) ._ ....... ,. ...... ~.,_ .. _ .... sepa.:t'a.tion on the site in orde1· to s;:i.mple fat'eas of' the domestk:

3) sampling diffe:rent a:rchitectura1 4) ex(:;:i:v·ating t•ooms 'ihtith the presumption tJ:'u:i.t households may (:omposed of more th;:i11 one room.

:Room pt•oi:::eeded ::i.s f'o11o";h.rs: first .. the deposi tio:n ::i.nd explosion of' (:near Omate) in 1600 A.D.

measuremE!:n ts wet·e tn .·"'le..Te..~ ... "" ....

the posto(:.:~up8.tion;:i1 slump or . .,,._ ...... _, ........... _.

23

major disturbance or unusu::-1.1 gecimorphi<: cc•nditions, the a.ng1e of ash stt·atum neat· the ·'9;ral1s relative to the f100:1:· was p:1:·i:1po:rtiona1 to the length of time bet'\\'een site a.ba.r1donment a1J.d the 1600 A.D. explosion. Tha.t is, if the site was occupied ir1 1600, the

fall "W'DUM be parallel to the f1oor up to the '\\'811. If the room had been aba.:ndoned p:rior to the ash falt the walls wi:m1d collapse a.nd a.ccumu1a.te slump in the cot·net·s. The (:ot·responding ash fall '\\'OUl.d angle slightly up to the '\\tall.

By using such a ct•i tet•ion, it was possible to immediate! y determine if sites were prehispanic .. '\\'f.ti(~h .. in the early absence of a. p1airr·wa1"e chronology (and absen<:e of de<::ot•ated pottery) was very useful. Also, a c&·eful recordir1g of the ash fall was e. very good indi<:ator of' post-1600 human or natural disturt>&1ce.

On<:e this overburden was stripped arid i·ecorde<t the excavation proceeded at a "ifer·y· slow pace to the floc•r .. usua11 v defined by a soil texture and color change &1 d the pt•esence of' undisturbed hearth a.sh deposits. All signifk:a.r.tt artifacts artifa<:t. concentrations were plotted in a plan and the depth below de.tum noted. Hea.:t·tl1s .. postho1es, internal walls et.<:. "W"ere t)lcitted as well. AU excavated material was. screened th:t·ough a 5 mm mesh screen (very fine a.:t•chaeo1ogi<:a1 deposits) an·1 all heartl1 ash was s:ci·eened withe. 2.3 mm mesh geological screen.

Every t•oom .. defined t>y the extena.1 welts, '\\•'SS assigned a unit number. Within each room unit interr1a1 features .. such as "W'alled areas .. concentrations etc. we:re given a feature number. Lot n um. be rs '\\·rere as.signed on the basis c•f' similar archa.eolc•gi <::al contexts such as "above f1oor fi11 " .. "floor context", "fill from. feature 1" etc. The :t•ecordir.Lg system therefore he.d three numbers: site-number=lot (e.g. Pl-21=7). A lot represents an analytical category: a feature represents a physically <X•njoined set of' a.rtifacts. Usually, a feature also defined a lot or specific group of' lots.: rarely did &1 arbitrat•i1y defined lot extend beyond the physk:e11im.its of' a feature .. although the feature itself could be composed of different lots, depending upon the le"vel of specif­k:ity the field supervisor "W'ished to maintain in co11e<:ting the matet•ia1.

A11 i·oc•ms were exca"ifated to sterile subsoil. Every room had only one f1001· due to the i·apid use and abandon.merit of sites, althc1ugh the thkkr.tess of the floors differed quite a bit. It 1i'a.s 'ra.:t•e to have mo:t·e than 50 cm of cultural f'i11 from. the bottom of the vol(:anic ash to the sterile subsoil. Most rooms had less thar1 35 <:m of occupa.tional fi11 and post-occupational, pre-1600 a.ccumulations.

By rigidly adhering to i·ooms as the principal excavation unit, we .,-1ere a.ble to generate sufficient &1d compa.:t·able data fo1· determining household types, 1eve1s of production access to exotk: goods, use of space and internal stru<:tures, relative levels of ·:::ameHd and curmeat consumption, etc. Most importantly, f'o1· the test of the zonal complementarity modet we were able to define ch&1ges and temporal variations of the domestic household in diffe:t·em pei·iods throughout the sequence.

Ir1 addition to these t"W·o ba.si<: field pt•ocedures (r•:iom excavations and agri­cultural field mapping), w also exca\rated tw reservoirs to as.certa.ir.1. if' watet• ... b•)t•ne sediment 1ei.mination was. present, cut an o<:<::a.sional unit into possible domesti<: &·ea.s arid exca,ra.ted some intact and looted tombs. The la.ttet· tomb ex<::a.va.tions were partic­ularly importei.nt at. Porobaya Chk:a (P4) .. a site "W·hi<:h was chrono1ogi<:al1y problem.a.ti<:.

As outiined ab•:rve, the critical empirical variables necessary to test models of zonal complementarity are: the nature of the terrace systems .. periods of' use and disuse of these tei·races, pi·oductive capacity of agt•icultural technology .. die.chronic disjunc­t.ions ir.t at•chite<:ture and settlement type, eviden<.::e of heightened surplus prc1d1J(:tio:1:1 a:r1d food prepara.tion .. exotic ceramics and other non-local ma.terial cultural artifacts, changes in flmera.ry practices and <:u1ture1 differentiation markers such as (~ranial deformation. A11 of these variables '\\tet•e effectively dealt with this methodology whi<:h fc1c1JSed on the <:omp1ete rc•om str1x:ture.

PART I I

AN OVERVIEW OF

SETTLEMENT SURVEY AND EXCA.,,./ATION RESULTS

SETTLEMENT ING

hi11 a.bove the in

(:orom.) Tumilai:::a (U-4).. Monofe ;3.f1d o:t' shot't

ba.;.rei. is ·..,;rithout question :rept•esent;::1.Hv-e ;;:t.:t'(:hite(:tu:t•;:i11y· e.nd a:t"tife.(:tu .. -:;11y to a. of fecentl"':t identified tht'ou.ghout the the mid to

upon •:t.dmiHedly u:ns;lsteme.tk: I \l:tould ad":l•3.n(:e a Estuquifiei. sett1emen t t;rpe ":tthii:::h e. Gui tux·a.11 y homoge:nous throug:hout. ;:md I:nb:i. In this .:::on text the fo11ov;;ring da.ta may be thought of eis (:on tributing to the <:o:nstt'U(:tion of a.:n

model of this Estuquifi.e. settlement type. Porobei.yi:i. is lo(:a.ted on ec. :na.t·t·ow hi11 within the vei11ey on the south of the

of the Rios Sajena. and Porob;:t.'{8 .. The v;;r:32 defensiv·e1y· situ.'.:l.ted ar1d utilized east ei.nd v;;··est t.o p:t'OYide e. nci.ture1 The pe.tte:t"n of fo!'tifk:e.-

tions is ty·pk:81 of thc1.t. des(:1'ibed by l•.fosele;l (n.dJ for the Estuquifi.8. :[)eriod settlement in t.erestingl y',. si:mi181' to that et. . ( 1 )

;:i.s distant ei2 Oi.:ieb!'i3.di:i. su(:h ;:i.s c:h urei.j on (Juli)

posturing inclu·:jes abrupt hi11s1opes on two i3.C(:esses. 1•,•1ose1e:r i:i.t UbidJ.

26

a. .:::c1nst:1:·u.:::tion is also f'otuid at Pc1roba.ya. on the no:t·th side "spine" behind f'frst defer1si ve "Wrail.

Moseley (n.d.) argues ths.t the pattei·n of defensive f'ot•tifications is not one in whkh seige "Wra:.rfa:re or any orgarJ.i2ed militarism is indicated. That is .. such econom­k:ally important areas as (~a.:t1a1 intakes a.:t"J.d agricu1tura.1 fields a.re not protected. In the Otota Vatley .. and a.ppru·ently for the Estuquifia settlement type as a. whole .. thet·e e.t•e e1so no indk:ations of' non-t·esidentia.1 .. strategk: or special fu.t1<:tion military sites. Lil{ewise .. there is no indication whatsoever of' specialized weaponry assemblages s1JCh as pt•ojecti1e points .. ma(:e heads or defensive weapons except throwing stones (bolas). These are indistinguishable .. however .. from pounding or some grinding stones. Most likely .. fist sized round stones probably served both tht•o"f.ting and poundir1g f\mctions.

At P-2 .. the 1)the1· main Estuquina period site .. we discovered a cache of thro"W·ing stones, located in a. pocket inside and abutting the outer defensive wall. Twenty-three round .. W"ft01•ked t•ivet· cobbles of \i"'arying sizes (4-15 cm diameter) were disco\i"ered in the cache. Such a. stt·ategy was I>ro'babl "'f typical of' Poro'ba."ya and other Estuquif.i.a. period sites as well. Several cra.nia from :recovered Pt·ograma Contisuyu excavations at Estuquina have trauma.tic injuries which indicate that bolas were a prir1<=i1)a.1 weapon.

Moseley con<~ludes that, instead of orge.t1ized we.t•fare, there was a pattern of intermitta.:nt raiding, a condusic•n in which the Otora data concur. Such corif1k:t corre1a.tes to peak population levels, at least in Otora as well as the f'orme.tion of in<~ip­ient soda.1 hiet·archies .. the widening of ex<:harige net"f.t't•rks as we11 as a number c•f other cultural features discussed belo"W~. Such a. u·ar1sfo1·ma.tion is argued to typical of the Estuquiiia. period settlement type as a whole throughout the Moquegua Drainage.

A <:ha.t·acteristk: of the Estuquina. and 1atei· sites is a tendenc"':t f'or double-brick, pirca masonry on exteriot· structure walls as opposed to single brick co:tistniction a.t Otore. period sites (except P-4). Thet·e is little ma.jot• exterior wall archite<;tura.1 differ­entiation (ex<;ept possibly for size) between &1y of the rooms on Porobaya. AU exterio1· wa11s are made with this dc1ub1e brick technique. I:nteriot· wa.11s .. on the other hand~ are (x•nstt·ucted as. single ro~rs of stone .. similar to the extei·ior lta11s found at P-7 .. P-8 and P-5. 'fla.11 stones vary in size but were usually chosen fot" e. more or 1ess uniform size and fle.tsidedness in order to have a. strong consistent wa.11 s1Jt•face. Walls we1·e generally curvilinear .. with little attempt to create straight or unif'ot•m rc•om uriits. Such a patte1·n suggests an agglutination process of' room construction e.tld cet·tainly I):rec1 udes a.:tl y pt·e-<:on<:ei ved arc hi tec:tura.1 plan.

Within the site one can detect certain architectural groupings (more easily seen in P-2) in which individual rooms are <:c111joined in linear t>attet·ns. Access to the rooms is th1·ough doors both on the external wa11s to perimeter walk"Vrays ar1d between rcioms through internal doot·s. Between room groups there are accesswe:ys or walkways .. both "vertically" (Le. against the contours of the natural hill) and "hot·izontally" (Le. along the contours). Of'ter.1.times these were scraped to bedrock and steps were carved to faci1i tate movement (see appendix 1, P 1-6).

In P-1, there is indicated the use of quai•t1ied rhyoHte (nea.:t'est sour<:e a:P})t~ox­imately 700 m) used in door o:::ot1ners a.nd wa.11 oases. Door"W·e.ys ~··ere const1·ucted "'ith le.t•ge, single blocks usua11y the width of t"f.t't• sma.11er stones used in the wall itself'. The use of su:::h single blocks .. .,.··aries throughout the site er1d may be a chronologically sensitive archi tectura.1 te<:hnique. At a 1oca.1 Late Horizon site for instan.:::e (P-1 "3 ) .. these door corners e.t·e extt·emely well fitted. There use in Pl may 1·ef1ect some early Inka inf1uen<:e in ar<::hite<:tura.1 styles.

Rooms tended to 'be smallet· •)n the sides of the hill due to the constt•aints of building residential te:rra.ces. The front of' the "icimesti<: tei·ra.ce was. also utili::::ed as the f'r•:it1t exterior "f/811 i:1f the domestic room itself. Terra(:es ~.ret·e raised "ftith field stones

sterile fi1L possibly residential appendix 1 .. P1-5). i•ooms built on the steeper sides e1so seem tc• be segi·egated into distinctive gt•oups. These are divided by n&·ro".v a.c<:esswa.ys runr.dng ve:rti<:e11 y up the hi11side.

At P-1.. we excavated 91·c1oms .. chosen to sample different room types and areas on the site. In fact .. there is very little architectural diff'et•entiation on the site .. and the selection ci·iterie. sought to sample rooms at the top of' the hUl (units 19 - 22t tet·ra<:e rooms on 2 sides of' the site (units:>-· 8) a:n<l 11aj•ge room lo"Wrer do"Wn in the spine of the site ai·ea (unit 28).

Internally .. there was a fair degree C•f a:t•chitectural differentiation bet"'9leen the rocims .. ai1d this differentiation appeai·s to have extended to groups of' rc•oms. The terrace rooms .. fc•r itutan<:e .. have subf1oor tombs white these were i·are in the uppe:r 1·ooms. Similar1 y .. above ground stm•age areas were more numerous in the te:ri·ace rooms while below ground storage <:ists dc•minated the upper room units. The one room with good evidence for ritual areas was located in the highest area. group (unit 21 ). There was a quan ti ta.ti ve diff'erene.:e in the f'requ.er.1.<:y of' exotic goods .. "With a greater proportion found in the uppet· rooms. fina11y .. higher rooms and domestic areas ~tet•e 1ru·get, .. but this could be simply a. function of' available space restri<:tiot1s on the terra.:::e rooms.

On the othet· hru1d .. a11 i·ooms had eviden<=e c•f food preparation (ms.nos:. /1¢..~tsnes­an.d kitchen debris) and domestic at"tifactual remains did not qualitati'V'ely differ betweet1 any :rooms . .Also .. based u~)on an analysis of plain ware sherds (see below) .. virtually identical proportions of cooking .. eating ai1d drinking vessels were found in ea.ch of the rooms.

If any :room complex constituted an "elite" .. or socially dif'f'erer.1.tiated group, these would have been the most likely· ones. These rooms are the largest and highest on the site .. had the best defined architectural patterning .. &ld had the greatest qUa:t1tity of quarried rhyo1ite blocks. Thet"e was, however no significai1t difference in wall construction .. nor did surface indi<:ations suggest major status differences. These rooms were not spatially segrege.ted nc11· did they exhibit MY restri<:ted access to a greate1· deg1·ee than did the either structures on the site.

- ~~oom 19 (figure 28) is best interpretated as a residential sleeping ai1d/or non­c..ookir.1.g area. It has one of only two subt1oor tombs of the i·ooms in this group and the tomb is probably not associated with the occupation of the room itself. Room 20 is deat•ly a. kitchen/storage area that may have served this entire group. The area in the no1·tl1east corner with a 10,;1 wall ai1d four ash deposits is a typical hearth pattern first seen most <:1ear1 y in P8-10 and P8-11. Similarly, other hearths are sca.ttet•ed throughout the roc•ms ai1d a large, sMd filled depression was probably used for water storage.

Room 21 (figure 30) has the conjoir.1.ed large room./sma11 room divisiotl first seen in the sites of P-8 ai1<J P-4. The larger section has clear evidence of domestic a<:tivity: ash deposits .. cooking areas, a large mo1ino etc. while the smaller room has eviden<;e of' •.::·u,r,'Lceme1·ed ritual with little tunnels, CU.T•"' runs, ~18.11 niches and a paved ai·ea that is best interpreted as a .:-U,T•"' pen. There was also a c1Jri01..~ feature ( #5) in unit 21 in whkh a cist "tomb" Vf/8$ prepai·ed~ five vessels were left in the cist but there Vf/8.S no human :remeins (except fo:r two irJ.f'Silt teeth that were p:rob1em.atka11y :i.ndu.ded :in the feature (see a.ppendix 1 ).

RcuJm 22 (figure 31) also had a similar suite of' domestic artif'a<=ts and a kitchen ai·ea .. This i·oom appears to be associate~ with ai1 unexca.va.te<1 kitchen area a.dja<:ent to

...,.-.

..r:.0

and dire<:t1y nc11~th (unit 23). Twenty-t,.lo <=ontained the onl"'y"' goc•d subf1001· tc1mb in mom context f'ot, this entire group; the tomb was of a.n infant.

Based upon archite<:ture and qt:aaiita.tive remains my interpretation is that Pl-20 and Pl-21 &"e associated rooms constituting a domestic 1~itchen and stot•age area. Curiously, however, the ceramic and bone ret"'use densities are greater in the latter thari in the supposed kitchen area (table 4). This is not e~ren a factor of t•oom size because absolute quar1tities are a.iso highe1" in unit 21 than in unit 20. One possibility is that room 20 may he.~re, in fa.ct been divided into two rooms and converted very late in the occupatiori of the site to a kitchen area (see appendix 1 ). This is suggested by a sealed doorway and topographical break in the f1oor, as weU as a possible i·emn&lt ~ra11 se<:tion on the east exterior side.

Rooms 5 and 6 (figures 24 ai-id 25) also constitute a separate domestic unit spatially segregated from other st:n:i<:tures on the site. That unit 5 was .:::onstru.<:ted over a midden f'i11 is dt·a.matically evident by the ceramic a11d bone densities re1a.tive to the rest of the rooms (table 4) plus the cc•nstr1J¢tion of internal wails over ot•gank: refuse (appendix 1 ) . U rdike the upper section (rooms 19 - 22) these terrace t·ooms b.a're wen constructe<J tombs in subf1oc1r con texts .

.A similar pa.ttern is seen in rooms 7 and 8 (figw·es 26 and 27t also a set of' spatially segregated terrace rooms, in which one c•f the pair of domestic units has three tombs. Cut·ious1y, both sets of terrace rooms have a pauern in which one ha.s two or three subf1oo:r dst tombs while the second room contains one sma.11.. undistinguished tc•mb. These tw tet•raced room areas were also similar in terms of a constricted spatial area ... domestic artifacts, general la.ck of exotic artifacts (see table 9) etc. Bone densities, in both pairs of tert·aced rooms were conside:t·ably higher thar1 the group 19 - 22. EYen ignoring Pl-5, in which the domestic terrace was <=c•nstructed out of residentia.1 garbage, the absolute ceramic and bone weights as well as the re1ati'\re densities \'Y'ere 1.mequivoca.11y higher in the k•wer grc1up than in the higher one. This suggests either longe:t· o<::<:upations (not cort•o'borated by f1oor thi<:knessest more intensi~1e domestic use of the terraced t•c•oms, or si:m.ply that 19-22 were <:leaned out more frequently than the towet, rooms.

Room 28 (figure '32) was a large, squarish roc•m on a. fowe:r area of the site but sti11 on the upper "spine" of the natural hilt. West of' this u11it was the on1y open area of the site in which no structures of a.r.i.y kind were <:o:nstructed. This, plus the unusually 1&·ge room a.t·ea of ut1it 28 suggested communal, ceremonial and/or ritual function for the room.

Room 28 had a well-defined kitchen area grinding stones, and other domestk: a.t•t.ifa<:ts. A most outstanding characteristic of this unit was a huge depression direct! y in the center with a small "car1al" running out of (away from) the Hp of the depression to a small open :niche in the wa.11. The niche opens up into a.tl accesswa.y which was probably stepped dow the ea.st side of the site (see Pl-6 for ane.logy). As with other depressions in rooms, there was some river sand at the base. Su<:h features immediately suggest liquid or maize storage t>ut the function of such a canal is entit·e1y problemati·:~. This cana.1 is unique to this parti<:u1ar1y t·oom. Signifk:ant1y, a broken Si11usta.t1i black-and-white over red plate was ft•und in excellent f1oor context in the not·thwest side of' the room (figure 32 and appendix 1 ). This was one of' the f'e-w· instru1ces in which. I:nka.-influeni:::ed <:era.mies ~rere found in contexts other than "a.bove floor fiU" in the excavations (¢f. Arellano Lc•pes 1975a fo:r Mo11o occupations although see ~latanabe n.d for Inks. ceramics in floor contexts at other rooms on Porobaya).

In te:i:·ms of' a.<:cess to exotic goods, there is suggested a q:u.mtita.ti"'.;e difference bet~reen 19-22/28 &1d the ter1,aced t•oom g:1:·oups (table 9). \i"hi1e the numbers are dea.r1y too sma.11 to be sta.tistica.11y significa.t1t, they are suggestive of a grea.ter access of the higher gt·oups vis "a vis the 1o\'Y·er ones. This "tt·end" holds for blue :co.a.:t•ine shei~pigment o1ive11a. shelt (~oppe:1:· a.t•tifacts, cal (a.ii{a.ii for <:C•<:e. <:hewing), sht·imp and beads. This diff'e1·en(:e is even more marked if \'Y'e take into a.ci:::ount the

f'a<:t tha.t dom.estk artifa<:t densities -were r:::onsiderably highe1· in the tower 1·oc1m.s ar.td the.t the subf1oor fill of P1-5 was pi·otably f:1:·om anothe:1:· part of the site and therefm·e not. necessarily rep1·ese11t.a.tive of the ter1·aced rooms .:kcmest.k middens. E:y removing lot P1-5=10 and Pl-5=11 (sutf1oor domesti<: fi11) the quantities of exotic goods in these 1owe:r rooms drops even more.

In a.n effoft to determine if thet·e "ita.S a differential use of classes c1f ce:1:·amic ves$els betweet1 t•ooms .. a test was devised using atl body sherds <:o11e<:ted frc•m the excavations. An examination of all whole vessels from the sites of Porobaya, Estuquifia and An tonfo (ail Estuquina/Estuquina- lr.Lka period sites) t•eveaied that a strong co:r:1:·e1ation existed between slJfface treatment post-firing carbc•rlization (i.e. domestic use} and v"'E!ssel fi:irm. Seven of <::e:t•amk:s were noted:

1) Interior /Exterior 'bu1·nished .. red stipped (10 R MurJ.se11) usua.11y two sides and heavily cat•bonized.

2:) Undassifia.Me. 3) Interior/Exterior wiped, always unpigmented belo'Nr lip ar.1.d sometimes

red slipped on lip .. <:artcinized. 4) Interior wiped .. exteriot• burnished .. red slipped .. <:at'bi:1ni2ed. 5) I:nte:t·ior wiped, exterior burnished .. red s1ip1>ed .. not <:arbor.dzed. 6) h1teri01\lexterio:r bui·nished, red sHp usually t'N·o sides .. no flaring of body,

not o:::ar'bonized. · 7) Interior /exterior "ftiped .. al.WS."fS U.f.l.pigmented below Hp er.1.d sometimes

red slipped on lip, not ca.rbor.dzed.

The e.naiv"'sis of' the treatments demonstrated that utilitarian C(l(lking vessels --o11a.s and,boi:;tpots-- fall into categoi·y #] .. 75% of the time (12/16) while serving/ storage vessels (ja.rs .. cups .. 'bottles and arybailoid jars) plac:;e into categories 4 and 5 .. 92% of the cases (37140). Bowls fall into categories 6 and 7 .. 81 % of the time (22127). These date. also strongly suggest that the correlation tightens as the sample size irJ.creases meaning that the sherd analysis .. which utiHzed several thousand fragments, was statistk:s.11 y secure.

Suc:h treatments a.re recognized easily from virtually any body sherd 1a.rger than 2 x 2 <:m. Ee.<:h sherd of this size and larger was classified with the hypothesis that t•ooms of' higher status would have a greate:t· proportion of' non-cooking vessels relative to other ceram.ics. That is, we would expect higher sta.tus roc•ms or at least cet·emonial at•eas, to have a greater proportion of serving vessels and less eviden(:e of domestic food preparation.

The histog1·ams of the 1·esu1ts of this &lal"'fSiS from each room on Pl demonstrate a surpt•b::ingly tmifc•rm distt•ibution suggesting that a. similar t•ange and intensity of domestk: activities were perfn1·med in each room sampled (figu1·e 9). The variation in the histograms •)<:curred main1 y in the un<:lassifia'b1e category .. whk:h probe.bl y in<:orporated plates &1d other exoti<: 01· rat"e vessels. C:1eat"ly, in gi·oss tet·ms .. no t•oom had evidence of status differentiation as seen in domestic use ref1e<:ted in the cet•ami<: :t•efuse.

A o:::haracteristk: of Poro'baya is the enc•rm.ous quantity of large gririding slabs or bate.ties &1d man:as on the surface &1d in the excavated rooms. On the slJfface of' the entire site atone, there were 54 be.tarJ.es ar.td 189 m.anos. This contrasts sharply with the othet· sites in the at•ea where such grinding stones were found a.t much lower quanti­ties (table 7). As I arglJe 'below .. such leu·ge quantities of grinding implements above the needs of' the domestic economy at•e indicative of intensification of agTicul.tm·at pt"o­<11Jction ar.1.d maize meat p:t•epara.tion. Another impot·ta.:nt .:::onse<:ruer.1.ce of these de.ta. is th.at it obvie.tes argum.ents suggesting that P7 is somehow contemporary 'Nrith Pl. That is, if the former site W'8S indeed a. temporary, spec::ia1 use site in the hierru·chy of'

to ·:jisi:::over This held tn:ie e ... .,. .. en Tifi th

1S

wen:~

(:ists 'h"ere fiile·:j v;.ri th i3.

although the meize i:t.:nd .fJ:/f (Ci:i.psi(:Um

(ibid:114). Othet· (Cl1eno-

ptodl.Kts ~:re1·e ;:i1so stot·ed in below gfo1.md dsts.

this study is tllar. the pi ts Y-let·e unspecialized .. multi-functiona1 fe::i.tm·es ::ti'(:hitei:::tut'::i11y to those i:n the Oto:re. settlements.

Cu1·iol:isl·y-.. the l::i.rgest of' i:::ists i:n Pm·ot.8.y::i. (P1) Ti/ere found the moms ini ti::i11 y hypothesized to 19 to P 1 1o'\\tet• tet•r::i.ce

hand .. dM :not the

v.re.re f'oun·:j in a of heav:.r a.sh .. bone ;:i.nd domestk .......... ~ .... _ ... ... undear Tifhethet· these dsts fu:n<:tio:ned odgin::.11 y· as pi ts

to tombs or ifr.hese ·\t:··e:re sim:i;:.1~.r into the midden. ·v;/:?Js Wt1e s:i;::·::i.ti::i1 sepa.:r::i.tion a.:re::i.s and utilized ::i.s O:l:'

othe1· domesi.i c p u:rposes. Aboye .. g::1:·ound st:l:'U(:tures v?e:re f'ou:nd in ::il1 sites in ;:111

tended to be (:onstt'U(:tEHJ out of' nH:i.son:t·y. pa1·tku1a·t.'1 y P7 PB.. instead to stone slat:· '\\·"::t11s. These

::::i'i~'i::.t·~·=··i::.(1 60 x 60 i:::m in interna1 ·:1imension. They were set into the f1oor ;3.f1d hti.d ~·O (:fil ::i. group of 3 joined bins wet·e set ·;.v;:;,,•;.•.1..1..1. .. -

an bins found outside domesti(: stru(:tut·es. Both and de;:i.:t1 .. with

i:·t·eset''lat10n. m (:ases v.rllere - a p;:i.ttet·:n of diffet•en tie1 use

vtere prese:r-..led .. re(:ove1·ed ... ·~·"''' ....... 1).

31

The total area. of e.grk:ulturat terra.cing e.ssc•ciated with Pl is problem.a.tic due to its p11oximity to P4 and the p1·esence of' the modern Ya11ey bottom canals "Wt1i<:h may have beer.1. uti1i2ed as ea.t•l'y as the Otora pet•iod. Thet•e is nc• doubt that P1 co11tinued to use the i·etre.cted C-1 can.at for numerous sme11 terrace ru·eas in the quebt•ada.s and larger terrace trai:::ts near the site (figw·e ·3). Likewise .. C-2 was. utilized for q:ue'b:rada cu1 tut·e above (south) of' the site in at least two major terrace tracts.

During the Estuquina t>eriod .. when P2 or Colana was oc::cupied .. the population at Pl (of indeterminate si2e) undoubtedly utilized production off of' the Colan.a ridge terrace system. This is deduced from the sme.11 area of e.gri<:u1tura11at1d assc•<::iated with the C-1 can.at near Pl. It is fairly certain that C-4, segment A (and therefot•e the Ya11ey bottom e.gt•icu1ture) was not yet constt"U<:ted because it cuts through structures at the site of' Pot,obaya.

When Colana was a.bandot1ed .. population <=or1centra.ted at Po:rc•baya at1d perhaps along the valley bottoms (presuming the necessity for def~nsi ve posturing was t•e1e.xed) We dedU<:e that the valley bottom canals (C-4 a.nd c-:>) we:re <:oristrtK:ted to make up for the toss of almost 140 ha. of agricultural land on the Colan.a ridge. The extension of C-4 at Porobaya (C-4, se~mer1t A) must therefore be an Inka or Spanish Color.dat construction in an attempt (probably !Utile), to extend the C-4 canal af'ter the abandonment of' Pl.

The ceramic assemblage collected from Porobaya. (appendix 1) places the site within the broad category of' Tricolor de1 Sui· in the pc•st-TiWa:rJ.alm periods of the South Centt·a1 Andes. (Lum'bt·eras & Amat 1968). The vast majority of the <=eramic vessels ai·e 1Jt1decora.ted i·ed slipped boms and jars or uns1ipped o11as and cooking "vessels.

Lc•<:a11y manuf'ai:::tw•ed de<:orated ceramics ai•e chara.:::teri2ed by bla(:k a.nd fugitive white Hneer designs over a burnished red slipped sw•f'ace (Tricolor Porot>oya., see appendix 1 ). Most of' these decorated vessels are jars although a.t1 o<=<:asionat Estuquir1e. bowl has similat" designs. Decorated vessel pastes are semi-compact in hardness at1d at"e usually tempered with fine to medium sa:t1d, quartz af.l.d c•c::ca.siona1 black or yellow mica .. This local ma.nifesta.tion of Tricolor de1 Sm· ceramics has a certa.it1 similarity to AUita. Amaya polychrome in exei:::ution .. a1 though the decorations on the 4 vessels i11 ustrated by Ts<::hopik (1946: 34) ru·e considerably moi·e elaborate the.n those found at Porot>aya.

The dominant exoti<: ceramic type is identifiable ,;rithin the Si11usta:r.d u·adition (Ts<:hopik 1946 8!'1d see Lumbi·eras and Amat 1968) and appears to be &1 import into the Otora Ve11ey. This is deduced from the fact that the qua.ti ty of' ma:rJ. ufacture is supei·ic1r to th.at fcir the t•est of the ceramic assemblage and that the descriptions and i1h~tt•ations of' the Poi·ot>a.ya shet·ds match those of Tschopik exceedingly w11. Specific types in<:iude Silh:istani Po1ychtome .. brc•wn-on-(:ream~ black-on-red e.nd Ma<:k-and-white­on.-red (it>id:25-27). Si11ustan.i ceramics were f'out1d in virtually every t"oom ex<~avated. Relative quantities cif these no:n-1o<:e1 <=era.mi<:s we:re higher i:n rooms 19-28 ref1e<:ting .. pet'haps, the "elite" natw,e of this room g1·oup.

The other main <=lass of' decot•ated cerami<:s are Inks. pol ychromes. The most impo:rtant observation is that there ere no Chuquito po1ycl1romes (Tschopik 1946: figures 14-17) but rathet• a11 Late Horb:on Inka.-de:ri v""ed wai·es are C:1.:i2<:•) pol y<:hromes (ibid: figures 22-25), Si11ustan.i ot· Gentilar.

Also fm.md in the excava.tio:n.s were a number of At•i<:a II ot• CTentilar fragments found in yru·ying (~on texts. Gen tilat• stytes t>egin in the immediate p:re- Ink a. period atl d (::o:r.1. tin ue on in to the Late Hori:r:on~ a.c(~ot•.::U:ng to the most current state of opinion (Lum bt"etas pet·s. comm.).

cet"arr1.i(:s on Pot•obaya ... Sajena ot" Para.1aque (the Estuquifia and/at" Estuquina-Inka sites) sh.0"'?1 Htt1e simitru·ity to puMishe-d altiplano styles. Of the 12 A11ita Amaya plain ware shapes i11ust1•ated by Tschopik (1946:'35) only the o11a (figure 21-a.) a.tld possibly the jar Md bo'Wl (f'igui"e 21-fJ:) a.t·e found in EstuquHia period sites. Like Ts<:hopik's p1ainwat·e type howevet·, the Pm"obaya un<le<X•ra.ted <:era.mi<:s a.re essentially pc11 ychromes without the decot·ati ve pain ts.

The 2 dom.i:n.a.:nt <=era.mi<: types on the site--bootpots and Estuquir.1.a bowls--are ve:ry t•arely reported from the Titicaca Basin but are commordy f'oood in other Tt·icolor de1 Su:r cultures such a.s Chiribaya Churajon (Juli). To m.y knowledge, Estuquina.-like bowls have only been noted f'rom one <:ircum-Titica(~a b88in site excavated by Ryden in the Mollo at"ea of Bolivia. This site .. <:a.11e<l Markopata, contains less than one dm~en i·eported bowls with opposing protubera.tlces (1957:82 .. figure 61-1; 84 .. f'igw·e 62-d; 91, figure 65-MJ}. These bowl form.s constituted a very sm.a.11 proportion of the tota.1 diagnostic ceramic assemblage at Markopata Md may .. in fact, have been imports.

The general boot.pot shape (figure 12) has been o<:casione.11 y reported from the Titice.<:a. b88in. The distinctive opposing strap ha.tld1e howe,rer .. such as that found on the Pm"c1ba:ya bootpots .. is fbund to m.y knowledge .. only from. post-Tiwa.:nalm sites in Are­quipa a.t:i.d the Ile• Valley. Bootpots were also recovered from P4 and observed in 1c•oter's remains from. P2. I s.rgue that boot.pots functioned tc1 toast m.aize and that the dist.ri-b ution of such vessel fot·ms in the south cet:i. tr al An des follows the general distribution of' the prin<:ipa1 m.a.ize producing zones (e.g. Mo11o .. C:hurajon .. and Diaguita).

The bootpot is ideally suited foi· the to88ting of' maize on e.18.t"ge scale. The exter1ded front pa.rt wm.ild fit easily ir1to atl open f'fre. The gra.in being toasted WC•uld fill the ""vessel pa.t•e.11e1 to the base .. but the ne<:k Md top .. being slanted at an acute Mgle relative to the base .. would a.11c•w the escape of' m.oisture while sti11 retaining the heat. The handles .. placed opposite each other c•n the rim parallel to the wide side of the fi·ont.. would allow the vessel tc• be shaken and m.ixed tc• permit m.oisture loss and prevent the burning of' the grain. It is not <;oincidente.1 tha.t vit·tua11y al1 of' the bootpots recovered (with the exception of 3) are heavily carbc•nized or.1. the front end. While bootpots occur in P4 a.tld P2, they at•e most commonly f'oood in P1. No bootpots or bootpot ft·a.gments we:re :recovered fr•:im. PS, P7 or P5. This is <:onsistent with the ceramic data. from. ex c;e."'ofated Moquegua Valley sites ( RtY:'!f:'/"81118 C.on tisur1.1J.

A detailed .:::eramk: analysis is beyond the needs of the test of the 2ona1 comi>le­mentarity model 88 defin.ed above. Criti<:e.1 observations include 1) the Poi·obaya ce.:ra.mk:s fit "W"e11 within the genet·a.1 Tricolor de1 Sur traditions, 2) the ce:ram.k: assem. ... Mage is extremely consistent in ma.nufactui·e, design Md execution characterized by red slipped serving and storage vessels and unslippe<l, unpigm.ented pla.inwares with a. limited number of fc•:t·ms, 3) Si11usta.tli ceram.k: styles dominate the tote.1 exotic ft·a.g-m.ents recovered with quantities of Cuzco polychrom.es and Gentilar or Ark:a II styles, 4) the 2 mc•st common plainware types in Pot·obaye.have been noted in <IUantity in Chura.jean and Chiribaya assemblages a.r.1.d have a.r1te<:edents in the es.rHer Oto:ra pet·iod sites of the valley. Bootpots end Estuquir1a bowls are not reported f't·om the a.1tip1a.no howevet•. No C:h.uquito <:era.mks were recovered from Pl.

In summary .. Po1·obaya was the dominant site of' the Otc11·a. Valley during the Est.uquina-Irika a.:nd probably Estuquina perioid. The rise of' fortified .. hi11to1> settlem.ents reflects a. "fli despree.d cultural t>rocess throughout the south cen tra1 An des. Disci·ete roc•m. complexes at•e e"'vi<lent in the site a.nd both lineated terrace at1d 1arge/sm.a11 paii·ed architectural types are evident. There is no evidence of economi<= stratif'ica.tion al­though m.inor sode1 p1·estige m.arke1·s such as exotk:s and chu1pas indicate indpient elite fo1·mations. Pot·obaye. has st1·ong e·v'idence of' intensified a.gt"i<:u1tural prc•duction in the f'o:rm of' bootpots .. grinding stones a.nd lat•ge stm·age pits. Exte:r.1.sive inter~mna.1 (:on tacts ~ti th altipla.t10 and <.:oastal polities a1·e evident by the occui·:rence of exotic c::eta:mk:s.

Cola.na. is a major Estuquina period site lc•<:a.ted on the middle <~t1est of e. ridge of the same name (figure 8). Ai·chitectural1y .. the site exhibits a11 of the characteristics of the EstuquHia settlement type: fortifications .. <.:huipas .. doubie-rc•w stone pirca walls .. sub­f1oot· tombs in i·ooms and steep gradient agricultural terracing (see table 8). Co1ana is associated with a single main (C-3) that intakes off' of the Rio Porobaya 3.0 km up 1·iver which feeds 1 ·39 hectares of now-abandoned terraces (see chapter 8). Included on the <:anal route are 2 reservoirs 2 aquedu<:ts which, along with the very steep gi·adients on which the terraces a.t,e constructe<t ma.ke this the most techno1ogicat1y sophistk:ated agricu1turs1 system in the vs.Hey.

The paired lai,ge /small room t)'"Pe (see discussion of PB below) predominates on P2 with very distin<:tive group:i.r.1.gs of these into larger complexes (figure 8}. The e.t1<:hi­tectural change from Hneated terrace rooms to this paired type reflects a change in social organizatic•nal. principles. This new organization .. which was introduced in the Otora period at P8 .. was. adopted by the population at Colana. The number of rooms in each group varied 2 and 8. A. number of solitary terrace rooms were also constt·ucted along the sides atld peripheral areas of the site, a similar pattern as that seen at P8.

Unlike P8 .. the wall architecture of Colana is similar to Pl '1'tith double ro"W· stone ar.1.d single row interior wa.11s. Moreover .. the chu1pas associated with Co1ana were identical in construction to those ftiw1d at Porobaya. The chu1pas were disu·ibuted in ·3 areas or.t the site. One gi•oup was located on the eastern side at the entt•aJ1ce of the site bet"W·een the two main fortification walls. One chulpa was located on the north side .. also at the point of access to the site. A. third group was constrUc::ted 'between 2 terrace tra<=ts 011 the south side, approximately 80 meters below the residential areas. The Estuquifia period o:::hulpas o:::orrespond to Hyslop 's (1977) transitional types found in the South.west side of the Lake Titicaca Basin (see chapters below).

Co-o<:u.rring 'With these ch.ulpas were numei·ous belo"W· g:rour.1.d cist tombs both "f!ithin and outside of :room contexts. Like Pl and P4, there were several artificial terra<:es near the periphery of the site in which numet"OUS looted cist tc•mbs wei·e located. Cist tomb construction was identical to that fow1d in au Otora val1ey sites in all time periods. Curiously .. on the east side of the site was a cemetery &·ea between 2 defensive walls, in which cist tombs, 1ow chulpas (either prc•to-chulpas 01· severely looted developed ones) .. and better preserved developed <:huipas were all found.

Thet·e were at least 32 domestic units visible from surface architectural remains on the site .. the majority of these being paired types. These units were all located within massive defensive walls surrounding the site. The walls were approximately 2 -3 metei·s high aboriginally and constructed out of fieldstone s.nd mortar o:t· pirca masonry. The defensive architectut•e here was similar to tha.t found at Pl and at Estuq1Jir.La period sites in gene:ra1 (Moseley n.d.). In the intet•na.1 base of the outside easternmost defensive wall was a cache of bolas 01· throwing stones, 23 in number, which apparently represented a common strategy a.tall contemporary sites where evidence of competition was. strong. The bolas were not ground 01· altered in any way.: rather they were transported rivet• <:obb1es of varying "fistsb:ed" shapes. As with Porobaya there were no defensive <:onstt·uctions alongside the entire cai1a11ength .. in<:1uding the water intakes 4 kms away.

T"fro rooms were excavated on the site. Both of these were paired 1ai·ge/sma11 ones. P2-1 had a11 of the evidences cif' intensive domesti<: o.:::cupatio:ns with large quantities of butchered cs.melid bone (table 3) .. cuy bone (table 6).. grinding stones, discaJ•ded ceramics, hearths~ stoi·age areas .. de .. re1oped floors atld othet· artifa<:ts (appendix 2). Similarly, P2-2 had a vit•tuatly identical suite C•f artifa(:t and ai·tifa<:t assemblages with the addition of a sedes of above ground walled features (probe.My stoi·age areas) a:nd a small below f1001· infant tomb (appendix 2).

34

excave.tions at Colana "W'et·e significant not only for what was t•ecoYere<t but also rm· what was noticea.bly le.eking, vis vis site of P0t'1)baya. Marine fish "v"'ertebra.e wet·e recovet·ed in a11 exca.vated room in Pl (table:». At Co1ana, on the other hand, no fish were recove1·ed eithe:t from the exca'Va.tions or from <:ontt•c111ed surface pi<:k-ups, over the heavily looted site. Also absent were decot·ated, exotic <:eramk:s. Apart from a few nondescript fragments :recovered in the exca"Y"a.tions thet·e were no Titi<:aca basi:t1 or coastal wares at a11. Also p:roblemati<: is the rare occurrence of Estuquifta bowls, a1 though se"'v"eral fragments were recovered. Bootpot. fragments were recovered in numbers similar to P4, and looted grave lots the.t I was a.ble to had such v"'essels, all of them carboni2ed in a typical fashion as that found in Porobs:ya.

The site of Co1ana has no Inka 01 .. Inka-inf1uenced ceramic fi·om any context. For this :reason, I that it is eith.et" temporally earlier than PL or W8!: abandoned we11 before the larger occupation at the latter site. Given the presence of several ea.t'1y· de<:o:rated <:eramfos at P 1--Pocoma.. Chiri bays.-- I WiJuld argue th.at P 1 ar1d P2 were constructed at more or less the same time with the latter site a.bandoned as Inka influence began to felt in the valley.

Presuming the va.H di ty of this historical reconstruction.. P2 represents the earliest manifestation of' the Estuquina period settlement type "With.out a later Inka. influenced phase. We may then deduce that the widening of the exchange net"Wrork to include the <=oastal prodw::ts such as fish (and possibly other marine prodw::ts such as guano) and the introduction of smustani cei·amics and the exchange that this implies .. was. a later Estu.1uina- Inka period phenomenon. Curiously .. however .. P2 has the highest land-to-domestic-unit :ratio .. a very strong empirical obserYation in favor of interprets.- tions supporting heightend agrku1tural production f·or supra-domestic economi<; activities.

Sajena constitutes the second largest Estuquina and Estuquif1a-Inka period site in the study area 1o<:ated in the upper reaches of the Rio Sajena. The site is located s.t approximately 3300 m.a.s.1. at the fork of the Q. Hue.its.be and Q. Queybaya which form the Rio Sajena . .Architectural simi1at1ities .. a hi11top position like Porobaya ar.td ident­ical sw·face ceramics <:1ear1y indicate an occupation contemporary with Pl. Also, the recovery from looted tombs ar"d resider.Ltial structures of fish bone, whkh is a chronologically sensitive artifact coi·i·ot>orates the date of the site as Estuquifie. a.nd Estuquiiia-Inka. Other material t•emains frc•m looters· backfill indicate similar e<.::onomi c patternings as at P 1.

Sa.jena is smaller than Pl "With approximately 30% 1ess residential area 'based upon Yis1J.sl. estimations. Associated with Saj ena is associated with an extensive area of hi11side tet•ra<:es on the south side of the dt•ainage along the north face of' Cerro Colar.ta .. The system is fed by one con tow· canal the feeds off of the Q. Queybaya. Slopes on si:•me terrace tracts reach 30 ° making this system one of the steepest and techno1ogi<:a11y sophisticated in the Otora drainage. In several locations within the fields themseiYes, stone tined vertical canals were constructed up to the con tour car1a1. While this technique is fow1d in the fields associated with P2, the st•:ine lined vertical canals at p·3 at•e superior in cor1st:ruction and at•e more extensive.

Like Porobaya Saiena has a segregated chulpa cemetery on the south side of the site, 'be1ow the main residential area on a low projecting hi11. Unlike P1 ar.td P2~ these chu1pa.s do not occupy a pmminent geographical location re1a.tive to the domesti<: com­por.ten t of' the settlement. Cist tombs abotmd irJ. both the :residential stt·uctut"e areas atld on the si<les of the hills in a.n identical pattern to other EstuquirJ.a pet"iod sites in the study area at1d beyond.

P3 also has an unusually high qua.ntity c•f' grinding stones and slabs~ double brick

a:t'<:hitecture.. :room gt•i:aupings -with hot•i2onta1 a.:x:essways, ,.

0 ·····:::.J-.,;::, . ., and upper t'oom <:o:nstructionsJ and Hneated room groupings, all of' which are classk: Estuquina settlement type charactet·istics. Thei·e is no question th.at P3 is a. manifestation of the same <=ultund process seen in the Estuquiila pet·iod sites further do'Wf.I. valley whereby these late settlements be<:ome fo1•tified .. construct 1Sf'!:te·-~ca1e. hi11si de terra.cing on very steep s1opes a.r1d intensify agi·i cut tural production well be"'(Ond the needs ot the domestic economy. Whether Sajena rep:reser.its a population expansion from the Otot•a Valley proper or from an as yet w1determined area in the Moquegua or Tambo River Ba.sins pt"oblemati<:.

It is significant that there are no contemporary or earlier sites down the entire Sajena Although the severe topographical characteristics would pre<:lude such settlement in a large section of the river .. there ai·e area.s in whi<:h sites could have been esta.bHshed. Also .. the <:or.istructicin of C-5 was no more te.:::hnokigkal1y diffi.­cult than the construction of C-L and would not constitute a reason f'or the absence of sites in the area. One possibility is that there was earlier sites located eithet• at P3 or u11det" the aban.dot1ed terraces that controlled the water resources down the va11ey i;::.t,e­empting .. so to speak, the possibility of establishing sites ti11 the Estuquina. period. If' this is indeed the case .. it would parallel the dynamics of hydrological resource use in the Paralaque where the site of P8 was able to effectively control the entire drainage. This prevented additional settlemet1t in Pat"alaque until the ccinstruction of P6.

PorobaY@: Chica (P4).

Pot"obaya Chica. (figure 11) is a small .. undefended residential and cemete:t"Y site situated c1r1 a small hi11 east of, and lower .. than Pl. There are approximately 26 domestic units defined by linear terraced .. conjciined rooms. Wall architecture is noticeably dif­ferent at Porobaya Chica than in the other Otora Period sites of' P? and P8. Wall widths on the site approach 50 to 60 cm ~'"hich contrasts to the nai·rower 35 cm a'irerage width in the latter 2 sites. Furthermore .. the walls themse1 ves were cor.istructed of smaller stc•nes and utilized a heav·y mud mortar to give a massive architectural effect. Interior "W'Blls were <=onstructed simi1ia:t•1 y to exterior walls in later Estuquiiia period sites.

row· i·ooms were excavated at P4 (only 2 •)f' whi<:h are included in the ta.bule.tions in the apper1db: due to time constraints). P4-1 was a large, well preserved terrace room on the 3rd domestic te1·race of the northern side C•f the site. Room 2 was a 1arge11 t•oom on the first domestic terrace, associated with a smaller atts.ched room in which the fami1iat• triple division i:uJ· pens and/or storage -were found ~aith ~tall ni<:hes. Unit 4 was on the lowest terrace and unit 5 was almost adjacent tour.tit 2 on the uppermost tet1 t'ace (see figure 11 ) .

In unit 1.. a Cr.dribs.ya vessel was found in a subf1oor cist tomb along with the remains of' a woden ket·o .. a very "coastal "-like characteristic (appendix 3). rour1d in ash refuse ir1 good floor context was Sa.:n Miguel ceramics~ also a coastal tradition. The co-occur:rer1ce of Sat1 Miguel a.rid Chiriba.ya has also been noted by Watanabe (n.d.) at the Chiribaya site of Algorrobal and by Watanabe and Feldman (pers. comm.) at the Moquegua valley Chiriba ... :ta site of' La Victoria.

In unit 1.. unequivocal Chiribaya ceramic fragmer.its were also recovered from subfloor and floor <~on texts (appendix 3). Significantly a ceramic fragment .

f:rc•m unit 2 shows (~tear affinities t.o the design motifs reported by Ts<:hopik fot• Cal1ao.t)1ack~on~red (1946:2'3.. figure 8a). Several fragments from P8-3 are also suggested to be Co11ao black-on-red; SU(:h an observ"'ation correlates well with the p:rc•to-<:lmlpas, non-defensive architectui·e a.nd genei·al lack of' other de<::ora.ted vessels.

Estu .. ·:p.:i.ir!8. bow1~: .. re1ati""le to Pl 8.n·:J P:L note~j b"f (ibid.) a.t

O(:(:u1:·re:1:1i:~e of' t:·oth bootpots Otm·a pedod a.t·e :t•est:t•i (:ted to site. D:t·. Luis

i:ndic8.ted that bootpi:1ts are not lmo"\\r:n either from the Ci.~.:::o ::ires. or fri:am . Ce:t•t;:ii:n1~ ...... thet·e is no published bootpots from

of' a.:t•e;:i.s. Curious1""'{ .. t>ootpots oGs:::ut· Iv1ci11o i:n 1o"\\·1a.nd Bolivie .. A 'ila.ri8.nt t"'v"1>A { i81"'fYj·[.v;·trt.!."') bt=1en t'Ai··o:t'tP.d a·:" 8" thi=i Mn11A (·1:1lt1:i.1·e in nn:rthAt'fJ. d-i1ie ··~:i~osttl ~~· i ·3€,o :69). it. is n,;·t. . ... ,., that r."i;~ ·di;tri t>uti1~1i1 - t:·ootpots ···"·· .-.-,~·"'·~:. 1 ·:::.t~., to e.:t•ea.s of produ.:::t.ion. It. is: ::i.t1 impot·t::mt th::i.t SU(:h

origin::i11 y found in 1atet· O(:Gut' i:n i:::::i.se .. the "inf1uen(:e" of

the or ;:i1tip1.:i.:no. A ........ "'"" ...... _ .... ·.-·~---,... ''hdth boot pots)

(:orom.). of cu,v bone Ovrn 1=37) P4-1 is higher tha.n most

(taMe 6). Appendix·:; ·:jetails the 118.ture of i:'.I. the unit. This pa.tte:t·n i[~ found both in

Pl-21. the unit ~re1·e (though bun-it) .. i3. type of .:.·u,v I

i:n 'lat'ia.b le o·:>:~uf ren a:::: es ;:i.:nothe:r o bse:t"'it::i.tio:n

t·ooms. there is (:o:nsumption (te.Me 3).

;:u·e i3.(:t1.:ially higher than those at the t:ieriod (t8.bie 4) (:Ontf;:i.st

ostensibl"{ (:ontemt~ot'e.t·y .. remains p:1:·0Mem•::i.tk:. The th::i.t both ::i.rd densities ;31·e hig:her ::i.t t·e in·:jiGati ·ve of the more "i:::o1oni::i1" nature of

PC: .. the latex· - by a A i:::urious i:::h;:i.ra·:~teristi(: of is the of the

middens o:t· othe:t· con texts E!i:l.(:i:itm tered i:n the i·oom The 'i :rooms (:ert::dn1 y (:o:nstituted a of' :f.:itO::::hen det.t·is ::111d no fish or spines

Gi ....... en the oste:nsi Me el though it m;:i.;.r

._ .............. _ .. ., ... _.,,,,._ .... (:8.p;:i.c:ity of the settlement to se(:ure fish. fish im1>o:rt~~tion ;3.(:tua1 of products .. t:·ut the d:1:·ying,. salting

J;~ost~··o:1:·o~rski 1981: 114-11 ~> for s.:1:1 eth:no-

sea 1·es0Ut'(:es ( ta.t:< 1e 9).

t:·y the obsei''i.i'ation that i:i. indka.ting ;:i.i:::·:~ess to :more

•:i.t·e~, of was found in the nm·th ;:ind e•:i.ste:r:n the ···-·.L·- .... -._ .. _ ... , .. __ ,,_A 7). The ma.jori'l:y of i:nte1·mems "\\te:ee t~e1o"\\r ground cist tombs while 9 ha·:j

<=o11e.rs .:::onstituted ::i. type of tomb denominated proto-<:hu1p::i. (see i:::hti.pte1· '.5). of' the pfoto-(:hulp::i.s 1 J. 14 1S) 1'le:l:'e looted a.n·:J a.t least '30 t.o ~iC1 ·=:r.:. of the r:::ist tc1mbs wet'e distui'be:1d. .:::ist tomb;.:~ and p:t·oto-i:::huipas we:re t::•Y.r·:=1•;r::i1·i:;:.,'.1

-....... ~ .. ·-· ..... L'-"·.J out (the l::i.tter 1ootei:j gt'8.'les).

37

these ex<:a.vatici:ns was <:onsistent with that <:o11e<:ted the :room excavations ir1ch.id-ing wooden t".8Jie boxes and spoons. An impot·ta.tlt observation is t.hat both male~ and females were intei·red in the proto-chulpas and that they wre located in the same ·::::emetery as the dst tombs.

The site of Porc•baya Chica. is assc•ciated with both the C-1 and C-4 canals, althc•ugh ca.na1-site-tert·ace associations are mm·e problematic here due to the pt•oximity of Pl and modern cu1tiva.tion. There also seems to 'be little question tha.t C-2 was still in use dut·ing the occupation of P4. C-1 continued on into the 1atet· Estuquir1aand Estuquii'ia.­Inka periods. What is problems.ti<: is C:-4, a canal tha.t has a segment (C-·tsegment .A) that cuts through habitation areas on Pl and would .. at first appea.f- a.nee, seem to be 1a.tet• than Pl and hence not 'built until a.f'ter the aband1:mment of P4. The question is ~'hether the segment (A) is contemporary with the main C-4 cana1 c•r whether it (the segmet1 t) was a tater extension of the eadier C-4 .:::a.na.1 assodated "With the site of' P4 in the Otora pet·iod.

Cine possibility is tha.t P? 8.f!d P4 ~tet•e contemporary and the C-1 end C-4 ca.i1als used simultaneously. While this woul<I be hydro1ogi<:a11y and economic::a11y inefficient it is tmderstanda'ble as the attempt by tw distinct ethnic gi•caups to maintain coritt"o1 over their i·espective water sources, eyen at a. greater labor and water-use ef'f'iciency ccist. Anticipated C-14 determinations from ea<:h of these sites wiU help clarify the chronologi <~al sequence.

c ... 4 branches off above P4, descends a. narro"W· ridge spur and partially encircles the site, watering fields on the east end noi·th sides. There is <:tear eYidence of terra<:e t·econstru:::tion with two adjacent terrao:::e tracts constructed with different stone-- one is composed of on site field stones while the other is made with tt·ansported river wb­bles. A possibility is that these cobbles 'Were used in the Otora period co:nstru:::tions on the site and subsequently <:o11ected to be used in the reconstruction of the 1atet• terraces.

'.fhe quar.Ltity of terraced agri<:u1tui·a11ar.Ld iri·iga.ted by C-1 is <~onsistent with the population indicated by i·esidential structures at P4. If P4 utilized C-2 .. then the occupation at P8 would ha5re been sharing water resources .. a significant cu1tura1 observs.tion in ar.ld of itself. More prc•babty, PS and P4 wre contempc•rary settlements utilizing distinct water resources. There "W'as pi·obab1y a sma11 Otora. period occupation on the hill where Pl sits, although evidence fc•:r this (a few pre-Estuquine. period ·~era.mi<: f:t•agments) is tenuous.

In summary, there is no eviden<:e of economic stratification in P4 although the const:t·U<~tion of proto-<:hulpas alongside cist tombs suggests the emergence of a dif'fer­en tiated group appropriating distin<:ti ve prestige mar:kei~s. Curiously .. there was fJ.O evidence of cranial deforma.tion, particularly that characteristic of altiplarJ.o cultut·es in a.:ny c•f' the fragments recovered from the proto-chulpas or <:ist tc•mbs. Once a.gain .. the inte:t·ment of an adult female in the proto-<~hulpa suggests that this prestige extended tht·oughout a social group defined by <:riteria. other than gender. Ethno-1ogi<:a1 data. indica.tes that kinship is the most m~ely organizing prindple in a commun­ity of' this sfa:e and orga.niza.tional complexity. This wuld further imply the existen<:e of a.sct•i bed statuses.

The <Jominant de<:ora.ted ce:ra.mk: type is Chiribaya.. a <:oastal tra.ditior1, and the domestic at•chitecture is stfi<:tly a. linear terrace type (see discussion C•f linear tei·race :room types fcir Cuesta. Alta, i.e.,P? below).. also chara<:teristk: of the prindpel Chiriba.ya settlements in the Ilo va11ey.

Ki1ometef 8 (£'.).).

P5 is a small.. undefended hamlet dated to the latest phases of the Tiwana.ku O(:cupe.Ho:ns of' the Moquegua Drainage. It is the earliest site in the Otora. Va11ey (figui·e 16). I:n the existing Htet·ature this site "W'OUld be a variat1t of the chrono1ogi<:a1 periods

site (Goldstein 198'.S). The site is io(:ated on ;::1. sma11 hill or 1mo11 telo'X" the m U(:h ·1 -::.+·•.:<~·+·

Oto:ra. is comp1etel"'f :i;>ost.u1•ing. EX<:;3.'t8.tions !U:e-..;;;rise di·:J not indi(:8.te

ci.s bola.s .. pt•oje.cti1e The

... _. _.._............ .... 2 0:1:· ·:,: on ::i11

-..;;;tith da.y a.nd stones f'o:1:· si~e or f18.tsided:ness whkh is a. t~'1pic::i1 ... _ ... _ ............. ...

the period. no differnn ti::i.tion in wail on the for ::1.

room at the top of' the hill with supet'ior (:o:nst1·u<:tion. I:ndi·v·id1J;:i1 t•oom gt·oups dh1 displa:·r"' some suff'a.c:e ~'B:re .. fot' inst::u1ce .. 2 distin(:t

linea.ted tetTace 1 '?lith t·ooms in a tightly set 'X·"ith 1 round

but individual rooms groups a.t·e high1~ ...... .. loca.ted on the top of'the -..;;;ras. one ex<:epi.ion to this a.t·.:::hi-

this :1:·oom were (:Of!stt'U(:ted out slats set side .-........... :>.::..·• to the more (:::i.si.:i;:il i:::onstru(:tion of the household _.,.-...... -. '""'"' ...

The of this te(:hniqu.e ~·a2 to .......... __ ..... _ .. _ .... _. dire(:t1y in the (:orne1· and not in the <:entet· of .·-· 1-1 ·t"1 t•t•:=t·:~ti::r..-1 shru·p1y w'ith e·v·e:ry· othe:1:· i:::i .... .-.:::i•;;:=i1:i::<t"1

This hill top mom 8lso ha.d the only Ut.ot'a.. The pla.ste:r W8B ·:::.•-.·•·.+·c·l'X~u.u.•.;.•.•.• ......

•• "'! ... ,, ... _ •• _ ..... the enti:t•e room. Undet• the Ti~·ana.ku cup

door~·;:i.y· W8fl.

room. This

t:·efore 01· tht?. consti'U<::tion of f1oot'. A similar f1at sle.t:· w;:i11 (:onst.ruction ;:i.:nd doonray pia.(:ement is repot·ted by Ryden (1947:179 m::1.p 18) dated toe. "de(:a.dent Tia­ht:t;:t.11.;::1.(:u" pei·iod site a.t So11tatiti .. Bolivia.

In the othet• 1·ooms on wet·e of P7. A strong f'Uf.L(:tii:1n;:i1 diffe1·entie.tic1n (:hara(:te1·ize·:j group. Room 2 .. for inst•:tj1.:::e .. v/82 ·vi:rtu:311y i:.it di:t•e(:tl;l in

.:::entet' of' tl1e structm·e. This hearth probaMy ot' ....... _ .. _ ............ ;;;,. area fot· .. ;:i.dja.(:ent t•oom to :no:rth. :Rooms:. 6 .. on the othe1· ha.:nd .. had

··.,i:;;.r-.'1''•1 ·;> but eithe1· a of' poiy(:hrn'.IIl.es Of h::i.·:J :n ume:ri:1us utiH te.:dan. (L. comm.).

In P~).. the 1ine::i1~ grouping of f1.:i.u . .;::tionel1y robms on ter-:1:·::1..:::es ~·92 the fundmente1 domestk unit .. ::i. pe.ttet'n th::i.t continued 0:1:1i:nto1ate:t· O(:.:::u~ pations in P7 811d modified sligh t.1 y i:n :Minim.011 ·y.,. are 4 domestk ho1.~~eh0Ms re·r)r1::.s:Em1:e(J 8.t the site.: the:t·e is :trn Zifhatsoevet' of stt·u..:::tures su.:::h a.s i:::oni:::enu·a.ted ::is>:~un1ulations or (:8.:ne building ro::i.tet·ials. A (:Ut into the

the not•th-w·est of the did r.1.i:•t en(:1:ri.mte:t' ::i.:ny midden i:t.ci:::um ulation or ~·~·--·i--·-··-· of non-·stone foundation sti'U(:tures.

Va11ey· system. The one complete t'eco·v·e:red from \illli(:h is

+•.::.·r·.+•··=-·,~=-+·.iro.·'1 from Ti"V;r::i.nalui by Ryde:n (1947:Y3.. 13-v.: 60.. 16-d) . .A distini:::H ve su·e.p handle molding in the fo:1:·m of a. (:toss on utilita.t·ia.:n ":ressels (a.ppendix 4). . t•:p•:1i-~ed t:.yRy~en in.a.. ~1f~i"l;Y·ru,ia1a: multi-

s1tes m the Bolfv1an s1de orthe Tit1(:8.(:8. :Eiasm (Ryden 1 ·::1~17: 7~) ~,6-10.: (Goldstein

i:::om.m.).

a.<:tua11 y o-:.rer is (:o:r:1:·obo:ra.ted

.... _ .......... _,. __ ... _. im.medi8.te1 y wuth of Otoi'i:t ...

1o~~ated on a in the middle of fields. This si t.e ......... _ .. .u..i, .... -... i..·~;:;i+•!:::.1,:il,., iii::. is •:i. late Estuqui:ha- Int a. or In1::e. pet·iod ·site that v;.ras

bottom (:;:i.:nals that dt::1."l;Y· off of the Queb:r::i.d::i. ~ . ..-.... T_,_.,.; (0tO:l:'i:i.

popu1a.tio11 {:entet· Quema.da. It is 1ogf.:::a1 th;:i.t the inh::i.bita:t1ts of consti'U(:ted .:::::i.:nal .. i.e. f'mm tlle Pat•;:i1a.que ,.,,+·~" i,-, !:::.,.:.·,;;, Otot·a ve11e;l ei1d eff'e(:ti"ile1;.r predude(J settlem.ent in the fon:net·.

The site is built on 1o'?t hill am.er.mer a.s to suggest a def'ensi·ve positioning although the:t·e 81'8 ni:1 dea.t'ly defined "V;··::i11s .. e.s "l;Y'ith Po:roba.ya. ::i.:re

·30 - ~)o stt'U(;tut·es on the (:11 ulpas lo(:ated at. the south of the These (:hu1pa.s at·e to those found at Pi ::i.:nd .Along

the hi11 are a numt:.e:r of' looted <:ist tombs (:onstructed in a typi·:~;:il Estuquifia pe.tte:r:n.

The <:p.l8n ti ty of 01· found on Pl.. e.:nd ;:f. numtH3:r "Y/ete found on tombs. To date.. n.i:1t been a single p:eofessiona11 y tom. b in

dr::iir.1.age "l;Y·ith but the distdbuHo:n of surf::i.i:::e pottet·~.,. ... tom tis on 1i:tou1 d th;:i.t Late Ho:ri2on on this site. The1·e v,.,r;32 ;31so a

of Estu::p.iiiia f1·::i.gmen ts found on Gi "ilen ·the 1oi:::;:i.tion site outside of lim.1 ted :eesour.:::es ..

:no roc•ms we:ee e:x(:::i .......... ::i.t.ed. Th.e .......... 1'·.-•. -.. -. "'\\•'C1U1.:j .1..1..L'.IJ.'.".;;>.~";;;o ~-. •·"<r:)'C:,,._,..:.+• tha:i.t Y."f:Jfl. a 1a.te Estuquifia.-· I:nl:~a possiNy Inke. pet'iod built

40

contempc1re.ry with the <:onstrw.:tion of ""y"'al1ey bottom ca.nals in the Otora. Valle-y· as pat·t of' the shif't in agt•icu1t1.U'a1 sttategies. If this intepretation is a:::c1r1·e(:t, then the shifl. to valley bc•ttom coin.::::ided with a i·e1axation of the factors responsible f'or the f'ot•tif'fed settlement positioning che.t•acteristic of Pl~ P2 and P3. This is not to suggest that Pm·obaya and Sajena wet•e abandoned during this i)erio<t but rathet• the need for defensive posturing was i·emoved. This may possibly explain the i·emova.1 of' one section of the defensive ,;ra11 on the nc•rthern a<:<=ess to P 1.

The site of P7 (figut·e 17)~ or Cuesta Alta de Otora is located on the f1anks of' a low hi11 0.t the southwest end c·f· the Otora valley where Cerro C1Ja.jone rapidly ends. Cuesta Alta. is dated to the Otora. period and develops dit·ectly out of the Tiwanaku hamlet (Pj) based upon ceramic criteria agrku1tural <:8jla1 use and at'<:hitecture. The site is undefended end was constructed on a very open hill flank; as with the Tiwanaku ha.m1et.. there is no eviden<:e of inter- or intra.-va11ey <:ompetition.

The architecture at the site is very similar, if' not identical (though elaborated) from P5. The rooms are <:onstructed with unqus.rried field stone and set into 0. single rowd .. mud mortared {pirca) vl.111 masonry. Walls are cocvmnear and do not conform to at:i.y standardi2ed ar<:hite<:tua1 plan. Doorways at'e cor.lstructed similarly tc• P5 by simply omitting the wall stones. Thei·e is no use of' quarried rhyolite as in Pl .

.As at P5, rooms at'e grouped into Hneated terrace domestic units of 2 or ·3 <=onjoined on the long axis. Unlike P5, thet"e was not as much domesti<: room diffet"er1tiation a.s :regards to fun<:tio:n and e.rtifa<:t recovery. Three complete domesti<: room gr01..ips wet•e excavated as -we11 as one solitary room and a partial excavation c1f a.nothet" room group. Thet·e was no profound differentiation in architecture, domestic midden .. or use of space in either of the groups, although a certain variation could 'be detected. One group (6-9-10) did have signifi<:ar.ltiy higher .:u.r•"' MNI thar" atlY of' the others and irJ.eX­p1i<:a1>1y, the group associated with P7-1 t which had a supposed.:u,t·"Pen did not ha.Ye any .:u,T·"l>one in the middens.

The group defined by Rooms 4 and 5 was 1oca.ted if! the ea.stern side of the site in the middle of several other groups (see figure 17}. These 2 rooms shared a doorway and c1ear1 y constituted an associated set of domestic structures. Room 4 had a n um be:t1 of ash deposits con<:en trated in one <:ot"ner and ea<::h. t"oom had one above ground stc•ra.ge structure. Ceramic and bone densities mre 1owr bl this group than for any of the other groups on the site suggesting either a :non-intensive use, speda1ized use, or short docation of occupation. It is noteworthy that a marine she11 fragment was fout1d in f1oot· con text in th.is group; such she11 was otherwise r&·e fcit• this site.

The gi·oup composed of rooms 6-10-9, found in the southern side of' the site~ indk:ated an intensively used and unequivocally permanen ti y occupied set of stt·uctures. The group had an enormous a.sh deposit in room 10, the middle stt·ucture, ar1d equally deep though less extensive deposits in the other rooms. Room 6 had the t:t•ip1e <livison above ground storage or .:U,T•Taising structoces, ,;.ith one these stone pa.ved. An obsidian f1a:ke Wet; found in the first of these divisions, a material ext1·emely t"are in the Otora settlements as a whole.

Anc•ther <:hara<:teristic of' this room was the large number of' grindit1g stones in the toom--17--a quantity 1 .. mcharactei·istica.lly large for Otora. petic•d sites. It is curious that a1so et;SO<:iated with this rc•om gi·oup was a iat'ge percentage of well burnished~ :red slipped ceramic fragments, e. characteristic of later o<:cupations such as P4 &:id Estu­quina pei·iod sites. Such ar! assc•<:iation is argued to be not coin<:identa1--rather~ a high quantity of grinding stones correlates with the later sites and i·epresents a:n i:ntensi­ffoation of domestk: pi·odu<:tion toward the end of the Oto:ra period.

Curiously, thet"e was ame.d~ed diffet·entiation between tlle pt·esen·:::e ofa..-:-ur bone

41

in t•ocims 6 a.nd 10 and a tc•ts.1 in the adja<:ent t•oom 9 a:lthough recovered <:a.meHd bone was. high ill all i·ooms. Such a distinr:::tion suggests use of the moms for food consumption. AnothM impoi·tant result of the excavations of this t·oom group was the identification of a. number of exotic ru:·tifacts including ·~oppet•, marine she1t sulfur, obsidian and g1·eer.1. I>igment. Included with this wet·e a number of "'ifery cu,F" crania.. whose size suggested ceremonially bred animals. It is quite signifk:at1t that even ir1 the absence of the c•verarching Tiwa.ne.tm state a.ppara.tus, access to non-local goods was. maintained in the valley.

On the west side of' the site, we exca'V'S.ted tht·ee rooms from a larger, agglutinated room group. Unit 11 had a very "?:tell <:onstructed triple or fourfold division cu,F' pen/ storage at•es. and e.11 of the evidence of a I>erma.nent intensive domestic occupation. Both 1·ooms 12 and 13 were less intensively used, as determined by refuse i·ecovei·y· and floor texture (see appendix 5 atl<l table 4). These rooms probably functioned as kitchen /storage areas for the larger domestic room grout>.

A soHt.ary strtwtu.re was excavated on the south side of the site. An uncharac­teristic subf1ooi· tomb was. discovered in the ballast fi11 the room in whi<:h an infa.nt without goc•ds Vd$ inte:rre<l. This is the earliest sub-f1oor room tomb in the va11ey and :t•epresents the beginning of the in-room burial pattern "?:'hich reached its highest expression in the Estuquina. period.

Cuesta Al ta. is associated with 45 hectares of well defined agri cut tura.1 terracing which feed off' of the C:-1 cana.1. Also in this ~,eriod we see a large reservoir constru.ct.ed in the middle of the tow hi11 where the C-1 canal crosses out of the Otora valley propet· aJ1d irt•iga.ted the Tiwe.:nalm period fields in the Parata.que The reservoir had three divisions, each of whi<:h seemed to be constructed for separate fields. Excava­tions indicated a well-defined lamination of water-borne sediments <listinguished by color &!d soil textut·e changes (figure 18).

There is ar1other :reservoir located or.1. the not•thern extension of the C-1 cans.1 which measured approximately 10 x 15 m aboriginally. About half of the tank was. destroyed by the roa.d constrtwtion which .. like the an<:ient canal .. tends to follow the con tour level off of the low hill. As a i·esul t there may have been other, now <lestroyed reservoirs associated with the P? fields.

As with P-5 .. Cuesta Alta was built dh'e<:t1y above the agricultural terraces. The terraces are constructed on gradients that average approximate! y 17 ° with some gulley terraces on the nc•rth slope of Cerro Cuajone having gradients over 20 °. There is virtue.Uy no difference in the constrtwtion te<:hnique between the terraces a.t P5 and P7. The major difference is the location of the terraces on <:onsiderably higher slcipes.

Severs.1 Tiwanalmfragments were found in varying contexts on the site .. although the total per<:entage of decorated ceramics was. exceedingly low (appendix 5). The f'e-wv rooms exca.'V'S.ted at P5 (Va.tariabe pers comm.) contained an order of' magnitude more decorated ceramics than the 11 rooms sampled at P7. The pe:t·centage of decot"ated to undecorated ceramics in fact is similat• to P4 ar!d P8 .. the othet• Otora period sites.

Although a detailed ceramic &J.a1ysis is beyond the needs of this thesis .. sevet·a1 pattet•ns are suggested by the data.. Bowl forms from P7 would suggest an evolution from ·:::oncave walls (as in keros) to <:•)f.lvex profiles in the Otora period, a. patte:rn that continues in the later Estuquina and Estuquina-lnka periods with the red slipped, well bm·nished bowls. Also .. there is suggested a gradual thickening of the lip from the Ti'WS.f!aku period through the Estuquiria-lnka. This is a similar pattern suggested by Julien in Hatunqo11a (1976). Fina.Uy, the same gross distinction between w11 burnished/ red or orru:1ge slipped treatments of' serv .. ing &.id water storage vessels versus unpigmen.ted .. "?:a'iped or t"ough surf'a.ce cookirig pots found at P5 was appe.rent1y <:at"ried on in to the Otoi·a. period site of P7.

4,-, .t.,

Cuajone is a 16 dom.estk: unit site located on the high Cuesta Cuajor.Le on the south side of the Otora Drainage. Cuajone is 1Jt1fortified and the hilltop location was. due to the t1ecessity to be near the agriculture.1 fields. The only cane.1 (C-2) draws off' of the Que­t>rada Cueva Quemada, a. trit>uta.t'Y of Paralaque drainage to the immediate south of Otora. C-2 crosses the Cuajone ridge near the intake and waters appt'oximate1y 28 ha of fields.

The ard:litecture on PS is quite distin<:tive from that of P~>, P7 or P4. On the latter sites, a pattern of Hnea.ted domestic residential structures cor1structed •)n artificial terraces is found whereas on P8 household units cor.tsist of joined and small pairs of rooms. These paired units are further grouped into larger complexes spatially segregated from each other.

Wall architecture is basically similar to that from the other sites .. with a single row, pirca. m.a.som·y utilising on site fieldstor.tes. W a11s are somewhat straighter, in part because rooms are not t>Uilt on terraced slopes but on leve116.t1d.

Excavated Room Units

The room excavations (appendix 6) indicated a pei·ma.t1ent1y occupied 6.t1d inten­sively utilized site. As with the othei· major sites in the Otora Va11ey,. there was no evidence of storage rooms or other special fl.m<:tion structures. A11 rooms excavated were part of larger, domestic residentie.1 units. Unit 1 typified the other units in terms of artifactual remains with a ash deposit in the center, grinding stones, Hthic rem.aim;, <:a.m.eHd •. ~u.111:.one, carbon and <:era.mi<: fragments.

Units 3, 5, Md 7 were in one of the we11-def1ned room complexes. Unit 3 had the triple division, paved floor .:,·u,T•t>en or storage area with small wa.11 ttume1s. Ur.Lit 5 also had a triple division storage area but c~onstruction technique 6.t1d contents were :radk:a11y differer1t (appendix 6). AU c•f these rooms had good floor deve1oi>m.ent and a complete suite of domestic artifac:ts. Due to time limitations, none of the associa.ted large rooms were ex<:ava.ted in this group.

Rooms 8 .. 9, 10 and 11 were two pairs of two <:•)mp1ete household units which formed a separate room complex. The architecture of this group was no different than that of the lower ones. :Figures 51 a.t1d 52 mustt,ate the distribution of artifacts and ar<=hitectura.1 features in these dom.esti<: uni ts. Both room 10 and 11 have the very distinc:tive kit<:hen area delineated by a low pt1oiecting wa.11. Such cooking featui·es were aiso fc11md in Pl Md P2. Above gi·otmd stoi·age features were found tht·oughout the large room 6.t1d were constructed similarly to the triple division features, which probably flmctioned minim.ally as a cur pen.

Based upon these excavated rooms .. it is clear that the small room in these pairs functioned as a:u,P raising and possibly as sleeping areas while the larger room was. the i:.rincipa.1 cooking a.t1d food storage area. Thet·e was. some indication of ceramic mMu­fa.<:ture from this group s.s welt with red pigments used in the ceramic slips found on l1om· context. These pigments may also have been used for ritual activities.

There are 26 ha of' 1and associated with the site. These fields are fed off· elf the only caned on the hi11--C2. The ma.in area. of teri·aced land is found south of the site in a very lru·ge nature.1 det:.:ression. Terrace and cru1a1 <.:C•tutruction is similar to the other <=ultura.1 systems found in the valley although there are no reservoirs included on the entire length of the C-2 cane.1. The fact that C-2 dra"WS off a completely different water soui·<:e in the Otora periodl a time when the ag1·icu1tw·at systems in the Otore. valley wre not undet· stress .. is a f'urthet· indication that P8 was ethnk:a11y distinct from P4. That is .. the population of P8 opted to build a. 3 !~m long canal :rathe1· thar1 sharing a 'W'atet• soutce with a neigh boring site.

The vast majot·ity of cet·amics ft·om Cuajone a.t•e ui1decorated plainwa.t•es with

43

similar :red slip uns1ipped bo"'flis.. o11as t"at·er One de<:orated vessel (appendix 6.. 2-5 .. 9) has asimH&· design as Tschopik's Callao black-on-1·ed jai·s (1946:24 figure 9) although the vessel form ar1d punctated ai:.pHque molding is different from the few examples presented in the 1946 monograph. Cut·iously .. a Callao Mack-on­red bowl was recovered on P4 (appendix ·3). The only <:hu1pas with subterranean cists i·eported by Tschopik {type 3) wre found on sites without &1y Chuquito po1ychrom.es, Si1h.:istani po1ychromes .. or any <:et•amk with Inka influence. That is .. these i:.re1imit1ar)'"' ai1d admittedly fragmented data from both Otora and the Titicaca Basin show a certain <:onvergence in the co-occurrence ir1 :key elements during this criti<:al post-Tiwana.ku period.

Cerro Cementerio is a small site located on Cuesta Alta above the terraced fields of' P5. Several hundred meters to the east is the modern village cemetery ar1d the name was suggested bymywrkm.en .. as wre all site names. The site is com.posed of an indete:rmir1ate r1umbe:1:· (approximately 10) badly pt"eserved t"ooms built principally on 1irJ.eated tei·taces, simH&· to Pj and P7. Stt·ucture walls we:t·e principally one row "tide with some tenden<:"'f"' for double bricking, also similar to P7. All of' these rooms were located on the periphery of a rhyoHte outcrop with a 1&·ge quantity of quarry 'W'SSte fragments.

The rhyoHte quart•ied from this hill was the same i·aw material used in constrU<:t­ing the "corral-like" site of' P12 (see below). Sine.:e this the closest rhyolite source and since the stone used to construct P12 is considerably larger than the fietdstones, thet·e is little doubt that these two sites are contemporary and f'Un<:tional1y related to ea<:h other.

Two small cuts w:re plae.:ed in a roundish stt·uctw·e arJ.d a linear terra.ce one respectively. Like P16 .. there was virtually no indications of human use except f'or some cai,bon, occa.-::iona1 bone fragments and a few potsherds in the fi11. There was no f1oor deve1opmen t no grinding stones nor arJ. y ash accumulations. There was no evidence of midden accumulatiorJ.s outside of' the rooms . .Also, r10 tombs were found eithet" inside the rooms or in segregated aJ:·eas outside of the residential areas.

Surface <:eramk: densities were extremely iow. One fragment was identified as a Ti,;ta.naku-H:ke ~c-rowhile the t,est wre undecorated p1ainwa.resl the pastes of whi<:h wout.d suggest a somewhat later date than P5 (lack of' silver mk:a temper, in particular, which was more common in the Tiwanaku assemblage). The fact that P12 was con­sti·ucted over the main set of agricultural terraces at P5 would suggest a date later thar.1. PS itself'. I date the site as contemporary to P7. The plainwa.res &ld one kero fragment wuld corroborate this date as welt giver1 that the assemblage at P7 is composed of' numerous undecorated plain-wares with &l occasional Tiwanalm sherd. PS, on the •:ither hand, was characterized by a very high relative proportion of' decorated fir1ewares.

Lingana is a sma.11 site of a maxim um of' 8 rooms and 2 or 3 dc•mestic uni ts located on the not•th face of Cerro Cuajone. The site is adjacent to a small pe.tch of modern agri<:u1tu:re off of the retra.<:ted C-2 canal (figures 3 arJ.d 20). Wall ar1d room architecture is similat• to that found in P7 with single rowd brick in linear patterns.

Surt·ounding the entit•e site is a pet·imeter wall made with large boulders "i·ith un:r.nortared stone interstices. Although the wall initially suggests a defensive f'W:1ction, the aboriginal height was very low at1d more suggestive of coi·rats .. such as those found commonly in the Moquegua .Puns today.

On the surface of' the site,. above the 1600 A.D. Huayna.putina. volcarJ.i<: ash .. wei·e a

44

of' Colonial sherads. One roc•m. was south of the main gi~oup of three (figure 20). The exca.va.tions a light oc.:::upation~ ~i'ith little floor deYelcipment and artifact accumulation although indications of human occupation and use were higher than P9 01· P16. A number of ash deposits were found as we11 as a fairly substantial cerami<: recoYery .. all C•f whk:h were undiagnostic plain wares. There were no batanes on the surface of the site although one gt·inding slab was found in the agrk:u1tura1 fields below the residential area. were no tombs discoYered either on the residential area or in segregated cemeteries. Thei·e were no fish or exotics in the room. midden.

The Colonial o<:cupation of P10 was much less intensive than the pi·ehistoric one as suggested by a. sparse ceramic accumulation on the surface. Furthermore .. the vo1car.dc ash was intact indicating a break in the occupation betiwreen the pre-ash fall a.rJ.d Colonial periods. It is difficult or impossible to accurately determine with whk:h occupation the outer wall was associated. It is equally difficult to date the earlier occupation. Thei·e was e. small petroglyph on the site with <:ame1id .. wavy line and <:ross motifs. Similar features have been noted for late sites at Huar.L<:at"ane in the northei·n Chilean Valle de Camarones (Niemeyer and Schia.ppa.casse 1981 ).

P11 is a small scatter of' Inka and possibly Esmquir1a-In!~a shet·ds on a m.odei·n hamlet located on the north side of' the Rio Otora. near the fork in the drainage (fig'l:tt"e 3). No structures were evident due to the disturbance from modern house construction. One of the Inka ceramics is known as Saxamar in North Chile .. and is characterized by bla<:k .. stylized llama designs oYer a red paste.

Lil-~e Pl~> .. Otora (P11) is located in a totally undef'endable area alongside the Ya11ey bottom canals. These sites are probably typical of a number of other sites either since destt·c•yed or <:oYered by modern hamlets. It is signif'k:ant that Ir.1.k~ Spanish Co1orLia1 and modern occupations favor the .. '1a11ey bottoms immediately above the canals.

Campos Antiguos (P 12 l

This site is a large .. rectangular~ corral-like structure constructed O"'rer the terrac­ed fields associated with the Tiwana1m hamlet of PS. The dimensions of' the structure are approximately 20 x 50 m. In the center of the outer Wall is another small structure approximately 5 x 7 m. with a single internal diYision. The stcir.tes used to build P12 were qua.ri·ied from the hill on which P9 is constructed (see above) and there is little ques­tion that both sites are <:on temporary and f'urJ.ctional1y related. I f'ee1 that P9 .. P12 ai1d P7 ai·e all contemporary Otora period sites.

A .curious f's.ct is tha.t the smalt fist-sized stones used in the constru.<:tion of' the older Tiwanaku terraces were cleared off and piled on the side of P12 and the larger dlyo1itk stones from the quarry were utilized to build the later structure. There is no question that the a.gricu1tui·a1 fields were out of use by the time P12 was constru.<:ted because the strU¢ture wall is built across the ma.ir.1. vertkal canal designed to wate1· the terraces. It is therefore quite unlikely tl1a.t the site wa.s used in (x•nnection with ct·op agriculture. If' the site functioned as a corral .. as I suspect, then it is pc•ssible that inhabitants continued to bring in some water for small areas of pasture.

Pol vei'in (P 13..).

Polvedn is a small site of approximately 12 i·c•oms located on the north side of Ce:r1·0 C:uajone on the on the Quebre.da Queybe.ya approximately 1 km. up from. Sa.jene.. The architecture c•n the site is Yirtue11y identical to Pl and P3 ex<:ept that there

are 3 small wa.11 ni<:hes: about 1 m off of the ground surfa<:e in 2 "9tal1s. These measui·ed 20 x 25 <:ms in a.nd &1e of 3 stones selected for flatness. One niche is completely open going through the wail "Ylhile the others ru·e dosed. Wall nid1es such as these are completely absent on Estuquina petiod sites in the Otora Valley but a.i·e common Inka architectural techt1iques.

The diagnostic surface ce1·amics a.re predominantly Inka With a feiv· Estuquina bowls. This date is corrobc•ra.ted by the p1acemer1t of' the site over relict teri·aces fed by the canal associated With the main oc<:upation at P3. Ve may ·~onjecture that the site was probably tyi)i<:al i:1f other now-destroyed Late Horizon sites in the valley such es P11 &ld P15. An important observation is that the site is located directly on a ma.jot· path "flhk:h follows the drainage up into the or ca.meHd g:r&2ing lands. We followed the path into the main agricultural area in the Otora vat1ey (near Pl) and there ru1e sec::tfor1s that were either <:are.fully with stone siding and large rock fill in quebradas or are old terraces since converted into a road. Dut1ing the field seasor.1., a.r.L altiplano family migrated into the valley with several alpa<:a and llama in order to bartet, for maize. They reportedly took this t•oute. During the rainy season, natural pasture grows well on P3 ru'ld <:an even produce suitable stands as low as Porobaya.. although, this has been rare in the past sevet·al years of drought. The point of these observations is that P13 sits directly on the most important a<:<:ess to puns 1&1 ds, possi bi y on an Inka or pre- Ir.1.ka road.

Pi 4 {Unnamed).

P 14 is a small Colonial sf te below P8 and associated with the distal ends of the fields. It is located on the westernmost ridge the.t supports abandoned terraces. There at•e two small, square structures and an ovat structure of undetermined nature. l'al1 <:onstru.(:tion is single stone, unselected with a mud morta1·.

The f'it•st 1·ectangu1ar room is 2.8 x 1.9 meters in diametet• With a south doorway, t·rpk:al of pre-Hispani<: are.:hite<:ture, composed of' 2 l&·ger, vertk:al rocks placed 65 <=ms a.part. The othet• re<:tat1gutar room is 2.9 x 2.7 meters in dimension. The oval room measures 15 x 1.2 ru1d is also const:ructed with a single row brick ru1d he.s a similar door"W"8.Y.

Surface ceraro.ks were i)rin<:ipa11y Colonial g1&2ed "\l'l8.i1es, burnt cam.eHd bone .. a. ft•agment of maritle shell and some Hthics. The site was not exce.vated but su.t"fa<:e indications suggest an actual permanent residen<:e of one family.

Inogoya is a small s<:atter of' 1ate <::era.mks in the tower Otora valley in a section :known as Inogoya. Al though the area was not in tensi vel y surveyed as in the Otora valley .. there was sufficient reconnaissance to detet"mine that there w.:re nc• ma.jor sites. Site P15 is probably typical of several other sherd sca.ttei·s associated With modet·n ha.m1ets and I would provisionally assign it a La.te Horizon date, based upor.1 the late paste and manuracturing chara<:teristics of the cerami<:s and its geographical pla.<:ement a.sso<:ia.te<t with lciw .. valley bottom .:::anals . .As with othe:r valley bottom sites .. there is no extant a.t·chi tectw·e.

Pl 6 {unr1amed).

P 16 (figure 21 ) is an enigma.tic site located on Cuesta Al ta de Otora approximate! y 100 mete:rs abc•ve P?. The architecture of the site betrays a relatively late o.:::<:upation (double t·ow stone walls .. hilltop location) but the few plainWat·e cei·amics wu1d suggest ru1 ea.diet• date. There were very f'ew surface artifacts and ex<:avatiom~ revealed a pattern of' use simitat• to P9--no floor development no midden a<:<:umu1ations atld very

46

low &•tifa<:t densities. Yet unlike P9, the :rooms were well defined and even internal stru..-::tlu~es, such as bins, were <:onstt'l.J<:ted. I would that this site vas. a temporary resideni:::e of a fur.t¢tici:n as P9, possibl .. :l for punapastoralists. Based upon the e.r<:hi te<:ture and site location, I wou1 d bracket the dates of this site as later than the Moqeugua Ti wa.r.1.aku 6 period and ee.t"Her tha.r.t the Estuquina.- Inka. phase of the Estuquina period.

P 17 is a sma.11 scatter of sherds some st:ructu1·e footings located on the low end of the <=rest at the north west access to the site of or Colan a.. The site badly disturbed due to its proximity to a modern hamlet and a wheat threshing platform. Extant strooture position wcm1d suggest a Hnee.ted room pattern. There is considerable midden around the wa.11 footings but it is it1distinguishable from the modern debris left by a family living near the site. Ceramics on the surface suggest a post-Otora period date which would be consistent with the date of P2. The fun<:tic•n of the site remains problematic, however.

CHAPTER 5

PATTERNING AND PROCESS IN IUMERARY PRACTICES

The cornerstc•ne of' the excaYa.tion strategy was to <::on.centrate upon complete :room units, in order to test of the zonal comp1ement&"ity model within a consistent methodologkal and theoretical framework. lr.t general, the exca\o"'ated f1oor areas pt•ovided a sufficient quantity of' ceramic material to develop a solid settlement chronology for the Otora Valley. A concentration on funerary processes was. not origfnall y part of the research strategy. The recognition of such extreme V'at"iabili ty in tomb architecture raised the posgibiHty of ethnk differentiation. The research design was then altered to allow individual tomb ex(:avations. Appendil contains detai1e<l tomb excaY"'ation data.

A number of individual tombs (geographicaUy separated from the rooms) were excawted in Pt P4 a.nd P8 in order to better define the chronology and isolate ethnic­ally specific cultural traits. It was critk:al .. for instance, to define the newly proposed proto-<:hulpa (figures 1 "3 - 15). This funerary form is a temporally restricted phenom­enon in the Otora Valley occuring exdusive1y in the Otot•a period. Proto-chulpas represent a transitior1a1 cultural feata.ire critical in determining continuities and discontinuties in the settlement history. P4 also presented problems with chronology~ at least early in the investigations .. at1<1 tomb excawtions pro .. red to be very he1pt"U1 in securing additional diagnostic ceramic matet·iel.

At PL three hillside tombs were ex<:ayated in ordet• to determine if any marked differences characterized these tombs from those found in subf1oor contexts under the resi den tia1 stt•1Jetures.

One import&lt empirical pattern noted in the Otora ex<:a\ratio11s is that the geo­graphical location of hume.n interments changes through time. In the Tiwane.ku hamlet (P5) .. there were absolutely no tombs associated With areas of oc<:upation but ~)1,c•be.My were placed in narrow .. dry quebradas or gulleys near the site. Such place­ment of cemeteries is found in very late Th;ranaku sites in the Moquegua Valley ne&· Tumilaca (M. Berms.nn .. pers. <:omm.).

In P7 .. ,;1hich is s1ight1y later than P5 .. there was only one tomb (of a neonate) in a.11 of' the 11 rooms ex<:aYated, and there was no indication whatsoever of any sei)a.re.te tombs on the edges of the site. It is most plausible that seg1·egated cemetery areas sti11 predominated on P7.

In the sites of P4 atld P8, the first p1·oto-chulpas appear in the sequence. A chuli:)a is understood t.o be any above-gr1)und buriat with the exception of slab-cist tombs originally defined by Tschopi:k (1946). A proto <:hulpa is here defined as a below­g:roun<l cist with a round .. appt•oximately 2 m diameter low perimeter wa11 a.round the <X•11e.r of the tomb surface. The <~ist of' the p1·oto-chulpa is consi<le:rabty deepe1~ and narrower than slab-cist tomb. In the pi·oto-chu1pes of Otora.. the body was placed in the cist while the offerings were p1a.ced on a prepared f1oor ot1 the surface, inside of the perimeter wa11. In P8, large :radiatir1g stones projected out from the cist to the peri­metet" wa11. These stones wei·e not ch&,actet·istic of the P4 prnto-chu1pas and indicate a subtle difference in construction technique.

Proto-chulpas combine the features of both belo1t ground tombs &ld developed chulpe.s (Hyslop 1976 .. 1977; Bandelier 1905; Ryden 19'57; Tschopik 1946) in that the body was pe1·m&1ent1y interred in the cist.. but continuous access to the burial locus e.n.d supi)osedly .. pet·iodk: (:han.ging o:r addition of offet•ings .. wei·e made I>Ossible by archi­tecturally defining an above groun<j space :reserved for this ritual. In this t•espect Ts<:hopik's type 3 chu1pa (1946) .. which also hes a subterra.nea.n cist may have been the mar.dfestation of a simi1&' process in the a1tip1ano. I feel that such a definition of' space for the interment 1o<:us indicates a t•adkally different ritu.'9.1 and pet·haps ideolog~ ...... associated with the treatment of the dead embodied in the entire con<::ept behind chu1pa

un. common.

49

Vhiie the <:huipa nH·~i::tt"J:it•"ll" ri·om the prnto-<:hulpa to (~omi=·1ete1y above bm·ial the cist tomb funerary style remained essentia11y stati<:.. with no qualitative change in form or presumea'bl v i·i tual content

Developed chulpas in Otora correspond to Hyslop 's transitior.tal type (1977:155) in the typology developed from his extensive survey of the southwest side of Lake Titicaca (1976). These chulpas are wei·e approximately 2 :meters high aboriginally~ about 2 meters in diamete:t• at the base with a 1 m diameter round internal chamber built at ground level. There ·vlas a.door, or open niche .. in the east side. A11 of the Otora Valley <:hulpas are made with pirca masonry .. mortared similarly to the residential structure walls. In northern Chile, Da'l:ae1sberg (1983:73) describes <:hu1pas. at sites contemporary with the Estuquina period (Ai·ica I I or Gen ti1ar).

On Colana., the chu1pas are found in 3 cemetery a.rea.s in the periphei·y of the site (figure 8). Two of these a.t·eas are "strategice.11y0 placed a.t the principe.1 e.cceses to the

"site while a third group is found in the agricultural fields below the site. Here .. there are at least 6 chulpas all very badly destroyed. On Pl, there was 1 cemetery area south e.nd above the site on a low hi11. There wei·e 2 groups of chu1pas of 5 and 4 respe<:tive1y in this (:emetery. The <:hulpas of P•)t,obaya were essentially simHa.t· to those a.t Cola.t1e.. On the surfa.ce of the cemetery area, a number artifacts were collected whkh included coppe1· fragments, llama phe.1&1ges .. Estuquina bo'Wls and a number of non-decorated pc•ttery fragments.

The chulpa area was associated, (~uriously, with an artifide.1 tert·ace below the hi11 (e.p1>roximately 25 m distant) where at least 6 and at most 12 cist tombs were pla.ced. There was no a.t•chitecture.1 difference between these cist tombs and others found on the main site. There was a great deal of care taken in preparing the terrace and preventing sequential intrusions of <=ists over ea<:h other. The co-o(~currence of cist and chulpa tombs in the same, segregated cemetery suggests st:t•c1ng1 y the development of dif'f'eren tiated social groups in the Porobaya sett1emen ts.

AU chulpas were heavily looted, oftentimes to the point of ripping down all of the ws.11 stones to the base end totally dispersing the osteo1ogical a.t1d artifactual matet•ie.1 originally included in the burial. In short there was no possible way of comparing these burials with others on the site.

One <=hu1pa., in the highest gi·oup, however~ was at least partie11y pi·ese:rved (P1-CH=2). The chulpa had been looted early e.nd apparently an upper floor was destroyed and the conter.tts removed. Below this debris however .. was the remains elf a genere.tly intact second floot·. Included in the chu1pa were the of' at least 5 individuals (3 adults, a child and infant) .. 1 c:erar.o.ic vessel (s.ppendik , and a n.umbet• of organic remains including a number of' llama phala.nges that articulated intc• 27 discrete legs. Also included in the chuipa were cuy feces. There is, of' c:ourse .. the possibility that these were considered offerings in among themselves .. but more likely is the placement of Hve cu.yes c•fferings in the tomb (see appendix P1-CH=2 for a complete inventory).

If' we {)resume that the looter stopped after i·eaching a floor livi th vessels, ther.L we can argue fot· at least two floor levels in this chulpa.. with the fit·st partially intact and the second clandestinely remov"'ed. This st:rot:i.gly supports the argument that these transitional chulpas were periodice.11y or perhaps continuously i·evisited fo1· 1·itua1 purposes and th.at the multiple inte:rment.s were sequet1tia1. This wu1d <=ont:rsst with a pattern of "single-event" burial .. as has been suggested for some largei· chulpas such as those found at Si11usta.ni.

The chulpa.. th.ereftire, sei·ved more as a "mausoleum" that wos 1·eserved for a. 1·est:ri<:ted group of' individuals at death. The interment of <=hi1d:ren and ir.1.fants in the ·:~hu1pa suggests the existence of asct•ibed s1:icie.1 statuses in Porobaya i:n this period. This obse1·vation is of f1Jndam.enta1 signifi<:at1<:e in the evaluation of the formation of' elite t.det•a:t•<:hies in the Estu.quHia period settlements in Otot•a.

In summary, t\met"ary pi·actices demonsti·ated a dt•0.ro.atk syn<::hronic and dia.<:h:rc•:ni<: \a"'a.t'iaN1ty in the Otoi·a Va11e":t. The site of P~) &1<1 P7most1i:ke1'·:t maintained

50

disct·ete cemetery ai·ea.s. Below-ground, on-site burials begai1 in Otora period at the site of' P4. Proto-chu1pas co-existed with be1ow-grouni::J tombs on aild ~.-e:re exclusive mc•de of burials at P8. Developed chulpas charactei·ize the Estuquir.1.a period sites. Both chulpas and cist tombs are found on Pl .. P2 and P3. In the Otora period site of' P4 .. proto-chulpas and cist tombs were placed in the same <=emetery areas. By the Estuquifia period these 2 bu.rial forms wre segregated. Whereas the cist tomb displays no change ir1 constr'U(:tion technique through time, above-ground burials wre characterized by a rapid evolution of size, form and geographic location.

CHAPTER 6

AGROENGINEERING DYNAMICS or POST-TIWANAKU SETTLEMENTS IN THE OTORA VALLEY

In tt·odt:iction

A fundamental and initially sm·prizing result •)f the Otora research was that the agroengineering characteristics of modern tert•ace I <:anal a.grku1 tui·al systems show 1·emarkable similarities to the prehispanic systems found in the Otora/Porobaya. Vatley. In cc•njunction "With this archaeo1ogi<:a.1 research .. Ms. Do1ar1 of the University of' Oregon conducted ethnoarchaeologicat and ethnographic studies of contemporat·y populations living in the Otora Valley. The fo11o"Wing observatior1s of modern agri­cultut"e are designed to augment this work ordy in the most technical aspects in order to highlight similarities between the an.dent a:n.d mc1dern systems, and to define certain terms used in describing the prehisparlic agricultural systems.

In the past as today, al1 plant agrku1ture and a.r.dmal husbandry was possible only with can.at watered terraces t>e10,-1approximately3200 m.a.s.1 .. The V'S.St majority of agri<:ult.ural land is fed by ~>ermar1ent rivers .. whose sources are found in the extensive subterranean aquifers and snow melts around altitudes above 4000 m.a.s.1 .. Occasionatty .. small areas of land are "Wve.tered by pe:rma.r1ent springs celled 'pukios'. Although these pukios ai~e particularly ci:1mmon around 3200-3500 m (I. Stevenson, pers. <:ommt where aquifers break,.< they do not constitute a sigr.tif'i<:ant percentage of the total a.gt•ku1tura1 water utilized in the Otora. Valley .. an observation which probably holds true for the Moquegua drair1a.ge as a whole.

The fundamental engineering principle behind south central Andeat1 agri­cu1 ture is to construct an earth banked <=anal from a. permat:i.en t water sour<:e to tei·racable 1at1d. Vii·tuat1y atl agi·icultut"at land in the Moquegua dr&nage is terra.ced .. even that immediately adjacent to the :rivers due to the steep gradients .. a. p:rodU<:t of severe tectonic upHf't arld downcutting of the watershed (Moseley .. pers. comm.). In such an ecological <:or1text.. the <::ontrast between irrigated ar1d r.ion-irrigat.ed areas is dra.matica.Hy evident With a dat"k green vegetation strip marking car1als ar1d irrigated fields against a virtually p1a.r.it1ess .. brown landscape (see Tosi 1960).

One can profitably distinguish '3 types of cat1ats, based principatly upon topo­graphi<:a.1 placement and f'unctictn: cont•:iur ca.r1als .. ddgetop ca.r.ials ar1d vertical canals. A contour can.at is one that draws off a. watet· sout"ce and follows a hillside at less thatl a 1° slope that appears .. to the eye .. to 'be at1 even con.tom·. A ridgetop canal is one that dra"fm off of· a rivet· sout"ce and then fo11ows a descefJ.ding :ridge top, usua11y straddling the ridge in a sinous pattern a.11c1"Wing access tc• either side of the hi11. A vertical cans1 is defined as any canal that is placed quasi-perpendicular to the contout"s of the hi11 and is designed to feed individual tet•ra<:es or terrace tracts of'f' of' a (:c1nt.01Jr or t•idgetop (~SJ:lat.

In many cases .. 'both i>rehisto:rk:ally and modern, nat1Jra.1 gullies wre used as vertical "canals" in that water was. dropped from a contout" or ridgetop canat down a gully to terraces constructed in the lower, co11 uvial fans original! y created by na.tural erosion and soil creep. There is no evidence of any stone lining of the natm·at e1·osion :(:>oit1ts either prehispanica.11y or today .. although thet·e was probably a certain restruc­tuting of the :ne.tut"a.1 ,-rater f1ows to the terraced fields.

Contour cat·.ials are particu1a:r1y pror.ie to seepage losses due to the genera11y seve1·e slopes (g:t:·eater that1 2~·-'30° in most cases) and the oftentimes tacky ter1·a.in on.to which the cat1als must be (:onstructed. In <:a.ses of se~rere seepage loss at <=o:n<:er1 trated areas~ mode:t·n farme11s oftentimes consti·uct s:ma.11 te:t:•:t•a<.:es -w·hi<:h collect the cithe:t1-wtse

lost wa.ter. I <:onstnK:tions "opportunistic te:rra<:es" in the sense that they a.t•e pla.ced to fo:r sevei·e topog:t•aphi<:al conditions a.t1d a.:re not a <::ons(:rnus to tr•9.<:ts of' agdcul tura.1 Similar sma.11 tt!:f+"''+•ei .. ••0 .ri

a.:reas can be seen along now abandoned systems. The effect elf these ecc11ogica1 factors and engineering :responses is to have 8.

sy·stem characterized by a long canal off of a rivet· som·ce to its principal fields, with a. series of' sma.11 agrk:ultui·a.1 areas a.long its :route where seepage is severe or where natm·ei gu11ies provide terracable land. "principal f'ie1ds" ei·e usually <=hosen as the areas of minimal slope closest to the water soUi'<:e, altl:'wugh in the case of' major, multi-contoUi' canal systems such as those found in the Tora.ta Valley, sc1ciologica1 and economic f'a<:tors entet· into the field location calculus a.bove and beyond mere agroengineering considerations.

Ridgetop car.1.als are approxima.te1y 50 to 80 ems wide and, with a few modern ex(~eptions, are ra.t·e1y stone or <:oncrete lined or sided. Ridgetop canals tend to be slightly wider due to the absen<::e of g:ra.dient <:onstraints on construction. The sides of both ridgetop and contoUi' canals he.ve been conti11ua11y reenfi:it"ced and raised with the sediment periodk:a11y cleaned out of the car.1.a.1. The ef'f'e<:t of such a practk:e leaves a 1 /2 meter wide ca.t1a1, approximately 50 ems deep from surface level.. with either 1 (<:ontour <:anal) c•r 2 sides (ridgetop) of sediment-raised wa11s anywhere from 20 to 100 ems high.

On rare occasions .. vertical canals in the terraced areas themselves ere stc•ne sided; but almost never stone paved (one small modern vertical <:a:n.al in Otora Vijfj. stone paved). This is true for both modern and an<::ient S"ystems . .Also .. vertical canals in modern fields often are flanked, on one side only, by a 1m high stone and earth wall. These walls serve at least 2 functions: first they mark off property 1irles ar.1.d keep animals from gi"azing in other fields. Se<:ondty·, they are usua11y, if not alwayvs, <:•:in­structed on the downslope side of the car1a1 which prevents lateral canal movement a.nd subsequent field erosion. This prevents deteriortion of the wter delivery system to individual terrces. In a geophysical cor.1.text of a highly a<:tive tectonic laridscape in which ground movements ai,e the rule .. and not the ex<:eptional oc<~ui·ren·:::e .. such an engineet'ing feature is extreme1 y useful (see Moseley et. a1 .1983).

Tet·ra<:e wall height atld dista.nce betlreen individual terraces is put1e1y a function of slope ar.1.d the largest and most closely packed terraces are on the steepest slopes while lO"fl gradients permit the co:nstt·uction of lo"f!et· terrace walls. On tow slopes (2 ° to 10 ·:a) terrace heigh ts are es low as 50 ems while on the steepest slopes (greater thai1 25 °) wail heigh ts approach one to two meters. Dis tan <~e bet-wreen the terraces ranges from 8. minimum of' cine up to sevet•a1 metet"s. These observations are equally app1i<:e.b1e to to both modern and prehispanic agriculture.

A11 ancient te1·ra<:e ,-!alts "ftet·e constrw::ted with field stones ar.1.d mud mortar .. .... rft•tuatly identical to i·esidentia.1 strw::tut·e "W"a11 construction. There are no indications of ar.Ly rigid selection for stone size or placement of particular sizes within the wall. In sc•me abandoned, prehispai1i<: terraces; i·epairs wre made (possibly by post-Hispanic fa:t•mers) which are clearly detectable as mc•rtarless sections in the wa.11. Modern te:t·races are <:•)nst:t•1Jeted either "With or without mud mortar .. the tatter pra<:tice due possibly to the less intensive ne.ture c•f' alfalfa cultivation. Less intensive agriculture. is characte:t•ized by <:onsiderably less water through-flow which would have not required morta:t•e<l watts (B.I>olan pers.comm).

Individual tert'a<~es are wateted eithet· by simply atlo"f.1ing the ,tater to roU O"'.ret· ear:::h terra.ce sequentially" .. or by constructing narrow .. back facing "canalitos" (small cai1a1s) that diverge oft of the vertical field canals . .A large field stone is usually placed in the vei·tk:at can.al which forces "W'S.ter on to the smaller car.1.a.1 and then onto the p le.n ting su.i·face. Vat er ro11s over the terrace SUi'face on to the lo wet• terrace.

There are no differences in preservation, 01· <:•)nstru<=ticin style in any of the prehispanic ter:t·a.ces in Otora, but this is not true f'o:t· the Moquegua Basin as a whole. Me:"a.r Ca.ma.ta in the C:huju1ay di·aina.ge .. f'o:r insta.r.lce, extensive areas of aba:t:i.doned teri·aces ate (:ha.t"a.<:terized t:-y differences in ci:1nsu·u<~tion a.t1·~ presei,vation.

53

A observation is that unlike tet•t•a.i:::es in at•ea.s, sui:::h as the Ti tk:a.:::e. there at·e no houses no:r non-e.g1·icU1t1.u·a1 stru(~tures built dit·ectly in

tert·e.<:ed areas. all structures ai·e built above the contol.lt' outside of' the agricultural at•ea in ordet· to conser're cultivable land and a.void having the st1·uctu1·e perfodk:al1y inundated by i:rt'igation wa.ters. Any such situation in which structllt'es at•e <:c1nstrU<:ted over terraces indicates that the terre.ces "i'et·e out of' use a.t the time of non-agrk:ultural use.

The types of' o:::rops grown .. p1at:iting schedules .. a<:cess to inter-hc•usehold trade .. individual and communal labor, water flow rates etc. are all treated by B. Dolan (n.d.).

Tt1e Co1ana (P2) agt•i<:u1tura.1 system was studied in detail by a complete and intensive ground suryey and mapping. The system is ideal because it is associated with a single site date<J to a i·estdcted .. 1ater time period (EstuqUifta). LikeWise .. the entire 139 ha of fields were f'ed by a. single, contour canal off of the Rio Porobaya.. There is no evidence for any reoccupation of the site area not· for any significant reuse of' the terraces. This brief oe.:cupation history .. plus the late <late .. provided an excellent oppt•rtunity to document a restricted time period in which a complex~ agroengineet•ing system VdS operative. The nature and function of a prehispank: agricu1tllt'al S"ystem at a highly developed 1e"i,re1 ca.n be used to compare with other more extensive systems where diachronk: chariges have oc<::llt'red.

The Colan.a system intakes off' of' the Rio Porobaya approximately 3 kms f'rom the site and 4 kms from the furtherest fietds. The canal is very t)oor1y preserved, as 'flou1d be expected ft•om an earthen .:~ana.1 one. steep grade. Yet it is detectable as a linear feature f'rom the opposite Cuajone ridge and was easily tt·e.<:able c•n photos; small areas of extant cai1a1 were also 1oo:::ated by g1·01..md sm·vey.

The initial 3 km of canal is a con tour canal whk:h descends at e.i1 average 1 ° slope until it hits the t•)p of' the mot·e rapidly descending Colana ridge. At tllis point the (:ontolU" canal bec•)mes, by definition, a ridge top canal for 1 km to the end of the system. rrom the intake to the beginning of the ridgetop cat1a.1 there are a number of terra.ces 1o<:ated in natllt'al gu11ies fed by vertical canals. About 1 km f':r•:im the intake at there are several sets of tet"races above the cana.1 Hne which were spring fed, but did ncit :represent a major portior1 of the total area of c1J1tiYated la.rid.

The highest major tract of agricultural land is found at approximately 3000 m.a.s.1. and has slopes g:reate:r than ·30°. These terraces are located dose to the area "i'here the con tour car.1.al hi ts the top of the ridge. Such steep slopes at"e in di ca.ti Ye of' later phase tert,ace cor1stt•1.:ictions (see below). The canal sti,add1es the ridge top ir1 a sinous pe.ttern :running through a series of agricultural terraces. Within these are numei·ous auxi11ary and vertical canals.

An oval i·eserYoir is located on the ri <Jgetop car.tat at approximately 3 .o km. from the intake a.r1d at approximately 2800 m.a.s.1. This is one of 5 tanks t•r reservoirs 1oca.ted in the Otora survey. The reservoit" measures 8 x 10 m and is built of a massive (1 m wide) .. double stone faced wal.1 with day and loc•se rubble thrown in between. A small cut was placed in the surface in the center of the tar1k ar.1.d indicated a.pproxime.tely ~>0 ems of laminated sediment accumulation.

:five hut1dt"ed m belO"i' tl':lis tatlk, on the same ridt2:e tot:· <=enat is ar!Othe1· .. 1at•e:er tatik measut·eing appt·oxima.te1 y the same as the higher i·eservoi:r in the system. Be: tween these t"i'O tat1ks are sections of star.tdi:ng wa.11s where the main cat1a1 was con­strU<:ted. This wal.11Jt1doubted1y acted like modern canal walls and prevented 1ate:t•al ei·osion on these particularly steep slopes.

In a.t least 2 ru·eas of' the Cole.r1a d<lge system there are extant sectio:t1s of a.que­du<:ts "f!hi<:h .. 'flhi1e low and m1imp1·essive archite<:tm·al!y .. demonstrated the technical <:apaci ty to st~>:::essf'u11 y sh utl t water Cfv"'er low svctles. The first.. k•<=ated bet"flee:n the 2 tanks .. has at"J. inct·ediMy gentle 0.10° slope over 1~) m. The 1:i.queducts themselYes at•e

simply ea1•the1·n 8l'eas ba.nked on eithet· side by fieldstor~, The f'frst a.queduct is cinly 70 <:m a.bcr·.,. ... e na.tm·al gt·ound sut•f'a.ce, "W'l:dle rafaed the canal approximate! y ~)O - 150 cm -::oi:::.+•·"1:1.:...-t

residential site.

We have identified the 4 engineei·ing components of the Co1ana agricultui·at system: earth-banked <:anals, terraces, 1·eservc•irs and aqueducts. With these four technologi<:at consu·uctions, '1;16.tei· can be efficiently de1ive1·ed to level planting surfaces. The Colana system is representativ-e of other contempo1·8l·y agricultut·al systems as "W"e11 as earliet· and modet·n ones. E"iren toda"~r, peas8ll t agri cul tura11an d is engineered m1der similar p:t•incip1es and can be understc•od as minor variations of' the 8.11cient techniques (concrete lining of <~at1als, con<:t•ete resetvoirs etc.).

Modern t>easant a.grk:u1tural 1a:1:1d and associated canal/ ter:i:·a<:e systems are maimained by individual households with minimal communal pa.t·ticipation (B. Dolan pers. comm.). Similarly, there is no reason to suggest that the ancient agricultural s"ystems required anything more tha.t1 wrporate kin-1e"'re1s of' organization to either constrU<::t o:r maintain these systems. S'U¢h a de<:ide1y non-Wittf'ogelian interpretation had cross cultl..u·at support f'rom othe:t• stuoies of ir1·igation-t>ased agricultw·al groups (Adams 1981). The on1 y possible exceptior.L here -would be the ir.d tia1 setUemen t of' PS in which the small numbet· of domesti<~ households (4) may have been too 10'1:' to <~onstt·uct the earliest <::anal within one plar.1.ting season. Whatever the i:::omposition of' the ovet·­a.t•,.::hing i·egional socio-po1itica1 systems was, it pt"'obably aided in the construction of the canal.

In the Otora dt•ainage, there a.t•e ti ancient a.t1d/or modern cam.Us designated C-1 tht•ough c-9. A11 of' these were built under the same I>rin<:iples as the Colana system des<:t•ibed above, t>ut vary according to a number of topogi·aphi<:at factors.

C-1 is the origitia1 <:8.f.La1 constructed in the vaUey lcicated on the northern side of' the Cuajone Ridge drawing off' of the Rio Porobaya. The canal was <:•)nstructed by the populaticin whfoh settled PS, the pic•neering late Tiwana1m site. There is absolutely no evidence fm· earlier occupations in the valley .. although the possit>iHty that a very early agrku1tura1 population farmed the immediate sides of' the river which have since been destrc•yed or covered over by modern terra<:e constructic•n, remains a plausible 8l'gumen t. It is certs.in! y 1ogk:al to presume an ini tis.1 sett1emen t pattern sU<:h as this -Ythi<:h took advwuage of sma11 a.t·eas of easily irrigable land along the river banks. Such an agrk:u1tura1 practke could also have been employed to proYide sutfk:ient food foi· the missed pla.nting cycle when C-1 was constructed. The fact that PS is undefended also lends i:::redence tc• this hypothesis in that the need for a protected, r.1.ucleated settlement was not evident. Testing of' this proposition ,;lQuld require an intensive reconnaissance methodology fer beyond the capacities of the project reported here.

C-1 is 7.4 kms long f:t•om its intake (neat· Talabaya) to the furthei·st fields assoc­iated with PS. These fields w·e w·gued to date to the ls.test phase of the Moquegua. Tiwanalm 6 occupation by geographical proximity to P5 and the absen<:e of any othe:t" sites in the area. There are approximately 15 ha of 1ar1d in th.is grouping c•f ~>terrace tt·acts. Given that we have identified 4 domesti<= units in P5, we ha.ve a ratio of approx­imately 3.7 ha of cultivated land per domestic unit. This figure represerits a. baseline with ,;'hich to judge subsequent periods. As wi11 be seen below, this ra.tio l1U<::tua.tes throughout the sequen<:e as domestic levels of' agri<:ultm~ai production increase to meet the demands of the inter-regional economy (table 8).

The C-1 <:anal retrs.cted continu...-=t.11y throughout the sequence ar1d was utilized up to tl1e Estuquifia ... Inka period. At this time a 1owet, valley-bottom canal (C-4) was -:::on­structed that is sti11 used today. After the construction of C-4 .. C:-1 "W"SS completely e.bat'l do11ed.

The second canal (C-2) ccinst:ructed in the sequen(~e was a ri<lgetop one on Cl.rests. Cue.jc1ne, w1d is associe.ted ,;rith the Otore. peric•d site of' P8 (Cuajone). C-2 drew its water

I I I

CHAPTER 7

AG R ICULTTJRAL AMD DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXT

Th:roughout the ~;00± "'yeafi~ of human, ag:ri<:ultut•ally-t>ased occupation in tl1e Otot·a Valley, there wet·e three major f.LOn-contempoi·ary periods of 1a.nd use in graphically disci-ete a.reas. This pattern of land use was characterized by progressive settlement and agrk:u1tural 1at1d shifts up the river source unti1 the Estuquina-Inka. period where there was a major shift to 'Talley bottc•m <:a.nals. ·

The first agricultural settlement in the Otora. Valley is the very small Ti'ftanelm site (P5) located at the furtherest end of the C-1 canal. Gi·ven that this is the earliest identified site in the valley thet•e is little ·question that the inhe.bitants at P5 'ftere responsible for the ccanstt·uction of the original canal. C-1 is a 7 .5 km long canal assod­ated with approximately 15 ha of terraces, a.s ha.s been desc:t•ibed above in the previous chapter. The question that immediately arises is why "W'OU1d an initial population of no mot•e than 5 families opt to build a 7 km long canal instead of choosing a shorter cat1al neat· the source, a. stra.tegy used by later oc<:upations?

first it should be noted that the construction. of su:::h a long canal is not be·yond the 1.::apacities of the population :represented at PS. It is necessat·y to view this settle­ment in the political <:on text of a hierarchk:al Tiwanaku state in ,;.·hk:h a much 1ai·get• body of la.bor and overarching pa:ilitical system could be orgarlized. Based upon pi·e­limina.t•y 1:'t•rk already completed by members of Progr8!116:lutUisu,r·"U it would appear that in the la.test phases of the Tiwanaku period thet·e was an. expansion of population from the Moquegua Valley into the mid and upper siet·ra. Causes of this population movement are as yet unknown but it is cleat· tha.t P5 rept·esents one of the highest settlements ir! this expansion process to exploit 1..UlO<:cupied sierra drainages having agrk:ultw·al potential. As such~ the small group of people at P5 were und1:aubtedly pat·t of a. la.:rge:i:· sodo-po1iti<:al nexus which assisted in the construction of the cat:i.al, pro­vi<led subsistence fot· a missed planting period etc. It should be noted that the nearest contempoi·at"'r"' Tiwanalm site is only a. mei·e 4 hours walk a1:'ay or.L the flanks of Cer1•c1 Baul. The constt'U(:tion 1)f a 7 km long <:an.al is not beyond the orgat1izational capacity of settlement as i·epresented by P~>, as long as the larger so<:io-political <:on text of a sta.te (o:r possibly imperial state) is ac<:ounted for.

The en'tironmental factor :responsible for the location of the initial settlement and associated agricultw·al fields is argued to be hillslope and the cultural f'a<:tot· is a.:rgued to be the attempt to minimize, as much as possible, the labor expended in ag:t'i­cultural <:onstructio:ns. That is, in terms of labor requirements .. it is much mot·e effic­ient tc• build long (:a.nals to cultiva.te flat 1at1d ,;.i.th low terraces than it is to build short ·~anals to steep lat1d "Wfhi<:h require high and closely s:pa.<:ed terraces. In the deeply incised upper and mid sierras .. 'frhere valley gi·adients avet•age 6 ° (ONERN), thet·e is a grnss relationship bet'1'teen distat1ce ft•om the t•iver a.nd loftr slope gradients.

Topographk:al1y .. the (:u1ti..,ra.ted 1a:1:1d ass1x:iated with P5 is the closest f1at land that ·:::ould be reached from a cat1al inta.ke from the Rio Porobaya. ('1'thich tc•da.y has the 1a:rgest 'flatet• '\rolume of the :t•ive:rs in the Otora <l:rai:nage}. I:tl. the fields of PS, the average gradient is 9.:. which contt·asts sharply with later field systems '1'the:re tei·ra<:es sometimes "ftere (:o:nst:ructed Of.l ·30+ 0 slopes (table 8). The p:t~ope:nsity to a.void steep slopes is demonstrated in the fields themselves "W·here stee:~per gi·adients '1'tithin the cul ti ..,rated ai·ea -rvere un utilized.

In suppcrrt of this prin<:iple of initial fieM <:hoice~ it is impoi·tant to emphasize that the cat1al systems themse1..,res, while ce:t~tai:n1y demonstrating an intimate

Cc1ncomita.nt with this resettlement up <:anal ~la:s. the <:onst1·1..:i.c::tion of a very la.rge 1·eservoir at the swa.ie whe:t·e C-1 enters the Pw:·ala.que dt,ainege. A smeller tank v;,tas. cor.tstructed north of the first on the canal segment which watered the fields directly belc•'it P7. Reset·voir construction f'1J.rther increased water-use effidency by allowing the <::apture of' lowered water volume over a period C•f time.Tciday .. the water is stored until it is needed f'or the fiekls. This is particule.r1y critical dut·ing the dry seas.on "W·hen there is insufficient natural wa.te:r f1ow to adequately cover a field within a s.:::hedule<l watering cycle. Water can also be store<t of' course, 'ithen it is not being app tied to the fieids. A small excavation into the larger of the reserv·oirs showed a dear pattern of' lamination expected with a watet· holding structure (figw·e 16).

The next two sites to be founded in the Otc•ra Valley were Porobaya Chk:a (P4) w::id Cuajone (P8). As discussed above .. the <::h:t•onological positic1n of' the Otora. period sites rela.tive to ea.::::h other is still somewhat pt"ob1emati<:. There is 1itt1e question, however, tha.t P8 w:1d P4, as we11 as P7, fall between the Moquegua-Tiwa.na.ku. 6 and Estu.quina periods. The (~a.rial associated with Cu.s.jone (C-2) draws off of the Q. Cueva. Quemada frnm the Paralaque drainage and does not in any way compete for hydro1ogi(:al re­som·ces with the systems that dt"awoff ofthe Rio Pc•robaya (C-1 a.rid the later C:-3 and C-4 canals). Viewed from the perspective of valley-wide hydrol•)gfcal resource utilization .. the constt·oction of C:-2 represents the use of option# 2 above .. in whk:h a new wa.ter sow·ce is opened.

In stt"ict terms, the C-2 <:a.r.tal is an inter-valley one which dt·aws water from the neighboring Paralaque drainage and shums it over the watershed-defining ridges to the Otora Valley. This serves to concentrate water from two rivers into a single dt"ainege. C1J.riously, the ce.nal a.nd agricultural terraces associa.ted with P8 w:·e '\ri.rtual-1y identical in constroction ted1nique to those associated with the other Otora Valley settlements. The placement of C-2 on the ridgetop alleviates seepage losses (;onside­rab1 y in that the <:anal wa:s. not for<:ed to negotiate ...,,ei·y steep hi11sides. C-1, on the other har.1.d~ was. a contow· cw:1al constructed on precipitous slopes subject t•) severe seer>a.Gl~e losses. SU<:h a qualitative difference between C-1 and C-2 helps explain why contraction rates tot· the former are considerably than for the latter (see figure '3).

Be1o"Wp and to the ea.st c•f P8 is a lo"fr aqueduct 'built out of fieldstone w:1d constructed in a k•w ridge. The aquedoct is quite low (approximately 50 - 70 cm) and appears to have been built to reenfo:t·<~e the cw:1al on the narrow surfa<::e a.nd tc• help negotiate a 'bedrock obstruction 1o<=ated on the hill between the aqueduct a.nd the terra<:es.

In the Otora period three of the f'i'-:.re hypothetical options were utilized by the population iri the va.11ey. The site of PS wes. aba.ridoned for mc•:re a.g:rk:u1tura.11y ef'fk:ient fields up canal, two i·eservoirs ar1 d t1;ro a.queducts were constructed w:1 d a new watet· source was opened. There wet•e, on the other hand, no population reductions, at lea.st s.s evident in the increase of' domestic units (table 8), and no intensification of non­e.grkultura.1 economk: production is evident.. at least not on any archaeologk:ally recc1gnizab1e scale as found in the Estu.qui:fi.a-Inka phase.

The Estuquins. period involved a settlement shift of the t>opu1atiot1 ir.tto at lee.st 4, possiblymot•e sites. The principal site of' Pl continued to use the C-1 <:a:t1a.1 while othet· settlements either moved do,;.n to 1owe:r can.a.ls (P6), ope:r.1.ed up a new a.r.td more effic­ient cw:1al on the same so1J.r<:e as the Porobaya (P2) .. 01· opened up moi·e efficient <:a:t1a1s on other sources soch as P'3 ori the Rio Sajena. rlu·thermoret we see the <=ontirnw.tion of demogi·a.phic gro"9:rth and, fot" the first time in the sequence, the rise of defensive ar<:h­itectui·e. By the Estuquffia pe:riod, both P7 and P8 and thefr fields wei·e abandoned. C-2 <X1ntinued to be utilized with large "drop cw:1a1s" c11· vei·y lw:·ge Yertica1 <~i3ila1s that simply consisted of opening up the canal at natura.1 erosional pciints and dropping the "Wrate:t· to te1·ra.ces 01· othe:t• cw:1e1s below. One such (:8.f!al exists and f'u:nctions today in

60

"Ylhie.:h "W"::C.ter f'e.11s almost 350 m ft·om the top of' Cet•t•o Cuajone tc• the in-use C-4 <:an.a.1 where it is cc•11ected and serves to augment nter ft•om the Rio P1)t'obaya ..

This late settlement shift represented a. shortening of the C-1 can.a.1 by approx-imately kms or 37 % of the prior length. Concomitant with the contractio11 of C-1 was the opening of the Colan.a ddge e.grk:u1tu.ra.1 system and the defended settl~ent P2. This system had one (C-3) drawing off of' the Rio Porobaya.. whid1 in effect served to shift the water saved in the cutting of' C-1 to this new system indicating that the population had not yet reached absolute water supply limits relative to theh· pro­doctive necessities. That is~ there V&J. no need tc• reduce popu1s.tion levels and p1·e­sumabely production capacities due to hyd1·01ogical resource constraints. Included i~1 the Colan.a system a.re the most advan.<:ed <=•:•nstructiom~ incht.aing two :reserYoi:rs .. two aqueducts atl d the steepest sided slope terraces.

It was only af'ter the abandonmer1t of' the Colan.a e.gricu1turs1 system that absolute limits fot• contir1ued grc•"f;·1.h were reached. The option of canal shortening atld other wa.ter- efficiency measures were insufficient to compensate for the drop in water resources. Any subsequent contt .. actiot1 of C-1 wou1d have been so close to the rf'\l·er tha.t there "W'Otdd be insuffkient land to <:ultiYa.te. C-2 ints.kes off another source so even if' was shortened it would have not been a.ugmented by C-1, thereby effectively i:::utting off the Rio Poroba.ya as a. sour<:e f'or the terraces on the Cuajone ridge. This probably exp1air1s the shift to the ColarJ.a ridge which allowed a shorter car1al from the Poroba ... ya with an area of enormous terra.ce (:onsti"U<:tior1 potential.

As has been noted .. the terraces and canals associated with the settlement of Pl are difficult to assess due to the site's proximity to P4 .. the Otora pericid site. Also .. it is virtue.tty impcissib1e to tease out of' the data the extent of the Estuquina period occupa­tion at Pt. It would appear that those terraced quebradas near the site as we11 as the C-1 terraces wei .. e associated with Pl in the Estuquina period and Estuquina- In~:a. phase. Certainly .. these terraces are some of' the steepest in the va11ey and represent an inten­sive labor investment .. not only to constrU<:t but to maintain.

The Inks. occupation remains problematic.:: at this point. As suggested above there appears to be a distinction between ceramics on Pl ... .,ersus those on Pl 1 and P15 .. with

. the latter sites' ceramk:s suggesting greater affir1ities to those found at the equa.11y problematic site of Tore.ta Alta (Prog1"81l'l.aContisu,T•-U staff). The shif't: to v"al1ey t>otti:•m <=a.na.1s occ1Jt'i1ed after Inks. inf1uen<:e was f'elt in the Ye.11ey .. as determined by the cet­amic mat·r~ers. In terms of seepage losses~ this strategy is the most efficient because the fields are I>laced dfrect1y below the cana.1. Any seepage f'slb o:n.to the fields or into the t~iver "fthere it can be pi<::ked up by lower carJ.als. This strategy 11oweve:r~ fo1·ces a Hneat· dispersal of' settlement along the top of the <:a.nal as is (~ommon today in the valley.

Summary atld Cond usions

The data fmm Otot·a (~1eat'1 y suppo:t't the p1·oposi tio:n of' a progressi v-e tan d aban­dc•r.lmen t prc•cess o<:;curring from the earliest terrace based o.:::cupatiorls to the present. As with the Moche Valley settlement sequence (Moseley et al ibid.), the 1>roximate cause is 1o"W"E!red water reso1Jf'.:::es. Unlike the Moche Valley hc•wevet·~ "W'het•e sites moved down the source toward the <:oast .. the pattern of settlement dis1o<:ation in Otot·a. is up the <~anal toward the watet· source.

I have suggested that the Otora ~lalley pattet·ns of' ag1·icu1tutal 1at1d use based upon irrigated terra.ced hillsides can be understood as the interplay between labor minimization at1d a m.unber of' agrku1tm·al stresses. Initial, 1o,;r density occupations

61

low gradient land in order to minimize labor inputs for tet~race <:onstrw.:tic1n. pt'l)ducti've demands increase and/or as water supplies dect·ease .. settlements cut canal length to pt·event losses. Su<:h a strategy is hydro1ogk:al1y efficient but f'ot,ces tet•t•ace constt•tiction on steeper gradient land necessitating increased labor inputs to build high terraces. From the perspective of' seepage loss .. Valley bottom canals are the most efficient and chara<:tet•ize Late Hot•izon tl1rough modet·n a.gt•icultural strategies.

Io:r the (above 2000) therefore, -we <:an predict that in lo-w· densit·;l t•egional demographic contexts with a relative abundance of water, set\lements wi11 be found on low gradient land away from the deeply entt·enched basins . .As agt"icu1-tut•al stt·esses multiply (population growth, inct·eased produ:~tive demands, lowered watet• resources etc.) settlements should move progt·essively up ca.nals toward the °'18.ter source. We predict that "'1a11ey bottom canals 1·ep1,esent the final stages in the local evolution of agrkuJ.tural 1and use as populations choose this high labor ir!pUt but water efficient option.

Thei·e are two testable hypotheses which ca:r.i explain the 1o-wering of' watet• resoui·ces during the occupation of the Otora V a11ey. First a progressive drought wou1 d prod'IJ(;e a similar pattern of land contraction and ne<:essitate a similar set of a.groengineering responses as those seen in Otm·a. Barbara. Dolan ( 1985) has dealt -w'i th this problem at some length in her monc1graph.

A second hypothesis based upon a similar tectonic mechanism as that suggested by Moseley et al. (ibid.) .. is implicated from the settlement data in Oto:ra. The obvious topographical differences between f1oodp1ain and sierra a.griculnu·e may 'be respon­sible for differing patterns of contraction . .According to the tectonic model (ibid.) canals must be continua.Hy 1engthend at the intake in cirder to compensate for severely downcut water sour.:::es. Fields and .:::&1als are abandoned as canal trenching and lengthening 'becomes impractical or impossible.

In the sierras this lengthening process may .. in fact not have the same constt·a:in ts as do those canals constructed on low gradient floodplains. That is .. the shortening of the <:a:r.ls.1 at the distal (field) end may be merely a response to a lengthening process occurring at su·anded intakes. This <=ontinua11·ew1·king of the ir.ttake would be impos­sible to detect &·chaeo1ogica11y because it involves no reconstruction of' old canals, met·ety the addition of more canal length as downcuttir1g proceeds .

.A compelling obserYation is that in the Ilct Valley .. where river gradients ai·e (~onsidet·ably lo"frer .. the dia<:bronic settlement patte1·n noted by Moseley et. al. (ibid.) in the Moche Valley seems to be replicated 'With the earliest sites high up in the Valley (Lc1reto Vieio) and the later sites closer to the coast (e.g ... .Algor1·obal .. Chiri'baya Alta). Sti.:~h data suggest that gi"ven the opera.Hon of· the tectonk:/down<:utting pt•ocesses, the mechanisms which force settlement dislocation dc1,;tr1stream are considet·a'bly slower paced i:n the siet·ras where the constra:ints of' bedrock obstructions and deep recutting of canals are less severe.

These models requii·e conside1·ab1y more testing. Similarly .. the empirical pe.ttern of <:ontra.<:tion noted in the Otora Ve11ey needs to be evaluated ,;tith a. lat·ger sample of small and larger drainages. The unique topographi<:a1 and e<:o1ogi<::al <=hara<:teristk:s of various micro-dra:inages may 'be 1·esponsi'b1e for local "fi9.riations in the dis.chronic la.rid use patterns.

8

ZONAL COMPLEMENTARITY' IN THE OTORA SEQUENCE

The only settlement dated to this period is the small hamlet of' PS. Tiwaria.ku ceramk:s were the strongest altip1an.o material found at the site. These were found in high quantities in all rooms excavated. nature of ceramic material (appendix 4) indicates a ve:1:·y late date possibly post-dating Tiwanalm state <:ontro1 of the Moquegua Valley (Goldstein 1985). P. Goldstein has assigned to this period the name "Moquegua. Tiwanaku 6" to distinguish it from earlier, Tiwa.r.1.aku 5 ma.te:1:·ia1s. That is .. the ceramic iconography is obviously derived ft•om the Titicaca Basin but th.ere remains a question as to whether these were man. ufactured in the Moquegua Valley or 'htere actual altiplano imports. Goldstein feels that the Ti'hra.rie.tm Expansive f'ine-wrare ce:t"amics in the Moquegua. Valley sites a.re Titicaca Basiri imports.

Came1id bone was also recovet•ed in very high densities in all subf1oor midden contexts on PS, indicating intensi"'re utilization of came1ids as a protein source. All body parts are represented in the middens, an observation which demonstrates that cameHds we:1:·e bt·ought in alive and were butchered on site, as o:N)osed to importation of pre­pared cherkL Came1id bones .. particularly pha.ianges and long bones .. are comm.on elem en ts in funerary con texts at Moquegu.9. V a11ey sites in general. At P:) .. no on-site tombs were dis<:overed. Butchered camelid bone was found in unequivoca.1 domestic con texts howevet".

Apart from a f'e"fl marine shell .. there wre no sigrdfi<=ant indications i:1f coastal contact. A methodological difficulty is that <=c•astal ceramics at this time wre sty1istfo­a11y Tiwanalm (e.g. Loreto Viejo). This fundamental means of defining coastal contact via cet"amk: an.alysis is therefore impossible without. minerological analyses of the ceramics.

Fish vertebrae .. which wei·e f'ctund at Pl, were not recovered from finely s<:reened subfloot· middens s.t P5. Differential preservation was not a factor because finei· cur ribs were preserved at the site. In sum. the ex<:a.vatiot1 data do not indk:a.te any major linkage bet.wen the P~> domestic economy &1 <1 the <~oast.

P:> is the earliest an.d only site dated to the Tiwanaku pedod iri the Otora Valley. Within this small drainage .. the ha.m1etfits the requirements of a co1onia1 population po1itke.11y, economically and socially linked to a larger settlement system outside of Otora. As ... yet, there has been no SY'Jtema.tic t•esearch of domestic m·chitecture on majm· Moqtregua Tiw.ria.ku 6 sites in the Moqtregu.9. drainage. Future data from these settle­ments will allow compm·ison of P5 with othet· domestic householos outsioe of the Otora Ve.Hey.

Dis<:ussion

As represented only by P5, the Tiwanaku oc<:upation would certainly fit the t•equirements of' a colonial expansion into an uno<::cupied area of high agricu1ture1 potential. This site represents a pioneering occupa.tion during the la.test phases c•f the Moquegua Ti1:'8.t1a.1m 6 period. ft·om a broad .. :t•egiona.1 pet·spe<::ti"l,1e .. PS is an example of a very late Ti'WafJ.aku expan.sion into the upper siert·a from earlier e.nd established settlements in the lower Moquegu.s. Valley. The sui· ... rey of the Otoi·a Valley indi<:ated no p:dot· a.grk:u1t1.u·al settlement, or a.t least no pdor tet•race <=C•nst1·uction and rnv.:leated settlements. As pm·t of a tm·ger sta.te or impet•ial state 1e"lte1 po1iti<:a1 system, P~) is best

i_mde1·stc1od e.s a set.t.1ement extension into uno<:<:upied agd<:u1tut•al 1a.nd. This expansion is most pt•ofita.bly ur.tderstood as pa1·t of' a concerted effot·t to e<:o-nomic of the Moquegua Tiwanaku settlement.

What remains problematic, as alluded to above, is the nature of the cultural 1ir1kage between PS s.nd contemporary Moquegua. Valley settlements. Given the long and complex c1f' Thta.na.ku ciccupations in the region and the geographical proximity of' to other contemporary sites in the area, it is most logical to suggest that it was part of an expar1ding settlement from the Moguegua Valley.

The:r·e is little question that P5 wa.s tied toe. so<:ic1-po1iti<:al network a.nd that it t"Ur1ctioned as an economic colony. Umil the nature of the cultural linkage between the Ti"flar1aku <::apita.1 and the Moquegua Valley settlements are worked out in a+•11=:i~n:.t" detaitthere is no "flay of evaluating the status of P5 vis "tis the zonal complementarity models.

Intet·natly, thet·e is little e,,,idence of differentiation between the three or fo1Jt' domestk: ur.1.its on the site. A sir.Lgle exception is the structure on the top of the hill which was without question a higher status residence and/or ceremonial structw1e (L. Wa.tar.La.be .. pers. comm.). There are no physical demarcations within the cultiva.ted fields themselves. There are, howev"e1', 5 distinct loci of tei·race tracts that, in a context elf ample water resources, would a.tone time have been cc•ntemporary arJ.d not pa:r·t of an agriculmt~at contraction pr1)cess.An intriguing interpreta.tion would be one in "f!hich the largest of the terraced field areas was. reserved for non-domesti<: pi·oduction .. while the 4 smallei· ones were maintained by the household units. This proposition is .. ur1fbt•­tlma.tely, ootesta.1>1e with the data. a.t hand.

The ratio of domestic units to tert·ace fields is 1 :·3.7, a f'igut1e considere.b1y higher than the subsequent occupations a.t P8 a.nd P7 although lower than the settlement at Colana (P2). Given the contemporaneity of P5's fields .. this ratio wutd support the proposition of' a. ve:ry heightened intensification of production within the political and economic cc•ntext of' e.n impet•ial state. Similru·ly .. there ,;tere) large ti.ate.nes on the surfa.ce of' PS .. a. figure that approaches the quantitites on the later Estuquina.-Inka. phase (in terms of avet·age/domestic unit) in which production was particu1ar1y intense above the needs of' the domestic econc•my (ta.Me 7).

In sum, the small hamlet of P~> .. as the sole Ti"fta.na.lm period site in the Otot1a valley and the settlement responsible f'or the initial const:ru<::tion of the C-1 canal .. is (:1ear1y a ·:::olonial extension of' a larget1 socio-political entity designed to exploit a pt~e .. vi.ous1y unutili2ed ag:rk:u1ture.1 :;::cines. There are stt1ong indi<:a.tions of heightened agricultural production above the demru1ds of the domestic economy "W'hich is (:c1nsis­tent with what we expect in a.n economic <:oiony. What remains problem.a.tic .. at this point in our investigations .. is the nature of the <~u1t.ural 1inks of this <~olonial hamlet to the <=on temporary regional settlement system e.s a. whc•1e. While there is little doubt that the site was pa.rt of' the settlement system in the Mc1quegua drainage .. little is actually knowt1 of this larger Tiwa.naku ocr:::upation .. partkula.dy with regard to <:u1tw,al 1inks to the site of Tiwru1al::u itself.

Otora. Period (P71

Ma.terie.1 Culture Linkages

With few exceptions .. there are no decorated ceramics a.t the site of P7 (appendix 5). The exceptions in cl ude several f't•agmen ts of' Moquegua Ti wa.na.ku 6 sherds all of which were found in domestk: f1ooi· o:r subf1oor <:on texts. These rare .:::era.mies are so diff'ei·em in paste, st)1e and mru1ufa<:tut•ing technique as to 1ea"ite little doubt that they ~'ere not p:rod1J<:ed in the Otora Valley. Once again .. the same question regarding the interpretation of the PS ceramic mate:t·ials e.s to theii· place of manufacture remains p:ro'b1ema.tk . .Also like PS .. e.11 plain wares would appear to be of local mar.1.ufa.:::ture.

64

It is important tc• that :rooms were on P7, a. tc•ta1 of 111.7 m2 of domestic floor area. This exca"'tfation total is <X•nsideraMy higher than tha.t exca.·vated at P5 (L. Wa.taria.be n.d.). In spite C•f this extensiv·e area opened on Cuesta. Alta .. only 5 de.:::orated cerami<:s were recovered. This contrasts sharply 'With the rooms at P~) .. "?.1here one rnom pt•c•duced mot•e than 25 decot•ated pieces (ibid.).

Cam.e1id bone "lflas recov"'ered in all domestic t•ooms excavated at P7 (ta.b1e 3). As "Yfith PS~ all b1:idy pa.t·ts were included in the middens indicating a local butchet·ing. A continuous linkage with puna·grazing a.t•eas is e ... ri dent from these data.

No fish bone was found in the middens at P7~ although se"'v"e1·a1 fragments of marine shell we:re recovered (table 9). There are no othe1· indications of contact with the coastal sites .. at least a.ta lewl of the domestic economy. Marine she11 is easily tt·anspo:t•ta.ble and utilized a1most exclushre1y in ritual contexts. The lack of ariy use 'l/ear c1n the shell fragments found in ar1y of the sites in the Otora Valle"'f confirms this 1a.tte:1:· suggestion.

In the earlier Moquegua Ti"W'ana.lm 6 period it was diffi1.~ult tc• determine coastal <:on tact with ceramic e"Vidence due to the hc•mogeneity of cerami<: styles throughout the sciuth centi·al Andes. This is not a prc1blem in the later Otora period ho'lte:~ver, be<:ar1se contemporary coastal ceramic styles were distinct from the Otora Va.Hey. These in<:lud­ed either very late Tiwanaku (Loi·eto Viejo) or mcire probably early Ma.ytas/ Chiriba.ya .;jecorated three-color iconogra.phies. In the Azapa Valley "f1het1e sequences are "f/611 established, Tiwanaku cet•ami<: styles develop directly into these more regionalized ones. Thet•e is :1:10 evide:nce to da.te to suggest that similar sequ.et1<::es did not chara<:terize the Moquegua. <=oast. The lack of any substantial non-local <:era.m.k: assemblage, eithet· frc•m the coast or Titicaca Basin a.t•gues agai:t1st interpreting P? as a11 e<:onomic colony.

Con tin ui ties bet~reen P5 and P7 ru·e Yery strong. Both sites are on the same canal system.: the latter site is most consistently interpreted as a 1atet• :1:·esett1ement by the same biological population in response to a cc•ntracting canal s)"'Stem (see a.bow). Both sites have a. distinctive domestic !in.ear te:rrace room pattern (Stanish 1985b ~·. The few Th1anaku ce:ra.m.i<:s recovered on P7 pla(:e it immediately post-Tiwa:nalm ru1d reenf01··:::e the ir.1.terpretation of a cultural linkage "ffith P5. Subf1oor tombs are not fourid on eithet• of the sites. Finally, there is a general uniformity in the t•elatiw quantities of disa.t•ticu1ated camelid bc•ne in ea<:h site suggesting a similar set of butd:i.e:t•ing and consumption practices.

Diso:::1JSsion

Thet•e is no doubt that P? developed dfre<:t1y out of' the ea.t·Her Ti"flanaku ham.let and I woul<I pro..,risionally pla.ce this site somewha.t earliet· than PB and P4. Less likely .. is a model in whi<:h P? is e.n autochthonous settlement contempot•a.t•y "With the 1a.tte:1:· t"?.'O colonial intrusions, although this remains as a hypothetical possibility. Expected C-14 determinations from each of the sites in the ... .,...o.11ey "Wi11 help clarify this ch:1:·onc1logi <:al pi·o bl em.

A critical o'bset·vation is that the TiVdf!aku <=et·amic iconography dt·ops out almost ·:~c·mpletely at P7 although plai:n,;1a:res sho"W· a fai:1:·1y smooth trarisition, particu1at'l'·f the bo"W·l fo1·ms. su.~h an observ'ation suggests a sudden rupture int.he regional so<:ica­economk: integi·ative me<:ha.nisms associated "flith the ea.t•liei· Ti"?.··ana.1m imperial ste.te. That is~ those mecha.t1isms i·esponsible for the importation of fine"ift01·es (~thi·::h v.,.e pi·esume also functioned in a "flider cultural netwot·k) .. -:::o11apsed efter the f'm.mding of

65

establishment of P?. ju<lgh1g by available archa.eo1ogk:at this "'li.'8S not a. signif'ica.:r1t1y lor1g period of time.

There is als•:i no evidence of coastal con ta.ct with the exception of a few m&·i:ne shell fragments. Altiplano style decot•ated ce:t·amics .. such as post-Ti"Ytana1m A11ito Amaya and Co11ao, are completely absent The evidence from P7 is such to indicate ar1 indigenous population settling a site up their cane1 in order to conserYe agricultural water. This took place in a :regional con text of' severe poli tkal disi:n tegration after the collapse of the Ti wa:naku state.

There is 1itt1e indk:atior.1. of' agricultural intensificatiorJ. with grinding stone (:atmts and domestic-units-to-agricultural area ratios very low (tables 7 and 8). These data pl us the 1a.<:k of' exotk ceramics are a. test result that argues against the color.Li al model. Re.ther, P? rep1·esents an autochthonc11;s settlement with minimal intei·zona.1 con tacts.

The levels of camelid consumption remained vei·y high during the Otora period &Hl once again, I would suggest that either the population maintained their Cl''w'n pun&· lands or that an informal ex<~hange relationship existed ten;.reen :1:1on- hierarchical hei·ders and the Otora farmers. This type of' vi11age 1eve1 ee.:onomk: has been documented in the ethnographic record. Flores Ochoa's provides a:ri ethnographic &1alogy from precisely this area in the IJi:'!t''1n1iAn

Los viaj es sc•n hechos a pie. Cada die. cubren de 15 a 20 ki16metros al pausado camina.r de las llamas que <:on ducen las car gas. Ce.da una t:ra:rJ.spo:rta de 2~> a 30 kilos, variando el peso de acuerdo a 1a dist&1<:ia ... Hay g:rupos de viaje casi man.en tes, forms.dos po1· las personas que se di:t·igen en <~ada tempora.da. de esta. manera los la~ms de solidaridad y cooperad6n <~ue existe entre los famiHares.

Como ya se indic6, la mercdeda principal para 1os intercambios es 1a precedente de 1a. texti1eHa y, de 1a ganadera <:c•mo c&·ne sec::i. ( 1..':'.h 's.rla) .. sebo .. cueros, pieles .. fibre.le Us.ma. y alpaca tambien (:arne fresca ...

(1977:144-145)

This tYt:·e of excha:r1ge is efte<:ted completely without the intet•feren<~e or assis­tence of a state organization. In fact sU<:h an informel arid po1itk:a11y ncir.1.-institution­alized type of' excha.nge is precisely that expected between :non- hierarchical societies "flith lo~· po~:.u1a.tion densities in a. non-competitive po1itk:a1 &".l.d ecor.1.omk: <=ontext.

The large cort·a.1 structure at P12 a:nd asso(:iated :residential site c•f' P9 are alsc• indkath"'e of':1irect contact by het·ders. I "ftould interpret P9 as e. post- Tiwa.naku, semi-permanent residential site foi· altipla:r10 or puti·EJ herders. Mufi.02 (1981:114) 1·epo:rts that the site of' C:et•ro Sombrero on the coast near A2apa (AZ 28) has Titicaca. Be.sin style sti·uctures (round) &.Ld associated <=orrals. Like the exca:va.ted strui:::tm·es at P9 ~ the round roc•ms at Cerro Sombrero wre "with out o.:::cupationa.1 remains".

Given the absence of de<:ot"ated .:~era.mies that v:ve knc•w were being manuf'actm·ed in this period in the Titk:a<:a Basin (Lumb:reras a.nd Amat 1968) plus the apparent "deintensif'ication" of produ<:tion relatiYe to the preceding Tiwanaku period, as deter­mined by domestic ur.1.it to cultivated 1a.nd ratios .. such a:n ir.tf'ot"ma1 economic linkage t•emains as the most p1ausi b1e in terpreta.tion of Otoi·e. period economy as t•ef1ected at P7.

Cultural Material Lin1::ages

Pot·oba.ya Chica. has a number of cei·amic f't•agments identified as non-1oca1 u~a.ditions. Most signifkant1y, tomb &1d domestic residence ex<~avations prodtl<:ed :numet·ol..~ Cbiriba.ya. <lecorated cet•ami'-~S (appendix ·3). The distincti'"\1e bcic•wot (figm·e 12) and Esti..:i.·ruifia 'bciw1s are f'eiund in a'b1.m.dat1.:::e in at lea.st Chi:ribaya at1d Chtu•ajcin sites in Ho a.nd Arequipa. respe<::tive1y. The subf1oox· tomb on P4-1 had e. wociden J{et"O

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e.:r.1.d a Chfribaye. pot both of' which ej•e <:hat·a.<:te!'istka11y <:o::ista1. Miguel ce1·~unk:s itet1e found if.I. unequivocal f1oot· (~on text on P4-1. The co-oc<:ui·rence of this type and Chiribaya. has cot•t•oborated by We.tat1a.be (:pet,s. <=omm.) ar.td by Watanabe {n.d.) on la.i·ge Chiribaya sites in the Ila 'v'al1ey. The dominant ·~et·amic assemblage on P4 is therefore easily identifiable ~ .. ithin the Chfribe.ya. coastal tradition.

No fish bone Vita$ recovered from the domestic middens but mussels and fossilized (:C•rt•a1 were found in. good floor <:on.text. The latter were probably used in <:era.mi<: man uf'a<~ture ot· as a rasper. ·

There were also several Callao black-on-red bowls, a deddeiy Titk:a.ca basin style (See Ts<::hopik 1946). Camelid bone recovery was "itery high and <~ompru·ab1e itith othet· Otora period sites in the "ifa11ey (table ·3). The proto-chulpas are best interpt·eted as a local mat1ifestation r:if the emergence of a patl-ethnic elite ideology (Stanish 198)a.). This pro<:ess is .:::u1tural1y linked to the Titk:a.<:a. Basin.

The chronological ~)osition of P4 relative to P? and PB remains problematic. h".1. lieu of' expected c-14 determinations, I wouM provisional! y place the earliest occu­pation of P4 slightly later than the founding of P?. This is suggested by the presence of Ti~'ana:tm <::era.mies in the latter and the pt1esence c•f proto-<:hulpe.s in P8 atld P4. Both P4 atld P7,. as w11 as P),. have the linear terrace room type. The wall architecture at Po:roba.}i"S. Chica however,. is mlJCh more massive and several rooms he.ve internal divisions that <:uriously approximate the large/small pait'ed room type found pi·incipa11y on PB {see below).

P4 also ha.s the first subf1cior cist tombs in residen tia.1 structures as well as geo­graphically separate cemetery ... areas. The ma.in Chit'ibaya site of' Algorrc•bal in Ilo definitely has separate cemetery &"eas and the distribution. of' looted surface matet'ials ,;'01J1d suggest subf1om· tombs as we11.

Poroba.ya. Chk:a is associated with both the C-4 and C-1 canals . .As discussed earlier .. it is possible that both cru1als functioned simultaneously as an attempt by separate pc•putations (P7 and P4) to maintain control of their respective water delivery s~v"'Stems.

Otora Period--P8

Matei·ia1 Culture Linkages

The most distit:i.ctive featute of P8 is the domesti(: room architecture. As opposed to linear ter:t•a.ce pattet•ns found on PS,. P7 and P4, Cuajone has the 1ru·ge/smal1 room paired type. This pattet·n has also been reported f:rom the circum-Titicaca. Basin. The site of Tm·t fo:r instar.1.<:e, 1c•ca.ted a.t 4000 meters above sea 1eve1 on the Bo1iviat1 altiple.:t".1.C• i1ear the Pe1·uviat1 border has a simi1ru· 1arge/smal11·oom pattern {Ryden 1957:169). Simi1&·-1~v .. E'1·ar1co a.rJ.d Gom~ale2 (1936:16'3) report a. virtu.911yidentica1 pattern from the site of Maukka-11aj ta in Pu:no. The large /small room pattern has not been reported from the Pet"'Uviat".1. or Chileat".I. coast or mid-sierra to date.

Cet•amics similar to Callao Ma.ck-on-t•ed were 1·ecove1·ed in room exca:·va.tions. Proto-chulpas were also found on P8. Such tombs are of <:ourse, closely identified Vflith the Titicar.:a Be.sin a.nd their co-oc<:uri·ence on P4 reenforces the pan-ethnic nature of the <:hu1pa. building phenomenm:1.

Camelid bone is uniformly high in excavated P8 mi<ldens (ta.bles ·3 at1d 4). Ee.:c1nomk: <:c•nta.ct "flith the a1tip1at10 is unequivocal for the site of Cue.jone. Thet•e is no fish bone in the middens although OC<~a.siona1 she11 and mussels "W-ete re<:o\rered. No Chfri'baya Tiwat".l.8lrn or <=ontempot•at·y coastal <::e.t·emk:s wei·e t•ecoYered from the middens. ,

The cc•nstt·uction of' C-2 as eJ1 inter .. va.11ey cat1al is importe.nt in that it represents the use of a. pt•eviousl"'f unutilized "9;te.tet· sout•<:e. Such a.tl a.gro-engineei·ing techniqi.re

67

ma.y 'be a.s 'both a wa.ter dei:::ision a.s a mea.r.Ls of a.voiding ~~om.petition '?lith <:eit1t.empo1·;:i.i~y Otc11·a. Valley po1)u1at.ions.

The clu1c1:nological position of the site of' Poroba.ya. Chi<~a t•emai:tu somewhat problematic vis vis P7 &J.d P8 but there is 1itt1e question that it was a permenent.1y o·:~(~upied Otora Period site that f'un ctioned .. at lea.st e<:o:nomi cell y .. as a geogt•ap hi cal extension of the Chiri bays. settlement system. Thet·e is sc•me suggest.ion c•f' in tensi-f'i ca.tion of production as seen in the fit•st presence of bootpots and t•Bt8Ji:es.. but not in SU(:h quantities so as to suggest levels considerably higher thar.L at P7.

The de.ta. suggest that Cuajone (P8) is a.n intrusive .. dr(~um-Titicaca Basin colony. The most <kamatic material expression of this difference between these contempora.ry sites is the domestic room archite<~ture. Two distinct ard1ite<:tu1·al types have been found: 1a.t•ge/smal1 paired rnom types and the line&· domestic te:1:·:1:·aced :room type (figure 23). '1lhat these two differing c•:instt·uction techniques repfesent a.:re altern­ativ"'El household types whk:h may t•ef1ect a fundamental differen<:e in social 1:i1·garl­i2atio11. The ideal linear tet·race type is composed of' eithe:1:· t"YlO or three t•ooms, usually with either c::ommon erlt.t'arJ.c::es ir.1. the interiot• walls or 8.fJ. exterior walkway that pro­vt ded access t•) the i:''ooms. These :1:·oom gt·oups are usua.11 y spa.tiatt ·y' segregated f'rom other room gt·oups. Exceptions do •)<:cur .. such as the group at P? in which P?-11 - P?-13 a.:t•e f'oun <1. Isolated rooms occur on all sites as well. In every site in Otora wh.e:re thet·e is extat'lt architecture .. one of the two types domirJ.ates.

The pait·e·d large/small room type is distinct f't•om the linea.t• te:1:·ra.ce type in arJ.C1the:1:· fundamentally importar.1.t wa:y. Unlike the latter .. the paired :room types are ra.i·ely seg1·egated spatially; rather .. individual domesti<: units (the pairs) are joined on the short a.xis ends (king wa.11 sides) in sequential patterns. Domestk: 1Jt1its share (:ommc•n walls although a..:~cess is usually i·est:t·icted to each domestic unit from er.t exterioi· wa.11. With the linear t·ype .. the indhridua.1 domesti(~ household is separate from any mhet• one .. "Ythereas with the pa.ired type a. highet• level of household organization is evident. That is, in the former .. we see t•o•:ims whk:h group into domestic units "flhkh wnstitute the highest level of rc•om a.gg:1:·ega.tion. In the paii·ed type, on the 1)the1· ha.rid .. "W"e see rooms which group into domestic units .. which in tur:t:i. group into domestk: unit complexes. This secc•nd level of' g:1:·ouping is spatially segregated f1·om other .:::omp1exes and I "W't•Uld argue that such agg:1:·egation of :rooms <=onstitutes a. supra.­household 1e .... re1 of social ot•ganiza.tion .. t•a.dically different from the linear terra(:e pa.ttet .. n. The 1a.tei· Estuquina. i)erio.:1 site of' P2 is the <:lea.rest exam p1e of' this grouping patte1·n in ··vthich sets of 2 .. 2 .. 5 .. 5 .. 6 a.nd 7 1·ooms constitute distinct <~omplexes.

The dia.chronk pattern of' funerary forms from the Otora. Valley settlements suggests one ma.jot' cultural <lisiufJ.<:tion: the inu·oduction of aboYe ground burial pra.c­tk:es. This new fm1erary pra.<:ti<:e and presumably associated ideology was introdu.<:ed by the ch·cum.-Titicaca. basin population as rep1·esented at P8. Contempo1·ary 1:tith this was the adoption of proto-<:hulpes by the po~:.ula.tion at P4~ a site with oYerwheimingiy <:oastal Chiriba."';18. <:ha.t·acteristi<:s. This p1·ocess suggests th.e emergence of a post­TiwarJ.aku pe.r.1.-ethnk: elite ideology (Stanish 1985a).

Po:robaya Chica alsc• hes the fit•st below ground <=ist-tomt>s in sub-floor resMemial structut·es. The spa.tial I>la(:emen t of gt•aves charJ.ges in the Otora. pet•iod from strict1 .. 'I .. r.::emetery lo<:ations to both. (:emetet·y and be1ow-f1oo:r contexts.

If P? is earlier ths.t1 P4 and P8 .. the Otora Valley in the la.tter half' of' the Oto:ra period was charactet•ized by the establishment of an altip1a.t10 colonial settlement at P8 and either the <:oloni2a.tion of P4 by the Chiribaya. polity .. or the formalizing of' e<:onomic linkages ~'ith a.tl indigenous popu.1alion (f:rom P7) whf.:::h, in strio:::t eo:::onomic te:rms .. acted es a. ,-:;olony providing access to either i:::a.melid pasture or an actual ~~ommoditized f'o1·m of i:::a.melid meat ( ·:h81'.lf 'i).

If.. on the other hand, P7 was. ccintem~>1:irary v-ffith P4 and P8, then "'Ile <:at1 identify th:ree ethnkally distinct settlements in the same small valley. In either case, the Otc11~a

period W8$. a. time of pi·ofound <:u.1tura1 t•estrtK:turings the i:::c11la.t>se of the aku state and the t•egional ei:.::onomk system tha.t it had de"v"e1oped. If' 'Vile the Otm·a period sites in a larger regional (:on text the valley was cu1tura11y impacted by both altiplru10 ru1d coastal polities who sought to re-establish a le ... v"el of control ovet· the

a.grku1tura1 a.rea.s (from the perspei:::tive of the altip1a.rw) •:ir over stt·a.tegic zones of <::ameiid ac(~ess or actu.<:i1 camelid grazing areas (ft•om the coastal perspective) ono:~e these target• state structures <:o11a.psed. This process was a. non-competitive one in that fortifications were absent in Otora period sites .. an observation consistent with dieted patterns of' vertical <:ontrol via colonial extensior.ts in low popula.tion density (~onte=ns. Gi"'ren the limited geographical focus of' the Oto1·a in"'\i"estig:ations and the ;9.s yet unidentifieod na.ture of the Otora period in the Moquegua. as a whole .. it is impossi 'b1e to assess the natu:t·e of' this expruuion process or define regional sett1emen t patten!S.

Material Cut ture Linkages

The Estuquiiia pe:ricid site--P2-- is ex<:eptional in that th.ere·were very few decorated ceramic ft•egments from the material collected in surface rea:::onaissru1ce ru1d ex<:avations. Ca.meHd bone :remains vet"Y high in the middens, once a.gain suggesting possible colonial holdings it1 the putu,,- t>y the population in the Otora Valley.

At Pl there is abundant <:a.me.lid bc•ne as well as a variety of altiplano <:era.mi<: imports. Most notable 11ere at•e Si11ustru1i Polychrome and Black-on-Red. Inka derived wares include Chi1pe and a<:tuat Cuzco imports as ir.tdk:ated by CU2<:o Po1y<:hrcime.s (appendix 1 ). At both Pl and P2 are found the first fully developed chu1pas, wh.id1 are clearly s1tip1ano derived funerary sty1e (Hyslop 1976, 1977 and see this thesis,

In the 1a.ttei· part of the Estuquina period, as best :represented by Pl, P3 and possit>1y P6, coastal economic linkages &"e stt·ongei· than e.t any time in the histot•ical sequen<:e. It is irJ. this Estuquiiia-Inka period where the first eviden<:e of' fish impor­te.tion is found. Given the organizational difficulty of' obtaining fish .. I wc•uld &"gue tha.t the presence of this commodity during this phase is indkati"'Y'e of very strong siet•t•a-coast economi<: linkages. It is significant that fish bone is found in all rooms ex<:ava.ted a.t Pl (ta.Me~.) ir1dk:ating .. firstly, no differential a<:cess by individuals or groups to fish or mru'ine 1·esources cc•mpru·ed to the earliet pe:t•iods .. and secondly .. that these coastal produi:::ts were re1e.tive1y abundant and were being incorporated as a. regu1&" p&"t of' the indigenous diet.

Fish bone, as e.n archaeo1ogka11y re(:ove:t•able coastal product whk:h indk:a.tes a. heightend level of' 01·gani2ation, may be indice.tiYe of' othet• equally import&H coastal products SU.(:h as dried algae and waterweed. The latter commodities are still packed by llama cru·a"tfar1s today (Browman 1984). Simi1&"1y .. guano 'Vilas a ma.ior marine res1:i1.lf'ce <:ritica.1 in Colonial period a.grk:ulture (Julien 1985).

The principal ceramic indicatm· of' coastal linkages is the st)1es of' Gentiler. In the case of Genti1a.r .. f'01..md ex<:1usive1y at Pl .. there is little dmibt that these were ac.::tua1 im pot•ts ft•om the exu·em.e southern Peru.Yia.n 01· northern Chilear.1. coast. Cu1·ren t data strong1 y suggest that Gen ti1s.r sty1es a.re ru·ee11 y t•estrk:ted to coast at lea.st insof'at• as tCt their p1ace of' mru1u.fa<:ti.u·e.

There is no question the.t the Otora Valley settlements were e<:onomi<:a11y linked -w·ith both the punaand coast. In the case of the former .. -wre see linkages extending inexti·i<:a.biy into the domestk: economy itself .. with ca.meiid protein (:omp:rising an essential portion of the abo:riginal diet. That is .. the domesti<: economy, a.t the most f\mda.menta.1household1evet wa.~ predicated upon access to punale.nds. In the <:a.se of' the <:oa.stal :resc11..u·(~es .. ho-w·evBr .. thet·e is no indication the.t fish .. guano etc. "f.·rere

69

inco:t•f>Ot'a.ted into the domestk: econc1my to e.ny signifke.nt degree until the Estuq:uina.~ In~:a pet·iod. In this late pe1·iod .. fish bone becomes a regu1a.:r addition in the aboriginal diet. This 1atte:t• development of the in<:orpora.tion of mru·ine i•e.source.s ir.1.to the domes-ti(; economy ci:11·relates ti:• the of' a. socially difte1·entiated gt·oup in Po1·obaya: I would that these t-w·tt cultut•e.1 deve1opmerJ ts ru·e functione.11 y related and (:an not be understood in isolation from each othet·.

The Estuq:uina period sett1emen t t'':lpe extends throughout the en tire Moql..regua drainage and is hypothesized to be charactet·istic of numerous othe1· sites in the south o:::entre.1 siert·a. Delineation of the intet•-regione.1 i·e1a.tionshit)s of sites is of fur.r.damental importance in the evaluatio11 of the zonal complementarity models an<J assessing p:re-Inka political economic structures. The Estu<zuina pe:t•iod sett1ment system is impo1·tant.. not only in its 0~11 right as a major histoi·ical end <=u1tt..u·al phenomenon, but as representa.tive of the regione.1 <:ontext within whk:h the Inka. empit·e expa.nded towat·d the end of' the 15th cent1Jf'y (Ro-we 1944).

The title of' the sub-chapter underscores the fundamental question central to U.fJ.derstanding the nature of pre- InkarJ. regione.1 po1i ticat economy in the sc•uth Pet·uvian sierra. Based upon the test of the vertical (~on trot mo<Jels presented above in ch.apter 2 and the results of' the excavation and settlement data., a model of dire<:t Lupaqan colonization is not supported. Rather, the data suppot·t a. mo<Jel of indigenous .. independent polities undergciing a ra.pi<J transformation out elf a <:u1tura1 context of m u1 ti-ethrd c and en vironmen ta.11 y cir<:um.scri bed valleys. This transformation included the <Jeve1opment of' incipient elite so<:ie.1 hiera:t•<:hies, fortified site positioning, pc1pu1ation increases .. the intensification of agricu1t1Jf'a1 production an<J extension of inter~mne.1 exchange rLetworks, e.11 within an eco1ogi<:a1 <:on text of prog:t·essi ve ag1·i <:ul tlJt•al stresses.

It is <:ritice.1 to distinguish 'between po1itice.1 a.nd economic 1eve1s of of interzonal integration and not fall into the tt·ap of i<Jentifying non-local artifa<:ts as indicative of co1c•nie.1 I)a.tterns of' intet,~mna1 <:ontro1. Although the Estuquina settlements were politically indeper.tdent of the a.ltiplano states, they were inextricably linked economice.11y to these polities. In an e(:onomic sense .. the fun<:tioned as colonies providing sier1·a goods a.nd perhaps a.ccess to marine prnducts.

The architectural cc•ntinuities i:t1 the domestic household between P8 ru1d P2/P1 are unquestionable an<J theref'oi·e <:onstitute a negative test of the dit·ect control model. Simi1iar1y .. ceram.k continuities between P4 a:t1d P2 are ve·ry st1·ong (bootpots a:t1d t•ed slipped, 'burnished bovls--see a.bove). fut·thermore .. the d1utpa 'building tradition, "fthkh began in the Otore. period, reaches its zer.d th in the Estuq:uiiia pet•iod. There ru·e simply no cu1t1Jf'al disjuns:::tions evider.r.t between the Otcira ar1d Estuquina pet•iods. Excepting the impc1rta.tior1 of fish .. there is no a.rcha.eo1ogke.11y recoverable artifact or prcicess not found in the p:revious period. Equally compelling is the total absence of contemporfil'y settlement heteroger.dty -writhin the ve.11ey. This contrasts sh8l'p1y with the disjunctions seen bet-ween the Moquegua-Ti~panalm an<J Oto1·a pet"iods. In short there is little doubt that the sites of PL P2, P3 ru1d P6 developed dire<:tly C•Ut of migrant populations from P8, P4 and possibly P7.

One of' the strongest a.:t•guments against Lupe.(~a co1orJization is that the two most common ce:ramic vessels that distinguish the Estuquir1a t)eriod-- boc1tpc1ts &1d Estuquiiia bowls (s.ppendix ·3 a.nd figure 12)-- a:t"e vi:rtue.11y unreported from the Titk:a.<~a Ba.sin. There is .. to my imo,;'1edge .. no known altiplano bootpots and only a handfut c1f 'burn­ished bowls with the distir1.:::tive Estuquina. p:t·otubet·ance repot"ted by Ryden (see above). On the other hand, both bootpots and the Estuquir.ta bo"V11s are the very common in Chiribaya a.n<J Chut·ajon (.Juli) and reflect coastal an<l 1c•wer sierra traditions.

The Estu.quina sites do not replicate the ceramic traditions of' the ~:no~n Titicaca. basin polities. This would app8l'ent1y <:ontrast with earlier Tiwa:t1e.1m period settlements

70

in whi<:h most seem to ha."'v"'e been dire<:t altiplano imports (P. Goldstein pe1·s .<:omm.).

Hyslc•p notes in his archaeological of' the territ.oi·y that Si11usta.ni black-on-i·ed are one of the :t·ai·est decorated types reco"ifet·ed from the south-western side of the These are the predominant deco:re.ted .. non-1o(~al (:eramk type on Pl.

Hyslop 's survey also indicates that the dominant household type in the survey ai·ea. was mun d structm·es. Square stt·ucmres are ...... "'ery rare from this side of the lal::e. On the Estuquina period sites in the Otora Valley~ there are no round st:ru.<:tures and the dominatn household type would appear to be deri"'red from both the Hne&· and paii·ed large/sme.11 room types found in the earlier Otc•ra. period This tatter :room type "WFou1d tote originally <~ii·cum-Titica.ca basin in origin~ tut certainly not Lupaqa .. If anything~ the dominance of Si11usta:ni would suggest a mlJ<:h stronget" inn uen ce from the no:rth west side of the Lat~e.

The Estuquina settlement type is notable fot· its "Wide distt·ibutio:n across the Moquegua Valley and at least in the southern side of the Ta.mbo drainage. Apart from EstuquHia. i tse1t and aiiother recen t1 y discovered site in the 1owe1· Moquegua Va.Hey (R. Feldmar.t; pen.comm.) there is little architectut·al and arti!'a<:tuat differentiation bet1;.ree:n sites in dif'f'eren t valleys. This is contrary to the hypothesized heterogeneous settlement disti·ibution in various valleys as implied in the vertical control model for Lupaqa. <=c•1o:nies. If the sett1eme:r.tt density of Estuquina sites for the Moquegua Valley holds fbr the southern Ta.mto; for instance (virtually every cultivable mict·o-drainage) the populatic•n would certainly exceed that estimated f'oi· the Lupaqe. state itself e.t the time of Inka conquest (Murra 1968).

Although there are f'e,;r indicators of direct colonization and ethnic affiliation bet"ireen the Estuquina sites atld the Titicaca Basin, there is substantial evidence for the intensificatic•n of agricultural produ.<:tion in this period~ indu.<:ed most certainly· by the a1tip1ano states ar.1.d possibly othet· external polities. This is evi.dent by two classes 1)f

artifacts: grinding implements arJ.d ceramk: bootpots. The grinding stones are used tc• prepare maize and a/i into meal which is more ea.si1y transportable. I he.ve suggested above that the boc•tpots were designed to toast maize and perhaps other g:rains in o:rder to pi·epai·e these for easy u·ansport ar.1.d extend their storage life (if dry toasted).

Grinding stones &J.d s1a.bs by themselves are not indicative of intensive surplus production of course .. being ft1und in au sites at all pe1·iods in the sequence. But th.eh· overabtm.dance in numbers we11 beyond subsistence needs is highly suggestive of' such itnensif'ication. Ta.ble 7 details the exceedingly high numbers of' grinding imple­ments in the mairJ. site of' Porobaye. (Pl). This virtu.91 "explosion .. of' such artifacts is directly correlated to the f'it•st introductions of Titica.ca basin ce:t•ami<:s and the f'it•st appea.ran<:e of fish bone .. both of whk:h indi<:ate the intensification of the exchar.tge networt~.

In tet·ms of' constr1J<:tion technique .. the Colar!a. egricu1tuz'al system .. which is associated with P2, is virtua11yidentica1 to the C-1 ar1d C-2 systems utilized in the ea.t·Her Otora. a.r.td Tiwanelm periods. This observation set·ves to reenforce the suggested <:ontin­ui ty between these a.t1 d the Estuquir1a period sites. The Colana system also has the high­est ratio elf' domestic-unit-tc•-ag:t•k:ultu:rel-te:rra.<:e area of any site in the sequence (see ta.b1e 8). Even accounting for some 1a.te hypothetii:::al contraction and the possible use of produ(:e ft•t• domestic urJ.its on Pl, the ratio sti11 remains high.et• thar.t any othe:r period in the Valley. These data. indicate that the occupation associated ,;1ith the Estu­quina period site of P2 W8$ characterized by the highest levels of agt•i<:1J1tut,a1 intens­ification via the expat1sion of total a.g1·icu1tui·al 1and. Using P7 as a baseline for a non-intensive 1o<:a1 economy ar.1.d comparing the domestic unit: land at•ea t•atios~ the prc•duction levels at P2 are 1.8 times highet" tha.t1 P7.

Con<:omita:n.t with the intensification of agri<:ultura.1 prc•du.<:tii:•n W8$ the develop­ment of incipient social hierar(:hies in the settlements .. a.s suggested by 1) the adoption of i:::huJ.pas as a. distin<:tive f'tmet·a.:ry st~v·'le 2) a.ppe.i·ent t·estrktion of exotic goods to a pa:t•ti <:u1a1· :1:·oom g:roup comp lex on Porobaya: P 1-19 to P 1-2i3 (table 9) the absence of'

in the Ti tk:aca Basin "lflhet·e Estuquiiia pedod ~:;ett1emen ts maintained theii· economis::: i:::o:n tacts.

To extent that f'tmctioned ir1 .. oi· ru·e pa.t·t of'.. the ,,,,., .. ,, •. .,..e .... -. .-,,e. net·wot·K I "Y;'OU1d ru·gue that tl1e presence of' Titicaca. Basin Inke.-deriYed cei·arr1i<:s ir.i the Estuquir.ta period sites (Estu.q:uiiia- Inka phase) the substi ... tution by the altiplru10 polities of Inka cet•amics in this sieri·a-puna exchange net"lfrork. Tha.t is .. the imperial inf1uence during the Estuquiiia- Inka period in the Otora Valley was mediated througb the Tit.icai:::a Basin ·via existent politica.1 and economic structures.

Such a prci<:ess leaves the na.ture of the geo-poHtical control or inf1uen<:e c•f the Inka state in the Titicaca Basin in this period problematic. The Si11usta.ni ceramics have both a pre- Inks. and Late Horizon compor1ent. The p:a:·e-Inka ceramics are characterized by a numbe1· of thin lipped~ straigbtei· and i·ough exterior bo"W'ls. The Late Horizon Si11ustani ceramics, on the othet· hand, ai'e "Yle11 burnished ru1d ha.ve thicker lips (TschOI>i:k 1946; Julien 1978).

Garci1asc1's [ommentNies; whk:h are the only documents to specifics.Hy mention the Moquegua Valley, suggest that the Inka conquest O(:curi·ed substantially ear Her thru1 the <=on quest of the Ti tk:a<:a Basin. If sue.h a history is correct .. then we i:::ould at•gue that the Titicaca Basin polities, undet• Inka domination, maintained pre-Inks. interzonal economic relationships with the sierra settlements. Sue.hail intei·pretation wuld be consistent with the archaeological eviden<:e ft·om Porobaya ... Iskanwaya and northern Chi1ea.:r1 sites in which Inka inf1uen<.::e is detected in pt·e-Inka sites.

,lith the exception of Pl 4, ~'hi ch is nothing more than single household~ there is no put•e1y Spanish Colonial site in the valley. A11 Colonial ceramics are found in assor:::i­ation with modern hamlets (although not all modern sites by any means have Colonial cei·amk:s). The Colonial period settlement system would appea.r to be one whkh a.pprc•x­imated the Inka pattern with very low <Jensi ty hamlets spread along:side the valley 'bottom canals. The same basic patterns whi<:h were part of Inka political and economic <:•)i1tro1 of the v'8.11ey "f'tere maintained at least into the eat·ly Spat1ish period: low den­sit"'y"', no:n-n1J<:leated settlements. Such a settlement pattei·n ref1ects any number of' factors such. as population resettlement to the lower Moquegua Valley, demog:t•aphic declines .. macro-economic shifls (mining, encomien<las)~ progressive a.grkultura.1 (:ontractio:n .. intt·oduction c•f g:t•azing cattle and the collapse of the indigenous pc11ith~a1 po wt· stt·uctures.

There is no e'ifidence of direct Lupaqe: , <:olonies, at least in the Otora Valley. Si11<:e ft know that these existed (Ga.rci Diez 1964) the most logical pla<:e to look is the Toi·ata Valley and the 1owet· Iv1oquegua Va.11e"~r. Both of these areas &·e specifically mentioned in the Visit.a and ea.<:h valley is kno-,;.TJ ts have had ail important e<:o:nomi<: role in the eat•l y Colonial period (Kuon Cabe11c• 1 ¥81 ;.) . ·

F1·om the earliest settlement at P5 to at lee.st the Estuquifia-Ird(a period~ thei·e is a strong and cor.ttinuous contact with the punaas evidenced by the high in<:idence of came1i<J bone in the middens in all excavated roc•ms. There is a. general uniformity of the i·e1ative quantities of' disarticulated <=ame1id bone suggesting a simi1ai· type of butchering practices throughout the entire cultut·al sequence. Mo1·eove1· .. the irJ.tensity of' ca.me1id co:1:1sumptic1n remains sta.ble thrc•ugh time as 'based upon :relative densities eif t>utch.e1·ed bone in floor ru1d midden contexts. The:t·e is no doubt that came.lids cor1sti t.uted the most c:::t•i tk:al at"cha.eo1ogical1 y :1:·ecoverab1e protein sour<:e in the diet of the aboriginal popula.tions in ell settlements during a.11 time peri•x1s in the valley.

It is quite <=ompe11ing that su.:::h le"y'Fels C•f consumption ru1d pt•esuroea.bly access, to the camelid grazing areas &ld resou1·ces .. -,;.rei:·e seemingl"":t ut1aJf'ected by the na.n.ii·e of

the. types i·e.gionat (:u1tura1 contexts. Such an obset'v"ation of course, the possibilit'''f of the Otora. maintaining their o,;rn (:ameHd herds and colonial holdings the puna· .,;.·hkh .,;.·as one ot· two days .,;.•alk away. prese.n<~e of at least one cot·:1:·a1 in the Otot·a pet·iod (P12) may be taken as eYidence for the holding of o:::amelid herds by the Otora Va11ey settlements although a more likely hypothesis is that P12 and P9 a.re tempot,a.rf residential sites of pun.ti pastoralists in which an e<:o­nomk symbiosis developed between the herders ar.1.d farmers.

A second class of material inter2ona11inka.ges a.re the n•:in-loca.1 found in the excavations. In P5, stylistic analysis indicates that the Tiwa.r.1.a.ku cera:r.o.ks a.re obvi­ously derived ft•om the Titi<:e.ca Basin. t·emains, however a <ll.~stion as to wheth­er these were manufactured in the lat•ger Tiwana1m sites in the Moqueg'l:aa. Valley 0:1:· whethet· they "ftet·e bona fide altip1anc• imports (P. Goldstein, pers. comm.).

PS likewise has a. large quantity of .:::ameHd bone although in i·edl..K:ed qu.mtities from the other Otora period sites. The felt de<:orated ceramic fragments ha\re a "butterf1y*' mc•tif whi<::h is strikingly similat• to Tschopik's Ca11ao bla.ck-on-:red. A compelling observation is that P4 also had a. few fragments identified as Callao Mack­on-red bowls .,;.·hkh would serve to not ordy corroborate the offered sequence (figure. 5) but a.1tip1ano contacts fm· t)oth sites.

The princ~iple disjunction in architectural patterning occurred with the founding of P8. This observation is a positive indication of a <X•lonization process. It is <=urious that the site of Po:robaya Chica (P4) actua.11y appears to have begun pafring rooms Hke PB~ 'but i·etained the fundamental terrace Hneation a.nd separation of rooms. One coUld profitably rr"ypothesize that as with the proto-chulpas .. a r.mmbe:r of cultural fea.tures from the attiplano colonists were adopted by the settlements at P't the flJnerary styles ar1d incipient room pairing 'being 'but two a.rcha.eologk:a.11y observable examples.

The Otora period is a local example of post-Tiwanaku colonization by coastal and a1tip1ar10 polities intc• areas of 1o.,;.· density indigenousl popula.tions. In the Otora. 1J'alle-·f. there is solid evidence of both Chiribaya colonies and settlements from the circum-Ti tica.ca basin.

The Estuquina pet·iod is chara<:tet•ized by the rise of' fortified at1 <:hitecture, agricultural intensification, incipient elite f'orma.tion, and the expansion of widet' exchange networks. This cultural development is a loca.1 i:)rocess in which the earlier, m ul ti-ethr1ic chara<:ter of' the valley disintegrated. The Estuquir1a. period settlement type is "'Widespread throughout the Tambo and Moquegua Valleys.

The Inka occupation we..<':! con<:entrated throughout the valley bottoms in Otora. The patterns of' Late Horizon land use and occupation is drama.Heatly less intensive than the preceding Estuquina pei·iod. The formerly nudeated settlements ·vlere rep1a(:ed 'by dispe1·sed hamlets along the valley bottom car1a.1s.

The nature of' agricultural exploitation and land use .Oynami<:s has been outlined in chapter6 .. The technology :remained virtually unchanged throughout the seqt~n<~e. The techniques used in cc•t1structing tet1ra<:es and canals h.owevet', which were built out of' field stone pit·ca masonry, remained unchanged in all pei·iods.

Meire significant is the use of' existing water i·esources and canal Sy"'Stems in each period. The opening of the Quebrada Cueva Quemada by the inhabitants of' P8 .. in a context of' abundant wa.te:r resources on the C-1 <=at1a1 .. is cine of the strongest corro'bc•ra­ting obse:t•v"ations for the interp1·etation of the site as a colony. The (:anal use dynamics from Ti wat1aku (PS) through the Otora at1d Estuquir.1.a periods in which the same C-1 (~a.na1 was utilized .. is additional evidence fo1· indigenous settlement continuity.

Conc1 us ions

From the "perspective" of the Otoi·a Valley~ the nature of interzona.1 e<:onomi(: a.i·tk:u1a.tions fh.K=tua.ted throughout the. half' mi11eni um 01· more of pre-hispa.r.1.k: occupatic•n. During this cultural sequen<~e .. botb dit·ect and indirect vertical control me<:hanisms operated to economica11y integrate the altip1ano, sierra at-id coast a11o"Wing access to theit· eco1ogi<:a11y specific a.g1·icu1m1·al a:1:1d natl.li'al p1·oduce. At no pe:riod in

74

the cultural histca:1:1 y of' Otora is there any evider.t(:e of the ".,ra11ey being econom­ically isolated from neighbot•ing e(:o1ogi<:a1 zones. The domestic economy Vf/8S .. as it is today .. pt·e.di<:ated upon access to the to a 1esse:1:· exte:nt .. coa.ste.1 ecmmnes.

I at•gue that the nature of' these interzonal at'ti<~u1ations at'e exp1i'-~a.b1e by: 1) the a.ttempt by Titicaca basin arid coastal 1>01ities to secm·e ei:::onomic produce from the Oto:t··~ Valley 2) the demographic leYels existent in the valley at1d ·3) the levels of' political centralization h1 the a1tiplano, <:oe.st and the Otora. Valley. V,le can suggest that in a cultural i:::ontext of' low demographic potential at1d absen<:e of politically· centt•elized settlements in the Otora Valley (area of desired control) .. dire<:t <:olonization "flSS. the :response by external polities (Tiwanaku hamlet in the Otora peri•Jd, Chiribay·a ar.1.d ci:r<:1.Jm-Titk:aca Basin colonies in the Ot.ora period, Lupaqa: colonies in the Spariish Colonial pet·iod). In periods of nucleated and politii:~ally "«'611-integtated settlements (Estuquina and Estuquina-lnka), indire<:t mechar.dsms Vflere erected betweet1 independent polities chat·acterized by the establishment of fo1·mali2ed economi<~ networks and the intensifk:atior1 of agri<:u1tural pt•odt:i.ctic•n mediated by s.1o<:a1 elite.

In the Estuquina-Inka pet"iod .. the settlements of Pl, P'3 ar1d P6 controlled eyery agrk:u1tura11y pt·odt:i.ctive he<:tare in the drainage. Population was dose to Us hydro­logically permissable maximum and there is no question that this political fc1rmatic1n cc•ntr•)11ed the er1tfre Otora dt•ainage. In this context the Titicaca Basin states.: desiring access to this agricultural zone v;1ouM eithet· had to have conquered the valley .. of which there is nc• ethnohistork:al or ar<:haec•1ogka1 evidet1ce, or deYelop formalized economic exchaJ:1ge relationships. The sudden "expl1Jsion" in the quantity c•f boc1tpc1ts ar1d grinding stones is eviden<:e of the iritensification of ag:ricu1tura1 prodU<:tion conc•Jmitar1t 'itith this development of economic exchar.1.ge.

The Spar.1.ish Colonial and Inka periods are .. in politk:al-eccinomk: and demo­g:raphic terms .. the pi·e<:ise opposite of the Estuqu.ina-Inka pe:riod. The fox·mal1y n U<:leated sett1emer1 ts .. with a11 indications of a strong! y integrated socio-poli ti<:a.1 system .. -were reduced to l•:iw density .. dispersed hamlets. The potential for the develop­ment C•f formalized e<::onomic relationships with slJCh "strlJCturally weak" and demc•­graphical1y lO'i' settlements was virtually impc1ssib1e. In such a <:u1tura1 context.. the or11 y a1 terns.ti ve available to the L upaqa state to secure sierra prodt:i.ce 'W8$. direct colonization of unoc<:upied land.

One of' the major uns.voidable weaknesses of these de.ta is the degree to whk:h the Ot.ot·a Valley is i·epresentative c1f the t"egion as. a whole. This model is testable in othei· areas of puts.ti ve Ti tk:aca Basin colonfa:ation during the Spanish Colonial perfod an.d bef'ot·e. Only with a regional perspective, ho'i·rever .. can -we obtain a. full undet·standing of the nature of in ter:;mna1 economk dyne.mks.

A. new body of theoi·y has emerged in the archaeological literature that may be general! y descri 'bed as the.t working within a non-behaviorist framework in the study of complex society. The models generated within this framework seek alternatives to strict eco1ogk:al and techno1ogk:al dete:rmi:tlism in cultural evolution. One common element of this approach is a focus on socio-economic a.rid political strw.:tures as the principal levels of cultural change. While eco1ogk:a1 and technolcigk:al variables at•e ct•itical as the r.~ontext within which cultural evolution takes place .. they are given a less deterministi<: role in social change. Such a theoretical shift pa.ra11e1s similar trends in history and economic history where long term diachronic pt·ocess are the focus of' investigations (e.g. Brennet• 1977; ,lallerstein 1974 ). This new fo·~US ref1ects a general inte11ectu8l reemphasis on "non-exogenous" factors in diachronic cultural studies.

These r1on-behaviot'ist mc•dels imply a f\mdamental <:ha.nge if.1. the epistemological foundations c•f cultural studies. Ecologically odominated theories are characterized by a strong functionalist bias with a pt•iori assumptions of orgar.d(~ integ:ratiot1 and inhe:t·ent systemic (internal) stability. Since Julian SteW&'d's seminal <~ontribution to the devel­opment of cultural e<:o1ogi<:al studies .. the me<:ha.r.dsms of cultural <=henge have been adaptation and na.tural selection. Social .. political and ideological structures ref1eo:;t technological ar.td economi<: ade.ptations to en-•vfronmental :t•ealities ar1d a.re nc•t in themselves .. <:ausal. They at"e either secondary 01· epiphenomenel.

Beha."viorist theories C•f culture cha.r1ge a.re <:1ea.r1 y em bedded within posi ti vistic philosophies c1f' histor1... The goal of' Sl.K:h investigatior.1.s is a redw.:tion c•f historical events to fundamental prin<::ip1es .. or 1a.ws .. whkh may explain a seemingly divei·se set of human action. Given the strong e<:o1ogica1 and materialist biases .. contempo:1:·ai·y at•chaeologk:al theory grounds its 1aw-1ike propositio11s on variables within these ca.tegories. Cu1tur8l 1a.ws and process are not cor1sidered redu<:iNe to social structure .. political orga.nizatior1 or ideology.

Behaviorist models have been extremely su.<:cessfu1 in dealing with a "'18.t·iety of ar<:ha.eo1ogk:al problems. In this thesis .. the se<:tic•r1s dealing with agrk:u1tura11arid use dyne.mi<.:s ,;£Ort~ essentially '\'Y·ithin a (:U1tural ecological f:ramewt·k. We have offered atl exp1a.rJ.ation of prehistoric ar1d Hisps.:nk: lar1d use based on a single proi:::ess of' la.bot• minimization a.r.1.d agri<:u1tura1 adaptation. This pt•ocess tt·a.n.s<:ends ethnidty and history beir1g directly t"edu<:ib1e to exogenous~ non-cu1tural variables. It is hypothet­ically applicable to at1y number of "Y"8.11eys th1·01.:1ghout the south <:entt·al Andes i·egat·d-1ess c•f cultural type 01· ethni<: af11Hatic•n. It is .. in e~tery sense •)f' the term~ a testable .. 1a.'1'r-1ike proposition based upon materiel variables.

In ::r.ttempting tc• explain agdcultm·al la.n.d-use dynami<:s .. a strict ea:::ologk:al model is offei·ed fi)f one simple :reason: it works. In order to deal ,;ti th the question of zonal complementarity howe .. .,er .. such a. beha'\ii.orist model f'ai:::es se1·ious problems. Verticality models at•e predicated upon political .. social at1d economic i·e1ationshi}>S. I ha.Ye sug­gested above that the forms of ecc•nomi<: ex<::hange correlate to pa.rtk:u1a.r so<:ic•-I>Oli tkal stt·U<:tut•es. Since the:t·e is rw dem•)nstraNe relationship bet'\'Yreen environment and sodo-po1iti<:a1 configura.tion eithe:t• in the Moql.:iegua Valley or in the Andes in genet·al .. any model that demat1ds exp1at1ation be redl.K:ed to such vat•ia.Nes is "flholey inadequate. While <::ertain broad generalizations may be observed a.ta <=ontinental at1d mac:1:·0-1·eg:ional le\"Bt they the are insufficient to explain the ai~cha.eological data in the south central Andes at:i.d a.re meat1ing1ess for dealing with spe<:if'k: historh~a1 sequences. This is nc•t to suggest that we shc1uld p1·opose models that a.re in(:onsistent '\'Y.,ith eccilogical

76

prin<:iples a.nd evolut:ionw·y 1a."frs. Such established concepts se:rve to define the ,w-OJJ.1Lr.::t1::ra:: of explanation .. even if they a.re inadequate in and of themselves to explain

·:::u1tui,al ')t'o<:ess in its totality . In ordet• to the observ"'E!d archa.eologi<:al results from the Otora. Va11ey .. "f/te m·ust turn to models which culn.u·al change at a so<:ial and political stru.<:tural 1eve1. That is .. we must f\irther t1a.i·row the of processua.1 explanation.

In the introdu.<:tion of' this thesis .. "fle iricorpot·ated the w1a1yti<:al <=ategot•ies of' domestic production end sm·pe.-domestk production as ne<~essa.ry to construc~t a test;:i.Me model of verticality. Two more categories a.re 1·equired in c1rder to address the prc1blem ofsodo-political evolution in the post-Tiwana.lmperiods of the Peruvian south. These (:ategories a.re: diffe:rentia.tion a:nd hiera.i·chy. Dif'f'erentiatic•n to social hetero­geneity by culturally defined .. emically 1·ecogni2ed gi·oups. Any society, of <~ourse .. is <liffe:rentiated to some degree on the be.sis of' gender, age, ad.tie'lfed status .. ethnicity et<:. ,lhen that differentiation is based upon Yalue (commodities or rights that <:ontrol economic produ.<:tion or ex<:hange) we may mea.ningfu11 y speak of hierar<:h y. A hiet·archical society is necessarily diff'ei·entiated .. of cciurse, but the <:on"'vet·se of this is not necessa:ril y true.

from this perspectiYe .. the process of' social e'itolution is one of increasing social o:lif'ferentia.tion and hierarchy. Asymmetri<:al t•e1ationships 'between groups become p:t·ogressi vel y formalized through e<:c1nomi c, social and i deo1ogi cal dimensic•ns. Increa.sing hiei·e.rchy is a process whereby "state" structures legitimize themselves ideo1ogi<:al1y end pi·oyide f'ot· thei:t· ma.intena.nce through the development of supra.­domestk: e.:::ot1omk: institutior.1.s. That is .. "state" wealth must be generated outside the tt·adi tional <lomesti<: ec•)nom y.

Iri the terminology of M. R1:iw1ru:1ds .. this p:t•ocess involves the "disa.rtk:ulation" of the domestic e<:•Jnomy "from a previous subsistence and exchange oriented ec~onomy to f'@m a specialized branch of production under the control ofadomir1a.nt class" (1972: 2). "Disarticula.tion" refers to the process wherebyaparti<:ular social group appro­priates elements i:•f the traditional domesti<: e.:::onomy for its own interest relative to the i·est of' the <:ommunity. In Ro"fftlands' model, supra-domestic pt•oduction and exchange are cen t:ralized as a key economic process mediated through evohi.ng socio-political stt·uctures.

The app1icabi1ity of these analytical categories to zonal comp1ementa.rity is ob\:ious. The model of "'vet•tical cont:ro1 is a. general structural model of t•egional poHtk:al economy. Differential pr•:iduction, exchange, reciprocity and t•edistribution e1·e essential elements of' the zonal complementarity models.

Rowlands i:•ff'ers a detailed model C•f a specific <::e.se of' cultural change h1 19th <=entury "'?test Afri<:a. "fthich focuses on long-distance ex<=ha:nge as the critical variable in the deYelopment of a.~ymmetrkal sode.1 w1d e<:onomk relationships. These u.1tim;:i.te-1y t·esu1t in state leYels of integt·ation out of' a.n (:1J1tu.ral context i:1f' non- or lo'V.\.r diffet•en­tiated societies. The fundamental premise cif such a model is the.t the mee.ns of disa.rtk:­uia.ti•)n of' the domestic e<:onomy must be based upon ai1 external source of walth.. With. this extei•nal sc•urce c•f wealth .. the hiera:rchk:at :relationship between elite ar.1.d ncin­elite is t•eproduced into pt·ogressively more asymmett'i(:al relationships. In the case in question, the external sour<::e of wealth was trade. in sumptu.a.ry goods .. which f\mction­ed to 1) legitimize elite status, 2) "extend political <~ontro1 through al1iai1ces with neigh­boring populations" (ibid.) ru:1d ·3) allow intensiffoatior.t of economk: pi .. odu<:tion using slaves ai1d existing d•)mesti<: units.

The intent of this (:hapter is not to "test" this "Wvest Afrk:ru:1 model ·~dth the Otora de.ta. This would require a. detailed set C•f' test imp1i<:ations designed specifically for the south centt·al Andes. Instead of ar1 ex1)1k:it test.. we mereiy seek to suggest certain stn~<~tural co:nunctures t>etween these two distinct hisot·ica.1 cases. Such a. frameltork, p:redk:ated upon so(:io-po1itk:al stt'u.<:tures and their relation to domestic ar.td non.­domestic p:rodtK:tion, is offered as a f'ruitfu.1 means of examining the dynamics of zonal complementarity ru:1d cu1t1..:iral evolution in the Andes.

Pt,esuming the.t my interpretat.ic•n of' the Esmquifie. period settlements is funda-

77

ment8.11y i:::ot•t•e<:t--that these we1·e ~)oHti<:ally independent settlements economk:a11y linked with the Titi·:~a.ca Ba.sin states--\\te see a.n incipient elite f"o1·ma.tion (:omitant disat•ticu1ation of the domesti(: econ•:imY in this immediate The site of Cuesta .Alta (P7) and the contemi>ot·ai·y sites of' P9 P12~ an indigenous settlement system linked tc• the a1tip1eno via the <:1assk: mechanism of' direct ....... erti<:al conu·ot. This pet·iod "'ilas chara(~tet•ized by a. non-ranked social structure. Ec1:1nomi<: :t•e1atic•nships were me<liated through non-hierat"<:hkat sociat gi·oups (probably kin-based) bet\\reen the Otora Valley and the putw.

The slightly later sites of PE: and P4 fon<:e again pt•esuming that the <=hrono1ogkat sequence is a<:curate)~ represent more formalized direct conu·o1 mechanisms by larger .. external polities. In this pe1·io<t there is also no evidence of economk hierarchies~ but the <:oexisten<~e of pt•oto-chulpas with be1o'1r gound tomt·s in<Jice.tes the of sod.al differentiators. That is .. status was asymmetri<:a11y distributed but did not tra.r.1.slate into economic differences. '1le may hypothesize that the entire Moquegua Drainage was <:haracte:1:·ized by such sites of' varying ethnicity. These included (:oastal Chiriba)'"B... indigenous sie1·:ra a.:nd as yet undetermined Titi<:a<:a Basin polities.

Dudng the Estuquina. pel'iod .. the sett1emen ts in the Otora V al1e·f transformed from .:::uln1ra11y linked colonial settlements to indeper1dent polities. Exotic o:t· non-local (:eramics d:t•op out completely (a.t P2).. settlements cont:t•o1 entire drainages .. population 1eYe1s peak .. and the enti:t·e :region is <:ultu1·at1y "homogenized". This p1•i:1cess cm·re1ates to the formation of' incipient hierar(:hies. That is, the (:olonies (~ease to be colonial as an indigenous eH te stt"Uctut•e forms.

Tliis elite formation pro<::ess is implk:a.ted in the tra.r1sfo1·ma.tion from colonial extensions of lai·gei· states to independent polities . .As Murt·a has so cogently a.:i·gued, self sufficiency is the .Andea.r1 ideal. The Otot•a data. suggest that the deve1Ctpment of local se1f-s'Uff'iciency via inter::::onal economic exche.nge correlates to the rise of these in<:ipient hierarchies. We may (:autious1y suggest that the development of an elite ideology is incompatible with colonial status. ~Thile sU<~h a propc1sition is supported by the ar<:haeologk:at data, it is mot·e easily teste.hle -with ethnohistork: and ethrwgra.phic date ..

The development of' this elite sti·u<:ture is also (:orrelated to the massive ir1ten­sificatic1n of domestic pi~odui:::tion at P 1 in the EstuquHia- Inka period, the comrc11 of' sumptuary go•)ds (beads .. <:oppei·, shrim~) .. c:s:J a.nd she11) by the highest :room gt•oup in Pt the importation of ma.t•i11e resources at:i.d e1aboi·ation of the ·:::hulpa fl.mei·ai·y style. I have argued elsewhere that the widespt·ead distri b utic•n of' pre- Ink a ch u1 pas in ma.r.1. y areas of fot·mer Tiwanaku control represents the re-emet•ger1ce of a pa.n- sierra/ a1tiplanc1 elite ideology that crosscuts geographk:al, settlement type and presumably ethnic boundai·ies (Stanish 1985a).

Unlike :Ro"1and's Bemba. examble .. the Otm·a. Va11e"'f"' Estu.qui:fia. pet•iod sites did not develop economically difte1·entiated so<:ia1 strata. Such a pro<~ess Yi/as apparently tru.n(:a.ted by Inka exI:.a.r.1.sion. We <:at'i.. ho"W'e"v .. e:t•, see the earliest. evidence of such a. process whereby a soi:::ia11y differentiated gi·oup develops along \\•'ith intensifed production and '1i.dening of' regional ex<:hat1ge netwc•rks. Furthermore, giv°'en the Estuquifia period settlement i:::ontrol of entire drainages a.:nd given the widespree.d distributions of the sites .. they would have been in an ideat positicir.1. to (:ont:t•ol coast.al ac<:ess to cameHds. Contt·o1 of st:ich a vita.1 resource is itself' e. form of "external" v..roaltl1 that probably figured prominently in the intet·zonal excha11ge dynami<::s.

In the Estuquir1a pet·iod, thei·efore .. we see the de"ire1opment of incipient elite hiet•ar.:::hies (~oi·re1ated to f):t•of'ound i:::h::inges in the domesti<: economy. Such a socici­poli ti cal phet1C1menom is implicated in the transfot·mation of' Otora Va11ey settlements from cc11oniat extensions to smalt but independent polities. Lacking (:oncrete histm·ka1 documentation .. it would be risky t•:i suggest o:::ausal linl~ages between the above (:Ultm·a.1 pro<:esses. The <:o-o<:<:u.r:ren<:e of' a. number of pt•ocesses that 8.t'e also foufJ.d in histot'i<:­ally documented examples bowevei· .. is at the "Y°'etn~ ... 1east <=ompe11ing .. at1d sei·ves as a series of testa.Me t•e1s.tionships foi· f\iture 1·e.search.

1

)

71:t I ~·

Unit~)- is one of' two conjoined terra.(:ed rooms on the southern side of' the site. It is one of the 1o"?test :rooms in Pot~oba.ya. e.r.1.d is loca.ted near the southet•n a.ccess the i:i.quedU(:t was recut by the C-4 (;a11al. The unit Vires extremely well prese:t·ved su1·-f'a<:e obse:t·vation it1<li<:a.ted that the unit 'Vff8S pai·t of a. domesti<~ grouping com-posed of both units~) and 6. These two units were a.rhitrai·ily selected to provide a sem p le of the 1o"1ter .. terra.<:ed t•oom types at the bese of the site.

The doo:rwe.y was difficult to locate in this unit. There is cine possible a<:cess'\V·ay on the nm·thee.st (:Orner <=hat18.<:terized by an a.t·<:hite<:ture1 break in the 'Vfra11. Likewise .. on the east wall there v;1as a. smell Ye:t·ti<:at atignmen t of '\V'a11 stones that could have been a. sealed doorwa.y.

The datum '\V"8S on the northwest co:t·ne:t· a.t 0. A second datum v;1as established in the southwest (:ot·ner 110 cm below the first de.tum. All depths wet·e noted ar.1.d are i·epcarted relative tCt the original datum.

The architecture ws identi<::a1 to that of 8111·ooms a.nd wa.11 constf1x:tions on Porobe.;"'8.. There v;1as. a rmmbet· of la.rge, i·hyoHtk: ro(:ks incorporated into base of' the north ot· ba(::k w11. Sui·prisi:ng1 y,. thet·e wre no su<:h rocks in the front "1'a11 81 thc•ugh there was a 1a.rge t•ive:r cobble. This cobble '\V'8.S '\Vrithout appat·ent use, utilized in the well constnK:tion.

Thet·e 'Vilas no evidence of disturt:·&1ce ft1r eithet· unit~> o:t· 6. The lfta11s '\Vre:t·e exce11ent1y preserved &1d l.mequivocally defined. There were 7 gdnding stones on the sud·ace abo"'ve the vol<:ar.1.ic ash, a11 of' whi(:h wet·e p1·obe.bly in·:::orpc1:rated into the '\V'alls whkh had subsequently co11a.psed. These ms.t1os and pout1ding ot· polishing stones 811 had indications of' use.

The vok:a.nic a.sh fell 'V'/tas. pa1·ticula.rly heavy in this unit indicating a. depositional ·:::on text. There was also atl inot•dinar1t1y 1a.rge amount of wall slump in the north side of the t'•)o:m, due t.o the steep slope and high back wa11 "11hkh collapsed or WfJS eroded dO"f.'fl into the unit. The texture of the <::o11apse '\V·as very ha:t·d due to the rapid slump a11d subsequent reirJ.fa11 whi<:h solidified the <=lay.

:E'eatu1·e 1 was ot'igin811 y assigned to t:t.n erea. miste.ken1 ~' thought to be an above grnun<l welled feature on the north wa11. Only after ex<:ava.tion dov;ln bel1:iw f1oor level did 'Vite realize t.ha.t the "".1:18.11" was er.1. ertife.ct of the exce.va.tot•s.

featut·es 2 and 3 a.re tlflO above g1·ciund walled features, pmba.bly sto1·age struc­tui·es on the north w811. Unlike :most of the e.boV"e grnund fee.tures in the Otore. settle­ments .. these were not const:t·u<:ted with large, ftat slabs 'but ra.thet• lftith sma.11 stone .. se1e(:ted fore. fa.ii'ly unift•:t•m size and we11 mortai·ed. Also .. the eest side of fee.ture 2 (:Ut'V'es up to meet the verti<:al b:t•ea.k in the north cir back '\V·elL dis<:ussed abo~re, "f.·'hich :me.y he.Ye been e.n e.<:(~ess"1'fl.y.

In the fill of feature 2 there 'Vilas e. slightly utilized tiat8.f:tasso<:ia.ted with a grinding stone 01· mMo .. also with some eviden<:e of use. Above this t•ei!.MWfJS a lerge, flat stone that could have been a. ca.pstone of' some scirt fCtr the storage f\.mctic1n of the f'eatut•e. The texture of the fi11 WfJS notk:eably softer the.r1 the post-occupe.tionel slump at)ove it indka.ting that the (:apstone, whi.:::h "?/8S in this softet· mat:t·ix, 'fl8f!. utilized -;,rery 1e.te in the C•<:<:upatir:in of the structure .. p:t•obably up to the e.bai1do11ment of the room. The quantity of ai·tifi:t::::ts. i~a.t·tk:ularly animal bone ar1d (~ere.:n:dcs. 'Vilas impressively

A~1pendix 1

80

high. At the base of the wet·e t"910 f1a.t stones in ··~ihk:h there appea.:red tc• be na.tural rnck smashed through to make a deeper le.,.rel in the floc11·. Above this crs.cl(ed f1oor area ,;rere tht·ee :rivet" cobbles without signs of' use, one in dfrect a.sso­(:iation ,;tith a ·:~racked <~amelid patella. Be1o~r this f1c1or i;rere a numt>et· of c1~El''v"a.<:es i:nto the bedt•ock in which there was a large qua.r.1.tity of ash a:nd bone .. polishing stones .. bolas and t•ive1· ·:::obbles. Also found "'ftes. a. pfet.~e of' wood 01· "ma.dera. chalsc•" .. a sofl. imod sti11 used today fot• ce.:t·ving.

3 ·v;tas 1·adically different than feature 2 even though the depositional <=on texts e.:1:1d post-occupa.tiomu fi11 'Were identical. There wet·e vet•y few artifacts. Re.ther .. there wa:s. a. "ite17 ,;re11 dev-eloped type II ash pit i-tith but·:nt clay, (:arbon chunks and some hint of' a 1·adial burning. There we1·e 2 capstones on top of' this ash depc1si t similat• to f'eatut·e 2.

There wet•e also some 'burnt :rocks in the back or north ,;ral1 of' the featurn. Com­bined .. these da.te. suggest e.n oven rm1ction I"t•t' feature ·3 in which the top was <~O'\ret·ed to permit baking of foc•dstuff's.

rea.tu:i:·e 4 '?las e.n at>ove ground i-ta11ed structui·e c1:n the west i-tall.. approximately 110 x cm in dimension. The walls ,;.rere .:::onstrl..:i.cted simi1a:r1y to fea.tures 2 8.f.l.d 3 ,;.·ith small.. selected stone aud clay mortar. Fa<:ing the west to"'fte1·ds the 1·oom p1·c1pe1· .. 'llas a small niche C•t' opening in the feature wall. Inside this niche was a mano, wi.th some use wear .. mm·tared ir.ito the t>ase of' the wall and aligned ,;ti th the t•est of' the "fte.11. This was p1s.ced in the W'811 niche as a seal. The mortar associated with this seal and the mo:t•tat· of the v-.vall i tse1f' wet·e different.. su.ggesting that the niche was sealed a.t a differer.1. t period the.:1:1 the a.<:tu.91 <=onstrt:i<:tion of' the wa11.

Fee.ture 4 ..,.uas stone pav-ed atld the f1oor was (:Omp1ete1y clea.ri .. v-irtually f'ree of' e.:t•tif'acts. There was.1itt1e post-o(:<:upationat accumulations m1 the floor and the vok:a.r.dc ash almost directly· cotuacted the stone pavement. Hen<~e .. the featm·e was pt•otected fr•:im majot· slump off of the be.ck wall. The stone pa.vement was ma.de of large .. on site i·ocks se1e(~ted f'or their flatness e.r1d suitability to fit against one a.nothet·. The stones wei·e clay morta:red in to the f1oor.

fea.tute 5 was assigned to a type I I hea.rth in the south ,;rest (:orner. The1·e ,;re:re two pounding stones and a piec.:e of' raw copper ir.1. the hearth. The curious thi:ng a.bout this heat·th was tha.t it was found dire(:t1y in the middle of' a.1a.rge .. type I deposit in the floo:r context.

Feature 6 was a tomb well 'belo~·· floot· level. As is dis-:::ussed be1o,;.v,. the ft•on t pru·t of this room was f•a:ised with a tt•emendous quantity of reft1se ,;.•hk:h wvas a.11 found be1ow floor context. Feature 6 ~res also below the floor but was clea.t'ly intrusive into this ash. Therefore .. the tomb w-as. associated with a . .:::tua1 o<:<:upation of the :1:·c1om .. although its sm·rolmding matrix was contemporat·y only with the ea.t·Hest pe1·iod of <X1nsu·uction of the 1..mit 5.

The tomb .. of' cm.irse .. ~res intact at1d sealed with ·3 stones, a depe.t·ti.ire f't•om the 1JSu9J. tw-c•-stone <:a.pping. The:t•e vos a bit of <:lay mo:rte.:1:· chinking betwreen the stone caps, but the tht·ee stones fit t·emarkat>ly ite11 together. The <:apstones ,; .. et·e at tbe same 1e"'v"e1 a.s the ~)aved stone f1oo:1:· in featui·e 4 .. additional ev"ideni:::e tha.t the tomb w·as intrusive.

The tomb was round .. a.pproxime.te1y 72 cm in diamete:1:· a.:nd 78 cm made with small, se1e<:ted stones with a slight mortar. Thet·e Wi9S a.t lea.st one la1·ge 1·i ver stone or grinding stone in the southeast side wall. We did not t•emove it to detet•mine if thet·e wes any use "'f/eat'. In the cente1· of the cist vos a. le.:t·ge~ inverted cane basket. The1·e was a w·ho1e jar in the not·thwest side e.:1:1d Yisible long bones in the southwest. The '~tl:''apped body was on the south,;.rest side, the "ftes oi·iented south at:i.d a.bo1·iginally probably ea.st in a flexed positic•n. The 'bundle (~o11apsed with the leg bones age.inst the "W'811 a.:nd the ::i1·ms bet,;,.een the <:t•a.:nium a.nd legs. The basket 'llas placed originally

Appendix 1

61

upside down in the northeast side and fell or slumped dc•wn somewhat onto the 'resse1 for<::ing the edge of the basket to depress against the "'tessel Hp.

Dfre<:tly under the basket Vilas a. bt•oken utilitarian cet"e.m.i<: fragment from a hea.vily carbonized o11a or lai·ge jru:·. Bet"?.reen the be.sleet ru:1d the <:e:ra.mk: "?.··as a.n offet'ing of maize, potatoes .. charcoal small t"Wigs or sticks and unidentified organics .. probably f:ragments of maize and pots.toes. The maize was quite 18J:'ge ru:1d may

<:eremor.lia11y grown. Sin<:e the maize cobs Tire carbonized .. it is prnbe.b1e that the entit·e ceramic f'ragmem "W·ith its Ot'ganic offet•ings .. was baked before intet·ment. Thet·e were no offerings of <:uy, Ha.ms. phala.:nges or i:::opper, which aJ:'e <:ommon in othet· blli'ials.

The skeletal materials "W'et'ed:hat 0f' a subadu1t of indeterminate sex . .Additional informa.tion is found in appendi~7e

Feature 7 was a small pit directly to 'the wst of the tomb. This pit "W'S.S 13 cm lower than the tomb surface and was (~overed with midden strongly suggesting that it was not intt•i.isive .. but rather earlier thar.i the <:c•:nstruction of the room. The to~) of' the stones of this feature wre equal in height to the base of the trc1n t wall stones. It was ovet )0 x '30 cm, a:nd approximately 16 cm deep. The pit was made of small, selected stc•nes but poor! y mortared a.t1 d noti (:ea.bl y different from the &'Chi tecture of the walls in the 1·est of the room. The midden f01..md throughout the subf1oc1r was found in the pit i tse1t indi·:~ating that the pit "W'SS fi11ed with th.e midden used in the leveling: of the f1oor.

The most outstar1ding feature of th.is unit was the large quantity of' midden used in the construction of the t1oor. This midden Vff8S spi~ea.d tlu·oughout the entire subt1oor of the ooit and lmde:r1a.in both the exterior "W-a.11 to the south .. fea.tut·es 2 and 3 and a.11 ftoc•r features. This midden contained a tremendous vat•iety of artifacts including maize cobs, tassles .. sticks .. fish "ve:rtebrae .. copper artifacts .. 1ai•ge <~hunks of <:c•pper ore, discarded <:oppet· ornaments .. beads, grinding stones, marine shell, se,tera1 kilos of' cameHd bone and ceramics, Hthk:s and a large quantity of lmidentif'iab1e vegeta1 materials . .Also found in this subf1oor midden was se,7era1 re(~onstru(~table f't•agments of a. Genti1&' jaJ:'.

Virtually a.11 of' the features .. excluding feature 7, we:1:·e contempot•ary with the pt•incipal o<:cupa.tion of' the room. I'eatui·e 7 was. a pre-existing pit.. perhaps a small gra"ve <=iea.ned out bef'ctt•e const:ru(~tion of the roc1m .. that was covet·ed Ov"er by midden used to level out the sevei·e slope of the l1i11side on which unit 5 "if8S consu·ucted.

Room 6 is located adjacent tc• ai1d wst of unit 5. T1:igethe1· these probably (:onstitute a single social or domestic grouping. That these two moms are someho"Wp socially rela.ted is infe1·1·ed from theit· spatial sepaJ:'ation ft•om other units on the site 8i1d that they shai·e the ss.m.e ta.ck and front wa.11s.

The only doorway discovei·ed was 1o(:ated in the wst wall whi<:h led into ru:~1 accessway with a set of' steps at the bese, a.t the 1eve1 of' the 1oTit' wa.11. The:t•e wre no doorways between P1-5 and Pl-6 a1thc1ugh ac<~ess to ea<:h "W'OUM have been possible by exiting the doot·"ways and using the nar:1:·ow a.<:cess"W·ay at the exte:t•io:1:· of the t"W'O i·ooms on the sc•uth side. The ru:·cbitecture was identical to Pl-5 including the use of river i:::obb1es or grh1ding stones in the "W·a.11, quart·ied t'lwoHte bfo<:ks atld raising the f:ront aJ:'ea with midden. In <:ontt·ast to unit 5 .. h•:iwYet•, the :room was vh·tuatly feature­less save for one undistinguished tomb. There "W"E!t•e no abov·e grc•u:nd walled features :nor belo"?..r surface pi ts cir sto1·age ru:1 es.s.

The on1 y feature "W'BS ari in te.(:t tomb whk:h <:on tained poor1 y p:1:·eserv-ed h umat1 bones ru:1d some <:et1ami<~ fragments in the fill. It was ·:~urious that the:1:·e "i/et·e tw other

gc•ods assc•ci•:i.ted with this <:ist tomb. The tomb was sealed "W·ith two stones .. 1U~e mcist tombs in the Otot·a ru:·ea, yet there was vh·tua11 y n1:i indic:a.tion of graYe goods.

Appendix 1

Vllhi1e this is <:cimmo:n in tombs found c•n the hi11side below the site out of' 1·c•om (:on texts .. fill a.bsen<:e of' gi·ave goods in i·oom tombs is i·ru·e.

The tomb-,·te.s C•Val--75 x 80 <:min dimension--constructed with small on-site field stones ru1d at least thi·ee mar.tos 1:ir rivet· <:ol>bles with use -wrear. The tomb was 58 cm deep. Also, the <:lay mortru· (:ontains a high quar.ttity of' <:rushed animal bone and small ceta.mic fragments. The:re wi·e no identifiable human bones and the extremely poor sta.te of p1·eservation may be responsible for the lad{ of org@ic remains in the tomb.

The tomb was cleai·ly inti·usive into e. midden fill in the from of' the :1:·oom near the south wall. The fill was for the most pa.t"t simi1a.t" to the fill in unit 5 -wi. th a la.t"ge density of' ca.melid bone .. ce1·a.mi<: ft•egment.s .. ash and misce11ai1eous artifacts.

There -wrere a number of small hea.t"ths in the unit.. all of whk:h were type I. Also found on floor (~on text 'Y:'et·e fish ve1·tet>1·ae .. a copper tupu.. cu,T·; a polished bone a"Vt1 .. and 5 gt'inding stones. Ap&t from the subfloor fill in the front, the f1oot• was quite c1eai1.

Units 7 ai1d 8 ·ai·e t"W·o smell rooms on the thit"d 10,test domestic te:t·race of' the west side of the site. Both of these units sha.t"e i9. ba(~k wall and a common entra.n<:e a.tld i:::omprise one domestic t·esidemia1 unit. Curiously .. howeYer, unlike most othe1· such units on the site .. the intei·na1 wall is as high and cor1structed simi1a.dy as the extet·im· ~'8.11s. P1-7 has no entrance to tr.1.e exte1·101·, except th:rnugh Pi '."'8 which strongly suggests a. single domestic unit fi..mctio:n for both :rooms.

The "rva.11 ai·chite<:ture v;1as similar to the high room group·s .. "Vtith double t>1·ick, <:lay mortared pi.M8 masonry. The stones were un<:ut, and of relatively uniform sfa:e and shape. Thet·e -Y:'8.S "'virtually no use of' :t1l1)"'01ite a.nd the use of' river <:obbles in the -w·alis wes r&e. Ho major distut•b@ces were evident nor was there a.ny modern <=acti growing on the surface. The datum f'oi· both. rcu:im 7 ru1d 8 was in the east corner C•f the <=enter wall.

reatw·e 1 was assigned to e.n above ground walled stru.<:tm·e in the north -wrest corner of' the unit tha.t included ash, vegeta1 ma.ttei· .. fish vartebi·a.e .. ma.nos a.tld a tomb (feature 2). The texture of' the featut·e fill "<itaS. semi-com pa(:t whi d:1 rapi d1 y be<:ame a. <=ompact f1oot• sut•f'a<:e. The walls of feature 1 and featut·e 4 e.djacent to it we:re made of sma.11 stone pit".:=~· masonry .. as opposed to the stone sla.b ted1nique which p:redomi:nated in earlier settlements. At 200 cm thet·e wa.s a. thin sprei:..d of' ash in the northet·n side of the feature. This was ;:i,boYe the tomt> <~apstone e.nd may ha.Ye been a.:t1 oven or heai'th utilized after the (:onstrt:ictio:n of the tomb.

feature 2 "Vtas a <:ist tomb inside of the wctlled area of fea.tut·e 1 (lot designation Pl-7=4). A single stone cap (60 x '37 x 10 <:m) cove1·ed a.shaft diameter of 51 <:m and 62 (:m deep; the (~ist was (:o:nstt•t:v.~ted of pootiy mot·tared .. smell field stones. No gi·inding stones were in<=m·pm·ated into the wc'"l.11 of' the tomb. The tomb .:::ontained an a.du1t.. f'ar:::ing east with a numl>ei· of grave off'e1·ings. The tomb "VtaS exceptionally w11 seated indk:at:i:ng that the g:rave contents were not intrusive.

Fee.tui·e 3 (P1-7=6) to a. p1·01>a.1>1e stone-lined stoi·age pit -w·ith a single stone cap t•eminiscent to Pi-21 = feature~·. The featui·e wes mughly ovoid and abutted both the not"th and ea.st e:{te1·i01· ,;'8.11s win~: these as sides f'or the (~ist itself. The su.:1:·fa·:::e of' the cap was slightly above the floor st'irf'a.ce (8 cm) and not heavily mortru·ed suggest­ing a temporai·y seat. The stone a.ctua11y coyererj only half of the (:ist and there was no indk:ation of' othet• seals a.pai·t f'i·om the dst opening. Thei·e w·as one "vessel in the featw·e .. a NcK:kend o11a ... some (:8i'bon .. and a. polishing pebble. Thet·e v;ras no bone of' any qua:n.tity. The "Vla11 (~onstt•t:iction of this dst w·es sup·et·iot· to either f'ea.n.:i.i·e 2 .. :;. or 7.

Featu1·e 4 "Vias the adja.<:ent e.bov·e ground <=otut:t·ucti•:in to feature 1. The soil matt·i:{

Appendix 1

Vff8S ide:ntkal with the latter '"yet the fi11 VflM extt·emely dea.:n. There wet·e no a.t•tifa<:t (:i:•n<~entrations nor e.ny indications of a.ctivity in the -welled at•ea.

Anothet• tomb .. 1c1<:ated in the nm·th wall in the <:e:ntet•, a.butting the exteric•t· Vfla11 t)ase was designated fee.ture 5 (P 1-7=9). The tomb "ilas f1 ush ,;ri th the f1oor, he.d a single <::apstone 46 x 30 <=m in dimension a.nd had no day mortar cir <=hinking a.:round the capstone. Ovet" the seal was some ca.t•bon ash indi<~e.ting use above the top of the tomb. The dst was sHgh t1 y oYa1 .. made of small stones in the east side end target• ones t•:i the v;rest. Thei·e "-'·ere no gt•inding stones incorporated in the cist 1ira11s.

The seal 1i'SS .. v .. ery tight indicating a.tl undisturbed a.t1d inta<:t <:ot1text. The fill was vet·"'~' soft a.:nd <:ontained a vat·iety of' cultural remains. Directly in the .-.::enter of the tomb f1oc1t• was. the <:ra:nium .. facing northwest a.:nd angled with the mandible bottom sitting on the sm·face.. f'orwat·d.

Fea.ture 7 (fea.tm·e 6 'Vilas unassigned) was another sub-f1oor tomb in the north­(:8fltre1 area. abutting the WB.11. The tomb did :not have a capstone, rathei·, wes overlain by <=ompact f1oor da.y. The inte:1:·na1 chamber of the <:ist was. composed of a very soft fi11 to a. restt·icted level (251 - 259 ·:~m bd.) where w found five intact ceramic '\:>essels, all the more :remai·ka.b1e because the human remains indicated that of' a sing1e'infa.t1t. The cet'amics included an EstuquHia bo"it1 .. 2 t•ed slipped jars, a boot pot (carbonized) a.t1<1 a handled cup (apper1dix 1 ). The jar vos inside the <:up and the small ja.t• inside of' the Estuquifia bo,;1. There was but•nt came1id bones inside of' the large jar as w11. The fact th.at the tomb was open would ha.ve allowed floor x·efuse to f'a.11 into the dst at1d there was no ,;ray to distinguish between orga.:ni<: grave goods in intrusive fi11. Yet.. f'or the most pa.rt the orgat1ic artifacts en(:ountered we:1:·e not qualitatively difle:t·ent from other sealed tombs.

The t•est of the room was. rel a.ti vel y dea.t1, 1ii thout m w.:h a.shy features. The two smell ash deposits -were type I, ,;rith no outstanding <=haractet·istics.

In co:ntt·a.st to 1·oom 7, this unit contained no below gi·ound featm·es but had a. considerable number of hea.t·th.s arid extensive type I ash cc•n<:entra.tions. In the south-west cornet·~ there was a. stone pa .. rement designe.ted feature 1. It 1ivas fom1d ov·e:r an ash lens along the west wall and th.et•efci:t•e was later tha.:n the original <:onstru<:tion of the :room. The ba.se of the pa"iremen t was at 221 cm "ithereas the base of the ash fell between 223 end 225. The pavement was constructed of a.pproxims.te1y 7 stones set in mot•ta.t· ar!d partially cut into the ash lens. The pavement was irregu1ai·1y shaped a.n.:j abutted both both the 1i"8St a.:nd south wall. There were no 1i'811s assodated with the ps."itement no1· 1i·ete ther any breaks in the exteriot• '7fte11 at the edges of' the pa.vement. The sut•f'a.ce of this feature was v"'irtua.11y without eviden<:e of' use.

North of this feature &!d running pat"a11e1 to the entite extent of' the ,;'811 ,;.·as at1 extensive type I ash dep1:isi t with two pi ts or heat"ths. Thei·e was less bone than usual in this deposit.. though it contained a very high quantity of fine~ white ash and was genera.Uy a typkal type I. li1 the northwest <::ornet• of the room .. in this ash deposit, 'Vilas

a (:lJ:rious 4 (:m thick la;rer of' butnt.. reddish clay below the feature esh. Be1o1i· this <=lay 1ens "W'et•e more pockets of fine a.sh with no discernable patterns. It was exca.v"'ated out to form a. ho11o'7ft depression and subseq\~nt1y charred through repeated use.

The interio:t· doorway has a low i·ock seal on the unit 8 side. In front of this <loo:t· .. e.nd n:mning along the inte1•i1:i1· wa11 was anc•ther extensive type I ash spread. Thei·e was e. ma.dne she11 fragment in the single ash pit 8.ssoda.ted with this deposit.

The east side of this intei·io:r watt was nota.ble f'or the large numbe1· of' f'ish. ·ve.:rte'bt•ae ( 18) a.t1d spines ( 14). Also found in this side was a. large type I hea.t•th with the usual contents c•f' fine ash, bone &!<1 cha.t·(~oe1. Other at•tifa<:ts i:•f' note in(:1uded

A~1pendix 1

84

me.:nos .. pc•i.m<ling stones and bc•las, a llama ne(::k hone a:nd two almost complete ..,.resse1s in f1oot· <:on text.

Unit 19 , . is a n&·t·o~? room in the line& group <:om.posed of Pl-18, 19,20 .. 21.. 22 and 2'3 of whi<:r; "'fle excava.ted :t•ooms 19-22. The datum for unit 19 &ld 20 was placed in the north "9;test cot·ner of the f'it•st room.

There wet·e :no readily definable doorways although in the no:t•theastern wail (~ot·ner Yitas an &'chitectura1 break that ma.y have been a sealed entrance. On the surface of the unit there was a signifi<:a:n.t amount of ceramic fragments suggesting that there was either distui·bance .. post-1600 A.D. deposition of g&bage 01· that a.lot of fragments -..:Y"Bre incorporated into the wail mortar and subseqt:ie:ntl~v" fe11 into the unit. Thet·e ru·e e1so a.lot of' grinding stones on the surface which were undoubtedly it1<:01·po­ated into the wa11. The a.r<:hite·:::tm·e was similar to the other units on the site .. with ~~ui·viline& .. double-bdc~: -w'alls. Large rhyolith'.:: bloc1~s "9;'et·e ft11.md on the sut·fe.ce .. as in other uni ts in this gi·oup.

Unit 19 "9;'8$. 1·e1·e in tha.t there Yftet·e no abc1ve ground ,;ta.lied features in the entit·e room. Likewise .. hearths 01· a.sh deposits wete t•e1e.tive1y rare. Grh1<.Hng stones, on the othet· ha.r.1.d .. '?;'ere numerous s1..:1.ggesting use both in wall i:::c1nstruction, as ~.reu ;;..s. for domestk food prepa.ratio:n. Most of these showed signs of intensive wea.r.

The most distinguishing chara.<:teristk of this room -w·as a tomb .. placed undet· the western wail (P 1-19=4) at 116 cm below datum, which Vilas secure1 y below f1oot• 1ev"'e1. The tomb was 57 cm in dia.metet·, 1·ough1y 1·ound .. 'fvith 2 capstones. One capstone .. ma.de of' a large ri"'v"'er cobble -w·as also used as a. base stone in the "fta11. It is therefot•e :possible that this tomb antedated the i:::onstru.ction of the room. Also, the second capstone had (:o11apsed into the cist.. or may he.ve been forced in during constrw.:tion of' the w-a11 if indeed the -w·a11 -w·as latet·. The contemporaneity of the tomb a.nd -W'"a11 (atld hence c011struction of the room) 1·emai11s prc1b1ematk:.

The tomb comained t"9;'0 1..msexed wrapped bodies .. at1 adult and a. subadult both of "'f/hi<:h -w"Bre <:rushed by the <:apstone. The bodies were probe.My mummified .. although no textile "9;'as pt·eserved. Both the e.dult cranial fragments and the subadult mandible were ir.t the south side of the cist.. a1thc11Jgh aboriginal spatial rels.tionships is <:omp1ete-1y indetermina.te. At)pendix 7 contains additional osteo1ogica1 data for Pl-19=4.

Also in<:luded in the tomb were llama phalanges .. mis<:ellaneous <:ame1id bone .. cuy bone (MHI=l ) .. 2 maize cobs .. a numbet· c•f coppei· fragments frc•m a. bra.<:elet.. a (~opper pendar1t.. 21arge utilitariari carbonized cet·amk fragments .. <=arbon chunks and 2 whole cet·a.mic vessels .. including one boot pot at1<1 an Estuquina. b1)'hi1 (see appendix appendix belc•w). The bo-..:y·1 Vd$ f•:iund in the <=enter of the cist.. while the boot pot was lo<:ated to"9;'8.t'd the north centet'. Again .. giYen the seYet·e disturbari.:~e of the tomb, it would be in<:ort·e<:t to pt·esume that the aboriginal spe.tiai context was preserved.

Floor development "9;'8S exi:::eptional here with a packed day sl.u·face indi<:ated by a -W"e.11 defined textm·e a:n.d color <:ha.nge. There were a. few small ash pits tl:u·oughout the unit. Ash deposits 107/112, 1171122 .. at"! d 61 /84 were good type I I hearths 'fvi th 1i tt1e ash and <:a.rbcit1 <:hunks. Pit 108/111 'iles e. type I/II with both fine ash and la.:t•ge <:arbon <:hlml(S e.nd burnt cla.y. This a.sh deposit also ·:~ont.ained a Yilhole camelid long bor1e .. cuy, 2 mai2e (:obs .. a fish v·erteb:t•a.e .. burnt <=e:ramk: fragments ar.td a fresh water sh:rimp.

The rest of' the ash deposits -W'Bt'e generally· sma11&ld1o<:elized .. as opposed to the 1

"""'1

··-.·0

.vo and mo1·e dispet·sed deposits in other t·ooms in this gt·oup .. p&tic1.U.e1·1y tl1e e.d­ja<:ent unit 20. Ash pit 1171129 was. deep at1d was the main hew·th f'o:r this i•c1om. It was a type I deposit with no extt~a.ot·di:naJ:·y che.ta(:tet·istii:::s.

Appendix 1

In the northwest (:Ot'net• Vf/8S a "<:e.che" of a.t•tif'a·:~ts a.ssigned to feature 2. This f'eanu·e was.10,,~ated a.t 102 cm .. which Vilas. fa.it'lY high up in the room though stilt in :t•easonab1e flooi· context. It Vilas 9 i:~m deep and 20 cm in dia.metet·. In this sme.11 ·'lP'f'.t"P·>:!­

sion we:t·e a number of' ca:melid bone a.nd teeth, 11 <.:e:t"'ami(~ f'i•a.gments generally' <~a1·­bonized and from dif'fet·ent vessels, some cuy long bone, carbon a.r.1.d bark. The (:e:ra.m­k:s Vflet·e f'rom at least "3 diffet·em vessels and none of' the bones i:rere burnt. It is p1:is­sib1e that this "flas a. post-oc(:Upa.tional.. int:rusive pit, although it would have been pre-1600.

Ir.1. the cent.er C•f the unit wa.s a. vet·y gc1od post approxi mate1 y 5 cm in dia.metet• and 9 <=m deep. Also located in good f1001· context ~ .. ei·e se" .. re:t•al good bolas. a.nd a bead. Apat•t from these .. there was :no other outstanding at•tif'a.:::ts oi· features.

Unit 20 (figure 29) is adjacent to, ar1d sc•uth of' Pl-21 in the H:nee.r group 18 - 2'3 c•f' v;rhich row· cci:ntiguous rnoms we:re excavated. The architecture Vilas. simile.t· to othe1· rcn:ims in this gt·oup with <:urvilinear .. irregu1ady aligned wells and double rowed stone .. al tho1Jgh the wall stones were less uniform in size than in ei th.et· a.di acen t room. Th.ere Was some 1..:JSe Of' rhyolite 8.fJ.d t'iver (:Obbles ifl the wall although sud1 materials were less f'requen t in this i·oom than in ar.1. y either in the group.

There were two doorways in the unit.. one see.led in the north we.111eading to P 1-21 and a. se<:ond one .. loosely sealed or filled -w·ith collapse in the ea.st side .. leading to the exte:rior .. tert·a.ced ::t,(:cess-w"a ... ~"'·

feature 1 was a.ss:i.gned to e.n ideal <:ooking area. in the northeast cot·ne:r. This (:onsisted cif' a 1ow, 15 <::m 'Wide we.11 ~ .. h.i<:h projected out from the ncrrth.et·n exterior "fl811 ar.1.<l paralleled the east one with six hearths of v"'arying textures, depths a.nd composi­tions,;:.. stot·age pit ·:~on<:entrated cuy i·emains ar.1.d a post hole.

Heat•th 1~)8/160 Vi/8$ a type II deposit which included sevet·e.1 heavily ca.rbonized u.tilita.t•ia.r! <:et·e.:mic fra.gmems .. ca:me1id bone and ca.t·bon chunks. Hea.t·th 146/168 .. also t~·tpe II induded carbonized sti<:ks .. <:uy a.nd <:a.me1id bc1ne .. sht•imp .. carbonized seeds, maize ta.ss1es .. and <~UY feces. Hea.t·ths 1~>8/190 .. 1~>51179 and 161/177 "flere e.11 type I dei)osits "h"ith alot of fine ash. The differential depths of the a.sh deposits suggest co:rre­spondingly different periods of' use.

There was e. cc•r.1.<:entration of .::·u,T•" bone located almost in the center of' the f'ea.tui·e. These bone -wvere <X1mp!ete1y disa.rticu1ated and were not suggestive of' a.t1 intentional offering. Also ft11J.fld in feature 1 was a storage pit constrw.:ted by shaping out a natur­al bedt·oc:k bed:rock f't•acture in the north we.11. There v;rere no remains in the cf st apa.t·t from a post-o<:<::upationa1 fill. finally .. there was a. Well defined post hole in the fea.tu:re, approximately 5 cm in diametet• with several small stones around the Hp. The si:iil tex­ture of this kit<:::hen area was. vei·y firm s.r.1.d well pa.c::ked indk:ating a.n :i.ntensiv"'e 1..:ise.

The entire southern se<.:tic1n of' the unit <::onstituted feature 2 a.t1d in(:luded a number of e.b•Jve ground features. In the southea.st <:orner vos a pe.ved t1cu:ir area (:t:1mposed of tightly pa.eked fieldstones .. simila.t• to Ctthe:t" pe."irements in the domesti<: ar(:hite(:ture of the site. The paved area was et1<:1ose<l with a sma.11.. nar:t·o-w· wall. O:t1 top of' the pavement was a. small as.h deposit and a utilized gt·inding stone.

In the <:enter of the south wa11 a cut molle tt·ee ''fles. partially i:)aved O"'tfer by the f1001· stone. The i·oot "W'8S 8 cm in diameter indicating a. pi·e-occupa.tional tree g:ro,;n:h considerably denser tha.r.1. today. The pa.v·ement "W'8.S dear.1. -w·ith the no remains c•n the floor. Adjacent tc• this pavement Vilas e. projecting ~ralt similar to fea.ttu·e 1 ,;rith simila.t•

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kit<:hen-Hke .:~htii'a<:tedsti<:s SU(:h as a type I a.sh deposit (122/12~\) and a type II <le.posit ( 1Ofl/115). The pt•oj ecting ,-ra11 had e. 90° angle ,.;,rf th a. type I ash deposit off' to the side. Inside of the ash were a. r!'umbet· of' beads .. many C•f which were bu:t·nt.

featufe 3 consisted of a fine sru:1d fi11ed depression. The dimensions were 11 O <=m in diameter and 98 <=m deep in the <:enter. Thet·e was no side -w·a11.. p1aste:r m· othet· indi<:e.tions of modifications c1f ru:1y sci:t·t. The sru:1d '"il8:S. brought up from the river and '7ilas quite (:lea.n. Similru· -w·et•e found in units 21 .. 22 at1d 28 atld in this room as ~;;re11 (see fea.tut·e 5).

Feature 4 was a dean, a.bo"'ve ground walled str1x:tut•e on the west -w·a11. The soil texture v;1as extremely compact. The walls were made of smallet•, heavily mortru:·ed .. fist­si2ed stor1e (as opposed to the 1ai·ge sla.t> techni(Iue). The interior wall cot·ne:rs "W'ere mu.nded.

Featut·e 6 refers to a group of ash deposits .. a sto:ra.g:e pit a.nd atl a.ccumu1a.tio:n of i:·u?gua:no in the central north~.rest side of the :room. Hearth 168/175 ''Vlas a type II deposit found dire<:tly on a natural bedrock. The subterra.neru:1 storage pit (180/220) was cl ea.rt unlined a.n d had a. very sofl. textm·e fill.

Commentary: There are two periods of constr1x:tion and use indk:ated in this ri:•om. Ot·iginally, there was an ea.st-west v;ta11 which sepat·ated the m1it into two i·ooms. This is indk:ated 'by both a break in the floor surface and associated exterior wa11 dis(:ontinuities in the stones suggesting ru:1 eat·Her cornet·.

Room 21 (figure '30) is a.~) x 8 m., intet·naliy di..,.rided t·oom lo(:e.ted at the top of the site in the line.at• group 18 - 23. It was one of 4 contiguous rcioms ex.:::ave.ted in this grnup on the highest a1·ee. of the site. The room is ex(:e11ent1y pt·eserved ~.rith no pt·ior ex(:a.va.tion or looting a.n<l no evide.n(:e of majot• ca.<:tus disti_u·ba11ce. The datum was in the south ~.rest <:ot·net.

There we:s e.n open dooi·way in the south wall leading into the adja<:ent unit a.:nd 2 sealed door~·'ays in the smaller room lea.ding east and no:t•th. Both a.t·e approximately 50 (:fil "f.tide '?.ti th flat sided stone, a.t1g1ed s1ight1"';i" irn;.rard. The north doorwa.y has been filled t;.y co11a.pse and -wras p:t·ot>abl)'" open du.:t•ing the use of the :t•oom. The east ·1oo:t·v.··ay·, on the other hand .. was intention- ally sealed with stone atld mortat·. In<:h.Kled in the i:::la.y morta.r ~.ras a. piainware i:::et·amic f"t•agment used as chint~ing in the seal.

The exteric•r walls of' this unit average about 35 cm in thk::lm.ess and wre made of 1..IDcut double 1·owed stone, selected fo:r size stone. Thet·e was a conside:t·aMe a.mm.mt of mortar between the stones in the 'Wa.11. The -w·al1s -w·ei·e not stt•aight but 1ike C•thei· Pot·ot>aya sites~ cu1·ve in a. seemingly non- pa.ttet·ned manner. The intet•ior well was made of se1e<:ted stone (smallei· ), single t·owed and also curv"iHnear.

Th.e:t·e was a significant a.mount of reddish gray (10R 5/1) 1'11yolite in<~orpora.ted into the wal1.s but mo:t•e cc•mmonly found as 1ru·ge sla.bs (:)Ox 20 x 20 <=m average) in the Vilest side of' the unit.

rea.ture 1 was a. sq'U8.fe a1·ea delineated t;.·y· at lea.st 21a.t·ge stones ru:1d remains of a hat•d day mortat•. The 8.:rea was a.bout 1.6 x 1 .2 m dire(:t.1 y in the south "W'eSt co1·ne1~. The floor of' the fea.tm·e, at 88 cm, v;1a:s. about 20 (:m. highet· that1 the :rest of' the room. Thet·e -wras a. "'v"B.t"iety C•f debt•is and eviden(:e of burning {chat•<:oat s11d fired rhyoiite, ca..t•bon and ash) plus ru:1imal bone, chru:·1·ed seeds .. litliics at1d <:eta.mi<: f':ragments. Tllis ru:·ea v,.ras probs.bly a kit.<:hen at•ea with a type II ash deposit .. bone ft•a.gments, a broken in situ ja1· .. ;:i.:t1d a hemmer stone. fie1ov;1 the 88 cm level Vilas natural sterile sutsi:ii1. The feami·e ~'as

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the1·efo1·e built over a sterile soil taking e.dvanta.ge of high ground in the <:oi·net·. It is also possible that the pet•imetet· of the feature area was ex<:ava.ted out.

Feature 2 ref'ert·ed to the ash deposit .. hearths .. mo.lino at1d rod~ in front of' the south doot·way in the westet·n side of the i·oom. The pla.(:ement of this gi·oup of ash pits in front of the <loot• is pt·oblema.tk but may 'bee:n p1a(~ed after the door was. sealed. ·

:teatu:i:·e 2 (:O:ntai:ns a. large quantity of type I ash deposited in 4 a.sh pits which include 1 <::e.t·bonized maize cob .. animal bone .. lithics .. bui·nt rode a.nd a polishing item. Also .. thet•e. was a ve:1:·y gri:ndi:n.g stone dire<:t1y over ::i.sh pit 106/111 (50 x 20 x 15 cm a.nd cradced). The stc•ne "ilas turned upside do"im a.:nd directly contat.~ted the a.sh. In fa<:t, thei·e were (:at''bon <:hunks sti11 adhering to the stone f'a.<:e. It appeared that the stone was turned 0Ye1· while the i·oom "ilas still intact and no deposition had accumu­lated ove:t" the ash. It is rea.sonab1e to suppose that the stone was turned O"Y"et· with the abei1dc1nment of the site. Upside g:1:·inding stones '1te:1:·e also found in seYet"al othei· rooms on the_site .. the sig:nifi<:an(:e of whk:h is as yet undete:t•mined.

. Such batat1es at"e also utib:ed as tomb capstones in Poro'baya. and therefm·e <::ar:ry ~rith it some i·itua1 signif'ica.ni:~e. The a.sh deposit "ilas extensive an.d c:•:intained a.18.t'ge quantity of fine a.sh. The tops of' the a.sh pits "Were bet"Wreen 98 ar.td 106 (:m. The diff'ei·ence in levels probably indk:;:ttes sequential use and it "q;rouJ.d be false to p:t•es'l:im.e a11 heat·ths were sim ul ta.neousl y uH1i2ed.

Feattu·e 3 "9;,..'l:J$. a square .. walled a.nd raised area in the noi·thea.st cornet· of tl1e large i·oom. The fea.ture "W'SS almost 2 x 2 m in dimension at1d was raised with a ve:t•y dii·ty midden. There -w·ei·e .. in i·eality, 2 HYing surfaces. The oi·igina1 sui·fe.ce, around 115 cm .. wa:s at the same level as the f1oor in the rest of the room ar.td there "W·as nothing distin­guishing about this surfa.(:e .. ex(:ept of' cout"se .. its he.t·der texture e.t1d simile.t' colm· to the rest to the t•est of the unit.

The midden used to co:nsu·u.:::t the platform consisted of a. ye11o~r subsoil f'ol.md on (he site mixed with .:::eramk:s .. 1at•ge burnt rocks .. chat"<:oat chunks end bone . .Also .. thet·e "9;··a.s a. large (:C•ncent:ra.tion c1f' fish bone and spine in the south side of the feature. The:re was a. notk:eable a.bsen(:e of fine a.sh. The highei· f1oor was at 101 <:m and constituted a. later a.ddition or c1:instruction ove1· the o:riginal surface. The ent.i:re sutface could be considered a thin .. type II a.sh deposit.. with. at"eas of "'varying intensity.

Fea.ture 4 'Vilas. a rotmd sto:t·age pit in the east side of the unit tha.t was flush with the ffoot• 1eve1 and extended down t.ht·ough subfloot• fot• 48 <:m. The mouth was 29 ·Cm in die.met.et· .. very "Well made -w·ith fist-sized i·ock approximately 5 irt·egular <:01;rses deep. The pit was stt·aight sided .. atmost <:y1indrk:a1 a.nd in excellent condition. Feature 4 "W'as fu.11 of' semi-sofi. .. Hgh t ye11owish bro-w·n clean f'i11. Thet·e was on1 y a. few carbonized cet·e.mk:s .. a cur mandible, cU,F' f'e(:es .. at1ima1 bone .. one mat"ine she11 fragment a.n.d some butnt i·odc. 1vlost of' this looked to be post-oc<:upa.tiona1 01· post-use f'i11. Right at the 'base of' the f'ea.tw·e was a. 6 <:m la.yet• of' a "moss-like" "y"'egetel matter. This material looked to be some sort of de<:ayed plant that had preserv"'ed due to the unusually tight seaHr.lg of' the feature. The "W·orkmen commented that when storing potatoes and other t•oot (::t•ops it is (:i::immon practic:e today to include cei·tain herbs at the base to rete.t•d spcii1a.ge.

Fea.tui·e 5 "il8S. a :t·ound, tomb-like stone cist in the e'l:J$.t or small aj·ea i:1f' the unit. It was. i.mdistut·bed ar.t.:l ai)peared exactly like any tomb with two <:apstc•nes sealed with. a <:lay mot•te.t•. Inside ther was a soft f'i11 simila.t· in textui·e e.tld color to f'eat1;re 4 and simh::i.:rlv deat1. At the base of the dst "W'et'e 4 -w·hole (:et•a.mk \o"Bssels, including a boot pot.. arJ. i::'stuqui:faa bo"W1 .. a. double spouted Yessel sty1isti<:;:i.11y 1iniced to La Rama·:fa. (L. Lumbret·as .. pe:rs. comm), at1d e. <lecm·e.ted Tt•k:oio:t• de1 Sm· cup. Also included in the dst "il82 •:r. pie<:e of' a. "W·hite .. chalky sut>sta.t1ce that ~'8:s "cat .. tote consumed '\\rfth (:0(:8 .. LU:e

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4, the pit a.t f1oo1· 1eve1. It ·v;/as ·~onstrt'.li:~ted simi1e.r1y to fea.ture 4 with fist sized stone .. well morta.:1:·ed and app1·c1ximately 5 cow·ses deep. Cu.rious1y .. sev·e1·a1 chil<l­:ren 's tempot·a.:1:·y teeth and si::ime fish bone were recovered in the s<:reening of the fill from feat.ui·e 5. It is possible that. this was a tc1mb ft1r atl infant.. but the ta.ck of' other bones is odd.

Fea.tut·e 6 ··f.ras an above g:1:·ow1d, "W'a11ed area ,ihich :pt•obably served a sto:t•age function. The fea.tui·e Vilas <=onstru<:ted with ·31&·ge stone slabs standing on end and ar1chm·ed into the subf1oor. In the north side of the feature some bed:t·ock was excav"B.ted c•ut to pt•ovide more storage volume. The wa.11 stones wet·e 60 <:m. high a.r.1.d en<~losed a.n ai·ea. of a.bout 50 x 100 c~m. Ex<:ept for a sma11 ash deposit at or nea:t· f1c1oi• 1evet the fi11 and flooi· contexts \Y'ere quite clean. There were only a fe"W· ceramic fragments, bone .. and or.~casional but"nt rciclc One of the three large wall stabs had <=o11apse<l fot•wa.rd in to the :t•eiom.

res.tu.re 7 included the entire south 1 /3 of the sma11 room on the ea.st. In the southeast <:o:rner Viles a stone pe ... ved .. elevated at•ea assor.::iated with a nc11•thern projecting "W'a.11 "W·in1 a. smell open nict1e or tunnel in it. The side to tl1e west of the stone pavement ..,.,,as, open and not "W'alled. Dire<:t1y in fi·ont of this stone pa'\rem.ent to the west a.nd abut­ting both the intei·iot• v;1a1l a.nd southern extet•iot• wa.lt Vilas s.nother eleva.ted a:t•ea "Y.··ith a plaster nom· .. t\Y·o cei·emi<: "ifese1s i:n situ and a dosed "W'e11 niche.

The stone pavement was 1~' <:m. above the f1eio:r level. The tunnel or o~)en nkhe in the "fta11 of the stone pa'l.red a1·ea was 14 cm Vitide .. 12 cm high afJ.d capped on top by a. f1at river <:o'bble. The sides &·e made i:1ut of single .. f1a.t.. re<:t&1gule.r stones. The opening 'ft.'f:JS 1eYe1 to the stone pa\rement and hence 1~' cm above the 11om· le .... rel :1:·elative to the t•est of the room.. On the ffoor of th.is &'ea. was some veg:eta.1 m.a.ttet· .. . ::·u,T·" &1ima1 bone and some d1at'acoa1.

The opposing eleva.ted Si'ea. was built out of a. h8.1'd day m.ort8.1' which was sut>sequem1y \Y'et a:t1d f1a.ttened into a pla.stet·. There "W'as no mixing of other <~t·1.:ished ro.:::k etc. The en ti:re a.t•ee. was 20 (::m above the floor surface and 6 cm. higher than the pa.Yed a:t•ea. On the elevated area. itself' we1·e 2 a.ndesite pounding stones .. a gra:t1iti(: ma.no &1d 2 aln:wst complete but c:1:·acked vessels. One of the vesse1s--a hea.vi1y <=Si'bon­ized o11a--\Yras placed dit·ectly in from of a closed wa.11nid1e2:> cm "W1'ide, 3'3 r.::m high off of the su:rfa<:e and 12 <=m. deep into the interior wa.11. It was made of three stones stad~ed o:n ea.r.::h other 0:1:1 both sides with a f1a.t slab .. 40 cm long a:t1d 4 cm thick 1.:ised as a cap­stone . .Asso<:iated with the ce:1:·am.ic in the niche were some 1&·ge (:a.rbon <:hun1rn, appa1·ently left in situ in the niche.

Between features 7 a.r.1.d 4,(in the middle of the sm.a.11 :room.) "W'8S a 1&·ge .. p:1:•c1je<:ting stone off of the eastern "rv"all. This stone Vilas a:t1 chored in to the f1oor. Leading off' of the long a.xis of' this wa.11 stone was a. single line of sm.a11 rock .. 5"3 cm. lower th&1 the top of the la1·ge stone. This line of stone leads directly into an open wa11 niche ot· tunnel whkh went th.:1:·ough the in tei·naJ. wall i:t1 to the large room.. The cornet• of this tunnel in the west side of' the intet·nal "Wra11 was. flush or lined up with the first <X•rnet· stone of' featu.i·e ·3. The :niche was. identk:e1 to the C•thet· or)en ni<:he in size (12 x 14 cm.) and cmutru(~tion. The opening "Y.··as full of volca:t1ic ;'f:JSh indicating that it was still exposed in 1600 A.D. due to its pc1sition in the middle of the i·oom. away ft•om erosion 01· slump.

In the -r1este1·n side of the unit (1a:t·ge room) thet·e "Y.'f:JS a loose stone blo<:k (27 :r. 14 (:m.) ne&· the mouth of' the tunnel. This blod~ or seal was slightly angled a."Wray from the opening ;:.11d there "Y.'as no (:lay mot•ta:t· indicating that the stc•ne seal "W'Ss not perman­ent. Ra.thei· .. it "W'8S a tem.pot·&·y block spoi·adi<:a11y used. It is suggestive of a •:-.. ur i·un (sma.11 line of stone) with a tempora:t·y blocking stone at the enu--a:t1(:e tc• the 1a.t·ge t•oom on the west side.

In the middle of the a:t•ea delimited by feature 1 and the 1o"W· "Y."a11 the:t·e was. a

A~·pendi:x: 1

89

considera.ble amount of incompletely (:a.:rbonized stidrn and dean e.r.1.imal bone. '7fl8:S. also ~3.n unburned o:i.me1M pa.te11a. and a. '7flide mouthed je1· on good f1oor <:omext. Also found were 2 blue shell pendants .. 2 ma.nos and a. "cache" of <:ame1id bone.

The1·e "'ila:s no eviden<:e of i·oof co11a.pse 01· bw·nt matting on the t·oof' tht·oughout the unit.. ex<::ept for some pc•ssible nee.r H1e level of the stone pa.Yemen t.

Thet·e "'lfl8$. only one 8$.h pit in the 88$.t 1·c1om at 117 /130 cm. It W8$ a type I e.r.1.d fai1·1y (13 ·:::m) .. and 2:) cm in diametei·. Sim.Hady .. in the "'Ylest side near the not·th v;;,.al1 were a sedes of small ash pits and a mi:1t•e spread t.ypi<:al fo1· most moms in the ru·ea.

In the ea.st room there VilaJJ f'oun<l a "<:ache" of cur fe<:es, 4 <:m deep and almost 2~· (~m in diameter. The f'ec::es wei·e in 11001· context and ~'e:t•e probably not intentio:na11y placed .. but this is difficult to 8$.Sess for ce1·tai:1:1. In (:hulpa (Ch-1 ) .. v;/e recov"Bred a. niJmbet· of .:·ur feces but these 1U:ewise woUld have been probably left. by 1i've i.::·u.t·"' offerings.

Ir; the north center of' the large room W8$. a large, deep dept·ession (1 metet· diam­eter .. ~)O ·:~m deep) filled "flith Yokani<: ash and a fine river sand at the baJJe. The depres­sion was not tined nor ~ras there any evideni:::e of' side wa.11 pt•epru·a.tion. Initially .. this hole seemed tc• be a 1c1oters' pit but similar feattu•es "9:te:re noted in tmit 20 .. 22 and 28.

TJ nit 22 (figure ·31 ) is one of 4 (~on tiguous :rc•oms excaYa.ted on the t.opograi)h­k:a.11 y· highest section of' Po:robaya.. This unit Tf/8$. the not·tl1e1·nmost exs:~a. ... \ra.ted Uf.l.it of this group.

Thet·e ~·-ere 2 d1:iot·ways in the unit one open to the Tflest side intci a level a.cs:~ess-way and a. se<:ond.. dc•or on the east wall. The c•pe:n. doorway WaJJ 58 cm wide, made with 21a1·ge cornet· stones. Thet .. e W8$ no e'ifident use of t•hyolite. The secc•nd doot·~ray "filas 6::. cm in ~'idth, and sealed ~·ith small stones a.nd morta.r. There ~"as no artifacts in the seal mortru· no1· in the exterior ~··all mortar.

The architecture W8$ general! y similat• to the other rooms in the group: a long.. te<~ta.ngu1ai· room "'Ylith double rc1wed stone, selected fot· qua.si-ur1if'01•m size and curYi­Hneat· <=onstruction, t•athei· than straight ~'8.11e<l. Thet•e ~·as .. in cont:r8$.t to the other rooms .. little use of both t•hyoHte 01· t'iYet• cobbles. Likewise .. the surf'a.(:e had f'e~r gi·inding stones or rivet• cobbles.

The 1·c1om was well p1·ese1·ved ~'ith little eYidens:~e of disturbe.r1<~e. The 1600 A.D. vokank: ash ~'8S intact and there were no living cai:::t.i no:r 1ootet·s' disturba:rJ.<:es. The da.tum wa:s. in the south ··.;;;.rest cot·ner.

feature 1 : feature 1 ~res. 8$.Signed to a cist tomb .. located in the nm·the8$.t cm·ner of the i·oc•m (Pl-22=3) ~·hi<:h <:ontained 2 inf'a:r.1.t burials. Ee.ch of the ct·ania had eviden<:e of' in ten ti on al deformation. The tom t~ ~·as deru·1 y belo~· the 1i "\ring f1c101· at 98 cm b.d. A hee..:rth on the f1oc•t• ne•:i.r the tomb began at 92 <=m a.nd marked the highest level of the noor.

The dst ~'8S ~\El <=min die.meter .. ma.de of fist-sized stone with a loose i::::la.y mortar. The1·e "'Y1e1·e no gi·in<Jing stones 01· t•i'\rer cobbles in the ~reJ.1. The prese1·yation of' the huma.ri remains was Yer:l poc•r and the aboriginal position Yfrtually impossible. to detei·mine. One <:re.nium ~·es facing up~rards in the northeest <:orner of the tc•mb ~··hHe the other was too bad1 y deteriora.ted to assess.

At the ba.se of' the tom t ~·ei·e 'i ~'hole ce:t·a.mi<: vessels and seYera11at·ge f':ragmems ..

Ap~1endix 1

90

a11 <:on<:entt·ated to""'"ard the (:ente:t• with the <:rania.1 fragments above. Thet•e was. also voli:::ani<: ash mixed do"?tn to the g1·ave (:on.tents indice.ting tha.t the was not tight. This e.xpl::i.ins the poot· preservation in that moisture had into the tomb. There 1;ret"e no textiles conser;,red.

The <=ere.mks included a.n Estuq:uHia bowl.. a. smal1 11(:e:1:·emonia1" jat\ a. heavily carbonized o11a and a.1e.rge1· jar "Yrith a red bu:t·nishing. Induded in the in the f'i11 -w·ere a. :1:rnmbe:1:· of' ot•ganics such a.s 1:.:·u,1,. .. and fish bone .. bm·nt <=ameHd bone .. •:.:'U,Ti' fe.:::es . .sh:rimp, bm·nt ::u1d wood It was im.pcissit>le tc• ·:jistinguish ,;rhethet· the ma.te:t•fa.1 we:.~ pcist in te:t•men t fill ot· of the offet"ing gi Yen that the seal was loose.

The <:ist also cc•nteined a large quantity of Yet'y fine sand, pt•obably impo:t·ted f'1•c1m the rivet· bed. Such sand is still utilized today to cc1bs ::i.r.1.d ""·as. p1·obabl·y· an impot·ta:nt component of storage fean.ires. This tomb "?tith fine and h umru1 infa.n t (~t·a:t1ia. f'ra.gmen ts raises the in tt"iguing possi hili ty tha.t neona.tes or vet·y young infants wei·e buried in stot'age pits directly in the room .. as opposed tc• specially p:repru·ed tombs. L. Watanabe (pers. (:omm.) t•eports a group of' f'i ve small, be1o""· grom1 d cists in i·ciom 79 ,;.rith infant These 1U~ewise may have t>een ea:t,1ie1· storage pits 1ate:t· used to bury the "v"'ery young dead.

~lest of' feature 1 "Ytas a small, low single stone ~raU ~rhf.:~h served to sepa.:rate the tomb a:t1d t'flo a.sh deposits from the :t•est of the room. This ru·ea ""·w simih;1· to kitchen ;:iJ:'ee.s better· (1efined in other units (Pl-20 .. P8-11) "Ytitl1 a low projecting 'f/a11 a:t1d a.sh pits. This i'Jt•ther su1)po1·ts the idea that the tomb originally had domestk f\m.ctions only le.tet· used as a bm·ia1. These a.sh pits wet·e both stone-lined .. type I deposits ~'ith a. high quantity of a.sh, bone and <:ere.mks.

Featm·e 2 was. assigned to a.t'l elevated .. stone sided area in the SE cm·ner. The abot•igi:nal slu·f::«.(:e of' this featut·e was. around 80 <:m .. approxime.tel y 2::. (:m above the f1om" sm·fa<:e of the :t·oom. 'f/lithin the stone side<l defined a.t•ea ~'et·e t~ro ma.t1os (pt•obab­ly wa11 (:o11at)se) .. two sulfiJt' <)hunks, a bead .. marine she.11 fragments a:tld some burnt iclzu g:t·ass. The texture wes "tfet·y compact.. indicative of a. "W'B11 used surfa<:e. The feature pt•obab1y functioned simi1a:t•1y to featui·e 1 and '3 in Pl-21. Near the west ""'a.11 b~ ...... featui·e 2 "W"e1·e two type I hea1·ths 10'3/110 and 971107 of' whid1 the latter was located f1 ush with a iru·ge ""·a.11 stone.

fea.nu·e 3 was a large .. 1 ·30 cm diametet· depi·ession fi11ed -w·ith fine t'i"re:t~ sand. SimHru· features ru·e found in other rooms h:i. this gri:1up and in unit 28. The t•i ver sa.nd ma"':t have been used to stot·e maize, 01· as a fill f'or large storage vessels tc• control temp­erature. There """8.S no cru·bon m· othei· outsta11ding ::iJ:'tif'acts assodated with this feature. Thet·e ~'W no evi<1enr.~e of stcine lining .. wsociate<1-w·a11s ot· othe1· features in the feature.

In the N. "'1l. <:orne1· was a 1:iYe1·tur:ned t~!ttB.ti i:•n floot· con text. This la:t·e-e g:rinder (BO x Z> x 15 <:m) "li/8S. me.de of lc•<=al field stone and had exti·emely hea.vy-· 1.:ise on one side. Ash. deposit 101 /120, on the S~l side -w·as a type I/II <:ha:t·ai:::terized by a l;:itge ash dispersion . .A t•iver cobble or ma.no """as. also as.socie.ted ""·ith this a.sh.

There wei·e th:t·ee post holes in this toom with i3. sma.11 pebble lining or .. mm·e a.pt1y, a i:.:o11ar a.rotmd the dep1·ession. Ea<:h of these post holes had se\."'eral sma.11 (6 - Ei (:m, diameter) stone perimeters at the surface. These are the cinly <:ie•:u·ty identified stone ree:r.lf'oi·ced post holes found in the exce."v"'i:S.tions.

Room 28 (f'igut•e 32) is 1o(~ated in the next lowet· tier from the group 18 - 21 a<lja<:ent to the only ope11 a.t1d urmtilized spe.<:e on the top of' the site. fc•:r this 1·eason i:Uld due to its lat•ge size .. geogt•a.phk:al k:oaticin away from other units .. a.nd generally good pt•esef·-;,re.Hon, this unit ~··as se1e(~ted f'm• ex·:~a.v-a.tion.

Ap~1endi:x: 1

91

well stones wet•e frregular with tha.t a.t·ou:nd x ·;iO x (:m. a.re double t•c1wed, selected f'or uniform size and na.tsideness. The clay m01·ta1· "~las com.pact made C•Ut of some 1c1(:a1 day, sm.a11 stones and o.:::casional vegetal f'ibet·s. There 'Vilas. only 1:ine ri"Y"'et' cobble or grinding stone and six 1a.:1:·ge rhyoHtic blocks in(~orpot·ated in to the w'8.11.

Thei·e wei·e t~rn dcu:it•,;.·ays, one in the ,;test 50 (:m w·ide that led into the open ru·ea. ot• patio a.:nd a ser:::ond in. the east wall .. 75 .:::m w·ide with two :1:·iver cobbles as co:1:•ne:1:· stones leading to a terra.<:ed aa:::<~essw·ay. The f'irst doot· was. open .. the se<:c1nd appee.red to have been sealed with <=ob Mes. The datum was placed in the S.W. <=ot•:net·.

Fea.ttu·e 1 wras a kitchen a.rea. defined by the :north and east exteriot• w·a11s and tw·o small, low'" interiot· "flails, one of' -w·hich pt·ojea:::ted out pe1·pendicu1ar from the not·th w·eH and a second whi(:h extended similarly from the east w·e.11. Both "W"et'e made of low (23 ·=~m lligh), single ro"Yt .. 1oose1y ple.ced stones and wret1 e approximately 25 <::m ·~ride. Thet·e was one broken mortar used in the <X•nstruction of' the sewrid in tedor w·a11.

Thet·e we1·e 12 heru·ths located in the feature (see below fot· des<~riptions). The M .E. <:o:rner was paved at 160 cm with :rivet· <:obb1es .. sim.iia.t• to many othet• units on the site. Ov"'et' this payement "Yles a f'eir quantity of ot·gani<: remains including maize, fish vet·te­br::i.e .. cu,v bone and vegetal fibers .. probably ii..-:iiu grass or a simila.t• put'Ul plant. .A1s•:i ina:::luded on the f1oc•r w';3!. a. number c1f ca.me1id phala:n.ges and metatarsals more 01· less arti<:ulated. .At 136 cm, against the east wa.11 was a. 'b:roken in situ o11a, hea.vi1 y <::a.r'bon-ized .. -w·ith a red o<:ht·e at the t>ese of of the fragments .. similar to P8-9 and P8-1 O.

2 is an above ground walled f'ea.trn:·e in the west wall. In <~oritrast to the stone slab technique common in Otot·e. peric•d sites .. this st1·1x:ture ,;ras also built 'Vilith sma11 stones, se1e<:ted f'o:r size and heavily mortared. There w·ere two type I hearths in the f'ea.nu·e in which a fresh 'Vilar.er shrimp 'Vilas. found (M ... f' workmen indicated that shrimp w•e:re found in the Rio Ot.ora. before the present cycle of drought. Such shrimp a.:re <~aught tciday in the Rio Tam bo). The soil texture was semi-com pa(:t tc1 ha.t·d ru1 d gen­era.11 y <::lean . .Also found w·e:re two m.a.r.1.os, a mortar, maize, c.u,T•" borie arid a I>ie<::e of wood.

Fea.tm·e ·3 (P1-28=14) was assigned to a deep a:n.d "Ytide depression (123 cm dia.mete:t•, 64 cm deep) with a mixture of rivet• sand and ·v·ok:ank: ash. This fi11 was very <=lea:r1 with nc• <:arbon, wc1od ash 01· mu<:h midden. cm·im.lS1y .. at 182 <:m bd there was a.1a.rge utilitaria.n ja:t• base .. a.t 197 a. blue ma.t•ine shell fragment a.t 196 a.t1 Inka a.ryba11oid f'tagment and at 197 a. f:t•agment c•f ru1 EstuquHia. bo,;tl . .Also f'om1d at 'Tat7ing depths were a numbe:1:· of (:a:t•bonized arid (:1ea:ri potsherds .. three ma:r1os .. a:r1d a large ba.ta.ri high up in the fill (148-1~>8) .

.A small <:anal, cut into the f1oor but without lining or stone siding .. i'8.f.l out of' the Hp of the depression a:nd tht•ough a small tunnel <:onstt·ucted i:n the north "Yla.11. The tunnel <X•nsisted of two w·e11 stones p1e.ced a.t a:r1 arigle to each other to form e.ri in ve1·te<l "U" shape .. "Ythich t•ru1 wmp1ete1y thi·ough the Yil811. The <:anal ,;1as approximately 10 i:::m ,.lide .. a11d 5 (:m. deep. Thei·e were '3 postholes lo~::a.ted in the i·oom .. each ap~>roximately 10 (:min dia.mete1· and of va.i·ying depths.

(listed ru·tifacts indicate dispropot·tionate quru1tities ft•om the standard Type I/ Type I I (:t;i.tegories)

140/162: Type I.. fe"W~ cameHd bones, dt'(:U1a:t· Tvith a diametet• of 40 (:ffl..

12::,/14:): Type I/II .. intensively burnt day. very fine bone fra.gme:t1ts .. decorated Si11ustani po1"'~ .. <:h1·1:ime plate, fossilized <:o:ral f'1•;9gmem .. polished bone.

142/1 )0: Type I.. some .:-U,F' and <:ameli d bones.

1 ·32/1 '3i3: Type I/II.. a. f'ew came1M bone .. bola .. and small manos.

1 ·3~>1144: Type I .. sht•imp

148l1 sa: Type I.. o bsidie.n f't•agmet1t.

146/167, 1501158.. 146/160 .. 143/1~>2, 140/146 .. 1'37/142 .. 146/159, M~>/16~· .. 1·38/148: Typi<:a1 type I.

Appendix 1

I I I I

I I I I I I 1 I I I I I

I I

I I / I

/ /

// / ,

,, / /

; .. --,, , ........ '

, ,

Cl UJ a:

.... I" ...

[] I\"

e

f\) [ ~ ~

C9 9 ,... Q.

D C1J

C\I l ~ II

0 . Q.

0

·~ c: __ i I ~

=

96

97

98

.·

· .. ;

2

0 3Cm.

99

~r 0

,... ~"' II co I ,...

c.. 0

] . .......

... 0

102

~--1 ----=--

. .· . .

~ .. ,;.:):..·::.:;.:

I 11 1\ I II l\

ft t, I '1 lt

: :: \\ : ~\

II

~­

~

. .

' QI

··----===-­.-------=·· I()

~\ "'

--~

!::: ·­

I

I

I I

I

' ' I I

~ ~\ ~ ~~~ ID ••

!2 ·:.-•• ~

105

e

!!1 co [ ~

• ~

... a.

106

IC 1

P1

1. P 1.. Estuqui'fia Bo·w·l. 2. P 1 0=2. Tric:ofor de1 Sur Pon:ibaw:1 (J•on1ba1Ja Trii::o'lor). 3. P 1 .. 0::::: 2. Est I.IQ 1,1Hj;~ Bo·v/I. 4. P 1- 0=2. Trkc•lor dt.:l Sur P•:irob;:itJa.

p -

1 . p 1 - 0 = 3 . EiO\•l l . 5 YR 4/2 dark reddfah gra1J. Fine burnished pa~;te color. E11Jrni=~hed pa~;te color.

Medi um sand 1 ::;ome quartzite. 15.5 cm.

2. p 1- 0=3. sm u:::tani ~11)1 IJ(;hrome plate. Interior. 5 YR 6/6 reddish IJellO'•tl. Fi nel IJ burnished paste e:olor \•lith black botanical de~d9ns. Ei u r ni stied pa~;te co 1 or Fi ne sa rid.. ti l ;;:ic: ~:: mi c:a.

Tsi::hopi k .. 1946:25.

3. P 1-0=3. Bo··dl. I Ei u r ni ~: hed pa~:te i::o 1 or .

Burnished p;:i::;te color 'w'ith bl;:ick line. 11 cm.

·1 0 F.~ 4/2 ·w·eak red.

Fine sand, blae~~ mic:a.

4. P1-0=3. lnka(?). Plate Fragment. Interior. 5 YF.~ 7/6 reddi::;h iJellow. I Y ~~ 6 I 6 light. red s l i p ·w·i t. h b 1 ac: k 1 i ne .. po 1 i ::; hed.

Y~~ red burni::ihed sli ~·· Fine :~and .. black mii::;:t.

5. Poroba1Ja Tric:olor del Sur(E:derior). 5 Y~~ 6/6 reddish 'Jellow. li9htl IJ 'w'i ped paste color. 10 R 4/6 red ::.li ~' 'N'it.h bl;:tck line \•liH1 fwjitive ~dhit.e outli n1 n1j. Fi rrel 'J burni$hed.

: medium :~and .. quartzite.

6. Pl-0:.::3. E:o· ..... ·1 (Exterior). I Burni::;hed paste i::1:ilc1r.

Fine sand .. black mica.

· 10 R 4/2 ·.,.,.·eak red. B1Jrnished paste color with black line.

11 cm.

7. P1-0=3. EiO'w'l. 5 YR 4/1 dark gray. I 2.5 VR red ::ili~• .. ~11i~1ed.

(Sho·w·n) 5 v~~ 6/2 pinkish 1jra1J slip·' sli1jhtl IJ burnished. Fine sand .. b'lac:k mii::a. 12c:m.

a. P1-0=3.Trii::olor del Sur. ~Jar? 2.5 Yk~ 5/8 red. I '•Ni ped paste co 1 or.

(Sh1:i•w·n) Fi nel 'J burnished 10 ~~ 4/:3 red ~;lip ·w·it.h blac:k and fugitive ·w·tiite 1i ne dec:on:ition. Vfhite outlines the ti lac:~~ c:ro::;s- h;:itc:hi ng.

: Fine ~;and .. 'Jello\\•' mii::::t. Approxi matel 'J 13 i::m.

A~1pendi:r.: 1

107

9. P 1-· 0::.::3.Trii::olcir del :3ur .. Jar cir nec:k. GraiJ core '•1lit.h YR 6/8 li9ht red ::;urfai::e. I : '1N'i ped paste color.

(sho·w·n) Polished 10 ~~ 4/6 red slip ·w·it.h black and fugitive ·w·hite outlining. : Medi um :::and, blac:k mic::i.

10. P 1- 0=3. Estuqufri;:i bo\1ll. Burnished 1 0 ~! 6/ 4 ~·ale red slip.

med. ::;and .. black mica and ::;c1me quartz.

11 . P 1=0=3.E::;f.uqui?ia bo·w·l. I 2.5 '·t~~ 5/6 burnished red.

Medi um ~ia nd .. mi ca.

12. P 1- 0=3.E::ot.uqui'rii:i Bo\·ll. I 'Wiped 1 0 ~~ 5/8 red slip.

: Fine :3and, quartzlt.e.

1 3. P 1- 0=3.Estuquffia Bo·w·l. I Burnished ··,·'R 5/ 4 reddi:3h bro\·ln slip.

Fi ne :::and.• b 1 ai:: k mi ca.

1 4. P 1 - I}= 3. E::;t. uq ufna tu:i\111.

I Burnished 10 ~! 4/6 red. Medi urn :3and .. blac~: mica.

15. P 1-0=3.E~;t.uqui"fia Bo·w·l. I \·Vi ped 5 Y~~ reddish bro·w·n slip.

a1:1tm,in.Ar coarse sand, black mk:3.

16. P 1- 0=3.Est.uqui'riti bo\1ll. I Burnished 10 ~~ 5/8 red :31i ~··

Coarse sand, me~1 um :sand.

17. P 1- 0= 3.E::;tuq11i·na bo\·ll. I 1 0 R 5 / 8 red s 1 i p.

!lli!m'ntl:llr. Medi um ::::3nd .. blai::k mii::::i.

1 i3. P 1-0=3. Strap handle of \•lat.er jar ( ?) . I Blackened .. ·w·i ped.

Fine sand, quartzite.

19. P 1-0=3. Stra~· handle (If ·w·ater j::ir ( ?) . I '•Ni ped paste co 1 or.

Fine ~·and .. blac:k mica.

1 0 R 5/ 4 vleiJk red to 7 .5VF.~ 6/2: Burnished 1 0 ~~ 4/6 red slip.

1 2 cm.

5 Y~'. 5/6 iJello·w· red. Same as interior.

16 em.

7.SYR 5/4 bn•\•ln. Burni::;hed red slip.

16 cm.

7.5Y~~ 4/2 dark bro'·lln. Same as interior.

14i::m.

5 VR 6/ 4 light reddish bro~lln. Same ::is i nter·ior.

12 cm.

7 .SV~~ 5/ 4 brown. Bl ac ke ned reddfa h s li p.

11 (:ffl.

7.S'v'R 5/4 brO\\•'rt.

Bl;:ickened reddish slip. 11 cm.

7.SY~~ 5/2 bro·w·n. S;rn1e as interior.

16 i::m.

5 V~~ 5/4 reddish brown. 10 ~~ 4/8 red burnished.

5 V~~ IJellO'w'i:Sh red. 1 0 ~~ 4/8 red burnished slip.

20. P 1- 0=3.Bowl. 5 VR 5/3. I 1 0 ~! 4/8 burnished red slip.

1 O ~~ 4/ 4 2 cm. b1Jrni:3hed red band to li•jhtl 'J trurni~;hed ~·a~;te color. iPmnll%ir Coarse and medium ::>and .. blac:k mii::a. 1 t: i:::rn.

Appendix 1

108

:21. EiO'w'l. 1 0 ~'. 5/6 red burnished.

Coa r~a:'.! ;3 nd medi tJ m sand .. 'Je 11 o·w· mi ca. 17 cm.

p 1 - I)= 3. 80'•/l l. 5 VR 6/4. I Si:ime il$ interior.

Very coarse .. coarse and medium sand .. some yello\•/ mica. 14 c:m.

P 1- 0=3. Eio\·ll 'w'ith ::;h;:irp i nc:urvi ng rim. 5 Y~~ 6/3. I 2. 5 V~~ 4/6 burnished :5li p.

7.5V~~ 6/t.: lip band .. 1.3 c:m to7.5V~~ 5/2 burnished ~;lip. Co;:irne sand J mi ea. 15 cm.

24. P 1- O= 3. Straight ::cided bo·w·l. 5 Y~~ 6/ 4. 1o~~4/i3 ·11gtitl1J burni~;t1ed red lip band .. 1 cm '•llide to finel1J wiped pa:::t.e col1)r. 1 0 ~!. 4/8 burnished :~lip. Medi um :~and .. blac:k mica.

0=3.Bo·w·l. Smudged paste color, lightl 'J burni~:hed.

Fl ne 8and~ black mica.

2.5 Y~~ 4/2 ·w·eak red. 5 VR 4/2 yellowish red .. burni:::hed.

14c:m.

26. P 1-0=3.Bo'w'l. 5 YR 6/6 reddish yello .... 1.

I 1 o R 4/ a red. 10 R 4/t: red band,. burni::ahed t.o burnished paste i::olor.

IPlrllllllllll'IW- • medium sand .. black mica. 15 cm.

27. P1 ··0=3.Bo·w·l. 5 Y~~ 6/4 lii~ht reddi~;h brov1n. YR 4/8 red burnished band, 3 cm 'w'ide to burnished paste 1::t)lor. 'YR 4/8 red burni::ihed band, 1.5 r::m vlide t.o burni::ohed ~ri:i::;t.e ·~olor. Medi um 8and .. black: mic;~. 16 cm.

2;:). P 1 - 0=3,B.:•\·l1 . 5 YR 6 / 6 red dis tt IJ011 C1'w1•

I 10 ~~ 4/ 4 ·w·eak red sli r1 .. b1Jrnished. 10 ~~ 4/4· ..... ·eak red 2 c:m bandJ burnished band to5YR 7/4 pink slight.liJ burnished slip.

Fine sand. 17 c:m.

29. P 1-0=3. Bo\·ll. YR 5/6 red.

30.

31.

I Burnished paste c:olor. 2 c:m band 1OR4/4 weak red to b1Jrnished paste color.

medium :'and. 1 B cm.

P 1- 0=3.Bo·w·l. I 1 0 ~~ 5 / 8 red .. \H'i ped.

2'. i::m band 1 O R 5/8 to li1Jhtl IJ burnished p;~ste. Medi urn sand.

P 1- 0=3.Bo'w'l. I 1 0 R 5/8 burnished red.

Medi um :sand.

5 YR 6/6 reddish 'Jello·w·.

17 em.

5 YR 6/6 reddi::;h iJello'w'. ~~ed 2 i::m burn. band fo burn. paste.

14c:m.

Appendix 1

109

p 1- 0=3.80\·ll. 5 v~~ 6/ 4 liqht reddhh bro'w'rl. I 'W'i ped past.e co 1 or .

Anh 1ru1•r. Medi IJffl :::::ind. 13 i::m.

P 1- 0=3.BO'lll. 5 VR 6/ 4 light reddish bro·w·n. 1 0 ~! 4/8 burnfahed red.

~'.ed burnished 1.4 cm band to b1Jrnished paste. Medi um sand .. b 1 ac: k mi i::a. 1 4 cm.

34. P 1- 0=3.Elo·w·l. I 1 0 ~~ 6/ 4 ~·ale red slip, burnished

Medi um ::•and) bl;jC:~~ ·mica.

P 1- 0=3.Bo'w'l. I

Medi um ::;and .. qua rt.zi te.

10 R 5/8 red b1Jrnished.

7 .5\"~'. 5/6 st.roniJ bro\·ln. Burni::.hed past.e ci:•lor.

18 cm.

7.5 VR 6/4 light brn·w·n. \··~~ 5/6 red burnist1ed.

5 Y~'. 6/4 light. reddish bro\u·n.

Burnished red band .. 3 c:m \u'ide to bur ni:~hed paste color. Medi 11m sand. 14 i::m.

:57. P1-0=3.Bo·w·l. I 10 ~~ 4/ 4 ··11eak red burnished.

Fine sand.

38. P 1- 0=3.Bo·v11. I 1 .4 cm wide 5 YR 7 / 4 band to wipe pa~;te.

Medi um sand.

39. P 1- 0=3. Bo·w·l. I

7.5 YR 312 dart.: brown. Blac:kend reddish slip.

17 c:m.

5 VR 4/2 dark reddish ·~r&tJ. 'Wi ped ~li:iste.

15 cm.

5 YR 4/ 1 dark graiJ. Burnished pa::;t.e.

15 i::rn.

40. P1-0=3.Bo·w·l. 7.5 VR 7/4 Pink. I 10 R 5/8 red) 'w'i ped.

Red band 2 cm \•lide b1Jrni::ihed to li•Jhtl 'J burnished pa::;t.e. Medi um sand .. black: mica. 15 cm.

41. P 1- 0=3.Bo\vl. I Vv'i pe.d pa~;te.

Coarse sand, black mica.

P 1- 0=3.Bo'w'l. I 10 R 4/6 redJ b1Jrni:~hed.

Fine sand.

5 V R 7/ 4 pi n k. En ac: ke ned .. b 1J r ni shed paste.

20 cm.

5 YR 5/6 yello'w'ish red. Same a~; i nt.erior.

12 cm.

A~1pendix 1

110

P 1- 0~3.B0\·11. 5 Y~~ re.ddi:3h bro·w·n. 2 .5 Y~~ 4/8 burnished red. Same a::: interior.

Medi um sand. 14cm.

44. P 1- 0=3.BO'w'l. 1 o R 6/6 1i1Jht red. I 1 O ~~ 5/8 red burni:,hed.

· Medi um ~:arrdJ mica.

41:' . .J. P 1- 0=3.Bowl.

I : 1 0 R 5/8 red burni::;hed. fine sand .. black mici3.

46. P 1- 0=3.Bo'w'l. I 10 R 5/8 red 1i9ht red burnfahed.

Medi um sand .. black mica.

47. P 1-11=3.Strai•jht sided bowl. I Y~~ 4/8 red burnished.

Medi um ::.and .. quartzite.

48. P 1- 0=i3.Bo'w'l. I 10 R 5/8 red burnfahed.

Medi um sand .. mica.

Same ;::J:~ interior. a c:m.

2.5 VR 5/a red. Same a::; interior.

14cm.

7.5 YR 5/ 4 brn'v/n. Sarne Mi nt.erior.

17 cm.

7. 5 Y~~ 6/ 4 light. brn\·tn. Same as interior.

11 cm.

7. 5 YR 5 l 6 :~t ro ng brown . Same as i nteri•)r.

49. P 1- 0=3.Bo\·ll base. 2.5 VP 4/ 4 reddi::;h bro··,/n. I 'W'i pe.d .. blackened. Burnished pa::;te.

P>m1111Pr Fine sand .. black mica. .... ......... 'II' ....... 12 cm.

sm ustani Black on Red Bo\vl. 5 YR 6/ 4 light red. (::ih•)'w'n) blac:k: over finely burrilshed YR 6/4 red sli ~'· 2.5 YR 6/4 red burnished :~lip .. rnw~h base. ne ~;and .. some ··,·1hite inc:lu::;ions.

T:~i::hopi k 1946.: .Julien 197Et. 15 c:rr1.

2. P 1 - 0=5.Bo'w'l. Sill ust.sni varietif7 I Bur ni~•hed ~1a~:te c:olor.

,;::lollii'llln.JP>r Medi um :3and.

3. P 1- 0=5. Tric:olor del Sur Poroba1Ja? Open bo\/I?

5 V~~ 6/ 4 light reddish brC1'w'n. (sho·w·n) black over red, burni:::hed.

12 cm.

VR 6/ 4 light reddish bro·.,.,1n ·w·ith dark core. (Shown) 1 O ~~ 4/ 4 red s 1 i ~· .. p1)0r1 y b 1J r ni ~; hed. (~ihO'•lln) black and \•lhite over red slip .. poorl 'J burnished.

Coa n:e t.o medi um ~:and. An•Jle and diameter indeterminate.

4. P 1- 0=5. "Chil pe bo\1,d ". I (Shown) burnished paste col•)r.

Poorl1J b1Jrnished .. ::a:ime pitting .. pa:~te. i::1:ilor. 17 cm.

1 O F.'. 5/6 red to dar~:: gratJ i::i:1re. : Fine to c:oar:se :sand.

Appendix 1

1 1 1

5. P 1- 0=5. '.:iillu:~tar1i variet1{? .Jar or c:up. 1 O ~~ 5/6 red to 5 Y~~ 6/2 (Sho\·tn) black over polished paste . I YF~ gra1J .. rough.

Fine to c:oarse ::;and.

6. P 1 - 0=5. S'ill u::it.ani blac:k on red plate .. pre- I nc:a. 5 YR 7 / 1 1 i g ht g r::i y to V ~! 6 / 4 light red bro\\•' Ii.

(Sho·w·n) poli~·hed paste c:olor \vith black lines. 'v'enJ slight burni::ih to rough_, pitted paste c:olor.

Fine ::'.iand .. 'Jello'w' mic:a. 21 c:m.

7. P 1- 0=5. I nka plate. Y~~ 6/E: light. red. (Sh1)'w'n) 2.5 Y~~ 5/6 red and blac~: 1)ver paste color J ~·oli::;hed. Polished pa3t.e i::olor. fine sand, some 'Jelfow rnii::11.

8. P 1- 0=5. Decorated fragment. I Finely 'w'i ped ~·ast.e c:olor. ne sand .. some 'w'hit.e i nc:l usion:3.

(Sh1:i\1ln) black over fineliJ b1Jrni:::hed 2.5 VR 4/4 red yello'w' ::•li~·

9. P 1- 0=5. I nc:a plate. 5 V~~ 5/3 reddi::;h bro•wn. (Sho·w·n) red 1 OR4/8 i:ind blac~~ over paste color .. poli~;hed. Poli::ihed ~·a:~te color. Fine sand, some mica.

10. P 1- 0=5. Estuqufria bc•\·ll. 1 O R 4/ 4 weak red. I Burnished paste. Medi um sand .. \1l hi te qua rt.z.

(Shown) burni::;hed pa~;f.e \·lith blac:k band.

11. P ·1- 0=5.Fra9ment. .• Poc:oma style.. 10 ~~ 5/6 red. I Wiped 7.5 YR 7/2pin~::ish1Jra1J slip. . Fine to med sand.

(Sho~11n) polfahed \\11th 10 R 4/4vlt:ak red .. black over 5 YR 7/3 pink slip.

12. P 1- 0=5. Olla ::;trap handle. Y~~ 418 li1Jht. red. I Vii ped past.e c:olor.

Medi um ::;and.

Pl-5 (

Bl ac ke ned paste co 1 or .. 'w'i ped. 19 c:m.

1. P 1- 10. Gent.ilar jar or olla. 10 R 6/6 li9ht. red.

•) .:...

7 ·-··

(Shown) .. black over poorly · ..... ·i ped paste color. (Sho\•ln) .. Dar~: red .. black and white over fine 'w'i pe.

Fine sand .. :~ome calcareous i nc:l usions. 8 cm neck.

.Jar . 1 i ~· b1Jr ni:::hed .. bodtJ rouqh paste color. Burnished horizontal .. carbonized.

Medi 1Jm to coarse ~iand .. ~;c1me 'Jell(•\\•' mica.

1 O. Chi ri ba1Ja fragmE!nt? J:.~ough paste c:ol•:ir.

Medi JJ m ::ia nd .. ~;o me ·w· hi te i ni:: l tJsi o fl~i.

7 .5 Y~~ 7 /2 pinkish 1~ray.

2.5 YR 4/4 reddi~;h brown. (Shown) .. finely poli:shed.

Appendix 1

112

4. 10. Decorated Estuquifia bo\./I. 2.5 V~~ 4/4 reddhh bro·wir1. Burnished red slip. Fine to medium sand.

V~~ 6/6 light red ~·lip burni~;hed ·w·ith blac:k linear design~:.

5. Trii::olor del Sur, PorobarJa. Probable jar neck. 5 VR 5/6 yello'•llish red. I V·li ped paste color.

Burni~;hed 1 o R 4/6 red sli ~·· Yellow mica .. $3nd.

6. Tricoli:1r del Sur .. Poroba1Ja. \n/iped paste color. 10 Y~~ 3/2 dark reddish bro·w·n.

V~~ reddish graiJ to VR 5/ 4 red bnYw'n burnished ~:lip. Yello'w' mic:;:i .. some ··1lhite inc:lu::iloM .. fine sand.

7 - 28. Various bo'vll and jar/olla rims. A'll red slipped burnished to fine burnished, exterior .. \·li ped to fi ne b tJ r ni stied .. i nte ri or. Paste:3 var 'J from b rovl n to reddish tr nYw' n:

7. lnteric1r/exterior burni~;hed .. 11 c:m diam. 8. Interior fine \•li ped .. exterior burnished, 14 cm diam. 9. Interior w·i ~·ed .. exterior burnfahed .. 15 i::m diam.

1 O. Interior \v'i ~·ed, exterior fine \•Ii ped. 11 . Interior \vi ~·ed, exterior \vi ped, 1 6 c:m dii!m. 12. Interior '•diped .. exterior 'vliped, 13 cm diam. 1 3. Interior fi nel IJ b1Jrnished, exterior streakiJ burni~;hed .. 14 cm diam. 14. I nt.erfor /exterior light burnished .. 21 cm diam. 15. I nteric•r /exteric1r fine burnished .. 14 c:m diam. 16. Interior /exterior light burnished / 15 cm diam. 17. Interior burnished .. exterior burn band ( c:m) to burnfahed pa~;te color .. i3 c:rr1 diam. 18. Interior fine burni~;hed, exterior burn vertical nee~~, hori2ontal li~• .. 12 cm diam 1.9. Interior/exterior burnished .. 15 cm diam. 20. Interior /exterior burnished, 21 cm diam. 21 . Interior /exterior burnished .. 22 c:m diam.

Interior /exteric•r burni::;hed .. 16 c:m diam. 23. Interior burnished /exterior ·w·i ~·ed.. c:m diam. 24. Interior/exterior burnished .. 16 cm diam. 2 5. I nte ri or 'w'i ped .. e:de ri or rough , 2 6 cm diam. 26. Interior/exterior burni~;hedJ 1 ~;cm diam. ~~7. Interior/ \•li ped / exterior vertical burni::.hed.

5. E:~t.1Jq1Ji'fia bo'w'l. Fine 'w'i ped/burni:shed 7. 5 VR ::.li ~'·

iJe 11 O\·l mi ca .. medi um ::i& nd.

P1- 1

7 .5 y~~ 5/i3. Burni:shed reddi=~h slip.

16 cm.

1. 1. Sill u~;f.ani black c•n red .. tn)\\•'l. 5 VR 3/ 1 veriJ dark 1jn:t1J. (Sho·w·n) .. poli:3hed black on 5 VR 4/3 reddish bro\1ln. Rowjh burnished (::a)me ~·itti ng) 5 YF.'. 4/3 slip.

Fine ::.and .. 'vlhite incl u::.ion~;. 16 c:m. ira. 111111r•a-u,.· Tscho~1i k 1946:26.

Appendix 1

1 1

2. P 1- 6. B1:i\•ll. Tricolor del Sur- Porob::HJ& ( ?) . I (Sho\·tn) .• black and ·w·hite on red b1Jrnished.

9c:m.

3. Est IJQ IJi 'ri;::t bO\•ll. VR 4/8 red. Burnished paste color.

Fine sand 1 1Jellc1·.,...· mica and white incl usion:s.

4. P 1- 6. Estuqui·fo~ bo·w·l. 2.5 Yk~ 6/6 light red. I Burnished paste color. Burnished YR 4/8 red slip.

iJellow mica .. \n'hite i nc:l usioM. 1 2 cm.

5. P 1- 6. E::ituqurri;:i bo\,~l. 5 VR 6/2 pinkish 9ra1J. Int: 2.5 V~~ 4/8 red slip burnished 1 O cm.

(Sho·w·n:) ,light burnish ·w·ith red band,Mme smudgi n1J. Fi ne sand.. iJe 11 o'w' mi ca .• sc• me 'w' hi t.e i nc 1 u::ii 1j ns.

6 ·13. Various bo·w·ls .. red slipped burnished to fine burnished .. both interior and exterior.

6. Interior b1Jrnished) exterior i::m red band b11rnished .. 13 c:m diam. 7. Interior/exterior burnished, 15 cm diam. 8. Interior /exterii:1r poor burnished .. 18 c:m diam. 9. Interior /exterior 'vli ped .. diameter 12 c:m.

1 0. Interior b1Jrnished .. exterior \vi ped .. diameter 15 cm. 11. Interior /exterior burnished, diameter 14. 12. Interior b1Jrni:::hed ·w·ith 3 cm band .. exteirior burnished, 11 i::m diam. 1 !. Interior '•Iii pedJexterior b1Jrnished) diameter 12 c:m.

14 - Various jar or olla rims .• red ::.lipped burnished on both sides to unsli pped.

14. Interior burnished .. exterior wiped .. 24em diam. 15. Interior/exterior wiped .. 16 cm diam. 1 6. I nte rio r 2 cm red b::i nd to paste co 1 or.. bu mis hed; exterior \•li ped. 2 9 cm diam. 17. Interior/exterior ri:i1J9h_, 1JnsliN•ed, 19 cm diam. 18. Interior/exterior burnished, 19 em diam. 19. I nteri•:rr \•li ~·ed .. exterior b1Jrni:::hed some ::imudgi ng .. 21 i::m diam. 20. Interior 'w'iped .. slipped .• exterior rough unslipped.. cm diam. ;21. Interior/exterior ro1J1Jt1, 1Jn::;lipped, diameter> 30 cm.

Interior/exterior burnished .. slipped .. 16 c:m diE!m.

32. Vario1Js bases red slipped burnished on both sides to unburnished) unsli pped. Bottom of ba::;e a 1 ::a) u n::: 1 i p ~·ed.

23. Interior/exterior burnished, sli~·ped, 9 i::m base diam. 24. Carbonized .. 12 cm base diam. 25. Interior /e::i::terior~ burnished .. slipped. 26. Interior /exterior rough_. unsli pped. 27. Interior /exterior b1Jrnishe.d .. ~·lipped.

Appendix 1

114

2:3. Interior/exterior ·w·iped 1 un::ilipped .. 13 cm ba::;e diam. Interior roUtJh uMli pped .. exterior burni~;hed ::.lipped .. 1 O cm diam.

30. Interior /exterior burnished :~lipped .. 12 cm base diam. 31. I nter1or /exteric•r burnhhed sli ~·ped.

. ~. L.

Interior/ ·w·i pedJ exterior ti1Jrnished slipped) 1 O c:m ba::;e di:Jm.

P1 7 101

11. .Jar. ·w·i ped paste color, traces of red pigment on lip. Hori zi:• nt::i l b 1J mi::: hi n9 e nti re ve.s~:E! l .. 2. 5 V ~~ 6 / 6 li •J ht red s 1 i ~· J ~;o me firi n•J ~:~·oh.

: Fine ~;andJ occasional mica.

11. Jar 7.5 VR 7/4 pink . \Ni ped pa~;te co 1 or . Burnished horizont;:il 1 o ~~ 5/6 red

Vellci· ..... · mica .• black mica .. fine sand.

3. P 1 - 7= 11. Cup 7.5 YR 7/4 pink. I v~··i ped pa:::te c:o 1 or. Vertic:al burnish 2.5 Y~~ 5/6 red :slip.

Amlnll:l!r YellO'w' rnii::aJ ·~uartz.

4. P 1 - 7= 11. Bootpot. 5YR7/4. I \···ti ped paste C•) lo r ~Ni ped pa~;te co 1 or , c:a r bo ni zed. •m 11111.a.r Sand and mica.

5. Data rJnavailable.

6. P 1~·7=4. Bootpot. 5 YR 6/4. I V·/i ped past.e c:o 1 i:• r. Sand and mica.

Poorl 'J burnished paste color .. carbonized.

7. P 1- 7=4. Open Estuqui'fie bo·w·l. 10 R 5/6. I Bur ni shed ~·aste co 1or/s1 i p 'w'i th 1 . a i:: m 1 i ~' band.

Burnished paste color/slip ·w·ith cm red band. Sand.

8. P 1- 7=6. Olla. 2.5 YR 5/EI. Heavily carbonized \•lith traces of red slip. Poorly 'w'i ped paste color.

Coa r:~e sa rid and sc• me mi c:ai::eo u~; i nc: l @i 1) ns.

9. P 1- 7=9. BC•'w'l. 2.5 \"~~ 4/6. I Burnished sides ·w·ith ··ui ped base. Burnished 2.5 YR red slip.

Fine to me.di um sand.

P1-1 1

1 . P 1 - 1 9 = 3. Sill usta ni Pol 1Ji:: h ro me ~· 1 ate. 7. 5 Y ~~ 6 / 2. I (Shown). Polished 7 /5 V~~ N7- N6 li•Jht. 1Jra1J ::;lip \v'ith 5 YR 4/ 4 red bro·w·n de~d•Jns.

Appendix 1

115

7.5 V~~ 7/2 pinkish 9ra1J (pa::;te color). PoorltJ ·w·iped. Fine sand. T::a::hopi k ( 1

Tschopi k's "rough" corresponds to "poorl 'J \\ti ped".

2. Pl-1 Tricolor del Sur PorobatJ•:S 5 YR 5/4. I V·li ped paste i::olor. Medi um to •):iar::;e sand.

Finely burnished black design over 1 0 ~! 4/6 red slip.

3. P 1- 1 9: Data unavailable

4. Base. 5 R 3/2. Poor 1 y 'w'i ped p::i~:te r::o 1 or. Poor 1 iJ 'w'i ped paste c:i:• 1 or .

Medi 1J m to c:o;:i rse sand.

P1-21.

1. P 1 - 20=5. San Miguel lip fragment. VF~ 5/8. I (Sho·w·n) (bottom). Burni~;hed blac:k over ~·a:~te c:cilor red 'i'lith ·w·hite dots.

(Sho·w·n). Black over 1 0 ~~ 4/6 red slip. Fine sand. E: (:ffl.

2. P 1- 20=2. I nka or Sill 1J~;f.ani plate fn~·Jment. YR 5/8. I (Sho\•ln). Polished red (dark::• and gray (sti pled) over 'w'hite.

Polished pa~;te i::olor '•1lith thin red li ~· band 1/21~m. Fine :3and. Diam: 18 cm.

3. P 1- 20=2. San Miguel fra•~ment. 2.5 Y~~ 5/8. I Fine.liJ 'w'iped paste c:olor.

(Sho·w·n). Finely '•di ~u~d oninge (1i nes) .. blac:~:: (black) ;:snd 'w'hite (white) over red (~;ti~·pled) .

. Fine sand .. calcareous inclusions ;rnd black mica.

4. P 1- 20=21. Sill ushrni Plate. 5 VF~ 7 /2.

5.

Int.: (Shown). Black over 1 O ~~ 3/6 dark red. Finel1J b1Jrnished. Ext.: Poorl 'J burnished 1 0 YR 3/6 dark red.

Sand. 16 c:m.

v~~ 5/8. Burnished black over red ::;lip.

6 - 21 Vario1J~; ri rn and ba:ses from P 1- 20.

P1-21. - 1

2. Pl-21 .Jar V~~ 4/4. I V'l''i ped paste c:olor 'w'it.h i nt.ernal red 1 i::m lip band.

Burnished paste color. Temper:Vello·w· mica .. cuartz and med ::;;;snd.

Appendix 1

116

3. P 1- 21 . Tricolor del Sur PorobatJa. 10 ~~ Vv'i ped paste color. Fi nel 'J burnished 10 ~~ 4/6 red slip.

Fi ne :::and .. tJe 11 O'w' mi c:::i.

4. 5 VR 6/4. Rough paste color. Sho·w·n. fineliJ btJrnished 10 R 4/4\•lea~: red ::.lip ·w·itt1 blai::Y.: de~;ign.

Medi um :9and. R1Jden 1947: 287.

5. Pl-21 Same as 147.

6 - 9 Various Sill ustani black-on-red.

10.

11.

1? ....

Jar rim. 5 V~! 5/3. (Sho·w·n). Fine burni::.hed pa~;te color 'w'ith lip band. Interior ha~· fire cloudi n1J. Wi ped paste i::c1 l c1 r. Medi um :9a nd.

14cm.

21 '1Ni ped paste color.

: Medi um, q1Jartz .. mica.

. I nka plate. (Sho\v'n). Polished dark 1Jra1J over red.

Fine ::;and .. ye 11 o·w· mi i::a.

2.5 \"~~ 6/6. 'W'i ped 'w'i th i ni::i si o M.

12i::m.

2.5 YR 5/8 . Fine \·li ped paste c:o lo r.

13 ~ 16 E:::t.uqurria bo'w'h. 14 - 21 .Jar or Olla li p~i.

- 25 \i'arfou$ bases.

P1- 1

13. Sill u~;tani blai::~::-and-·w·hite-c1n- red. 10 ~~ 6/6. (Shown). fine burnished black and ·w·hite (dots) over 1 0 ~~ 4/6 slip. Slightl 'J burni8hed, sc•me pit.tin·~ ~·a~:te color.

· Yello\•l micaJ fine sand. 15.5 cm. Tsi::ho~1i k ( 1946:27).

2. Pl-28=7. San t1i1~uel(?). 1oR5/4. I Wiped pa:,te color.

(Sho'·llrt). Li1Jht red (sti N•led) J black ;Jr1d white over '•/leak red (1i ne~;). Fine sand. 1 O cm.

3. P 1 - 28=4. Strap handle. I 'Wi ped paste c:o 1 or . Medi um sand.

(Sho'w'n). Burnished and decorated ··1lith black linear designs.

4 -17. P 1- 28. Various bowl ;;ind jar forms.

Appendix 1

118

P2, unit 1 is 1o(:a.ted in the southeast side of in a 1inea:t' gmut> of 7 rooms (see 8 & 33). Unit 1 ~;res vet•y "'.'tell "Y.rit.h no eyidence of disturbe11<:e from

lootet·s, (:8.Ctus ot• othei~ agencies. Disturba.n(:e from i11k:it 1oc1ting: a.nd cactus is pa1·tk:­u1Ei.:r1y sevet·e on othet' t•ooms on the site.

The ar<:hite·:::ture v;1as similar to Poroba.ya. {Pt) "?lith doubte-rov;1e<l, unse1e~~ted 1c1(:;:;1ly e."irai1a.b1e stones. Thet·e "'ilf:JS extenshre use of' t'hyolite in the door (:ot·nets ar.1.d in the elf the walls, but unlike PL there "'lfl8S no e"ilide:n(:e of gt'i:nding stones in(~ot·pot·a.ted into the wa11. Extet·iot· wells ei.ve:1:·e.ge 30 - ·3:,, (:fil wide .. a.sin Pl. As "Vtith yi:t·tu•:illy all rnoms on P2, the bask: ru·d1ite(:tu1·al pattet·n '7il82 a.1ru·ge/smal1 (:onjoi:ned room .. "Y.ri th a door"Y.'8.Y in 'bet"?1eer1.

Thet·e were '3 doorv.··ays in the t•oom, the fi:1:·st of v.··hkh leads to a. passage"Yl8."'!l and "?lf:Ji!. vfrtu .. ~11y identi<:e1 to the "?.'est side of P1-6. This doot· "Y.'82 the main 8.(:(:ess into the room from the extet•iot· .. '7fl8S ao c:m "W·ide a:t1d (:ot•net•ed "W·ith i'h"~ .. oUte bloa:::ks. The S8(:0:nd door "Y.'82 in terne1 to the t•oom (:onne<::tine: the small et• room to the ( "Vtestern) room. Thefe "W·as a. thit·d doo:r in the south '7fla11 from the small t•oom to a.n exterim· tet't'Et.(:e. This dciot• "'fros sealed.

Fea.ture 1 "'ires (:omposed of 2 hee.:1:·ths and 8. possible ove:n plus (:et·emk:s 8.:1:1d bone i:K:(:Um u1a.tions neru· the he;:i1·th.s. This Cf\i'en was made of cine lru·ge stone next to a pe1·al-1e11>:roj e<:ting wa11 from the north extet'ior "7.'811. A 1a.:1:·ge ne.tural rc•<:k was found in the cot·ne:t• undet· the v. .. all and i:n the surf'a.(:e C•f' the a.rea ... v.··hk:h v.··as burned and had a. thin le.yet· of fine .. type I ash. In ft·ont of' the rod:".: wes a.10 <=m deep a2h pit "7.'hk:h ma.y he:ve set·ved e.s the heat sout•a:::e for the oye:n.

The hearth 130/13:., "?.res a. type I/II e.nd pro>lided e. C-14 sample of e. <=e.:1:·bonized st.k:1:::. Heat·th 136/143 "W'82 vit·tua11y identk:al to the a.hove dein:isit. The o·:x:m·i·e:nce of 3 hea1·ths I in. the a.:1:·ea stt·engthens the likelihood that the welled featm·e was e.t1 O'le:n, giYe:n the eth:noa.t'(:ha.eologi(:al study ref'et•t•ed to a.'bo .... ;re. At 1 '35 (:m the:ee "7.te:1:·e 2 large r.~e:t·amk vessels .. (::rad:ed a11d in situ c1n the f1oot•. They i9.ppe8red to ha.ve been sitting "W·ith one inside the othe:1:·. It is pcissi'ble tr.u:..t these we:1:·e "lining" a stot·age pit i9.t"ea ... ot• so delimited sud.1. a.r.1. a.t·ea. These i:::eeami(:S "Vte:re unde(:ot·a.ted .. utiHte.t·ian "Y.'e.t·es.

Fea.ture 2 was. loca.ted c1pposite f'eatm·e 1 in the south v.··all at1d defined a ;,~ooking: a.:1:·ea. made up c1f a. long prnjei:::ting ,;re11.. 4 hee.:rths 01· f'fre pit.s .. en a.bove gi·ound "fte.lled area. a:t1d several ma11os. The "?la11ed 8.:l:'ea. "Yras r.::onstt'U(:ted out of small, m.0:1:·ta.t·ed stones, a depe.:1:·tm·e ft•om the usue1 stone sle.b constt'U<:tions. The ru·ea soil to the floot• eu1d induding the f1oot•, in this featui·e .. v. .. as (:ompletely dee11 ex(:ept for some (:a.t•bon r.::h unks. This welled area,. es "'ite11 es the featut·e in gene1·e1, "Vtes built in f':t'on t of' a. sealed doo1·,-lay indi(:ating that this ·:::Mking ru·ea wa:s la.ter tha:t1 the original (:on­stt·u..:::tion of' the t•oom. The door "?te.S sealed "Y.'ith stone e.r1d (:lay mortru·--thet·e "'fles no obser1.i'B.b1e a1·tifa.cts in the setit althc1u.:;:h the doot· "Yras not ex(:a.vated out.

Hea.:1:·th 140/149 was a good ty·pe I ·:jeposit with fine a.sh end (:fa(::ked .. burnt bone. The:1:·e v.··es also some i:.~ .. ~_,~v bone a.t the b82e. Hea:t·th 136/140 "W'as also a type I.. but v. .. ith less a.sh end pie(:es of' wood fragments sti11 p1·ese1·ved. Heei·th 1 '3~,/140 had mi:•:l:'e (:h.ru·a.<:­teristi~~s of a t·fpe II ash deposit although some fine ash "?l82 present a11d th.e:re v.··es no b'l.u·nt (:18.y. Sut•t•ou:nding this ash "?tet·e 3 smell .. he.n<l si:?:ed menos. Hee.t·th 1 Jt/140 .. the lru·gest of the 4, "W'a:s simi1a:t• to 13:./140 in (:om.position.

fea.t.ure 2 (:ompt'ised a.t1 ideal kit(:hen 8.t'ee. WJ>f.~ia11~r found in EstuquHia pedod sites a.:nd pi-'edated by those found in Pa. These 8.re (:}l;:i.ra .. :~tetized by i:i. na:t•t•o"\\·' .. intet·:nal pt•ojeGting W811 delimiting a set·ies of of ash deposits. Note the simi1a1·it.y of this fe;:i.ture to Pl-20, f'e.a.ture L PEHO. f'eEt.ture 1 a.nd Pi3-1 L featui·e 1.

appendix 2

119

3 'Yl8S t•:r a.n 8.i'ea. with simi1a1· r.::h::i.t·a(:tet·- istk: as oven in f'eamre 1 \itith a. slab stone 7.X'a.11i:t.:nda1a1·ge .. mi.tn~:i11y o<:(:u1·1·ing exposm·e ov·er 'Ylhkh the "W'a.11 "Wvas. constru.:::ted. This rnd~ took up almost :.o % of the fil"ea. of the f'ea.mn:.. Like fea.tut·e 1 .. thet·e '7j/8:S a. ma.j 01· a.sh deposit in the "Wra11ed 8.i'ea. This heath ( 117/136) "W':?Js 8. type I/ I I "W'i th small f'ra.gmen ts of' ca.i·bonized "W·ood. .Also found in the f'ea.mt·e v;.ras a ma110 (17 x 12 x 5 (:fil) f'rom a :ri"v"et· (:obt)le .. -w·ith hea.'·":" use wea.t· on one side. In some a.t·ea.s of the:1:·e a compact mixtut·e of b::il{ed .. reddish t:·1·0-w·n c:lay .. small ca.rt.on i:::hun1~s a.nd sma.11 but·nt pebbles. This is a typical indka.tm· of' a type II ash deposit . .Also found in the fee.tut·e .. ::i.t 122 cm .. was a. non-1ci(:a1 ·:~:1:·ypto(:t·ysta11ine rnck tha.t had been hea.ted t1) a. high tempe:ram1·e and rapidly <X•o1ed. Hearth 148/1 :12 .. located in front of the "W'-::t11 deli mi ting ·3 "'lflas a. t"':tpe I I -with a. le.rge qua1uity of' t.~amelid bone e.:n.d <:a:rbon (:ompa.cted into a. :reddish bro~rn i:::la.y.

Feati.u·e 4 he.d simila.:r chei,a.cte:ristks to featut•es 1 ;:i.nd 3 with t-w·c• large hea.t•ths in f'mnt of a. na.tura.1 t)ed1·ock out(:rc•p . .Ash pit ot· hea.i·th 12·:,i/l J3 -w·as baska.11;t a. type II deposit "'lftith a. large quantity of (:erbon chunl~s .. "ma.dei-o (:halso" .. and some small qua.:ntities of' fine ash. It appeared simi18.i1 in function to the hea.t·ths in ft·om of' the natm·a1 stone in the othet· 2 fee.tures ei1ong the "W'a11.

Hea1·th 14~,/149 -w·as e. t;(pe I/II.. simii81· to othet· pits (12'3/143.. 1'36/140 et·:~.) except that thefe was a.lot of bm·nt v·egeta.1 ma.tter .. probably f.::Jiu a.nd se(:o:ndly .. there 'Ylet·e f'i•agmems of two lai·ge .. utilita.t•ia.:n vessels .. pt·obabl'y· olla.s .. ~'hich 7.X'ere 1ef't in situ in pc•si ti on simi18.i' to P8-10 feature 1 .

rea.tm·e 5 t•efers to the southeast con1er of the small :rnom delineated b""f a. line of' stm1e features 1 a.nd :I a.nd <:hei'a(:terized by an a.tove got·l..md .. walled a.t•ea .. 3 heat·ths a.nd seYera.1 grinding: stcines. He8.i'th 145/150 -wras a. type I -w·ith a.lot of fine ash .. but·nt utiHta.:t·ie.n cet•a.mk: fragments .. a.nd burnt (:amelid tone. There wet·e 2 sma.11 manos lo(:ated in f1oot· (:on text :nee.:r the l1eru·t11 e.t 144 i:::m.

Hearth 146/1 :.1 .. a type I deposit.. 'V'fl".~:S found inside the a.t·ea. defined by a. sma.11.. lo"W· .. t'Cf'w' of' stone. The a.t•tif'ai:::ts found i:n this a.res. '7j/e:1:·e simi1a.t· to the rest of' the f'ea.mre .. but in a gt•ea.tly t•edu..:::ed quar.1.tity. The line of' stone was o:::onstructed out of' vet•y small fist­sized t·oa:::l::s .. one i·o~r ~ride 8.ild one (~ou1·se high .. 18.id inti::1 the f1001· sut•f'a.(:e. The1·e "f.refe no other a.t•tif'a!=~ts found in the area ..

Heru·th 15~·/161 ~ras lo(;ated in the extreme southeast ·8ot·ne1·. It ·:;ont;~ined i:::a.t•bon chunks .. but·nt da.y a.nd little fine ash and "W'8S a type I/II deposit. .Also found in feature 5 "f.'fJS a sma.11 pfoje(:ting stone from the eest. exterim· wall Vlith a. 7?:··01·n 1·ive1· (:ObNe i:n<:ot•pm·a.ted in to the ffoot· .. unde:r the stone. This may h.a.ve se:rved to "prote(:t" or isolate the southeast <:m·ne1· a.sh pit.

This entfre side of the unit was (~0Ye:1:·ed "W'ith a.sh of va.:1:·ying intensities indica.ting a veqr heavy"' use as a. domesti<: coc•l::ing area .. There vras no suggestion tha.t this 'Vfl8.S a.ny material other tha.:n or:::r:::upationa.1 refuse from (:OOking--a. bu:1:·nt roof ()J11a.pse slwuld have sp:1:·ea.d ovet· to the target· t•oom a.:rea. Li1::e~:rise .. post oci:::upational dumping i;rou1d not have been restrk:ted to just this one side i:1f the unit.

In contt•;:i,st to this side with conside1·a.b1e ash .. the 1•;;.reste:1:·n side of' the unit "Vilas vfrtusily fea.tut·eless and quite dea.n. Th.e:1:·e wet•e t"Wro hearths .. of -w·hk:h the southern­most (15:>/158) ~ras a. t"'fpe II while the other (1~·~>/162) '?las a. t;tpe I/II. The f1oor 7.X··es. extt•emel~ ...... well developed ha.Ying a. v"e:1:·y herd textu:1:·e and dea.:rly distin~~t from post­oc.:::upationa1 slump '7j/hi<:h ~··as ·:~onsi<let·ably soft.et· neat· the f1001·. Othe1· a.rtifa.:::ts of' note indude a. Goppet• ft•a.gment.. JJipt.-..'i· m· non-1o(:a.1 pla.:1:1t se.p .. a complete Ha.ma. ma.n­di b le .. non-local c:1:·yp toc1·ysta.11ine que.rtzi ti<:: t·ocl'~ .. a.n d several grin ding stones. There '7il8S a. large .. na.tm·a1 bed:t'o<:k in the nm·th "W"BSt .:~m·ner whk:h -w·as not leveled off o:t• utilized in at1 v discernabie fashion.

Commetit: This t•oom .. pei·ha.ps more than any othet' in the Otot·a. exc;:i.Yations .. offers e. ve:1:·y fun<::tiona1 diff'et·ention bet-w·een t.he internal divisions. In this (:ese hi:•wevet· .. the pa.ttei·n suggested by the ex<:8."•ta.tions in PEH'.:,9..10 . .11 is t•eversed -w·ith (:oc1l::ing oGcU:t'ing in the sma11 section while other 8.(:tivities O(:(:ut· in the le1·ge 1·oom.

appendix 2

108/1 1

108/1

95/100,90/97. 1

appendix 2

121

Also found in this i·oom ,;1e:re seven teen m•:i.:rws 0:1:· pounding stones a.:nd qua.tuit;t equ:i1 to t.11a.t four.1.d in Porota.ya (P1 :'.

Commentary: This :room is not;:i.ble. fot· its high 1eve1 of (:·ur la1·ge numbet· grinding stones .. hee.:rths .. a.t~o~re ground su·uo:::tures .. a.nd the t•;:i.dk:8l1"'f diff'e:eent dom·i:re.y. The ar<:ha.eologk:al eviden(:e indkates an intensi"o!e.1y utilized .. pe:1:·ma.:n.ent1y O(:<:upied i·oom. The ite11 ma.de and distinctive 1::it<:hen area. and m.lmet·ol.:is hearths thtough1:iut the t•oom may be indi<:a.tive of' eithet• a communal <:ooking a.t•ea feat• this room (:11.:istet" m· that such in tensi "'v'"e 1.:ise typifies 1·ooms on this site. Certai:n1 "f .. P2-1 ;:ilso had a ve:ry qua.ntity of domestk: :t•efl~e .. is (:ompe1·a.b1e levels to this unit. Thet·e­f'ot·e .. the nanu·e of P2-2 Yis 'a. vis the othet· tooms in this (:lt:istet' m.1.:ist t'emai:n p1·0Me-matk due to the 1o~,. sam.p1e of' excava.ted moms on this site. -

appendix 2

122

. ,

0

, '

'\ ... ,,.

11111 II

10

P2 3Cll'l.

Unit 1 (f'igu1·e '34) is lo·:~ated on the third dCtmestk te:rt'8.c:e almost dite(:tl y in the (~entet" Ctf the site. The we11 e.t•<:hitei:::tut'e is r.::hei.t·e.r.~tet•ized by sme11et• 1o(:e1 fieklstr:ir.tes .. at the t>a.se tv,;lo t·o-w·s a.cross with a. v,;lidth a.ppi·oximating :.o (:m. The room is div'ided by an intet'ir:r:r ,;.ra11 a.ppt·oxima.te1y '30 (:m gi"V'ing the of' the 1a1·ge/sma11 pait•ed :room on a. lineat· tei·:race. The sma11e:1:· se<:tion, t•:i as side A, "'il82 3.25 x 4.00 min dimension ·~rhile the se(:ond.. side (B) meesm·ed 450 x 550 m. Bet;~;.reen these internal 1·ooms Vilas. a. doonr.:cy in the intet·:na1 v,;la1160 (:m -w·ide, next to the not·th side. The pt'in<:ipa1 8.(:cess ft•om the exteriot· "ftas in the r.tot·thwest side e.:n 80 (:m "{'tide doot·i;.ray, (:onstru<:ted v,;li th la.:rget", selected stone.

The "fta11 (~Ct11e.pse is a.ppi-oxima.te1y· 70 (:m thid:~ af'tet" whkh the Yok:a.t1k ash of Huayna.putina. extends fot' ~> c:m more 01· less evenly e.<:ross the room. The 1i'ting floor "fros.1c1(:a.ted bet"?..reen 171 and 190 cm below de.tum 8.(:ross the t•oom with an e.ppt'oxima.te 20 ·:~m slope fo:t'"?.'at'd to-w·a.:rd the ft•on t tert·a.<:e (nofth).

1 is a bek•'lft f1oot· dst tomb lo<:e.ted in the fer south side a.butting the -,;•ell. The tomb v,;/aJJ. in ta<:t ca.pped by tv,;lo stones covering an area 85 x 40 (:m. The dst itself was "?.•e11 (:onstru<:ted, oval (55 x 70 <:m) "?tith. some eviden<:e of "fta.tet• f'iltt•e.tion. The bi:rdy was a.bot·igina11y ~rrapped and mummified, in a. flexed position f·foba.bly upright fa.dng no:eth or east judging by the 1o(:e.tion of the remains. The long bones we:t"e in the north., the ribs at1d "i,,et·teb:t·al <:o1umn on the south wall and the <:t•a.nium f'e.(~e do-w·n in the center with the 10·,;;ret• mandible up the south~.rest we11. A Chfribaye. vessel -W"OS 1oi::::ated in the S.S.E. side a.nd a ~1ooden .. ~-et"l..7' (see <:era.m.h:: des(~riptions belo"'il) was found in the N .E. <:or:ne:r. Also f•:il.md in t.:he tomb we:t·e red slipped .. bu:1:·nished (:et·amic f't•a.gments at1d some uti1itat·ia.:n, (:e.rbonized ones.

The cist was '-~onstrt:K=ted a.t the bas.e of the natut"e1 bedt'O(:k in the south side ei.nd cra<:ks aJ1d fissures -wrere utilized fo:r the intet•ment. The tomb is <:1eat•ly wsocia.ted -w·ith the p:rindpal o(x:upe.tion of' the t•oom .. Le. it is not intrusive nor is e.ny e.t'(:ha.eo-logi <:al in di (:a.ti on th.at it was. earlier.

Fea.ture 2 was assigned toe. hea.t·th at·ea 250 cm f:rom the no:rth "?.re11 on the west side. One ash. deposit was a.pf)roximate1y 2;. x 30 (::fil in dimension f't•om whio:::h ~··e :recov­et·ed a. large qu.,.n ti ty of (:et·amk ft·e.gmen ts .. bone etc. typke1 fot• type I ashes. A type I deposit is d1at'e.cterized by hea'rf (:oncenti·ations of fine ash, ver:.r sme11 bone spli:nters i:i.nd minimal <.:h.e.t·coa.1 (:hunks. l';rpe II .. on the othet• hand .. a.:re chare.ctet•ized b;l e. le.t•ge numbe:rs of chat'(:oa.1 fragments, less fine ash, i:::eramk fragments at1d la.t·ger hone fragments. These t"ftO types of' ash deposits may (:ot•t•espond to open fire vet·sus oven ot· dosed at·ea t>urrJ.ing res1)e<:ti'P ... "ely. This a.sh. a.butted the ~lest l.'a11 a.:nd continued underneath indkating the.t the "?.'a11 "ftes probe.b1y (:onst:t·ui:::ted le.tet· t.he.:n the forme.tion of' this p&tk:u1at· heat·th. Anc1thef 1a.rger ash pit (100 x 70 ·:~m) l.'es 1c1(:ated in this same ru·ee. from whi<:h "?.te :t'e(:(tvet·ed e. number of Sen Miguel ft·agments. This (:era:oo.k style is therefot•e dire(:t1y ;:._sso·:~iated v,;lith the prindpa1 O(:C:Upation of' the site.

Fea.tui·e '3 is the dept•essio:n in the not•th ot• front pert of the t•oom "?.'hich wes minimally 45 (~m deep in the ·:~enter 1·e1ati ve to the t•est of the f1oor. Such. det>t·essions e1·e (:o:mmon in the highest i·oom gt·oup on Pl (see e.ppendix 1 ). There wa2 no differ­en<::e in soil textm·e 01· ru•tif'ai:::tua.1 remaitls between this feature a.nd the sm·1·ou:1:1ding f1oo:r ru·ee ..

The rest i:1f the wh deposits in this side of the t•1:iom were ty·pe I (:he1·a.(:te:rized b .. :r hee.Yy <=Otl<~ent:ee.tions of' highly (:ei1·bonized o:t· "?.•'hite a.sh, but•nt bone fre.gments and (:at•bonized (:ern.m.k: she1·ds. l)J.t•iously, the:1:·e l. .. et·e no g1·inding stones i:n this side of the t'OO:fil.

The sma11et" division of this t·oom had the same genet·81 depositional ch;:i.t·e.cter­istks as the la1·ger t"oom. Pa.t•a.11e1 to the initie1 di vision "fta11 is ci.t10thet· .. m 1J(:h fower wall th.at remains pt'oblema.tic. Th.is se.con·:j "?.·'all ~,r;:._s (:1ee.r1y a.b1:ive f1001· (:or.ttext during

o<::(:upa.tion of' mom. It is possi Me the.t it to an toom .::,.,~ •• - ... - .• ~ .::.1' 0 ... 1 "??i th tett'e.<:19 a.di acen t to east of' this i·oom.

1 is a.:n oven .. ( 1 a·2 /200) located against the south "Yta11 in bet"Yleen the t-w"C1 i:ntei·n81 -w·811s. Its f'ot'm is ovoid, a.pproxima.tely 22 (:m in diameter a.:nd ·=~onsu·u<:ted "Ylith individual fie1dstones and day moi·tar. In this over.t thet•e -w·as e.bunde.nt gra.y ash .. post-f'ii·ing <:a.rbonized (:eram.k: fi·a.gments .. r.::a:rbon .. bone Cf'i,rer a charred na.mra1 (~1a.y. A la.:t·ge bo-w·1 fragment was. also found in the O'Y"Bfl <:ontext

Feature 2 is a pc1ssib1e O"'.<en (109/116) s1ight1y no1·th of the first one also the two internal "9:··a11s. Unlike the former cr"v ... en .. this one has a typical type I a.sh deposit and no a.ssocie.ted <:oUa.r stones .. _but there "'X·"ere several burnt loose fieMstones nearby.

:Fe::i.tu.re ·3 is a. below f1oor dst tomb .. poody in the NE <=ornei· of the mom. The tomb "'X''OS ·:~a.pped by t"'.10 stones in a. typii:::81 fashion. Adja1.~ent to but belo"'X' the top of stones a:nd outside of the cist W8Jl. a.n o:t·a.nge s1ippe<l (:et·amk: (:Up. Inside th.e tomb '!X,.et·e '\rery poo1·1y prese1·ved ·:::t·ania. f'ra.gments f1·om a.n·inf'ant and othei· irt•e(:ove.1·a.b1e t>one .. along "Ylith a. gt·a.y, soft fill. There "Ylet'e no 0th.et· <=on tents .. a.t lee.st none p1·ese1·ved. Like P 1 .. there is a. possi t>ili ty that this -w·as f'ot·mer1 y a. storage pit lat.et <:onvet·ted to a. tomb. The dst v;1as ovoid.. x 28 (:m i:n dimension .. 48 <:m deep and (:onstnicted "?rith a pi:rca. masonry.

Heru:·th 169/20~, "'il8$ a type I/type II -w·hi<:h included a variable ash (:0101· a.:nd text­ure .. ·ve1·y small maize cobs .. ca.m.elid bone a.:nd bu1·m and 1 . .mbu:rnt cera.m.i(: fragments.

Heru:·th 170/202 .. lo<:ated next to the east wall in the cente:e had •:C. diameter of 50 x 120 (:m and was also a. combination type I/ Type II ash ·deposit. This hearth contained

::t11d bone ru:1d most dra.m.a.tk:aliy 1:. (:omplete cu,Ji"·crariia ... 9 of which '}rnt·e \rery large ones .. prcibably b1·ed f'or (:etemonial purpcises. The hea.rth was. sitting dh·e(:tl y over naturai bedrock.

Hearth 172 /21 O was 40 x 90 cm in dimension on the north "?/811. This is a. type I I with t)'"'f'i<:e1 <::hai·a(:tet·istk:s a.nd in<:luded a large bo-w1 fragmer.tt.

Hearth 171 /175 .. a mixture of type I e.nd II is 90 x 1 ';iO cm in dimension "'X··ith a.:n ;:i.bundance of compa<:t <~a.t·bon fragments. A numbe:r of' significant artif'a.(:ts were re"~overed from this secure f1ooi· (:on.text: a t•ed slipped "glass" 01· cup .. gt•inding stone, madne she1t a.nd two stone mortars a.nd .:.·ur :remains.

Heatths 186/210 a.nd 206/218 wei·e both type II deposits. Also found in this side were four m8.f.los ai1d a ti .... fi·ts:ti.. suffer .. a. molle(wood) frag­

ment and a sma.11 metal pin (4 cm long) that "Ylas eithet· a. very fine br1Jnze or lo"'X·· gt·ade si1vei· a11oy.

Both units P4-4 ru:1d "Yle:re excavated late in the field sea.son ;:u;1<l we wei·e (:Onsequently una.ble to in·:~ot·poi·a.te the data. into the qu.:i.ntita.tive tabulati1:ins in the apper.tdices. The following room des(:riptions howev"Bf' .. fb11o-w· the same format as othet· a.b1J"le.

P4-4 (figure 36) was lo<:ated on the lowest. terra.<:e on the northern side of the site. The t•oom "'X'8S. originally ma.pped as t"'X·'C1 sepa.t·a.te ones .. but after the (:o11apse a:nd vo1-<=ar.tk ::i.sh -w·as. .:::1eru:· .. it -w·as evident that this architeo:::tut•a1 g1·oup constituted e. single, la.:rge i·oom "'X•'itll an intrusive proto-chu.1pa (featui·e 2) in the centet•.

The room. -w·as inta(:t, eX(:ept for the pt·oto-(:hu1pe. whkh -V:48S. completely looted out. The f't•ont (no:rth) ";;tall was also intent:iona11·y imod~ed do"?m, tut. I intet·pi·et this to ha.ve' been ;:i. destr'IJ(:tion a.ssodated with the <:•::instruction cif fea.tui·e 2. The e1·d1i te(:ture -w·as. simila.t• to cither i·ooms on the site--1inea.t· tet't'a(:es with wide .. small stone a.:1:1d moi·ta.t· walls ::c.ppi·oxima.te1 y ~)O cm -w·ide.

Appendix 3

1 "Yl8S a. be1o"fr ground dst tomb in "flhkh the top of the Yitos "Yle11 ::i.bccve f1oof le"i.rel ( 15 ·:~m hi:=::het·). It thetefore -w·ou.1 d to h ve a.:n in t.:rusi ·\<e ·t.omb. The feature sui·fa<:e w·a.s :.1 (:min diameter and W'F!J$. (:omposed of one (:8.p-stone .. a sma11et· ca.psto:ne a.nd a. thi:rd sma.11 rod~ fitted up against the t1·m to ;:i_

double stone At·ound the en tfre base of the ca.pst•:ines was a.r.L deposit ithi(:h a.n ea.:r1iet· feature distut·t:.ed \!then the tomb -w·as (:onstt·ucted.

The dst itself' "7il8S 30 <:m i:n dia:m.ete!' <:onstt•1..:i..:::ted out of sm::ilt we.11 moi·t::u·ed stone and i:i.pproximatel~\., 50 cm Curious1"r"' .. the f'ifst fi·ve ems of the tomb fi11 YilfJS e. "<,re17 fine 1amina.ted send, clee1·1y a.ri aeolian de.position .. indk:::i.ting the.t the tomb have 1ef't exosed for a. <::o:nside1·atle petio<l of' time inte:i:·me:nt an·:j ca.pping. Ct·:mia.1 fr::i.gments of an ir.1.fan.t o:r neonate -w·:':!Js. found in the noi·th side of the i:::ist asso<:ia.ted "Y:'ith a <::amelid ma11dib1e a.bo·v·e. In the N .N .Vn., ... N .N .E .a.:nd south sides of the pit. there were sma11 .. 1o<:::i.1i2ed (:8.<:hes of (:·u,F' bone "W'ith arti(:ulated v-e:rtebra.e .. ribs .. <:1·a11ia. and other tone. Thet·e were no ·:~e:ramic vessels 8.lthough tht·ee ca:i:·t:·onized f'rag:ments we:1:·e found neai· the skull. The fa<:t that thete -wrere <:on<:entrations of' 1:,"u,1,.·a.nd three burnt i:~etamic f:ragments in this undisturbed pit would not to t:·e fot•tui tous.

reatl.u·e 2 "Y:1as. assigned to the pt·oto-chulpa in the <:enter- of the :1:·oom. This "W'as vei·y simi1a1· in constn:K:tion to a p:1:·oto-d1u1pa just outside of the room (figu:t·es 1 '3 -15). This tomb had been looted ;:i.:nd consequenU·f no a.bc1t•igina1 8.ftifacts '?/ere :1:·ei:::O"'l­et"ed. The shape of the <:ist was. Ct''Y"oid (60 x 75 <:m) with a.170 cm diametei-· en<:frding "7ira11. This oute:1:· wall -w-a:s approximate1·f 50 cm "Y:tide ma.de of single bt•idc stone .. se1e(:ted fot• 1.mifot•mity ai1d vet·y well mortai·ed. I estimate that the abodgine1 height -y,r;:i_s a.ppt·oxima.te1y 1 m abo·v·e the sut·fa<~e of the foom. Thet·e -w·a:s. no door or emra:1:1<:e a1 though a good pa.t·t of the wa.11 h::i.d i·emov"Bd from the looting:. The dst itself.. like most either subtei·1·anea.:n tombs .. v;/as. st.one lined .. a.pp:roximatel y 70 <=m deep from the f1oot• surface.

All of the proto-chulpas on this site have a ltJ~r terra(~e -w·ait 3.0 - 4.0 meters long in front (north) a:1:1d do-Ymslope of the tom t. A simi18.f effe<:t Yitas a.(:hieved "W'i th this intn:isive proto-d:i.u1pa. by t.:no<:~:ing om the tt·ont.. exteriot· "Y:'811 of unit 4 (see figut·e "37). That this se<:tion W8$ intentiona11y removed is dear from the sha:i:·p definition of the (:orne:t· of' the b:1:·o:ken se<:tion of the "i'811. There is a. cm dt·ot:· of the -w·a.11 section today the.t extends for '3 metet•s e.ct·oss the front of the pt·oto-d1u1~;a. The removed se<:tion lowered the "Y:tall se<:tion to f1oo:r level and the r-emaining -w·a.11 tase in ftont of the tomb "W"C•Uld have the same fan(:tion ai1d aesthetic quality as. the lo-w· tet•ra.<:e in front of the othet pfoto-chulpas on the site.

The rest of the rnom was quite dean .. except fot· occasional indk:ations of' p:t•evious do:mestk: i.:ise. The not·th side, nee.t· the N' .E. (:ornet· ha.d a la:i:·ger (:on·:~emra.tion of' debt•is such as (~e:ramk fragments .. d1ar..-::oat g:t·inding stones et(:. Thet·e was also the heru·th (type I) in -Y/lli<:ll feature 1 "Y:'SS intt·t:isiv-e. Othet· a.rtif'a(:ts in<:luded a ma.t•ine shell fr::igment and (:oppet· or:nament--:round .. about 3 (:min diameter -w·ith a sma.11 hole on the edge. :E'1oot· development was not as ·:~ompa.i:::t as othet· f1c1ors on the site .. but thet·e -w·as a modet·ate of pa.eking evideni:::ed by a texture at around 160 - 170 <:m bd.

Unit 5 (figure 37) is a. solita1·y t•oom .. high up on the site neru· the open p1az::i. ai·ea. ;:i.bo·v·e. The ~'a.11 (:onstt'uction ~r;9s similru· to the i-est of' the :t·ooms on the site ex·:~ept that the S.E. ·:::oi·ne:t· of the room '?las t•oun<led, unlike most t·ooms on the site -w·hi<:h have squa1·ed cot·net·s. The "Y:talls themselves "Y:ret·e of' sma11 stone .. hee.vil""~" mot·ta:i:·ed ::i.ppi·oxim::i.te1 y ;.o (:m ~'ide.

Appendix 3

"'lfl8Jl. one entt·a.:n(:e to the rooms in the SV,1 <:ornet', a. :t•;:i.t·e of the Ot.01·a Valley i:r.1. doorw::i.ys are •:i1most a1'7fla.ys in the (:enter of' the w::i11.

doorw·ay did :not ::i.ngu1a.r o:r f1atsided <=01·ne1· stones .. but (:orisisted of 'Xra11 stones mm·ta.t·ed in a. typi<:::i1 fashion. Thet·e 'X"::is no e"liden(~e of' distu1·ban(:e

1 "'Yl8.S. one of two (:i:1njoined .. above gound -wreJ.1 a1·ea.s in the N .W. <~o:t·ne:t•. Belov.;;·· the vol(:a.nic ash "files. a. sof't.. ye11owish post-oc(:upa.tionel fill "filith little 8.i'tifa.ctw:i1 :1:·emai:ns. Be1o-w· this "W'S.Sa. de.rke:t· .. mm·e (:ompa<:t fill that constituted the original f1001·

1eve1. Thet·e 'h•'Bt'e ash deposits in the east side of the feature ar.1.d a.n inc11·dina.ntly 18.i·ge qua:t1tit~ ...... of <=et•::i.m.k In the -w·est side .. a. bui·nt cu,1•7 skull -w·as asscidated ,;ti th a. g1·i:n din:::: stc•ne.

- It is i>ossi Me that the f'ea.tu:t·e -w·as. (:onst:t·u<:ted ove:t· the as.h ot• that the ash p:t·esen t in the feature wes p8.i·t of an oven. lvr:.r impt·ession is tha.t the feature wes a. le.te:t· (:onstt'U(:tion used subsequently a.s a. stoi·age ::i.:rea .. Since we f1::il10-w·ed a pn1<:tke of not destroying 8.i1y· "W'811s .. it "fi.ras. impossible to detet·mine if the well continued o"' ... "Bt' the thin deposit of' a.sh or not.

Fea.tut·e 2 "fitas inapp1·opi'iatel;l assigned to 8. ro-w· of -w·a.11 (:C•llapse initia11·y· mistaken as a.n in ten:i.e.1 di ·vision.

Feature ·3 "fites assigned to a 18.i'ge type I ::i.sh deposit in the cen te1· of the room that induded four ash pits a11d a hea."Y;r con<:entration of' dispet·sed tht·oughout the i·oom. He::i.:rth 109/112 and 111ll15, in the '7ftest side, "thtet·e typi(:::i.1 type I deposits .. with a vet·;l high ·=:;rua.ntity of fine, he::i:· ...... ily ca1·bonized -w·hite ash. Hea1·ths 99/106 a.nd 106/113.. also type I.. 'f.refe distinguished 1Yy a da.~.., ... mo1·t8.i' sidi:1:1g slightly (by 5, (:m) raised 8.bov·e the iloor. The (:on tents we:1:·e simi1a.:t· to the f'o1·me:1:· t-w·o hea:rths. Thei·e w-c.1.s a <:t•ypto-i:~t·ysta11ine quartz pt•ima.i·y decot•tif'i(:a.tion f1a1~e .. -writh use -w·ear .. 011 the esh es "fite11. A butting the wall -w·as. 011 ant1et· .. probably from e. deet·.

feature 4 "files. a hea"'vv"' concentt•at.ion of (:efami(~ n·a2·ments. The t~::i.sic texture of the feature -w·a:s. the fine .. typka1 -w·hite a.sh of' type I deposits . .At the bas.e the (:le.y "fil8S. heavily d1a.rred to a. t•eddish t:.:1:·ov;;r11 colot· .. indk:a.tiYe of 8.f! intensiv·e f1t•ing. The featut·e <:onta.ined a numbei· ctf' burnt bone ft·a.gments 8.i1d (:e1·bonized <:eramk:s plus a.1a.t·ge que.tniry· of' ra.t·e ru·tif'acts .. 'f.thi(:h in·=~1uded a. cir<:ula.t· sh•:i.ped pounding stone .. a. ste.:t•-sha.ped ma.<:e hea.<t bcilas .. a deet• antler .. a pie(:e of' hematite U$ed prnba.bly as <:et•­ami<:: pigment, a 1a1·ge1· hammet·stc1ne, a spindle -..:;;rh01·1 ::u1d m::u·ine shell.. including a large spfra1 ·=~8.i'8.(:o1. There -wrete-;: <=c•n<:entra.tions of' vessel fragments that pt•oba.My "fi1-e:1:·e entire vessels left in situ at at8.i1donment.

Fea.tu:re 5 -w·as :::i.ssigned to a la.:rge dep:t•ession in the S.E. corner .. a.ppt•oxima.te1y 19 i:::m deep and 100 (~min dia.metet·. Inside the dept·ession v:1as a.18.i·ge .. red slipped a11d burnished vessel embedded into the day surface of' the side walls. This (:eramk: type probably 'h'as utilized as a. liquid stoi·age ja.t· and the depression f'llf.l.(:tioned a.s SU<~h. The soil fill above the ....... esse1 fre.gmen ts W8$ soft while the <:lay sides in to -w·hkh the (:e:t·ami<: ~.re1·e found -w·as vet·y cc1mpe.ct. Thet·e 'f.t-.:.Js no t'f'i,ret· sand.

Fe::i.tui·e 6 '7f1as large a.sh deposit tha.t ::i.butted the a.boye fea.tut·e. It "ilas ::i. type I.. but had little t:·one. Thet·e -w·;9s a high per(:entage of' cet·a.mi(:s .. (:a.t·bon (:hunks a.t1d a.t tea.st one but(:het·ed ..:~·ursku11. Feature 6 inexp1k:ably -w·as. as.soda.ted -w·ith f'ea.ttu·e ~·in that the lattef ~ras not intrusive although the ash f'tom fea.tl.u·e 6 '7j/8S found t•ight up to the side of' the depression. This is p1·ob1ematk: that thet·e is no eviden(:e of' ·:::a.:rtonization in the \ressel in f'ea.tlu·e 5.

Feature 7 '9:·'8f!. ar.1. above ground wa11ed f'ea.tm·e .. a.dja.cent to f'ea.tlu·e 1 and shaj•es the s8.me imerna1 "fita11. It 'f.•'82 consMe1·aN ... .,. ... differe:n t f'fom f'ea.tut·e 1 ~,.i th a vet·v clean f'i11.. :no i:::::i.:rbon .. bc•ne .. 0:1:· e.:t1d a. h::i.rJ.df'ul C•f' (:et·amks. The soil me.tt·ix Vilas. simiia.r to

Appendix 3

a othef tooms on the in Otofa ...

doned "\\•i th a. of sti111eft in situ .. 'l'-e'..1.~.'t• ·u .• ,5,.,,. 4

S .. and the t\\'O fragmented but f8(:onstt·ucta.b1e in the ea.st side a.t 12i3 and 125 <:m bd. Bot.h of 1a.ttet• ··~ret·e <:at•bonized o11a.s.

Unit~) (:ontai:ne(j a "'v"et'":t high quantity· of a.sh a.nd indf.:::ated an extt·emely· intense (:oo1d:ng e.nd but·r.dng domestic ::i.rea .. pt·obe.bly asso<:i:3.ted "With othet· units on the site. The t."\ilO a:ntlet·s "\'let·e the onty· ones f'ound in any Otot·a va11ey fooms ex(:a:v·a.ted. Deer ::i.re presently"" found only in the f'l..i:ti·afa:nds "W'811 the Otot·a "vaile~ ...... Equally :t•::i.re a.:nd exciting \\t:92 the hematite pigment "W'hia:::h f'i:1:•ed to a.:n identi<:e1 <:0101· a.s the slips on th.e Otot'8. pet·iod bo"W·ls. ::u1d in P8-11 a.nd P8-10 "W·as found the only ev·ide:n<:e fo:t• 1c1<:::U ma.:nut::i.(:m:1:·e of (:eramh~s .. ;:ilthough no (:e:t·amk w·;:i-.ste:1:·s "\ilet·e found in any of' the i·ooms exc::i.va.ted.

Appendix 3

129

1.

2.

3.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

13.

130

ueam over

color.

color.

as 10.

CERA:MIC DATA t'R011•1I KILOMETER 8 (P\)*

* .Additional ex.:::ava.tio:n da.ta. 1'li11 be pt•ese!nted i:n a fot·th(:oming ::i.:t•tk:1e by Luis 11/lata.ne.be and the autho1·.

132

E 0

[~

LO a..

134

CUESTA ALT A DE OTORA (P7)

TJ nit ·3 (f'igut·e ·3e) is a. soH ta1·y stf 1x:ture in the southeast of the site lo(:ated on e. s101~e high up on the Al though the room is r.1.ot joined to any othe:r stt·u.:::-m:re .. it is spatia11y assode.ted '?ti th a. sma.11 e:i,oup of i·ooms to the southeast.

The t•oom is 1·ough1 y sqll8j'e ( 4 .0 x 4 .5~ m ) .. i:::onst1·u(:ted out of 1o(:a1 .. uncut.. ur.1.sele(:~· te<l t•eddish g:ra.y 1·hyolite. The \Valls are ·=~m·viiinea:i:·, cou1·ses deep e.nd ::ct1(:ho1·ed into the subsoil belo'?l the liYi:ng sud·a.(:e. There is a. tendenc:~ ...... for a. double bt•kking ~rith slightly wi<Jef walls tha:i:1 those found a.t but <~et·teinly not as f'inel"'f' made a double bt•i<:king as found •3.t Pl a.:n.d P2. These walls would still be da.ssified a.s single trick. Thet·e is no attempt to se1e(:t stones for flatsidedness. AU ~.re11 stones a.rn pir<~a stone mm·ta:i:·ed. As '?lith the other stn:i.i:::tm·es on the site .. a11 walls are than 50 (:m high. The a.ssociated stone f'a11 :nea.r the mom would :not suggest ... ~;,r;:i11s highet· tha:n one metet· .. although no e\tiden<:e of (:a:ne 01· othe:t• pei'ishaNe building m::t.te:riais (apru·t ft om posts) ~ras. e'i,re:r re(:ovet·ed.

Thet·e are :no unequivo(:a1 ent:1:·a.t1ces in unit:.: although thet•e is a possible doo:r­~"8.y in the south side. The datum is on the northlf.rest cot·n.er of' the t•oom.

f eatut·e 1 is a small tom t 1o(:a.ted t.O"?la.td the ft· on t Of lO\\i' side of' the 1·01)m. This stone-lined .. dt•i:::u1at· dst was loc:a.ted belo'fl the floor a.t 132 cm belolf.t datum (hereaftet• 1•ef'e1·:1:·ed to simply as ·:~m). On the top of f'eatu:1:·e 1 '?las a 1a:i:·ge, single capstone .. a.pp:rox­imately ~)(Ix 70 <:min dimension .. un<=ut and ma.de out of a 1c1<:al rhyo1ite. The tomb 'fl8B

for an infa.nt 011 neonate. It measured }:I: (:m i:r.1. diemetet· a.nd about ~·O (:m made of unselected .. unmot•ta.t·ed fist sized stones.

The tomb ~res in ta(:t, el though the cist had filled in the in te1·men t due to the loose <:onstru(:tion of the "W"811 a.nd 1ad:;: of mortat· to prote(:t the (:ham be:r. Thet·e "W-ere f'e~' bones preserved .. most of ~'hi(:h -r1ere long tones in very poot·, almost it·:t·ecovet·­e.bie o:::ondi ti1Jn. Thet•e wi·e no skull or teeth fragments sl..:iggesting a. neonate. The body ~ .. as pla.<:ed upright and '\ret·ti<:a1 in the dst. There -ri1a2 no e"ilidence C•f' e.rf'>i" textile or othe:t• other offet•i:ng.. aithough prese:evation het·e is :not ideal. This is the only subffoo:e tomb o:n Cuesta A1 ta ..

Featut·e 2 is a11 abo·v·e ground stone waifed st:rl:i<:ture lo<:a.ted on the north "W'all. The featut'e is ma.de of se .. ..rera11a.rge~ flat stones one <:ou:t·se deep a:1:1d is i:iO x 72 cm in dimen-­sion. It is typi<:i:i1 of the mat1y above gt•otmd stru(:tu.i·es in i311 sites of the Po:robaya. 8j'ea .. Thet·e "W·as a clean post-o(:(:upationa1 fi11 to the f1oot· 1eYe1 '\\rhet·e thet'e ~ .. as a ·3-5 cm ash layer. This ash co:n teined one unidentified ~~arbonized seed and a1ot of (:ha.rc:oa1 at1d (:ha.r:red bone. Such a:1:1 a.sh lens is ra:i:·e i:n above g:t·ound features of' this nat&e and probatly indkates an oven 01· .:::ooking area,. simiiat• to the O'Y'B:tl featut•e in P~·-J

fea.nu·e ·3 is a.:nothet• abo"v'"e 2:rou:nd ~railed structure in the not'th ,; .. a11. The ~r;::d1 in this feature is thkke:r th•:i.:t1 in the 1ast stt'l:i<:ture .. but h::i.s only a 'fi (:m "Wide inte:t•io:t•. This f'eatu:re had a bm·:nt soil but there was no ash as in fea.mre 2. There ~,.ere .. ho"W'€!"'.fer .. •:i. :number of o:::h8i'(:oa1 fragments i:t1(:1uded in the fill although no 1ens or stratum ~ .. as f'oun~t There '?1-ere fe-w· (:et·a.m.i(:S Of bone i:n the m1 i3.SSO<:iate<j lf.tith this ;~t:i:·uc:ture.

Tht'ol.i.ghout the no:t•th side adja.cent to a.t1d bet'?leen f'ea.tu1·es 2 a.nd ·3lf.'8Sa1e.:t·ge a.sh deposit with tht·ee hea.:t•ths m· •:i.sh pi ts. It is (:u:i:·ious tha.t SlJ..(:h •311 intensive cooking or heating fire too~: place :nee.t· the featut·es supporting the idea that these ~re1·e oYens 01· .:::ooking stru.:::tui·es of some so:rt. Mote also tha.t the "W'a.11 stones of fea.ture 2 .. which had the ash lens .. did not test ovet• the outer ash deposit tut t'i:t.the:r ~ret·e a.nd1ot·ed into

Appendix 5

137

soil in di ca.ting that the vli":JS (:onstru..:::ted ot· "Yli th the extet·io1· de:posi t.

deposit is a. type 1 .. -w·ith Ye:t·y fine a.nd ~··ell (:at·bonized gray po-w·de1··y· ash simila.:t· to most other domesti(: units on the site. In the ash ,;re:1:·e but·m bone, a f'eYil (:•:i.:rbonfa:ed cet·e.mics and or:::<:a.sional i:::a.:rt)on (:hunks induding (:ompletely ca.:t·bonized but pt·eset·'.i'Bd sti(:k fragments. There ,;tas also some Ghru·1·e<11·cre:ic. The main a.sh pit in front of '3 was quite for rooms in this at·es.: 12 cm in the (:enter .. '30 cm wide ru1d a.pp1·oximately 100 ~~min length. It too .. like the rest the a.sh in unit J. Vilas a I deposit.

There •:ire~> othe:t" a.sh deposits in the :1:·oom .. •:i.11 of ,;.·hii:::h begin at a su1·p1·isingly uniform •:i.t·ound 11~· (:m. Each one is a type I -w·ith qua11tities of d:1ru·:red bone and Ho 'bu1·nt rode~ nor hearth stones were noted.

Ste:rile subsoil v/as :t•ee.<::hed a1·01.md (:m on the -wrest side .. giving an ::i.pproxi-ma.te1y 7 cm thic~: f1oot·. This Vilas not ;:;i. pt·ep•:ited f100:1:· .. but :1:·a.ther it deYe1oped thrnugh use and ~)a.c:king of deb:ris indicating e. fairly long pe:t'iod C•f use. The ste:1:·i1e subf1oo:1:· '7ilf:Jfl. clea.tly indk:a.ted ty· a soil ·:x1lot• a.:nd texture (:hange typic:a1 of most of' the rooms on the site: the ffoox· a.nd cu1tm·a11y modified subf1oor wes a 10'.fR 6/3 pale b:t••)W:n color .. he.i·d ru1d ,;re11 "?.rhf(:h slightly softer in the sutf100:1:·. In (:ontra.st the sted1e subsoil was (:ha.ra.<::ted2ed bV' a ltJYR '3/6 :reddish b:t'O"Y!:tl sc•il color e11d ha.d a v-rery f"t•iable texture.

In the east side of' the unit (ffont) the low part of the hill.. the na.tu:1:·al g:i:·ou:nd su1·fa.(:e gently <11·opped 2~,-~iO ·:~m f':rom bad: of the toom. This ft•ont a.t·ea. was raised up with a soft fill and loose stone ballast to f1oo:1:· level .. p:1:·obab1y at initial (:onstt'U(:tic1:n. This is a typk:•:i1 const:t·ui:::tion technique on su(:h step hillsides. lt1(:orpor­a.ted in the fill used to :1:·aise this at•ea was a1ot ctf midden including pottery f:1:·::i.gments .. <~a.me1id a.:t1d pet·ha.ps othe:1:· •:i.:nima1 bone, ru1ima1 teeth.. (:8.rbon (:hl.mks. In was in this ma.trix that the tomb (fea.tm·e 1) "Ylas located ::i.nd my impression is tha.t it -w·as intn:isive .. oi- some,;rhat 1a.te:t· that1 the initial constt·u<:tion in ,;rhi<:h this ba11e.st '7itas. utilized.

The f'ront -w·a11 is quite lo,;r. This is not met'e1 .. r due to post-o(:(:upationa1 ~xr11a.pse pa.tterns but ra.the:r the abot·iginal height of the wall a.ppeat·s to be lo-w·er then the b•:i.ck a:rea. (based o:n "?.tall <:o11apse quantities and similar patterning in othet· t•ooms the site). This p::i.tte:rn that thet·e for-wra:t•d-sla.nting roofs pet·ha.ps used to pt·oter:::t against O(:casiona1 torrential t•ains that o<:(:U:t' at·ou.n<1 De(:embe1·. Constt'U.(:tion te(:h­nique in ..... "C•l v-red exc::i.v·ating out the uppe:1:· pa.rt of the hi11side and com bir.dng this eat·th "?:·ith midden to 'bru11~ up the f1·ont pru·t. This front at•ea '7il82 then :1:·eenfor(:ed "?.tith a t•etai:ning -w'8.11 arid the 'be.ck excaYated se(:tion was :1:·a:ised with a. low· stone -w·ali. The eff'e(:t Vd$ to he.ve a more or less level 1"1001· su.t•f';:i.(:e ,;rith a. lowe:t· n·o:nt Yila11 ru1d hig:tLer t:.a.(:k -w·al1 gi Ying a presume.bl y sloping f'orwa.rd roof.

I:n the not·theast <::ot·:ner thet·e ,;rere t"?.ro f1a.t stones at, ot· slightly 'belo,;r,. floo:1:· 1eve1 02~' <:m). Their use :remains problematic but may have been used for gt·indi:ng s/.t; altlwugh no "rt/eat· ,;res evident. A simHru· bu.t bette:t· ma.de f'ear.ure '7il8S found in P1-79 and in P1-2B.

Unit 4 (figu:rl!i: is k•ca.ted in the nm·the:t·:n side c1f the site .. o:n ::i. iow teti'8.(:e in a group of 7 :1:·ooms. H -is a.pproximatel y 50 m up from the fit· st agri (:U1 nu·e1 te1·1•;:i.(:e and typifies most of the rocims in the site in size a.nd ;:iJ'<:hite<:tut·e.

The "f.·'8.lls at•e (:u.r-:.rilinea.i· .. llitll a high tn;.(:t~ 1:·'811 end lo"?.,. f'mnt ,;r;:i.11 ·similat' to that <les<:t'ibed fot• P7-3. The uppei· "Yls11 (south 0:1:· ba.<:k) conjoins a. i·oom (P7-::.) dfrect1y to the southeast sha1·in:;:: a <:ommon wa11. The walls ru"e one bt'i(:f.: wide ru1d stones a.ppear to he.ve been selected fo1· f1at sides. Like unit 1. P7-4 is built o:n a slope ::i.nd prnbabiy ha!:j a. sloping :i:·oof'.

Appendix 5

Appendix S

stones ot.he1· uni ts "X .. i th simile.:1:· constructions.

Vi'-:. is south of an abutting end is attached by a doot·"'W·ay. Tl1e de.tum was T.l1e same used fo:r P7-4 ir.1. the nc1rth"'W·est <=o:t•nei·. The unit 'Vilas undisturbed by 1oote:1:·s or root a.nd there "'W'ere no si.u·f'a.<~e art.ifa.(:ts except ft1t one grin<n:ng stone.

The fil'd1ite(:ture is similex· to P7-4 a.r.1.d they sha.:ee. the s;:ime ba.i:::k te1·1·a.<:e "w'811 :3J:1d 8. doo:r'!\"a:y. LU~e the rest of' the units on the site .. the building st.one is 1or:::a11·h"fo1ite.

rea.mre 1 ·71las a. sm;:i11 aboYe g1·01.md "X··e11ed st1·uctlu'e on the south side neat· the dom·wa.y. It was made of single stone slabs fit fairly well ti:1gethe:1:· with a. cla.y morte.:r. The in ten:i.al dimensions ru·e '3'3 x 40 o:::m .. the exte1·nal ones are 74 x 50 cm. The:t·e "'W"8S ve:1:·y little debris in this feature. The soil ma.t:t·ix 'Vilas. Yery loose .. dean filld the:i:·e "'W"e:t'e :r.1.0 disce1·na.ble (:0101· 01· texture changes inside the 'Vita11ed area. Contents in<:lu:jed a small qua:ntit~ ..... of' bu.t•f.1.t bone .. 8jld one ce:1:·amk: fragment.

Feature 2 Vilas a. above g:1:·01.md structure Vithi·:~h Vilas either a.1a.rge storage :3.t"ea. ot• a. pfil'tia11y destt·oyed sleepi:ng platfo:rm (:onstr1J,(~ted "With a midden fi11. It W8$ l30 cm "'W·ide f'mm the inside of' the e:ne1·io:1:· "v::ra.11 to the interior of the inte:t"nal we11. The "tvidth is tha.:n most stot·age a:t"e8$ a:1:1d the not•th "'W'ali is missing. The a:t•tif•:i.cts did not differ significantly from the rest of' the room: bone .. <~ei·amics and carbon chunks. The:re "'W'8S. .. ho"'W"E!Vet" .. a. small pie<:e of s1.Ufu:1:· found on the f1oor of the featui·e which is 1·e1·e in: Oti:i1·a. sites.

The f'frst lot above the f1oor had a.n inordine.te1 y high qua.:r! ti ty of at•tifa.<:ts. At 94 (:m th.et·e "X"8S e.1ru·ge g:1:·inding slab located on the west wa11 (bad::). This stone Viles <:t'a(:ked, "'With a well -w·ot·n de~:.ression on one side 0 (:m) and vos undc1ubted1y used a.s a. N~·.'{..$.11. The location a.:1:1d height of' the stone above the f1oot· suggests tha.t it 'Was in<~or­po:t·a.ted into the.bad~ wal18$ a building stone. Such a. use of bt•oken qrfnding stones in wall consti·uction is typi·:~al1y· f'ound in-the 1a.ter Estuquina pe:1:·iod sites. ""'

The room ha.d •:i. Hgh t <=Ofi(:en tt•e.tion of i:::fil•ton (:hunks throughout the f1oi:1r a1·ound 110 cm. At 134 ·:~m i:1:1 the east side nea1· the f:t•ont there 'Vilas e.n pit. ;:i,pprox-ima.te1y 40 x '30 <=m .. oYal vet·y deep e.nd extensive. This 'Was a type I as.h deposit with i9. ·vet·y fine Vi/hite to gt•;:i.yish ash. There ··(l;,re:1:·e no ce1·bon <:hunlrn i:n(:orpot·e.ted into this deposit although thet•e were <:e:rami<:s filld tm·nt bc•ne fil!d carbon f1ecks.

The natuta1 surf'a<:e Vilt-!$ '.i"El:t''Y' high in the "'W·est side a.t 119 cm. This surf'a.ce slopes do"W·n considerably to the front (15-;~o cm) a.:nd "'W'as similfil' to 0th.et· units on the site. Thet·e "v::fFJS a. small ror:::i~ be.Hast t•aising up this 1o"'W·e:r f'ron t pa.:i:·t of' the :1:·oom. Cu1·ious1 y,. this was <:onsidei·a.My de::i.:net· than the fill from P7-'3 and other other rooms on the site in "v::·'lti<=h the ft·ont..1ow ru·ea Yfl82 e.t•tif'i<:a11y t•aised.

Othet' f1oo1· context artifa<:ts included 8. piece of blue marine she11 (ve:t·y t::iJ:•e) and tv.ro grinding stones ot· m.a:t10s .. e::i.<:h "'W·ith "Xtea:t• on one side a:t1d 1.mN·o1~en.

Unit 6 'Vilas ::i. ·vet·y la:t·ge room. south of P7-.:t •3J:1d 5 in the middle of the group (:Oro.posed of rc•oms 9-6-10. This :t•1:iom is sep8.1'8.ted from unit 10 by a poo:riy wall .. pei·haps only a:tl intet·nal division. The '!\tall ru·chitei:::tui·e 'Viles similat· tci othet :t'ooms on the site: :rh~v"oiitk: stones 8il(:hornd in the back ex(:a.v·ated side a11d a.1owe:r f1·ont "l.t::ill .. suggesting ::i. f'orwru·d sloping i·oof'. The room is 'i"Elry square al though the "Xli:i11s themselves a1·e (:tu'"v"'iHnefil' like 811 the othet· rooms in the site a11d tht•c1ughout the ......... alley in gener;:i1. Both the ba.i:::1:: an.d front "X•'alls ::i.:i:·e shared Vi"ith units 9 •:ttld 10 meldng

Appendix 5

140

grnup wefe ::i.rbi u·a1·i1 'l i:::hose:n ft1r ex·:~avatio:n 1.,. ........ _. ••.• 'k:··-· they '\\··ere of i:1the:1:· :1:·ooms on ~·e:1:·e in southe:r:r.1.

ses:::t.ion of' the site as distinct f'mm These :rooms ~·ete ex<:e11ent1""r" with :no evidern:::e of fili:t.j•:it

Thefe WfJJJ. ;:i_ sma.11 field mouse burro'\\,. th:1:·ough the ftont '\\ta11 a.nd some "itoka.ni·=~ the f'ot·waj·d ballast probe.My· deposited tht•ough i·oot ::i . .:::tion of' a now dea.d car:::tus. There ·71/:::J:s a1so a. h:,1·ge (:a.ctus in the southeast (:i:1:1:·ner .. above the :1:·oom "'llhich the ~·all s1ight1~ ....... but the :1:·oots did not pe:net:rate the bottom of the YC•k8j1k a.sh nor f1oot·. The d::i.tum "'/las the noi·th '\V'est (:Orn et· of the room.

On the north wa11 was a. tt•iple division of' ab1J\'e gt·ound "'lle11ed fea.tures. Fea.tm·e 1 h::i.d inte:1:·na1 di"'visions of 50 ·:::m ea.st-v..test ar.id 6:'.· <=m N-S. The soil matrix was soft to medium .. "'«··i th no ash 0:1:· a.n y ma.j 01· a.sh deposits. At 128 cm was a paYed .. stone t1oot· made out of 1ocal1"'f ::i.vfil1a.b1e field stones .. tightly and ca:refu11y 1>i:i.cked "Ylith a hard .. ptepa.t·ed day mort;:ir in bet~·een. At 122-126 cm (f1oot· 1eve0 there wet·e two tht·o"?ring stones 01· bolas and ;:i_ <:amelid rib .. slightly polished and di:t•e(:tly a.ssor:::ia.ted \ilith the boles. Additionally .. thet·e '\V·as a. sma.11 obsidian fta.ke a.t 126 (:m .. also on f1oot· context. Beyond these artifa.<::ts the feature ~·as :1:·e1ative1y deari .. ~·ith some ·:~a.:ebon d1tmr~s and O(:<:asione1 decomposed bone. Included in this fill '\V·e1·e tht·ee (:et•a.m.k frs.gmen ts.

The V.'a11s were made of 1a.t·ge .. single stone .. f1at slabs i:n all th:t·ee fean.u·es. LH~e a.11 building :materials on the site .. these stones "'«'ere 1o(:al1y ;:i_vai1a.b1e. The of the ~·a11 stones ,;.·e:t·e s1ie-ht1v below· tha.t of the paved ftoor and thete wete 110 indka.tions that the stone pa.Yement a.nd the walls V.·'Bt'e not built at the same time.

In ·:~on t:t·a.st to feature 1 .. fea.tut·e 2 Ta/S:S not stone paved. The "f//;911 <:onsttuction is simila.t• to fe::i.tu1·e 1 arid the internal di"v"'isions at'e 70 x 7'5 (:m. The f1oot· was we11 defined t:.y a. ha.rd .. prepa.:red clay stu·face e1though there "'Ires no plastet·. The matrix "'«'•-:JS simi1a.t· to f'eatu:t·e 1. The on1 y a.t•tif'a.cts found in the f'eattu·e w.:t·e three gdnding stones .. 2 a.t i 12 e11d 113 cm a.nd third at 123 in good floor (~ontext. Also found we:re 4 <~a.melid 1·ibs ;:ind 21ong bones. The 2 higher grinding stones wei·e also on ffoot• context because their ·t:.ase "'llS:S (:lose to the level as that of' the third, t:·ut ,;ret·e mucl1 la.i·ge1· (meas1.u·e­ments ta.ken from the top of the artifact). A11 3 grindings stones had signs of weat· .. the lo"?:·'et' .. smaller on one sMe .. the 2 la.t·i~:et· ones '\\"et·e '\V'orn on t:·oth sides. Thet•e ,;.·as no polishing on the bones but ra.thet· they ~·e:re .:::racked and bm·nt .. as was commonly found in hea.t·ths.

Feature 3 we;; a.t·i:::hite(;tut·a11y similar to fe::i.tute 2 ~ith dimensions i:if 60 x 6~) <=m. The matrix is a slightly sof'tet· f'Hl. There ,;.·as one burnt pebble in the f'i11 end at 122 cm thex·e "Yl8S a 3 cm deep .. fine whitish g:1:·ay (heavily r:::a:rbonized) a.sh lens. This is p:roba.b-1y an 01ren. The a.sh '\Vras not stt·atif'ied ;9.f.1.d on the north Ta/a.11 thet·e ""il8.S a. (:hai·:red stone. Also induded in the fea.tm·e wet·e <:a.t·bon (:hunks ::i.i1d small tone t•eftise fragments in this ·:~a:se associated .. f'ot· the most patt ,;.•fth the a.sh a.nd ftoot· instea.d of the post­O(:cupational fill.

Fea.t1.u·e 4 is a stone lined pit in the (:entet• of the t'oom. Although the stones "'«·'et'e ·ve:ry loosely pla<:ed there Vilas. a. maj·ked textlu·e differenr:::e (vet·y soft) inside the :1:·ing of stone and be10"?:" the :rist thet·e were some "impa.i:::ted" stone in the pit '\V·a.11. The f'ea.tut·e is s1ight1;r ova1 a.t x 65 cm in dimension.

The first tt•;:i_(:e of ;:ish in feature 4 at 130 c:m and v.rr:J2 o:nl y a few ·:~m thi ·:~1(. Belov;/ this .. ::i.t 13: ... the fi:rst stone t•ing: appee.t•ed. Hen(:e .. the burning took pla.<:e the ·:~olh:1.:r of' the pit .. 01· .. the pit w"O:S. in disuse ,;rhen the high et' a.sh deposit "'«'8JJ. lain do"?:rn. At the stone level ai-.1.d to 1S·8 <=m .. the me.tt'ix v;/as a. soft.. a.sh ft•ee fill with a. numbet• of large a:~a.m.eHd bones. The stone lining i:::ontinued to the t~ase of' the pit (2~) i:::m deep) ai1d there

Appendix 5

U.nits 7

4 '·

141

Appendix 5

4 .. along with of stone 4 ha.d 1i tt1e bi:1ne but 8fot of Hthk debt·is and It Yilas diff'i·:::u1t to the Httlk:S Vf.tet·e

off of' the on site :1:·hyo1ite .. 0:1:· -w·ere purposeflJ11~it f1al~ed of use on any of' the flakes.

a.sh deposit on the :nm·th '"iflal1 of unit 7 Yflith 2 pits in<::o:1:·pm·-::1.ted in the (:entet·. a.:roun.d 71 <~m and i:::ontinued on to 9i3 in the deepest pa.:rts :1:·1..:mning all the way up to featu1·e 4 e.nd a.c::1:·oss the inte:1:·:1:1al doo:1:·way into unit 8. It is a type I ash deposit Yflith a1ot of' "9/hitish a.sh plus a amount of fire ct·e.cked t'0(:1~,main-1y unuti1ized. Bone -w·as sm·p:rising1y 1·at·e the number of <=e:1:·amk: was tha.t1 usu .. 91. The ash in to the doo:1:·wa~...... carbon (:h lm~~s "f.re:1:·e :m.o:re (:ommon. There -W".?JS also a st:t•::i.p ha.r.1.dle fragment dire(:tly h:i. the doo:rwe:·r"·

In the inte:1:·na1 wa11 separating 7 an<:l 8 there "f.":jil. a.n entran(:e Vf.ray constt'U(:ted with a.18j'ge, squarish stone blo(:l~ on the -w·est side ::ind t"W·o selected .. f18.t sided ro(:ks on t.he east. This tedrnique of' using selected.. stones as doonra.y· (:or:ne1·s '7fl8s found th:eoughout the sites and -w·es pa:rtku1ej•1 y (~ommon and mo:re form::i1 at P 1 P2. .Also ..

was a.1o:ng .. f1ar. a:n.d sele<:ted stone set lO"fl in the doorwa-;.r ai1d in to the suM1oo:t· -w·i th at1othe1· f1e.t stone placed on top of' the first in such a. mariner ::i,s to a bat'i'ier f'Ot' (:uys, as found i:n households toda.y.

P?-8 Wf:rs. no:t•th of P7-7 8j1d Y11a2 sep&ated by the internal wa11 described ::c.bove. Unit 8 "ftas two to th:t·ee times a.s as unit 7. In this i·oom .. there "9."8S no a.ttempt to level the f1cu:i:t· a:r.td <:c•nsequen t1 y.. 1i ving su:t•f'a<:e s1of)ed down g:1:·eat1 y to-w·ard the ea.st 01· f':ront side. The mom has little ari:::hitectu1~,91 diff'e:t"entia.tion and most of' the evident a.cti vit~.,. ... took p1a.c::e in the southei·nmost end of'the :t•oom, :neat" P7-7.

The a.sh ·::leposit of' P7-7 spt·ead into unit 8 •:Js des<:t•ibed brief1y above. In fact.. the hearths in unit 7 .. the doo:rway t.he hearths in unit 8 ma.de up one 8.sh deposit that "f.ras1arge1y a.t the s•:i.me 1e"i.re1 a.nd undoubtedly <:ontempot••:t.rJ.eous. The interior Vf.rai1 -w·hkh was su:t•:t•ounded by t.he a.sh "fita.s dearly (:ontemporat·y or earlier than the 8.sh itself' and Yitas not buiit CfVer ;:in old hea:t·th .. as is the impression frnm the plan.

Thet"e -w·as a. good deal of' ffre. <::racked :t•oi:::k in the a.sh pit 65./71 and one S(::rape:t· .. f'om1<J on the sm·fa.<:e of' the ash. Pit 77 /8~) (in the southeast <:ot·:ne:t· :) "f.tas a. ty·pe I I a.sh deposit.. with laj•ge (:8.t'bon chunks but -wi.th some fine ash. It also did not any (~t·e.<:ked ro(:ks. Pit 71 /98 "fles. a. type I 'fifth <:a:t·bon chun1r.s .. fine gra.yish a.sh .. bone a:t1d fi:re (:fa.eked rodrn. This a.rid 65· /71 Yf/i:J.S in ten tiona11 y dug along the side of' the ba.(:k or Vf.restet·n '7ftal1 using the :natural g'round slope as a. buttress. Pit 65171 :9.lso v-11as surt"Olmd-ed by two natural :ra.cks left in pla<:e in the grc•l.md surfa(~e ::i.s hearth pei·imete:r stones. Thefe a:t•e a number of fJ.i:i.ttu·a1 bedr1:i<:i:: surf'a.ces whi<:h "ftet·e charred indi­<=ating that a definite firing W8S. taking place in the unit i·athe:r than se(:ondat·y t•edeposi tion of the ash.

P7-9 (fig~ire 4'3)/"9.··a.s nofth of a.nd a.dja.cent w P7-6, i:r.1. the Hnea1· gt·c1up (:om.posed of 9-6-1 O. The datum fot• 9 -w·as i:n the NW cm·net• at1d -w·as 23 (:m highe:t· than the <lei.tum for unit 10.

Unit 9 was atta.(:hed to unit 6 with a. (:ommot1 wall but thez·e wei·e no entt·a.ri(:es .. at least f1·om the P7-6 side. The t)a.cK. o:r -w·est "f.ta1.1 "flf:JS sha:t·ed by both unit 6 and 9 a:t1d was. very we.11 ma.de fot• this site. .A1 thm.~h the -w·a11 -w·as still a. single bri<:k <:onst:ru(:tion, the stones "f.tet·e sele(:ted fo:r a "9.iidth 8.:r1d YilEtS more (:a.t·efu11y mo:t•t;:i.:red tha.r1 most othet· Yilalls on this site.

There "flas one above grou:nd, "f.ta11ed f'eatl.U'e in the not·thwest (:ot·nei· of the room. It was ty:i;>k::i11y (:onst:t·ucted with 4 flat and upright slabs. The soil matt·ix -w·as (:ompa(:t to the f1oot· 1eve11;.rhet·e thet·e vlas pefhaps a s1igh t textm·e (:ha:t1ge. Gi ..,.ren e . ....... ery de.at1 f'i11 and firm matdx ho-w·evei·, it wes impossible to p:t·edse1y determine the 1i'v'ing f1oor level. The f'i11 had on1 v· a few <~a:t·bon <::h ur.1J~s a11d some cer;:i.mi(: f'ra.gments

Appendix 5

vri th :no disce:mable p::..tte:rn. (:oncentration south side 8.

a1·ea. of Gi "v'Bf.I. the pi:1si tion of the some ·t,.ee:n S"?.·'BPt. up the i'oom "?.··as ····"'·'"-Y.·•·-···., particu1a1·1y that outside

of pits. deposit Vlas ::s.<:ommi:•n. type I "W'ith hone and bone splintet·s arid a. numbe1· of' (:uys (MMI=4) .

.Ash pit 138/1:.2 was also a type I deposit with fine a.sh .. bone and oc<:asionat (:e:ram­i·:::s. Simila.i·ty, 142/151 v/8S ::i1so type w"ith ped1aps a bit mo1·e highl"'l (:a1·bor.dzed a.sh. Pit 14;:/148 .. c•n the othet· hand .. ww a type II "With alot of (:arb•:in <::hunks .. v·ei·y little ash ::i.t1<j a. i:::ha.rt'ed (:lay The:re ws no radial diffei·entia1 burning of' clay .. re.th.et· the <=hfil':ring was ev"'en thi·oughout the

The f1001· "?.t8f1. well made in this 1·oom with a. f'ai1·1y even su1·fa.ce atld e·v·idenr.::e of' eith.et· a pt·epfil•atio:n (some small stone belle.st) 01· long use ::i.:r1d e-.:lentua1 solid pad~-ing. This f1oot" V/82 quite similar to but not that it vlas. a.bout 20 ·:~m higher that1 this adj oir.dng t·oom.

Th.is room (figurt, 44f"W'as adja(:ent to a.nd south of rnom P7-6. Both units shfil'e a. (:C•mmon doot· in the ·:~entet·. The de.tum Vfl82 4'3 <~m below P7-6 a.nd "?.IT:Js lo(:e.ted in the M .V.•l. <:ornet•. The ::ti'Chitectm·e was similar to tl:H:i.t found in the othe:t· 2 units. The back "Vlall ("?.rest) vlas commc•n t.o e.11 three moms although it vla:s some"Y.<hat cut''\'"':l' e.nd me.y not necessfil•ily h::i.ve been built a11 at on.:::e.

feature 1 "?.ras a. very t'a.t·e ato"v"'e ground walled type of (:onstruction with e. ve17 wide .. double brk:k "W'811 filld a constricted space. The extet'ic•t' "Vlal1 (:o:t·net·s wet•e squa.t·ed "?.'he:re82 the intet·ior wall corners were t•ounded. The stones are small, "?.tell mot•tat·ed a2 oposed to the lfil'ge .. single slab technique used "W'i th othet• above gt·ound stt·uctures in 1·ooms. The me.trix "?.'i9S extremely (:ompa.ct and vet·y c1eat1 "W'ith se""\re1·e1 ce1·ami(: frag­ments .. no Cfil'bon Ot" ash filld just a little sp1ir.1.tet·ed fil1ima1 bone. The soil was. consider-a.b1y Ugt.tter in color than the s1..u·i·ou11ding soils. The1·e may also an en-t1·ar1ce or hole in the "W'a11 of' the feature fa.dng the t•oom tovla:rd the f:ront. In ::i.t least one p18.(:8,. the featw·e "9;tal1 w·as chinked "?,tfth a (:81'8.mic fr::t.gment.

Features 2 ar1d 5 "W"et'e 2 <:onjoined .. above ground walled structures in the north­"?.rest ·:~or11e1·. These vlere (~1:instt·ucted with the 1ai·ge slab te(:hnique f'ot· the exte1·io:1:· '9:·ra11s but had a ve1·y lo"W· interioi· wa11. Th.is (:onti·a.sts with the other rooms a.nd tut·es in "?.'hi(:h the inte1·iot· "Y.··e11s tend to be the same height.. even when they shw·e i:i. (:ommon interiot· wail. Both f'eatut·e 2 and feature 5 had a. "•tet•y defil"1 fi11 ar1d no distin­guishing at•tif'a.(:ts o:t· ;:i.ssociations on the f1001·. The soil mat.t·ix W82 fh·m, but :nearly as <:ompact a.s f'ea.ture 1. These f'ea.tu:1:·es appear to have stot·age fil'ea.s cleaned out bef'o:re a.bat1doment of' the 1·oom. The1·e was. absolutet·y' no eYiden(:e of' bl.u·ning in the f'eanu·es.

Feature 3 was virtually identi<:a1 to features 2 ;:i.nd ~\. The matrix 'W8S f'it•m .. fi11 (:lean a.n<1 constt'U(:tion simi1at•. Thet·e ma.y hav..re been a ni<~he or opening in the front... but it was. virtually impossible to distinguish poor mo:rta.dng between t"W'O loosely fitting sla.bs a.nd a nkhe ch&a(:tet•ized by a <:ompa<:t post-o(:(:upatione1 f'i11.

Fee.tui·e 4 was ::i. subftoo:t• pit.. 1>1·otab1y stoi·age .. 40 cm i:n surface diameter e.nd bowl shaped in f'oi·m. The soil matt·i:{ "?.t8fl. Yet·y· soft and vet·y (:lean "?.ti th •:t.1itt1e bo:ne a.nd a.:n occ•:i.siona1 (:8j'bon chunk. Most of the fill wes pt•obably post-occupa.tiona1 deposition and the pit "?..v-as c1eat1 at the time of room abatldonment.

Thet·e "W'8S a huge ash deposit on the south q1Ja1•ter of the t•oom. It W82 a star1da1·d type I "?.tith a. lat·ge qu:i1nity of' fine ;:ish and 1at·ge amounts c1f <:tacl~e<t butchered and bm·ned (:8me1id bone. Thet•e we.t·e three 1ai·ge .. frt•egu1er1y shaped ::i.sh pits or hefil·ths as~mc:ie.ted "?.•'ith the deposit. .At•t.ife.cts i:ndude (?i cobs) .. polishing er1·:j gt·inding stones .. a very dean llama. s.:::;:i,pu1a .. a coppe:t· fragment.. a11d a. "cache" of cu,v bone a.11 lo(:e.t.M in the deposit. The a::·u,v v:vw not an offet·ing te<~ause the tones "?.·"ere disa.ftk:-

Appendix 5

th:t'oughout the pit.

the f':t•on t wa11 was a. (:;:i.:rbonfa:ed post one i:1f the tha.t SlK>:~essf'u11y loi:::i:i.ted identified the post "'?lf:J.S] cm in

dia.m.ete:t· and 12 cm a'178.y from the wa11. The wood looks like "Hoke" s. k1(:a1 hard "W'ood found highet· up ei.t·i:11.md ;:ooo mast.

In the no:t·th side :near the door we :t•e<::ove:t·ed a small piece of •:i. ve:t·y soft or pi:•wd-et·y substance tha.t t·emains unidentif'ie·1. It "'ilas a bright <:i:1lor "Ylith such an intense hue that it. W•:JS off of the M1.:mse11 charts.

There was a small fra~·men t of N ue mai·ine shell o:n e-ood f1oor <:on text. Fina11 y-,. thei·e waz. one iden tifie.Me fi "W'a:t1alm po1 ycht·ome.. ....,

Unit 11 was one of 3 <:ontiguous :t•ooms of' a. in the highest a.rea of the site. This group "Ylas judgmentally selected to p:IXl'v·ide e. sample of the high ar1d weste:t·:n side of' the site. Combined "W'ith the othe:t· exca.va.tions, the of :rooms <:ovef·ed they en tit·e spatial exte:n t of the site.

Unit 11 had one dcio:1:·way" that 1ea.d dire<:t1 y in to unit 12. The do01·way wa:s 50 cm "?:'ide ;:i.:nd "?:'8S. ma.de with 2 selected 1at·:2:e:r stones i:n the cornet·.

Pt•eset•ve.tio:n. "W'as ex<::ellen t in this !2':rou-r>. Thet·e "W'ere no distut•ba:t1(:e in.dica.to:rs a.t ...... k:

the time of' ex<:avation. The Huaynaputina e1·u.ptio11 a.sh f;:i11 was pw·ti(:ula.:rly hea."i,;;t in this 8.i'ea, some.times reaching 20 (:m deep ar-id usually ove:1:·1a.in by some later a.ei:•lia.n deposition. This area. dii·e<::tl~v" f'a.<::es notth .. towai·ds Omate atld the p:reveiHng "?:'inds. Hence .. it was situated in a heav;r aeolian deposi tiona11o(~ation.

The:1:·e wet·e 4 <:on tiguous abc•ve g1·ound walled features in the rwi·th side of' the :t·oom. These "Yle:re eithe:r stot·age oi- cur e.tea.s typi<:al of this site a.nd other t'ooms on othe:r Oti:•:ra va11e"'¥"' sites. The were (x1:1:1stt'U(:ted .. with 18.i·ge .. f1a.t st8.11 ding: stabs. They "?:ret·e also 1·ema1·~:aN y 1..mifo1·m .. being a 1.~onsisten t 50 x 60 ·:~m in in te:rior dimension.

f ea.ture 1, the ea.sternmost of' the 4, had a. re le.ti ... tel y· ha.:1:·d ma.t1·ix with de8.11 filt (:::i.m.eHd bone .. <:a:t•bon (:hunks a.nd some ceramics. There "'.i:··e1·e no othei· ar·tifactua.1 i·emains arJ.d no a.sh deposits. The f'eatut·e Yflas appa.rent1~r a:::le8.11ed out prior to ;:i,bai1don­men t of the mom.

fee.tu.1·e 2 "?:··as moi·e dist.in<:ti\re ''.'lith la.t·ge ca.:1:·bi:1n <:hurdcs in the aboYe gi·ound f'i11 associated with <~a.meHd bone ai-.1.d burnt (~e:t•::i.m.ic ar·ound 49 a:::m. A.t 5·~· (:m .. o:e f1oor c:ontext .. there "'ilas a. 2 i:::m deep ash lens .. '.::ai·ton chunks .. burnt bcine aild •9. ct•;:id::M g:einding st.one (ma110). The ash lens was. int.act a:t1<1 appear·ed to ha.ve been a.ssoda.ted "'itith the f'ea.tu:re in use "?: .. hile the above f1oor :ref'use "?:'OU1d hav-e probably s1ight1'·:.r 1ate1·:ref1;se or pc•st-O(:upa.tion::i1 f'i11. It was possible ho"W'e"v"e:r, tha.t the higher "fifi':j.$. also a.ssoi:::iated ~'ith a 1ate1· 8.11.d dif'f'e1·em use of' the Lite 8.11 of' the 4 featu:r·es .. the matt·ix "Ytas semi-(:om.pa.ct.

Fea.t1.u·es 3 ar1d 4 we1·e quite (:lean with little ash .. (~a.i·bon ch.units but some (::t'•3.(:ked <:a.m.eHd bone. At•a:::hite(:tura11y .. they wet•e identk:a1 to the othe1· fea.tlu·es. The disHn<:­tion between these areas at:i.d the one dh'e(:t1y attached to it Yflas q:uite signifi(:a.:nt,.gi..,te:n the f'a.(:t tha.t 8.il i<lentka1 set of' depositional proc:esses <:hat·acte:t·ized both are•:is. The difference must thet·efore t·e <:ultm·al.

A11 four of' the features ha.d ve1·y well i:::ompe.<:ted f1oors a.t the same 1evet whk:h contrasts 'ii'ith a t•oom like P?-7 .. fo1· example .. "?:··he1·e a11 the f1oo:rs in the fi:iur (:ontigu.ous featm·es wet•e ::i.t sligh t1 y ot' gt·eat1 y diffe:1:·e:n t levels. Ail of the features in this unit also ha.d f'rnnt tunnels 01· open nk:hes f'a.dng the ma.in i·oom ~·"i th ei. sm€1l1 stone in the

Appendix 5

co.r.ne.r.

Appendix 5

Unit 13 (figui"e adj a.cent to a.n d we~t of unit 12 a1 though not in a. std ct li:neru:· elignment "9;~ 1 ::r11d 12. This i·oom was highe:r not i:::onnected vtith 12 by ail'·~ .. door,~r::i:·f .. although a<:(:e.ss was possible through the. out~ide <kior of 12 .. in the -w·est '?la.11. At'(:hitecturally .. 13 -w·as simila:r to 12 "9;tith s1ight1 ... ;"' (:urv;l 'fta11s .. casually built i:1ut c1f a single brick masonry .. ::ind a vet·y poorly defined 1owet not•th ,.;.·all.

The bade or south "?ra11 connected it·i·egu1ari1y "9;•'ith unit 12 That is .. the w;:i.11 ha.d a sh&·p <::ornet· whet·e the t-w·o 1.mits conjoined. This suggests that 1 ·3 was cot:i.structed than 11 ;:i.:nd 12 as part of e.n agglutination pt'O(:ess expected f'ot• an expru:-1ding pop­ulation.

Tbe datum f'o:r P7-1 '3 '?res 4 cm highe1· thar1 the de.tum fot• 12. Pt·eset'Ye.tion -w·as ex(:e11er.1.t "With no obv:i.c1us disturba.n.:::e indicators e.r.1.d the "''10k&1ic a.sh fail -w·a.s i:nta<:t an<l 1'1eavy. This t"oom ha.·::1 no above grnund walled f'e;:i.nu·es .. fil'(:hite(:tut•a1divisions01· ma.jor a.sh deposits of a.r.1.y kind. Cui·ious1y .. the floor -w·a.s fairly we11 de""re1oped .. indka.t­ing at least a. hea.v;.r use fo1· an extended petiod of time.

There '?/8S a. s:ma11 ash deposit (ty1>e I) i:n the south."W"est (:Orner. Thet·e v;1ere no i:ithe:t· a.sh <leposits in the ri:1om. The f1om· and fill ru:1d a fair quantity of ce1·ami<: refuse (OJ~. ki1os/:m'3) .. <:om.parable to unit12 but c:onsiderab1y lower than P7··11.

A~·pendi:x: 5

-~~,

~~((.;ff~!

/ uu

a·"28

'vu

fd4

dd

d

Iii!;;~

• /

i n

f RE

D I

r---~~~~--~~~--~~-'

I

I

I

I I I

I

//

o P

? aa

o.

I

I /

--

--

--

-,

I 4

2

-;;-;;]

---n 7J-~~ 7

1 d

~!I! !

/«~

IS -16

/1 ~

"~ n

.,,,,

~·--

/ l

;--p7

--:"

.~

a 19

-

148

CERAli.11 IC DESCR IPT IOMS FOR P7

1. P7-}='3. Tiv.·-a11aku ('?)jar 7 .5 ":tR :. /El. Wiped paste c:o1ot·. (shov.rn) V,l i ped (:olor v.·i th blad~ de·:::oration.

sa:nd 16<:m.

2. P7-8=1. Tivrana:ku J8.1· ne(:k. YR 4/4 i-ed bro-wrrL (Shovm) red bands O"'rer b1a.r::::k. ~liped. Blad: .. "1,1'/hite and o-;.rer reddish t1·o"Y."'11. "Y.ripe.

Send.

J P?-8=1. Stra.p handle. 75 '":tR 5/4 Co8.1·se sat1d.

~). P7-3=J Ti-w·ana1m j8.1' neck. Wiped, paste color.

Fine sand.

6. Body ft•a.gmen t. "'?l i ped 5 YF.! 6 /2.

Fine sand .. "Y.thite at1d Mad: mica.

7. P?-·3='3. Bo-w1. 'VJliped and smudged

Co&se sat1d .. "Y.thi te mica.

~·YR ~i/4 i·ed. (shovm). :Finely· ~tiped.

2.~) Y'R 5/6.

wiped end smudged. 16(:m.

a. P?-10=2. Bo-..:;:r1. 10 R ~)/6. Sligh ti y burnished, 10 R 5 /6 Red -..:;:ti th some smudging. Slightly burnished,~) YR 5/4 t•ed. Fine 8.1ld some miGa .

...,,.,...,, ............... · 14 cm.

9. P?-10=2. Elo~li. 10 :R 5/6. Slightly burnished 10 R ~)/6. Slightly bm·:nished 10 :R ~)/6.

TPimil"l•~t"' fine S8.1ld. 11 cm.

10. P?-5=2. Straight sided bo~11. llJIA-C~'f!P. 5 YR 6 /4. Wiped paste c:oloi·. 11 iped paste color.

Ye11o.,,.;r and ble.i:::k mi.:::a .. sand. 18·:::m.

11. P?-5=2. Straight sided bo"1,1't1. 75 YR 5/4. 19liped paste colm:·. Ei:ne "Y.riped colot•.

fine sand .. mica .. 1~, <~m.

12. P?-11=6. Bowl. :, YF~ 7/4 pink. ~liped paste co101·. Vl iped paste .;::0101·.

S;:ind.

D. P?-11=6. Bo-w·1. UQ'll•YA· 5 YR 7/4. Burnished paste co1o:r. Btwnished co101·.

Sand.

{4ppendix 5

6/4.

1 ;. . P?-11 =2. Bo"W·l. co101·. color.

Fine to medium sand.

16.

17. P7-6=2. Straight Sided Bo"Y.r1 0:1:· Ja.t• 2 .~) YR 6 /6. Burnished paste color "With 1.5 cm light red lip band. "9liped color. Fine sand.

18. Bo"Y.rl. Bu1·nished paste (:olor.

Sand.

19-21. P?-1 '3=2 .. P?-8-1. Yifiped paste.

eml ue!r Sand.

22. P7-7=11. Bo"Y.r1. "Qliped paste colo:t·.

fine sa.:n d.

2·3. P?-10=2. Bolt!. "iJl i ped paste <::0101·.

24. P7~ 10=2. Bo'?ll. "Qliped paste coloi·.

fine sand.

P?-6=2. Bov11. "'Ql iped 1::.aste colot·

Fine send .. black mk:a.

26. P7-'3=="3. Straight sided bovrl or jar neck. 'VJl i ped paste co lot·.

Coa.tse sand .. qt:i.-:irtz.

27. Bovt1. Bui·nished paste coloi·.

Medium saw:l tempef.

28. P7-6=2. 011a. or j a.r.

llJl!Aof;!>'ftlf;:li• ? 5 6/4. ~liped paste coloi·.

LPi:!ii:~'ll'li:!B • 5 7 /4 • Rough .. <:a.t·bonized.

2.5 YR 5/6 red. Bui·r.dshed f'aste co101·.

19 cm.

10 R 6/3 pale red. "Qliped paste colo:r.

11 (:m.

6/4.

10 YR 6/4

10 R :./6 pa.ste. Bui·nished paste i:::o10:1:·.

u,a.e'll'.i:::i.. ) "x"R 6 /6.

3/4.

St:1:·ea:ky bun.dshed .. paste (:0101·. "'i)liped pa;~te ·:~olot• .. smudged. A'llflfll "lr'l.l"'T' • Sand.

Appendix 5

JO. P?-6=2. Jar or o11e .. Vliped co1m·.

'31. P7-11=6. Jat• ot• Olla .. 1?liped.

e111o•~r: M:edium at1d fi:ne sat1d.

P7-10=2. Jat• 01· o11a. B1;:i;:::kened (post man u.f;:i.cture).

eun:u:!r: Medium sat1d.

P7-10=2. Jat• neck. V,Jiped paste color.

enm~:!!r: Mk:a.. fine sat1d.

:BO"Yli V,liped paste.

e:u:u>1~r: Fi:ne to medium sat1d.

40-41: P7-i3=1. V,fiped.

e:nlo•~r: Coat·se sat1d.

150

~) ·y·R ~./6 ye11o-Yl fed. V,liped.

10 R 5/6 :E;1a.ckened (post mar.1. uf;:i,.:~ture).

27cm.

!UIQ-l:•Tll:la· 5 YR S/61·eddish ye11ov.v. Poor1y· 11:oiped paste ·:::olor.

11 cm.

C'

J 10 R 4/4, fine 11:·iped paste.

yi;~ 5/6 Hght 1·ed. Poorly· v.·iped.

;i··· -:ti... P7-4=2. Bov.v1. ~)YR 6/4 Hght t•eddish b:1:·ov.r:r1.

"'?lipe<l -.,;·ith reddish brown band on border. Poorly burnished. 1 :3 <::m.

Ye11ov.·· mica, (:a1dte, medium at1d (:oat·se sa11d.

Appendix 5

room ..

cen tet· of tl".Le room "'??82 ;;:i, ash deposit ·-v;.ri t.h a. a::::m ~)0 (:ID

df.::1.mett?.i' hearth assodated. It "Vl8S ::i. typk:::d I ::d.ot of lithk:s .. bone .. O(:(:::i.sio:na1 (:art)on (:liu:nts fragments. Also f'ou:nr.J in the ·~· •• T ................ i:1f the pit.. "'Y/r:1:lJ. ::i. m8.:r.1.o w'ot·n on both

Thern "~rnre 2 other ;:i,sh pi ts on south 'X"811.. 81so type I 'X"i th out al though the f1oof

if!(:orpot•::i.ted into Gi::i.y

'1 /6) subsoil tha.t V."fJ2 t•ed subsoil ::i.t

1'li th this out of

dose to f1om·

I:n southeast side of the room thet·e '?l82 a. " cu,F tha.t w::Js most apprn-in tei'p:reted as an offei'ing. The skeleton w'.3$ a11tku1ated ::i11d 9 (:m below·

floor 1eve1. It 'X'"82 .. in f'aa::::t.. a.t the 1e1re1 of the of ;~m::i11 a.sh t:·i t southee.st t:n+•:t"J.Af It·~ 'f')+'rf'l1. m1' t"!:- tn 1 "!':'.•·=i{'i i";.+•n r-.:=it:il"lr +·1rit ·--r11· +·1 ···1' ·j.::.1·· t·=c1 l.-11· t}·11' .•. •"•ir''A :=it r;ic:. (•fil .. -J. - • •"" ,J:J. -•• •;t ·- W'-'.l..°" J:.I. ..,.,...•..,... {• J. ... • '-..,•..,, J. ...... \ '...• ""·'- • .t":!. ~ '-.. • -. ... _J.. -~ •• • ...... 1 .... .,.•

'h·'i:J:S 1o(:ated good f1oo1· (:o:ntext on the no:rth'X··est side of 1o(:al.. gtay t•hyolite .. a.bout 8 .:::m i:n maxim um .................... _ ......... .

Unit '3 (figui·e 49) "'il8f1. a t•oom e.1inea1· of 4 1e.:rge/sme11 t);::·d:red .:jomesti(: units. A11 4 units sha.re i:~ommon v/811s e.nd undoubtedly up i9 .

.:::omplex. A:t'(:hite(:tut'::illy .. the unit -w·es slightly bette:r (:1:1:nstt'U.(:ted the.n most t•ooms in this (:omp1ex 'X'"811s ::i.nd stones mo:re i:::a.refully se1ei:::ted

qi.:i;:isi-unifo:rmit~...... w::is built on a ~~lope northv..·est but extant v,.•;:i11 ;:;i1·e e'.ren on ;:ill 4 sMes.

Thet·e w'•'9S. a:n in tet•esting 8i'(:hi te(:tUt'81 th.is 1·oom the on the site the exterior

e"'.,."en1y spa.ced with 8. wide day mot·t::1.:r Sin:d1e.r1~........ 2 .:··-·.i.·-·v····-·-.r i:::o:rne!' stones.. uniform .. a:nd f1at sided.

1 weB one c•f (:onjoined.. gt•c1u:nd w•:illed featut·es i:n thei southern room. Lil::e the othe:rs.. 1 hi:i.d stone pa';.remen t ::i.t the at 1 o::, i::::m.

w"::1l1 tOWi3.:t'd the t'OOfil 8.t'88.,. 13 (:ffi ;:m d .... _ ... ,. .. ,, .. , __ v/f:.12 Nocted by a. sro::i11er stone .:jfi'8(:t1y

Appendix 6

fill ""'tFr~ ·rit··ml 1 ltP.1 'u· wet'e i~1-f1;~;c;;~ -c1~:t; te;{t. The

stone p::i.v·emen t Vfli92 at a sHgh t1 y llighet· othet' whk:h \\tere 1c1(:;:i.ted 8j'Otmd 102 (:m.

of cu,v bone .. one the centet· .. the other the N .N .E. (:on1e:1:·. The •)Jf.l·:~e:ntratic•:n .. a.t 109 (:ffi .. "'Yl8S o:n f1oor (:o:r.1.text. ::i.t 1e;:i2t ·3 i:ndi"'lidu.-:ils as t)y the mandible/(:te.nia ..

. _ . .,.,~ .... _ ....... stone lining et(: not· any obset•v::i.b1e tt·ea.tmen t to the bone. not atti(:U1ated hen.Ge .. p:roba.bl..,/ did :not rept'esent an

in the (:e:nte:r of the i'oom .. ;:1.t 112 and 1 of' tt"ei:i.tmen t of' ;9.n

v.,.et·e also dis;:i.:1:·ticuia.ted .Alsc1 assode.ted \\ti th the (-.uy·

The f1oo:r V."8S "\i"ery (:ompai:::t an.d well V/jlf:JS. a loose ot' f't•ie.tle subsoil on the west tha.t Yflf:JS.

then crver fill. The (:o1ot· Vila:s. a 4 /4) ::i11d quite distin.:::ti ....... e from th•::i i·est of the f1om· scdl.

Pe.-:, vr/afl. south of ::i.djoi:ns unit PB-3. The •:i.rd:1ite(:tu:re '7il8f. distinguished by the 1.:i.st:J;:i1 ry·pe of single t'0\\' .. 1e.rge stone (:o:nsu·ui:::tion m01·e tightly p;:J,(:1::ed than fiJlm.d in unit J As in unit J. this :l:'Cta:•m had the tt'ip1e walled f'ee.tut·es but

tha.:n those of this (:on tigu01.:i.s :1:·oom. The in unit ~) \l:'"et·e the i:::onstt·uctio:n ted1nique Vfli"fJS less "'?li th the sl;:i.bs be1:ng

-.;,rery une"j.ren1y p1a.(:ed. The fa(:e of the \':•"alls are thet•ef'ore uneven •:i.nd morw.:r te:n(ls tc• e:t'oded mo:re th•:in the:1 f1a.ttet' f::i.(:ed '9la11s in p:t'8"•lious :room.

ha.d vi:rtuall ;l iden tii:::a1 fill (:omposit.io:n \\tith ei. mixtu:t'e and sm•:ill ch::i.:t'(:O•:d chur.1.ks. The:re ".'fl8JJ no of

mMd1e feei.mre J ha.d ::ilot more (:8.t"tiC1n H1::i.:n ::i.:1:1 oven as Yile ::in on

stain. The stain W8:S 20 x 1 ~) (:ffi in dimension .. not

Appendix 6

of prob1ema.ti(:

Ot' .Also.. ·;:;;.-e:1:·e :no .... ,_,_ .. _,,_, .. _.,:.

p:revious (3) u:nit.

Yf{f;J$ built Stil1i181'1y tO Othet• 8.b0'V'8 g:l:'OU:t1d ro.:::.t·11+•.::.·:"

S.S. ""?l. ·:~orner of' the to om. It stone i:::onstt·u..:::tio:n but

proj e·:~ting stone ... -.. ·~···· ....... _ ...... it i:K:ross the (:on1et "vti th a to the othe:t· fill con te:n ts -Yle:re the

USU81

about this 1·oom. 'Zrl i thin the room '4 situ

on f1oo:r ;;:ill of 'Ylhk:h \\re:1:·e b:roken but p•:u·tialiy je1, .. 2 t.o'V'l1s.. one f'ot•m. F100:1:· development in this t•oom \f::'fJS

(:ompa(:t indicating a pei·iod of f1oot· use m· 'ivt''.:::ri" .. -:::.+•-:::.i"l •-··+·r of the f1oor .,.., •+•'l''""'·-···t:::.

side of the set of' rooms 'YlfJfl. sim.i18.t' to unit;, and the

._. ·.~ ... .., .......... _. \ite11s are a:::ommo:n to ;;,11 of' the rooms in this line of

near the ea.stern ·'?n:11l 81most This 'V'lfJ:S. a thin.. 1 deposit ('~

t:·one b:i:'O\\'n ,., ....... _ .............. "W'i th no of stone

.Adj a . .:::en t to this ::i1·ea. no "W'::i11. Th.ts stone pa5tement (:ontinued on in a. :1:·ight e;:ist "?.•'i:i11 matmg an In the middle of this e;:i.stet·n side 'V'l8S a. p1·oje(:ting stone "W'hk:h

of a stot·age are8. ei tl1et· uni:n te:n tio:na11 y ·Juri:ng ·-··'"··-··-·.-.- ._ ........ _.,,,,_ i:i.bot•igin;:.11 "'~"' distut·bed. Th:1:·oughout the e:n tfre p8."v"'ed a.tea 'W'•:•.s no e.rtifa.o:::tu::i1

or ::i.i:::(:um ule.tions of' 1dn d to ;:i.cti v'i ty areas. The stone YN":;Jfl. 1eve1 "W'i th the f1oot· th:roughout the t•est of t•ooro.

4 a11d ~)\\,.ere 2 ;:i.bo':te ground "f/;:U1ed area.sin the south side distinguished pirk•:i. i:::o:nstt"u.::::tio:n te(:hnique. in terna1 w::i11 wa2

stone. Also .. instead of the usu::i1 t:1:·ipie di"ilision .. The not payed. The textut·e of fi11

. Thet'e "v.··ern a number (:eran::d(: fragments ::i.nd a. above fi11 but no o:::o:n(:e:ntt·ations of ::ish .. m· othet·

vlet'e i:i. •:•.:rtifa(:t ::i.sso(:i•:i.tion

:E'1oor de'i.relopment \f:.'82 ex.:::e11ent ar.1.d (:le;:i.t·ly deme.r(:ated t:.y a i:::ompa(:t cla:y a.:t·eas. Thet'e \\re:re 2 <:ameHd (s.:::apu18. m::i.ndit:.ie) in good

f1oor i:::on text in the e;:i.st-(:en te:t' of' the room. .Cu,v w:::i.s 10.:::8.ted in e.t '3 areas in the unit: i:~·.;:.;,v lvUH w':';jfl. 2.

Appendix 6

southeast cot·ner of Tl1e ash texture Wi3S f1oot' but had a of burnt bone.. Tl8:S no fi:r.1.e ash 1.he

t:·one "7fl82 pit "ffflas bu1To1;.red in to subsoil stones f:rom f1oot' It was app:rnximatel y (:m

i:jo\\rn into the .;::ornet· \\"i311 stones in i3. roundish .. elonga.ted ~~ive not a11 a.sh ~=·it ovet '"\"?hich w•:i11s "W'et·e built.

.......... , ... : ................ to a '??e11 a.t:·Cf'ile :=.-:round ;:u·ee. the "7fli9$ .:::o:nst1·1.:i,(:ted "W'i th the - const1·1x:tion tei:::hnique. The

soil to othet• a.t·eas of in(:luded a si:2:nif'i(:ant qu.::i.ntit'f i:•f <::uy bc•ne .. but no ·~et•amfos. The •:~·u,T•" bone '7il8S (u:nbu:t·nt) with the ex.:::eption of' a ;:i.re;:i, of ::i.(:<:umu1e.tic1n in e;:i.st side suMloor the W•:t11.. this W;31J the on1 y ;31·ea. to i:::on t;:dn (:uy in signifkn t

pit II little density· of

Otl1et1 artifa<:ts ir1cl1Jde at 2 tl1a.t V.·'Bte lai'ge "W'hole .. in situ 8. ma:t1c1 on f1oo1· -~ontext.. a mo:rta1· 13 cm iti'

··1 .:.· .. ,+•.::""'':'l"f"··+·. on one side .. a. pie(:e i::1f f1a.t .. folded 811·:] :=:tnne:;:1_t'if1!2·

efot of chunks. The (:h u:nks \\'ith burnt t'OOf (:fat'DOnizM Ot'

othet· matte:t•.

This unit 5·1) was south of.. e.dja.i:::ent to P:3-8 was the sm•:i11 :room in the dt:i::s1 domesti(: unit and Pi3-10. The a.:1:·i:::hitei:::ti.u·e ?/82 to the other ·

with 1Jfl(:ut..1oc•:i1 field stones one :row "7fl;3s no e"'v"'iden(:e of a:nd "iloka:nk o:n. this t•oom .. ;::1.s ·i;:;le11 as on the other t·ooms in

WaE. in t::t.(:t. 1 \\t::is the o:n1y at:.01.re ground "fff/;9.s

1oa:::ated in a. spatial position ;:i,s 1 i:n P9-i3 \\thkh vrnuld of' ;:u·chi tei:::tur;:i1 patterning. It also r::dses the possi biH ry· tha.t the addi tiona1 g:t•c1und in unit t: a.:re i:::onst:t·uctions .. gi·v·en the in w;:-11 fea.tui-e 1 ·71,tas (:onstructed out of 2 a.:nd 2 smallet· stone slabs a.nd um:isi.:i.-:i11y \\re11

'7iti th the f8 . .:::e~~ mo1·ta1·ed. The soil ma.t:t'ix "W·aE. v-ery 8.nd dean. In·:~luded in the fill v,,r;:i,s a. of a:::;:i.me1M bone .. some 'vlitl1 t:.m(:herinr::: m::i.t1::s .. but :none '7ilith (:ha.:1:·t'ing ot' The fe::i.ture did not ha.Ye co:n(:ent:t·ations Of O!' Whi (:S.

a:r.1.d the f1cio1· ve1·v ha:t·d. similai' to most dist.f:n(:tf "i,re artifa(:t \\··as a fr;:i.gment (p:rob::i:t:.1y ···.:=.4.·•l"·.··-• .i.· ••• .,~ ••• ., a. h•:u:1dfu11 of i)owde1·~.,.., pigmt::.:nt 1>1::K:ed on the interior side. This is ide:n tk:::i1 in (:Olot' to that in on the site and indk::i.tes tha.t i:::ernmf.:::s \\rere prot:.;;:i.biy manuf;:t.(:tm·ed on the site.

Appendix 6

~·2) v;1as the

Outside of but wa11 ws a.n deposit \ifhii:::h indi.:v.1es one <:ob. This i::loes nm ext.end under the "illa11 i:n·:jii:::a.ting that the 1dtd:1en ;:i.:t•ea. "W'::l.S not later tha.t the itself'.. as is ty ....... iew.

Cerami(: a11d t)one Vfli9S in this t'oom. good belo"i/l "lok:a.:nk ash (:on text no:rtheast <::01•:n.e:1:· '711::1.S a i:::on taining the reddish ot•ange in the ~tall

Mot·e :1:·ed pigment Wf:JS found i:n the ce:1:1te1· of the room a:n unpolished of i:::oppot· ore v;/82 ft11.ind in not·ttf"?:<est (:orner .In northeast i:::ot·ne:r '71.'et·e ·3 polishing pebbles.

Tbis 1·oom 'Vilf:rs :2:t'OUtld '71.ra11ed tt·asts "~.rith 1 in divisions. f1oo:1:·

from mode1·ate to (:ompa.ct the 1atte1· possibly from se-;,rere (:a(:tus distut'-A C-14 Yfla:s c:o11ected f:rom in 1.

This is the stru(:ture in the Pe~ 11 /PB-8 (figu:1:·e :.2). with PS-1 o.. is a (:Ommon doot''71.'i9.'f (:O:nne(:ting these rn·o rooms. is typk:e1

f'o:1:· su<:h room is no the t~ro domestic uni t.s.

i.·E.·:::.Ti ·u··~· 1 (P8~· 11 =2) is ;:iJ:l g:1:·ound ~·ailed strui:::ture in sciuth. west cot·ne:1:· :room. It is ma.de up of' 5 - 6 stones .. seie<:ted for The

m8.tt'ix of this is uneven, f1 U(:tu8.ti:1:1g to ve:t·y· soft a.bo·v·e f1oor f'i11. In the f1oor a.t the '71.'"est '71.ra11 (:ot'net· is 8. type I ash deposit .:::on taining a.

::i.sh bumt bone fragments. The deposit is extensive a.nd This is i den ti <:;::il tc1 1 of P8-1 O. E::i.(:h is e. (:ooicing: area. Eioth hearths in

the middle the low wall extet·ioi' ~·a11. This (:ooki:ng i:i.rea is simiia.:r to those found in P1 a.s we11.

2(PEH1=3) is ;:i11 deposit in the no:1:·thwest side. it i~ 8. ty1::.e I 'W'ith alot of' burnt t:·one fine In the a.sh at·e (6) c18.y t:·a11s

th.at been ba.ke.d in the They a.t·e not Y/laste:t·s. Thei:t· f)Jtl(:tio:n is unt:n.0'71.·"n. :Eie1o'71.'" this ash is a i-ed·:jish subftoor possibly (:hatTed throi.~~:h burnh1;2·. mat.fix of this su1·f8.(:e is v·e1·v fi:rm.

-· 3 (PcH 1=4) '71..ra:s ::t.:n :3.bcr,,,re · '71.··a11ed strU(:tut·e. The excavated matrix is ex(:eptio:n::i11~..... and fi:t·m -w·ith little ;:i.rtif'a.(:tu'.:il :no a.sh on1;l 8. (:a:r-bon f1ed::s. Thet'e '71..ras no e·v'ident f100:1:· rnrf'a.(:e disti:nguisha.ble from the post-oci:::upa­tio:nal slump.

Both f'ea.m1·e 4 e.:n d ) (PCi-11=7 .. Pe-11 =a) "f."et·e 1.0 f'eatut·e 3. The ... -. ·=:.T+·,~ ·"·-="=' ~ret·e quite ffrro. tht'oughout the st:t'U(:tut·es. Thet·e Yflas a 1i ttle bone an ._ ...... ,._ .. _.,~·.!.'-''.!..l .... ·.i.

Appendix 6

157

of

10] / 105: This ·"il .. 92 a

101 /120: This Vilas;:;;, 1':'ith a ;:i.nd (:et.t•bon fle(::ks. or these 8.t1d ._ .. _ ........ _ ............... but·nt 1·od:s ;:i.:nd some 1ithk: (rhyolite) debris.

this deposit. 96/106: LO(:ated on the soui.lrw'Bst side nea.:r 'i''.e..::.'i', •1"'· 0

This Vil8S n::iJ:'t'OVi/ but It W82 dfre(:tly ;:i11d the typi(:81 Some but·nt found ::i.t the of the depcisit. This same asso<::ia.tion of a. kitchen ;:i1·ea. ash deposit is formd in PCi-10.

109/12:3: This I deposit Vilas. 1c1(:a.ted on the ni:•:rth side. It Vilas u.:nder the 1;:i.st 1i ·vi.:ng a. 1':'811 noot'.. Othe:r a.t•tifa.cts included cu,v bone oi·e

Appendix 6

158

/~~~ . I \ r~

0

13

11 2J

159

3cm

1111

30

160

DESCRIPTIONS FOR

1. PEi-11=\ 10 YR 6/2. finel"'f ·:.::olor 1tith ~·YR ~,/4 lip band. (Sho'?:tn). b ui·nished black ru1 d f1Jgi ti v·e white ov't:t• 7 .5 '"f R slip.

TIPl'D'll'ilr'l.IP1r" Fine sand and ye1101tmka. 16 cm.

P8-7=2.. Co11ao b1a.i::k-on-red ('?). 6/4 Hght 1·eddish b:t•o-y;rn. Poorly "W'iped (:0101'.

(Shown~· .. Bla·:::k designs o"irer 10 R 6 /8 burnished slip. IPm•fi!l:l•f. Medium sru1d "W·ith Yet•y coa.t"se indusions.

6-7. P8-~)=6. Bases. Burnished paste color

IU'A-l:!''ll'd::lr• 7.5 YR 6/4 8.f.td 10 R 6/8. fiurnished paste color.

Medi um to coru·se sru1d.

a. PB-~)=6. Bo"?r1. 2.~. YR 6/4. Lightl"f burnished color.

Medi um to (:oat·se sand. . Lightly burnished paste

17 cm.

9. P8-'3=2. Colla tla.ck-on-1·ed ( '?) j 81'.

a.s

10. P8-11=:•. Jar. ~'YR 5/'3. Lightly bu:t•nished paste colo:r. LighH..,,l burniihed '?tith traces of pigment.

?1•1iedium to coat·s:e sand,. ca.1i:::at•eous inclusions.

11. PS-5·=6. Mi:niatu1·e "i,ressel. ~)YR 7 /4. Burnished near Hp. Bui·nished "?li th tt•aces of t•ed pigme:n. t.

ennM~r: Hea.v:r ye11oi;;t and b1a .. :.::k mk:a ..

12. PB-4=1. Bo".1.,.1. "Qlipedi::·asfe coloi· with 1.5 cm 1·ed lip tarJ.d. colot·.

!Pftbfl.d::ll'll"'· fine to medium sand.

1 j. P8-7=2. 011e .. Poot'l·y· "W'iped paste (:olot.

IPl'll'lrbin.d::ll•· Fine to medium send.

14. PEH=1 . .Te.r. Lig:h t1 y but•nished.

7.5 YR 6/4. Po01·1v· "?liped

18·:::m.

5· YR 6/4.

o:::olot·.

Burnished 10 :R 5/4 '11.reak red slip. 7(:ffi.

Medi um to (:oa.rse ·

15. PEH:i=3. Bowl. 25 YR 6/6. Wiped paste ·::::olor "Vi·ith.2.5-J·;; ·:.::m irreguler red lip hand. But·nished :reddish slip.

Medium to ~::oarse sa.nd .. ye11ovr mk•:i.. 17 ·:::m.

Appendix 6

161

16. color.

VJliped ..,,.ti th tt·aces of:) ""fR 6/8 i·eddish ye11o'l? fine sand.

17. P8-Ei=2. Bo..,,.r1.

18.

VJliped V,liped

co101·. ·:::o1or, hea,r1 ·:~arbon.

19 ~~m.

Ll'C-1:"'11'11!:1<. 5 YR :. /"3. Medi urn

":t:R 6/6. co10:1:·.

19. P8-11=:•. flow1. '.5 ... :t:R 6/"3. Burnished co10:1:· v.,.i th 2 .:) ·:::m :1:·ed Hp band. Burnished pe.ste a:::o1or. 15 cm.

1&:1am.-n.a ..... Medium v.rith some mka and coarse indusions.

20. P8-11=5•. Stt·aight sided bo"'Yt1. "?!iped pa.ste ·:::0101·, 1 cm T,i;·'eak red Hp band.

11.iiedium to coru·se sru1d.

21. PB-1 Bo"'Y/1. "?liped pa.ste ·:::o1or with 1 ·:::m red lip band.

Coa:rse sand.

22. P8-:;=11. Bov.r1. Wiped pa.ste ·:::o1or v.·ith 1 .:::m red lip band. Slightly bu:t'nished reddish slip.

16 o:::m.

2:.1. P8-7=2. Bowl. Burnished 25 "'fR 6/6 ted slip.

to medium send.

Pfi-7=2. Bov.r1. 'VJT :i.ped paste color.

Sand .. ·:::akareous in.:::1usions and mica.

t.1:R1-e'lt~:i. • 2 5 "f'R 6 /6 light t•ed. Burnished 10 R ;,/4 slip.

18 cm.

:) ":tR 6/4. Slightly ·r..urnished

13cm.

Fi:ne to sru1d, mica.

5 YF~ 6/4 'VJT i ped colo:r.

19 cm.

~· ... ~t:R 6/4. Bu:rnBhed 10 :R 5 /6 i·ed slip.

22·:::m.

2: •. P8-·3=2. Straight sided bo-vrl. YR 6/6. Burnished paste (:o1o:r v1ith 10 :R 4/6 t•ed 1.~) cm lip bru1d. Btirnisl1ed 10 F.~ 4/6 red slip. 22 cm.

1i.1iedium sru1d "'Yrith ca1i:::ai-eous inclusions.

26. Pti-11=~). Bov.t1. 11-":Ri"il'lU:!i • 5 ·yi;,~ 5 / 4, Burnished Bm·nished

27. P8-}=2. Open tovtl.

(:olor. (:olo:t· ''i!i:rith 2.2 cm reddish lip

seUld.

P:R!-12'1'!0:11• 2.5 ... fR 6/4. Wiped paste ·:::o1or -with 1 cm red bend.

Coru·se sru1d .. ..,,.li th ..,,.,hi te ind usions. 2 .~· YF! :. /6 burnished slip.

17 cm 28. . Bov.··1. llJ':Ri'fJ~'trP • 10 YR :1 /'3.

°7>1 iped pa::~te ·:::o1ot•. Bm·nished color. medium sand. 16 .:::m.

Appendix 6

162

(:Oio:t•. colot.

·30. ....,...,~~.-.... Bo'lt1. 5 YR 6/'3. Eiut'r.dshed colo:t•. Burnished ·~ti th tt;:t.·:~es re·:jdish slip. Med. ·:~o;:i.rse

Appendix 6

164

*

Type:

Contents:

165

meters :no:rth of P 1-T2 on the se.m.e te:t':t'::K:e. and slump.

Belo'?.·· ~Tou:nd (:ist tom t:. .. on ter:t·::i.ce .. ex(:a.va.ted in to bedt'O(:k e2·i:iirnn hi11side. Two ca.pstones (55· x x i:t.nd 50 x x cm) one of' whkh Wijf., (:oll:::i.psed in to the ·:~ist. One subadu.H 0:1:· (:hild ('?).:Representation: little with (:ri:ir.1.ial

some long t)one f'ra.g:men r.s. One maggot exoskeleton fre.gmen ts ,,.., ,,,..{·-10 ·:i'r 4 +· •• -.·

in tef men t of' m ummif'ied body .. one :1:·ed textile th:t·ead .. b ~ ..... t•oden t.

Lo(:a.Hon: In cemete:t'"r" ::i.t•ea. e.bov·e site, ::i.ssode.ted with othe:t· d:1u1p::i.s. Pt·eset'ti:i.tio:n: Abo:rigina11y at lea.st 2 f1om·s of "?.rhf(:h only ')/4of10"?.re:r f1oor "7fl8:S

Type:

Skeletal:

ptese:t'"·led from seve:re looting. De,reloped chu1p8 ... o-:.ri:iid, a.pproximat.ety· x 2.0 m a.t t:·a.se "'X"ith a 70 - 100 .:::m dia.mete:1:· intet·na1 .:::hambe:t'. Abm·igin8.11y a.pp:1:·oxima.te1·f 2.0 - 25 m high f't•om be.sew top. Pi:t•c;:i,. fieldstone me.son:ry. Asso(:ia.ted "'X"ith Ci othe1· (:h.u1pa.s in t"'VlO g:roups of:. e.t1d 4. The:t·e ma.y ha.ve been a.n entt'::t.f!(:e ot'

open :nkhe on the east side, judging by the pattern of' (:o11a.pse a.:round this e.:nd the othe.:1:· (:hulpa.s. M:inima11y 5 i:ndivMu:i1s: 1. Adult 2. Adult l A~jult: Representa.tio:n: the ::i.du1t male is nea.d"'f (:omplete. Othe:t· a.dults less so. MNI deten11inaHon based upon numbet·s of' p::i.te11a.e ar.1.d 1umt)a.t' 'il'ertebra.e 4. Child. 7 - 12 :Rept·esent::i.tion: dght tibia .. ulna S(:::i.pu1a. :) . Inf'a.:n t. less than 3 ~v"'e;:i.rs. Rept•esen ta.Hon: both femo:t•;:i ... one tibia., ulna .. hume:t·us a.:nd t•::i.dius.

Contents: 1. 76 lla.m.a pha1811a.ges (27 ;:tt•ticulated feet). 2. Nume:t·ous (:Uy bones (MNI=14). ·:.i. M:eize ( 12 (:obs:). 4. Gcru:t·d : •. Textile 6. Numerous ~rood 7. fresh water sh:t·imp. 8. V'Jl ooden spoon 9. Mru·i:ne shell fra.gme:nts (Minimum='fL

10. Ce.(:tus spi:t1e1 nee<jles (lvHnim um= 1 ::. ) . 11 . cu:.r f'e(:es. 12. Lithk: n.

Lo.:::::i.tion: Type:

Subfioo:r dst tomb i:n :room ~·. Cist (see a.ppendix 1 ) .

Inta.(:t.

166

Skeletel: Subadult (less than 17 ye8.:t's) Pathologies: extt'i3. root on ;~e<~ond mandibu1::i1· mc11::ct'. C::i.:t·:ries on oi:::dusa1 surface c•f' same tooth.

Rep1·esen tation: U nfused prnxima1 of' ti Na .. pi·oxima1 of left .. dist::11 ends (epk:1:i:r.1.d"r1es) both f'emui·s .. bc•th f'emot•::i1 shafts .. se(:tion

me.ndible "?:tith second ::i.dult molar in place .. ft•agments of' bc•nes d~J.1. t m::1.xil1a. 1. Ceramic jar (appendix 1). contents: 2. B::i.sket. 3. m::dze .. pmatoes 4. Twigs .. stkks. 5. Textile f't•::igmen ts.

Comments: ::i.ppendix 1 in t•oom des(::ription f'o:r unit~·.

Loi:::a.tio:n: In :Roc•m 6. Belo'?:,. floor (:ist tomb.

Pi·esei•v::i.tion: Disturbed. Si::e1ete1: Little representation .. pi'obably (:hild based upon tooth Cc•ntents: Some .:::et~amk: in fill.. pi'ob::i.b1y intt·'l.:isi.,,y"'e.

L•x:a.tion: In };~oom no. 7. Type: :Eie1o-v;r f1ooi' (:ist tomb. P:t·eset•v::i.tion: In ta.<:t. Skeletal: Adult .. def'o:i:·med head. No pa.tho1ogies e·vident.

Rep1·esent:~.tion: f:t•gments of both f'emc•t'8.,. tit:.ie.s .. S(:apu1::i.e .. (:la:· ..... ides .. p:1:·oxime1 of' bc1th humeri .. one f'ibul;:i... of' mandible .. some ribs, 8.nd (:t•a.:1:1ium e.:nd f'rotHi:i1). No pel'ves.

Contents: 1. Llama ph::tla.nges and dbs. 2. 19 fish v·ei·tebrae. J Cuy· bone (MNI=7). 4. lvfoize ft•a.gmen ts. ; •. Cuy 6. Estu.quHia bowl.. Bootpot (see ::i.p:pendix 1 ).

Lo<:at.ion: Subffoo:r in :rc•om 7. Type: Beto'?: .. gi'ound dst. Prese:t"Vi:i.tion: In ta.(:t iti th a.pparen t wa.te:t· Ske1et.::i1: Suba.du1 t. defot·med hea.d.

11 P.<;t'P""'P.;.1.t~=it1'11+·1 · t11' ttlF! 011 t·+•·;::i+·11' ·=ii t"':t•·:=i·-,·.i-.·. P.:t"1t·, .tr. ... -· J: -·t.. .. .,,.•J,,; ··-·. ... J. .. \ • • -· l .· ..,•J.. ·-:..1. ·- t;;;;;.::.J.J..!. - .t... ...

S(:i:i.pula .. long bones .. some met::i.ta.:rs::ils ;9.11d Contents: 1. fragments of p8j'tia11y :t'E!(:or.1.stt·uctable

2. V eg:et81 ma.ttet· .. p1:issi Me k:h u '3. '3 f'fah ::. fish

teeth. ho"?: .. 1 (8.ppt:mdix 1 ).

:'. Cuy 6. Land snails. 7. Bu:t'tlt a. 'fJlood

Location: Subf1oo:t· tomb in :t'oom 7. Cist.

Pt·eset•Y::i.tion: I:n t::i.<:t.

167

(MNI=3).

S1\e1et.a1: Inf'a.n t. Very 1i tt1e :t•epresen te<l: teeth .. (::t•e:t1ia1 f'l•agmen ts. Cont.ent.s: 1. Cuy bone (MNI=2).

2. CU'f f'ec:es. J Camelid bo:ne .. @ad~ed and bu:t•nt d. .1..

; .. Fish v"B:t'tebt·a.e (4 ). 6. Estuquiha. t>o--v.·1, 2 j::irs .. boot pot a:r.1.d handled c:up.

Comment: The1·e '?/ere (:amelid bones in the j•:ir. Mu<:h of been post-intet'ment fill.

Loc:a.tio:1:1: SuM1oo:I:' tcim t:· in unit 19. Cist tomb.

Preset'·v·a.Ho:n: Possible pt·ehispe.nii::: disnu·ban(:e n·om the {.~onsu·uc:tion of' room. MNI=2 .. based on mandibles e.nd femot·al shafts. 1. Adult. No p::i.thologies e·vtdent. ~~eI)t·esent.a.Hon: long bone shafts .. c::t·::inie1 S(:apula.e .. cl::i.v1des .. some :t'ibs.. mandible. 2. Suba.du1t. No pathologies e" ... i<lent. Rep:1:·esenta.tion: longs bones and ma.ndiMe.

1_:on te:n ts: 1. Llama phalanges and 0th.et• bones. 2. Cuy bones '3. Coppe:r b:1:·a.:::elet f'ra.gmen ts. ·

Comment: i9.ppendix 1

Lo(:::t.tic•:t1: Bei•Yw' f1oo:t· in unit 22. l"fpe: Subf1om· cist tomb. Prese.t'"'y"S.tion: In t::i,(:f..

1. Infant. Defot·med ·:~ta.nium. Rept·esen t•:i.tion: len humerus .. se'".,."Bt'::il 2. Infant. Deformed c1·a.:ni um. :Rep:1:·ese:nta.tion: C:t·a.nie1 ft•::i.gments .. femur .. m::i.:ndible .. humen:is .. pel·v·es fra.gmen ts.

Co:n ten ts: 1. L1::i.m.8. ph81a:n.ges and othet· (:8.m.ehd bones. 2. Cuy bone ::i11d f'e(.):.S. J fish bone. 4. Bm·:n t maize.

'7 1.

f:i. Est.uquifi.a boi;.rt small "(:et·emonia1 jar".; oll;:i.,. ::i.:nd jat· i:i.ppendix 1 ) .

Location : North of' t·eside:n tial stru.:::tu:l:'E!S,. in ;:i1·ea.

Type: P1·oto-d1ulpa.: cr>;,;roid (:ist apprnximatel;l ::.o (:m long: diametet· i:rith tra.(:es of' 1 m diarnetet· dt'(:Ulru· wa11.

Pt·eservation: Sevet"el y 1oote<I. Skeletal: Suba.du1t .. lvia1e. No pa.thologies evident.

Rep1·esenta.tion: (:t·a.nia1 (Both ma;d11a.).. p;:i1·tiel ma.:ndiNe .. both f'emcit•a. tibia .. pelves :dbs .. S(:e.pu1ae .. t•e.<liL utne.e.

Contents: L1::i.:r.o.a phalanges .. textile huma.:n hait•.

Lo<:atio:n: N oi·th of t•eside:n. tia1 st:t'l:ictures .. in a.:rea. Type: Pt·oto-(:h ul pa similar to P4-TI1,1!B= 1. Pt·eset•"'.,."'atio:n: Seve1·el ··t looted. Sl::e1eta1: Adult fem8.l~. Pa.th~110.gies: exu:emely to~··ed le~'t i-a.(JiUS ui:na ..

Representa.twn: missmg (:r;:inrnm .. s<:apu1ae .. r1bs .. most ve1·tebrae .. meta(:•:i.t·pals at1 d i.·-.u.·-·.1.•-·.1..1.·_.~::..·· ..... ,.

Con ten ts: No m.ate1·ials :re(x .. • ..... e:re.<l.

Lo(:atiori: In (:em.etet'y· north of :residen tia1 a.t·ea .. Type: Cist tomb appt·oxim;:i.te1 y ~)o (:m diamete:t· .. 6:, (:fil Pt·eser·la.tion: In ta.(~t.. some watei· seep8.ge in to <:ist. Ske1eta1:

Contents:

Comments:

Lor:::a.tio:n: T~ ..... pe:

Adult proba.biy female. No p;:i.thologies. Rep:1:·esent::i.tion: both femurs .. tibia.s a.nd hume:t'i.: one pelvis ::i.nd S(:a.pul::i,. seve:1:·a1 t'i bs at1d verteb:t·e.e. 1) c.'F!VF!!1 118.IDR i">hA1'4.:1:1 1:•·P.·~ ·' i-.•-~ -· -·.r: - i..:,. :::.-t,;;. ·-:• 't ix:r r.r j- :I:" '"'-!" - - +· ~ ~ w 1_11J~ e ~ ..:· !,)1_11_1J..L.

J.) Basket n·a.gmer! ts. 4) r1•1lai2e (~obi (Minimum numbe1·=1 J). 5) Ca.ne f':ragmen ts. 6) hair. 7) Textile ft·::i.gments.

fr;:i._gmen ts too r.o be part of t:·;:i.sket. At the muse um in A1gotTobei1.. near the large Chi:ribaya. of'the s::ime name .. (:::i.ne flutes ::i.:1:·e 1·epo1·ted to be ini:::luded in Chiribaya. tombs. A i:::at1e f1ute ~,.;~2 found be;.:;:ide a. looted tomb at the site of A1go:r:t•::i.ba1 by the ;:s_uthm·.

nm·th i:•f' the t•eside:n ti::11 8.t·ea. of the site. Be1o~,. g1·i:1uni:j dst 65 {:m 'Zllii:Je .. ?a (:m deep.

169

(i:::om.p1ete1y head .. se"v"'et·e osteophytosis of' lumba.t' .. loss of '7lith a1Yeo1a.:1:· fl.wing.. in se(:ond 1·ight m.::i.ndibul;:i.:1:· mot:::u· ;:ind O(:d us::i1 su.:t·face of third left rcv:ixi11a:t•y mole1·. Rep1·esenta.tior.1.: complete for 1ef't tibia. :eight

::i.:r.1.d ulna ..

Con ten ts: 1. Llama phalanges. 2. Textile ft•agmen ts. '3. cobs (Minimum=6). 4. 1bootpot..2 bo'?.·1s .. 1 ja.t· .. 9 (:e:t•;9mic:

Lc1<::::i.tion: In a1·ea no:rth of :residen ti::il stru.i:::tu.t•es. Type: Belo"?:' g1·ound (:ist tomb. Pt·eset·vation: looted. S1::e1eta1: Adult.. Defot'med <~ra.:nium. No pe.thologies e'.rident.

Rept·ese:nta.tfo:n: sim11 both f'emora ... tibia.s .. ulnae .. :t'a.dii.. one fibula. &.Ld of' pel"ites i9.nd mandible ..

sevet•::.1 dbs ..... ,.0 ,.;.•i'.::.,.,+·•·::. 0

Contents: 1. '7/looden spoon. 2. But·nt maize (:obs (nu.m.ernus).

Lo(:a.tion: In no:rth of' ha.bi te.tion at·ea .. Type: :Eielo\ll gt·oun d cist tomb. Ptese:t'"'.,."8.tfon: Distu1·bed. Skeletal: Adult Undef'o1·med <=t·a.nium.

Pa.tho1o:?,ies: osteophytcisis of' lumba:1:·. Represen ta.ti on: (:Om p 1ete.

Cc•ntents: 1. L1am::1. t)J:jL::i1::i.I1l!2:e~s 2. Bone i3."'!i:·1 or :needle. 3. Un de(:ore.ted (:et·::i.mi (: bo-w·1.

Lo(:ation: In (:emetery ru·e8. not•th of :t•e!Siden tie1 ::i1·ea .. Ty·pe: Belo\\,. g1·ou:nd (:fst tomb. Pt•ese1·va.tic1n: In ta.(:t. Sl::e1eta1: Inf'a.n t. Ar;Je O - 1.~ veai:·s.

No 1>a.ti10ic1gies e"~i<jen t. Represent::1.tion: C1·a.ni;:il fragments .. left humenw .. tibia shaft.

Con ten ts: Bowl. Comments: Infant W8S. found p1::t.(:ed in c:ere.mk vessel.

Lo(:::1.tion: In (:em..;:~te:ry no:t•th cif' :redden ti::•1 stfiK:tut·es. T':.rpe: Belo\\,. ground (:ist tomb.

S(:e.pu1a .. left ulna ...

170

(probe.Me) .. from both sides Tili th of all

mo181'S '~li th ;:i1 "lle0181' +•.:::.·..,•·~l'•, 1r 1 .-... -.

:Rep:t•esen tat.ion: C:t·a.r.d um .. m•:i.:n<li ble, left and u1na.e .. pelvis pa.te11e.e.

Contents: Distal end of llama. ...... , ................ :;;o.· •. • .. -

Comments: No 'tessels "?:ret·e en(:ounteted.

Lo(:;:i,tion: In (:emetet·y a.rea :no1·th of structut·es. T"'f pe: Be1o"W· gt·ound dst tomb. P:resei'Yation: I:n ta.(:t. Skeiet81: Adult undeformed (~ra:nium. Pe.thoiogies: ca.rrie in Ct(:dusa1 surfa(:e

second t'i:::·ht maxilla.t•"lt molar. 1...•r::.•·.+'•Q.;>.:::,+·.,·-,.·.=·T~ • ma.ndtble .. sku11 •:ine de.vkle .. sevei·::U t'ibs a.:nd "itertebrae.

Contents: 1. Wooden spoon. 2. i•.•h:dze. 3. Cet·::i.m.k: bo"W1 .. j a.t· ::i.r1d boot.pot

Loc::i.tion: One of one t·oom gt·oup. Pt·oto-<:hulp•:i. .. 7~) (:m dia:metet· cist tomb .. .;;;dth 2 m .. ,~ .. ,.,,,,,;;;,yg;;•+· extedo:t• (:fi•(:ular ~ra11.

Preserv"'a.tion: L1:ioted .. pc•ssi bl y 1600 A.D. Ste1eta1: A·:jult.

Repi·esente.tion: ma11dit1e .. c:ra.:nia1 and femora. fragments .. some !'ib ft•egmen ts.

Con ten ts: N cine e:tKoun tered.

Lo(:8.tion: One of three tombs fo(:a.ted on the t•esidential a.t·ea. of the site a.ssodated with one i·oom

Type: Prnto-d:i.ulpa... cist tomb .. 70 cm deep 'l:·ith 2.2 m di;:1mete1· .. slightly .. :1:·01;r!d extet·ior wall.

Pt·eset·Yation: Cist tomb inta(:t some distut•ba.tl(:e inside extedot• w::i11. Pt•obe hole in vessel bot.tom.

Skeletal: Adult male .. no defot·ma.tion. Rept·esenta.tion: i:::omplete. No p::i.thologies evident.

Con ten ts: 1 . Llama phala.riges in i:::ist. 2. Cet·amic bo"ltt ·:~omplete a.:nd t~ow1 ft•;~~:ment inside exte1·io1· ~,.;:i11.

Loce.tion: One of' gf'a:-:tes in t•eside:n tie1 ;31·ee. of ;:i.ssocia.ted with a single room gt·oup.

Type: Pt'oto--·:~h ul :pa. P:t·ese:t'"'v"•:t.tio:n: Looted .. pe:rha.ps before 1600 A.D. Si~e1eta1: Adult female (prnt:·8Ne). Ct•::inia. ;:m"j long bone some t'it.s ::i.:nd

171

some ribs

173

174

12

175

24

23

,~ C:~:_:~:~;~~5J '. .. - - - - - ~ L.._____...:-- )

, _____ _L __ _

I

J"'/

25

0 26

'.~-- __ !J

29

176

B A

.i. .................. 7···· ...... . 1 I• .,

18

177

Append1.x 8

178

179

TABLE 2

CERAMIC CATEGORY DISTRIBUTION BY ROOM LOT ...... _ ..... ___ .. _,._ ..... _ ................ _,.. ______ .,., ___ ................... _ ................ :,~:::,~--------~---·------·-~-·".'-" ................ ~----:::.:----- ... -~---:-·-·--- .. --- .. --:----................................. -::~::~_,,;J_' •• ; .. ~ ....... ·- '-''-" -'. '. i.

CATEGORY1 P1-5=1 P1-5=2 P1-5=3 P1-5=4 P1-5=5 P1-5=10 P1-5=11 P1-5=TOTAL

1 0 0 0 0 7 (0.6} 8 (0.04} 0 15 (0.5) 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 ( <.01 ) 3 0 1 3 0 21 (1 .8) 46 (2.5) 0 71 (2.1) 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 (0.1) 0 5 (0.1) 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 0 0 0 0 3 (0.2) 0 0 3 ( <.01 ) 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 3 (0.2) 3 0 6 (0. 1}

10 0 0 0 0 1 (0.1) 0 1 ( <.01 } 2 (0.1) 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 1 1 1 0 9 (0.8) 10 (0.5) 0 32 (0.9} 14 1 0 0 0 8 (0.7} 7 (0.4) 0 16 (0.5) 15 1 0 0 0 3 (0.2) 0 1 5 (0.1) 16 0 0 0 0 13(1.1) 5 (0.3} 3 21 (0.6) 17 0 0 1 0 2 (0.1) 11 (0.6} 0 14 (0.4) 18 1 0 0 0 7 (0.6) 7 (0.4) 0 15 (0.5} 19 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 (<.01) 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 1 0 0 0 2 (0.1) 8 (0.4} 0 11 (0.3) 22 1 0 1 0 16 (1.3) 3 {0.2) 3 24 (0.7) 23 0 0 0 0 7 (0.6) 1 ( <.01) 3 11 (0.3) 24 0 0 0 0 1 (0.1} 0 0 1 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 4 (0.2} 2 6 (0.1} 27 0 0 1 0 2 (0.1) 7 (0.4} 4 14 (0.4) 28 1 0 0 0 47 (4.1} 15 (0.8) 0 63 (1.8) 29 95 50 60 7 588 (51.1} 1179 (64.0) 74 2053 (60.6} 30 1 0 2 0 32 (2.8} 35 (1.9) 3 73 (2.2) 31 21 13 13 2 256 (22.2) 331 (18.1) 17 653 (19.3) 32 0 0 1 0 24 (2.1) 40 (2.2} 4 69 (2.0) 33 2 0 4 0 98 (8.5) 105 (5.6) 1 210 (6.2)

TOTAL 126 65 89 9 1151 1825 115 3383

1 SEE KEY ON PAGE I 8

180

TABLE 2--Continued

CATEGORY1 P1-6=1 P1-6=9 P1-6=11 P1-6=14 P1-6=16 P1-6=23 P1-6=TOTAL %

1 4 (0.5) 0 0 1 1 0 6 (0.6) 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 16 (2.0) 0 0 3 1 0 23 (2.0) 4 1 (0.1) 0 0 0 0 0 1 (0.1) 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 (0.1) 0 0 0 0 0 1 (0.1) 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 (0.1)

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 (0.1) 12 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 (0.1) 13 9 (1.1) 1 0 0 0 0 10 (1.0) 14 4 (0.5) 0 0 0 0 0 4 (0.4) 15 2 (0.2) 0 1 0 0 0 3 (0.3) 16 e (0.7) 0 0 0 0 0 6 (0.6) 17 4 (0.5) 1 0 1 1 0 7 (0.7) 18 16 (2.0) 0 0 0 8 0 25 (2.5) 19 2 (0.2) 0 0 1 3 0 6 (0.6) 20 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 (0.1) 21 6 (0.7) 1 1 0 0 0 8 (0.8) 22 6 (0.7) 1 1 0 0 1 7 (0.7) 23 2 (0.3) 0 0 0 0 0 2 (0.2) 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

26 ' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 4 (0.5) 0 0 0 0 0 4 (0.4) 28 1 (0.1) 0 0 0 0 0 1 (0.1) 29 489 (60.1) 14 13 47 12 5 580 (58.6) 30 5 (0.2) 1 1 0 3 0 10 (1.0) 31 155 (19.0) 11 2 20 1 0 189 (19.1) 32 29 (3.6) 1 0 4 0 0 34 (3.4) 33 52 (6.4) 4 0 5 0 0 61 (6.1)

---------------------------- .. ------- ------- ----------------------------------------· ----- --- ------ ----------------------------- '(. ~ ............ ,. "'

TOTAL 814 34 rn 85 32 6 989

181

TABLE 2--Contjnued

-- ---

CATEGORY1 P1-7=1 P1·7=2 P1-7=3 P1-7=4 P1·7=5 P1-7=6 P1 ·7=7 P1-7::10 P1·7=13 P1-7=14 TOTAL

1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 (0.8) 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 21 (3.5) 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 (0.3) 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 (0.2)

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 10 (1.7) 16 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 (1.0) 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 9 (1.5) 19 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 (1.0) 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 5 0 1 0 2 1 0 2 0 0 11 (1.8) 23 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 (0.8) 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 2 (0.3) 27 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 7 (1.2) 28 18 12 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 31 (5.2) 29 109 16 29 8 15 4 1 83 3 41 309 (52.2) 30 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 (0.8) 31 44 13 4 5 0 0 0 17 0 0 83 (14.0) 32 6 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 . 21 (3.5) 33 30 4 1 1 0 0 4 7 0 6 53 (8.9}

-----------------------------------------------·----------------------------·-------------------------------... --------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL 258 62 42 16 17 5 5 134 4 49 592

182

TABLE 2--Cootjoued

------· _ ........ ~-·----- ..... - -

.CATEGORY1 P1-8=1 P1-8=2 P1-8=3 P1-8=5 PH9=1 P1-19=2 PH9=3 P1-19=4 P1-19=TOTAL %

1 0 3 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 (0.7) 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 14 0 0 3 2 4 2 11 (3.8) 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 (0.3) 9 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 (0.7)

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 (0.3) 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 6 0 0 0 2 0 1 3 (1.0) 14 2 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 4 (1.3) 15 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 (0.7) 16 0 11 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 (0.7) 17 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 3 (1.0) 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 1 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 4 (1.3) 22 2 12 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 (1.3) 23 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 (0.3) 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 1 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 (0.7} 28 0 1 2 0 1 0 5 0 6 (2.1} 29 38 214 20 0 21 38 66 25 150 (51.5) 30 0 3 0 0 2 0 2 3 7 (2.4) 31 11 25 7 0 20 7 23 8 58 (19.9) 32 3 11 0 0 0 1 7 1 9 (3.1) 33 17 23 0 0 5 7 7 0 19 (6.5) ________________ .. ___________ .. _________________ ... _______ ,.... _______________ .,_ ..... ____________________________________________________________________________

TOTAL 79 335 35 58 64 126 43 291

183

TABLE 2--Contjnued

>1141'~.n' --

CATEGORY1 P1-20=2 P1-20-3 P1-20=4 P1-20=5 P1-20=6 P1-20=8 P1-20=9 P1-20=11 P1-20=12 P1-20=13 P1-20=14 P1-20=15

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 3 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 .o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 3 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 2 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 16 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 2 0 17 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 22 1 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 29 79 .. 1 0 0 38 144 0 5 1 3 17 9 30 3 0 0 11 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 31 . 33 1 3 0 6 22 0 0 0 1 8 0 32 4 0 0 0 5 6 1 0 1 0 4 0 33 11 0 3 0 1 7 1 0 0 0 0 2

-------------..... ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------·--· TOTAL 151 2 6 15 57 206 3 6 6 6 35 11

184

TABLE 2--Cootjoued

~-__ .......,,.,,... _____ " ~" ~ .......... ~----------- -·- - ..... ~ .... -- .. -... .....,...-~.,..~ ...... ~--~ .. , ......------

CATEGORY1 P1-20=16 P1·20=17 P1-20=19 P1-20=20 P1-20=TOTAL P1-21 =2 P1-21=3 P1-21=4 P1-21=6

1 0 0 2 0 3 (0.4) 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 6 0 22 (3.3) 14 1 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

5 0 0 1 0 1 (0.1) 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 1 (0.1) 0 0 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 0 1 1 0 3 (0.4) 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 0 0 0 0 1 (0.1) 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 1 0 7 (1.0) 8 0 1 1

14 0 1 0 0 4 (1.0) 2 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 2 (0.3) 0 0 1 0 16 1 0 3 0 10 (1.5) 0 0 0 2

17 0 0 0 0 2 (0.3) 0 0 0 0

18 0 1 0 0 4 (0.6) 7 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

22 0 0 0 0 7 (1.0) 8 0 1 2

23 0 0 1 0 7 (1.0) 0 0 0 0

24 0 0 0 0 1 (0.1} 0 0 0 0

25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

26 0 0 1 0 1 (0.1) 5 0 0 1

27 2 0 0 0 3 (0.4) 0 0 0 2

28 0 0 0 1 6 (0.9) 2 0 5 4

29 29 10 56 9 401 (60.1} 326 23 69 37

30 3 0 1 5 30 (4.5} 8 0 1 3

31 1 0 8 2 85 (12.7) 80 2 10 5 32 1 0 2 0 24 (3.6) 9 2 3 2

33 0 0 9 0 34 (5.1) 14 1 7 7 -- .... -_,.. ----------------- .. ------------------------- .... -------------------------------------------~----- .. ---------------------------- ------------ -------- ---------

TOTAL 39 13 95 17 667 488 29 99 70

185

TABLE 2--Continued

____ .._... ...... _,.,. - _____ ,..., - -- --- ..... --

CATEGOflY1 P1-21=7 P1-21=9 P1-21=TOTAL P1-22=1 P1-22=3 P1-22=4 P1-22=5 P1-22=5 P1-22=6

1 3 1 8 (0. 7) 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 9 32 (2.7) 10 0 0 1 0 0 4 2 1 5 (0.4) 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 1 (0.1) 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 1 1 (0.1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 10 (0.8) 2 0 1 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 (0.2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 1 (0.1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 4 0 6 (0.5) 14 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 1 1 (0.1) 4 0 0 0 0 0 18 7 0 14 (1.2} 0 2 0 0 0 1 19 0 0 1 (0.1} 1 0 0 0 0 0 20 1 0 1 (0.1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 2 2 (0.2) 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 4 3 18 (1.5} 1 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 1 1 (1.0) 3 0 0 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 3 9 (0.7} 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 2 4 (0.3} 1 0 0 0 0 0

28 3 14 28 (2.4) 1 0 0 0 0 0

29 151 128 734 (61.8) 115 8 4 7 15 7

30 0 1 13 (1.1) 4 0 0 0 0 0

31 28 66 191 (16.1) 37 0 4 0 3 4

32 13 16 45 (3.8) 12 0 0 0 0 0 33 6 22 57 (4.8) 28 0 0 0 1 1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL 229 271 1186 235 11 10 7 19 14

TABL

E 2-

Con

tinue

d

CA

TE

GO

RY

1 P

1·2

2=

9

P1·

22s1

P

1·22

=15

P

1·2

2=

26

P

1-22

=TO

TAL

P1-

28=

1 P

1·2

8=

4

P1-

28=

5 P

1-28

=6

P1

-28

=7

P

1-28

=8

1 0

0 0

0 2

(0.3

) 0

0 0

1 0

0 2

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 3

1 0

3 0

15 (

2.6)

1

4 0

2 5

3 4

1 0

0 0

2 (0

.3)

1 0

0 0

0 0

5 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

6 0

·o

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 7

0 0

0 0

0 0

2 1

0 0

0 8

3 0

0 0

4 (0

.7)

0 0

0 0

0 0

9 1

0 0

0 1

(0.1

) 0

0 0

0 0

0 1

0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 11

0

0 0

0 0

1 0

0 0

0 0

12

0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

13

2

0 0

0 5

(0.8

) 0

3 0

0 2

0 1

4

1 0

0 0

1 (0

.1)

0 5

0 1

1 0

........

00

15

0

0 0

0 0

0 7

0 0

1 0

°' 1

6

1 0

1 0

16 (

2.8)

3

1 0

0 1

0 17

0

0 0

0 4

(0.7

) 0

1 0

0 0

0 1

8

0 0

0 0

3 (0

.5)

1 3

0 1

0 0

19

0 0

0 0

1 (0

.1)

0 0

1 0

0 3

20

0

0 0

0 0

0 3

0 0

0 0

21

2 0

0 0

2 (0

.3)

0 0

1 1

1 0

22

0 0

0 0

1 (0

.1)

4 7

0 0

3 0

23

0

1 1

0 5

(0.8

) 1

1 0

0 0

0 24

0

0 0

0 0

0 3

0 0

0 0

25

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 26

0

0 1

0 1

(0.1

) 0

3 0

0 1

0 2

7

2 0

0 0

3 (0

.5)

0 7

0 0

2 0

28

0

0 0

0 1

(0.1

) 0

0 6

0 0

0 29

83

36

48

32

35

5 (6

2.1)

12

6 1

68

48

59

14

3 3

30

, 2

0 0

7 (1

.2)

4 42

6

1 1

0 31

21

6

10

4 89

(1

5.5)

40

13

7

5 28

54

3

2

2 0

1 0

15

(2.6

) 0

4 0

2 0

5 33

7

0 2

0 39

(6

.8)

16

3

11

3 20

0

-----·

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

---TO

TAL

128

45

67

36

572

202

276

83

74

214

65

TAB

LE 2

-QQ

n!in

ued

CA

TEG

OR

Y1

P1

-28

=1

3

P1-

28=

14

P1-

28=

15

P1-

28=

16

P1

-28

=2

2

P1

-28

=2

3

P1-

28=

24

P1-

28=3

1 P

1-2

8=

32

P

1-28

=TO

TAL

1 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

2 (0

.2)

2 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 3

3 1

1 1

3 1

0 0

0 25

(2

.1)

4 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

2 (0

.2)

5 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 6

0 0

0 0

0 o.

0

0 0

0 7

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 3

(0.3

) 8

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

9 0

0 0

1 0

0 0

0 0

1 (0

.1)

10

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

11

1 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 2

(0.2

) 12

0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 1

3

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 5

(0.4

) 1

4

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 7

(0.6

) 1

5

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 6

(0.7

) I-

" 16

0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

5 (0

.4)

00

H

0 2

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 3

(0.3

) -..

....)

18

1

0 0

1 1

0 0

0 0

8 (0

.7)

19

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 4

(0.3

) 20

0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

3 (0

.3)

21

0 0

0 2

0 0

0 0

0 7

(0.6

) 22

1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

17 (

1.5)

24

0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

3 (0

.3)

25

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

26

0 0

0 1

0 0

0 0

0 5

(0.4

) 27

0

0 0

1 0

0 0

0 0

10

(0.9

) 28

0

0 0

1 1

0 0

0 0

8 (0

.7)

29

31

1

8

0 36

2

4

5 3

4 3

671

(57.

6)

30

4 0

4 4

0 1

0 0

0 67

(5

.7)

31

12

7

0 27

1

5 0

0 0

199

(17.

1)

32

4 2

0 3

0 0

0 0

0 20

(1

.7)

33

3

10

0 7

3 0

0 0

0 76

(6

.5)

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

--·---

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

------

TOTA

L 62

40

5

86

34

12

3 4

3 11

64

188

TABLE 2 CERAMIC TYPE DISTRIBUTIONS·~KEY

1 ESTUQUINA BOWL 2 ESTUOUINA BOWL, BLACKENED 3 BURNISHED BOWL 4 BURNISHED BOWL, BLACKENED 5 BURNISHED BOWL, SHARP, INCURVING RIM 6 BURNISHED BOWL, SHARP, INCURVING RIM, BLACKENED 7 UNBURNISHED BOWL 8 UNBURNISHED BOWL, BLACKENED 9 STRAIGHT SIDED BURNISHED BOWL

10 STRAIGHT SIDED BURNISHED BOWL, BLACKENED 11 STRAIGHT SIDED UNBURNISHED BOWL 12 STRAIGHT SIDED UNBURNISHED BOWL, BLACKENED 13 FLARING RIM, BURNISHED 14 FLARING RIM, BURNISHED, BLACKENED 15 FLARING RIM, UNBURNISHED 16 FLARING RIM, UNBURNISHED, BLACKENED 17 UNBURNISHED BASE 18 UNBURNISHED BASE, BLACKENED 19 BURNISHED BASE 20 BURNISHED BASE, BLACKENED 21 UNBURNISHED STRAP HANDLE 22 UNBURNISHED STRAP HANDLE, BLACKENED 23 BURNISHED STRAP HANDLE 24 BURNISHED STRAP HANDLE, BLACKENED 25 BOOT POT 26 ROUND, WORKED CERAMIC FRAGMENTS 27 TYPE 1: Type 6, with evidence of carbonization. 28 TYPE 2: Unidentified 29 TYPE 3: Interior/Exterior wiped, roughed, and/or poorly

smoothed, unpigmented with gray to orange paste. Carbonized 30 TYPE 4: Type 5 with evidence of carbonization. 31 TYPE 5: Interior wiped or rough, exterior burnished and red

pigmented. Not carbonized. If a flaring rim, may have burnished red pigment on both sides. Burnishing is always horizontal. These are generally water jars, eating or drinking vessels such as cups and jars. Some bowls may be mistakenly placed here.

32 TYPE 6: Interior and exterior burnished, one or both sides pigmented and no carbonization. No flaring or "S" shape in profile. Generally bowls, possible post-Estuquifia plates.

33 TYPE 7: Type 3 not carbonized.

189

TABLE 3

CAMELID BONE DISTRIBUTION BY ROOM LOT

f.1.:S

Ba-JEPAAT1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 -· -- ....... ------------ ................................................ ----- .. ------------------------- ........ ---------------·

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 12 0 0.23 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 32 34 0 0.61 3 11 1 2 3 1 0 0 0 1 38 62 2 0.50 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 0 0.02 5 5 114 44 11 11 0 2 16 146 2 95 1 2.40 6 all volcanic ash

10 108 7 33 139 21 22 8 2 16 445 901 2 6.15 11 35 1 5 24 8 7 0 0 5 98 227 2 2.34

................ --- ---------------------------------..... -----------·- .. -----------------------------------TOT 205 , 1 54 201 41 40 9 4 38 774 1536 - 12.25

ru

BONEPART1

LOT 2 3 ·4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ---------------------------·--·-------·------------·-----------------------------------------

1 6 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 16 27 0 0.12 2/5 25 0 8 20 7 17 0 0 7 73 165 2 3.00 8 3 2 0 3 0 0 1 0 2 10 21 1 0.20

10 , 7 0 2 3 14 0 0 0 60 87 1 0.30 11 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0.03 13 5 1 0 5 1 0 3 0 4 44 63 2 0.40 15 5 0 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 17 29 0 0.52 17 7 9 6 5 1 2 2 0 6 49 117 1 0.95 18 2 3 0 7 0 2 0 0 6 70 130 1 0.50 23 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 0 0.05

TOT 57 22 18 53 13 35 6 0 25 344 650 - 6.07

f1:l

£0-JE PARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 8 3 4 0 0 45 0 0 0 13 190 0 1.80 2 5 6 9 15 1 3 0 0 1 141 205 1 1.00 3 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 50 58 0 0.28 4 5 0 1 5 0 3 0 0 4 41 59 0 0.60 5 5 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 19 38 1 0.08 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 14 0 0.00 9 8 0 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 30 54 0 0.20

10 9 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 7 24 58 1 0.28 11 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0.06 12 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 11 0 0.08 13 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0.05 ------------------ _ ... ------ .. -- -· ------ ...... ------------- ----.. -- .. ----------------------------- .. -.. -- --- .. -- --TOT 48 12 24 36 51 0 0 13 459 694 - 4.45

180

TABLE 3--Contlnued

BONEPARTS1

LOT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 1 3 --------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- .. -------------------

1 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 30 0 0.28 2 23 2 2 12 8 4 3 2 5 322 382 1 1.62 3 15 2 9 10 0 0 0 0 2 34 63 1 0.55

TOT 41 4 12 22 8 4 3 2 7 356 4 75 - 2.45

~

BONEPARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ------------·------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0.05 2 0 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 53 59 0 0.22 3 17 3 0 6 3 6 0 1 5 140 181 2 1.29 4 2 2 1 2 1 3 0 0 2 43 66 2 0.38

TOT 21 8 2 8 4 10 7 236 408 - 1 .94

.E1:2Q

BONE PARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ---------------------.. --·--------------------------------------------------------------------

1 5 2 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 102 114 0 0.34 3 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 11 1 0.08 4 0 0 1 1 6 1 1 0 0 41 51 0 0.23 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 11 0 0.10 6 6 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 20 29 0 0.08 8 13 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 25 43 0 0.23 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 15 0 0.02 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 0 0.08 13 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 0 0.05 14 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 13 21 0 0.08 15 9 1 0 0 0 2 0 3 1 9 25 2 0.29 16 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 7 13 0 0.12 17 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 13 0 0.10 18 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0.05 19 5 2 1 3 0 0 1 0 2 37 51 2 0.10

_______________ ... _________________________________________________________________________________

TOT 69 6 3 20 7 3 3 3 3 304 427 - 2.03

TABLE 3--QQotioued

E.1.:2.1

SONEPARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ---· -----------------------·--------·-------- -- ___ ... _ ------------ ------------ ----------------

1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0.02 2 16 1 1 7 0 0 3 0 2 102 132 2 0.89 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 0 0.02 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 0 0.06 6 11 1 2 7 1 0 0 0 3 29 54 2 0.30 7 15 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 1 33 56 1 0.20 8 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 4 9 0 0.05 9 27 1 8 5 0 9 3 0 1 82 136 2 0.48 12 10 0 0 4 2 0 1 0 1 8 26 2 0.36

-- ------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------TOT 82 5 12 30 3 11 7 0 9 274 432 . 2.38

~

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 -- ..... --------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------

1 14 1 3 7 0 0 0 3 1 27 56 1 0.35 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 17 0 0.06 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0.02 6 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 5 0 0.06 9 8 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 s 17 1 0.08 10 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 14 1 0.08 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 5 0 0.02 13 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 9 14 0 0.03 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0.01 20 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0.02 23 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0.05 24 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 13 0 0.10 25 7 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 13 26 0 0.10 26 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 5 7 0 0.02

·------------------------------ -------------------------------------- ---------------------- --TOT 49 6 20 0 2 0 4 4 102 188 - 1.00

f1:2.e

BONE PARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 -----------·-------------·------------------- ---------------- .... ------------ ------ ------------

1 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 35 41 2 0.50 4 36 2 5 18 0 1 1 0 1 42 106 1 0.64 5 26 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 48 77 2 0.49 6 5 0 2 7 0 0 2 0 0 6 22 0 0.08 7 14 2 4 3 2 0 0 0 1 17 43 0 0.30 8 3 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 13 21 0 0.05 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.01

11 2 0 , '0 0 0 1 0 0 7 11 0 0.06 13 29 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 100 0 0.36 15 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 0 0.02 16 30 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 94 0 0.04 17 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.02 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0.02 21 6 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 15 24 0 0.21 22 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 14 14 0 0.05 28 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0.01 31 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 O.Q1 32 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.01

........................................................................................... -............................................. _ .......................................................... TOT 164 6 22 37 3 4 6 2 2 347 590 2.88

191

192

TABLE 3-(Cootioued)

P2-1

BONE PARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 -----------------______ .,. ___ --- .. _ .. --·----------------------------- -·--------------------------

2 57 0 4 17 0 0 0 0 3 114 196 2 0.85 4 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 39 0 0.17 9 37 1 3 0 1 0 0 0 5 40 88 2 0.70 11 36 4 3 3 1 0 0 0 11 81 139 2 0.98

--------- ------ .... ----------------- -----... -------------------- -- -- ----... --------------------- -----TOT 134 6 10 20 2 0 0 0 19 269 462 2.70

~

BONEPARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ------------------------------------... ·------------·-------------------------------------------

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0.01

4 7 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 26 35 1 0.16

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 13 0 O.D1 6 17 0 3 7 0 0 0 0 ·o 125 152 2 0.36

7 3 0 5 4 0 0 1 0 3 145 161 2 0.61

10 8 0 0 1 2 0 8 0 0 38 57 2 0.36

13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 0 0.01

14 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 75 76 0 0.12

15 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 9 0 0.05

17 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 16 2 0.08 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 10 0 0.01

20 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 38 41 0 0.13

22 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 16 21 0 0.10 23 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 10 0 0.08

-------------.. --------... ------------------------------------... -----------.. -----------------------TOT 44 0 10 14 2 3 11 0 3 525 612 - 2.09

P4-2

BONEPARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ------- ------............. -------------------------------- ... ---.. --------------------------------------

1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 14 1 0.02

2 7 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 37 50 0 0.26

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 12 0 0.03

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 0 0.02

7 35 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 243 283 2 0.67

8 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 34 2 0.12

11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 200 0 0.20

12 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 24 2 0.04

13 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 6 0 0.08

14 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 32 0 0.05 -------------- ------... --------- ----------------------------------------------------------- __ ... _ ..

TOT 62 2 9 0 0 3 0 3 638 718 - 1.63

193

TABLE 3--QQotiou~c

EZ:.J

BONEPARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ------------------·-... ·------------------------------------------------·-----------------------

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0.03 3* 8 1 0 5 0 1 1 0 0 51 67 2 0.20

_____ .. _ ---- ----- -- ----- ---------------·----------·------------------------------------------TOT 8 0 5 0 0 0 55 71 ~ 0.23

EH

BONEPARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 17 0 2 3 0 1 1 1 3 37 65 1 0.10 2 7 0 1 1 0 1 3 1 3 21 33 2 0.20 3 6 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 20 28 ·1 0.03 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 16 0 .0.02

--------- ------.. ------------- -------------------------- ------------------ --------------------TOT 31 0 4 6 0 2 4 2 3 92 142 0 0.35

EH

BONEPARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1~ ------------------·------------·------------------------------... ·-----------------------------

2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 97 101 0 0 .. 24 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 22 24 0 0.08 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 25 0 O.Q1

--------------------~-------------... ------------- ... --... --------------------------------------- .,:_

TOT 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 144 150 0 o.~3

El.:2

BONE PARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 16 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 18 36 0 0.02

2 36 1 4 19 7 15 2 1 3 369 457 2 1.44

3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 9 0 0.04

4 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 25 31 0 0.01

5 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 15 0 0.01

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0.08

7 7 0 5 6 0 1 0 d 0 60 79 0 0.02

8 2 0 0 2 0 l. 0 0 3 25 33 2 0.22

11 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 12 0 0.05 ------------------·-------------------------------------------------------------------------·--------------

TOT 74 10 33 7 17 2 2 7 521 674 1.89

P7-7

BONE PARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ------------------------------------------------------·---------------.. -----------------------

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0.06

5 Combined wtth P7-7=11

6 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 50 52 0 0.05

7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 42 44 0 0.06

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 28 0 0.20

9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 0 0.05

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0.01

11 7 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 0 0.14 ---- -- .. -------------__ .... -- .. --------- ------------------- ....... ----------- --- ---------------------

TOT 9 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 1 204 220 - 0.57

TABLE 3-Conlinued

f.Z::B

BONE PARTS1 LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

..... -----·- ........... --- .... ·---- ..... -------------·--- -----·---------- ............. -- ---------------------------1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 56 1 0.16 3 8 0 0 9 0 6 0 0 0 100 123 1 0.32

...... --....... -... -.. -- ......... --------------------·-----.. ----- ..... --- ... -..... ------- ..... -... ----... --... ---- ... -..... --- ------TOT 9 0 0 9 0 6 0 0 0 155 179 - 0.48

EZ:.9

BONE PAArs1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 --- ---------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 11 0 0 12 .. 1 0 0 0 60 85 1 0.38 2 9 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 24 40 1 0.28 4 3 1 2 5 0 3 0 0 55 70 0 0.65

-------------------·--------------------------------------------------------------·---------TOT 23 2 22 4 0 3 0 139 195 - 1.31

P7-10

BONEPARTS1 LOT 2 3, 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

-- ------- ... ----------------- ... ------------...... ------------... -------... ----... ------------... ------------1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 23 0 0.05 2 17 3 9 17 3 1 3 0 2 260 315 1 1.10 4 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 9 0 0.30 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 22 0 0.20

__ .,. _____________ --------- ---------------- ..... --------- -- --------- -------------------------------TOT 20 3 10 22 3 3 0 2 334 398 - 1.70

P7-12

BONEPARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ------------------------------------------------... ----------------- ---------------------------

1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 24 0 0.20 2 54 0 0 4 1 3 0 0 1 19 82 0 0.90

-------------------------------------- .. ------------------------------- --------------------------TOT 65 0 0 4 ·3 0 0 32 106 - 1.10

fl:ll

BONEPARTS1 LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 12 16 0 0.05 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 19 21 0 0.02 3 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 15 19 1 0.08 4 2 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 8 10 0 0.05 5 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0.02 6 7 1 5 9 0 2 0 0 0 150 174 1 0.50 8 19 0 0 10 0 0 1 0 1 100 124 0 0.40 9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 9 11 0 0.07

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOT 31 6 24 0 3 2 1 313 375 - 1.37

.El:.U

BONE PARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 -- -------------------- ------------------------------------- ----------------------------------

1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 24 0 0.10 2 43 0 0 6 1 1 1 0 1 25 78 0 0.50

--------- .. -- --------------- ... ________ --------------------- .. -------..... .., --------- -----------------TOT 47 0 0 6 0 45 102 - 0.60

194

195

TABLE 3··Cootjoued

BONEPARTS1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 2

TOT

LOT

1 2 3 4 5

TOT

LOT

1 2 6

TOT

LOT

2 5

TOT

LOT

2 3

TOT

4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 77 81 5 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 57 65

9 0 0 2 0 0 134 146

~

BONEPARTS1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

0 0.24 0 0.31

. 0.55

12 13 --------------------------------------------·------------------------------------------------

0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 19 23 0 0.06 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .o 4 5 1 0.05 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 36 41 1 0.20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.01 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 13 15 0 0.04

4 0 0 5 0 0 2 72 85 • 0.36

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3 0 0 2 0 6 0 0 0 28 39 0 0.07 4 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 23 0 0.14 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 28 31 0 0.11 ------------ ..... -- ---------------------- --------- .................... ---------------------- ............ _ ----.. --------7 2 3 4 0 7 0 0 0 70 93 - 0.32

™ BONEPARTS1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ---·-•••-••-•-••••-•-•••-••••.,.••-••----·--•-""'••eo-•••-o•-••-••-•--•-------------•••••••-•-•••-

8 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 66 79 0 0.15 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 10 16 0 0.08 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 76 95 . 0.23

ru

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 --------------------------------·----------·------------ ................. ----------- .... ---------------------10 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 19 36 1 0.20 9 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 24 35 1 0.14 ---------------------------·---------------------------------·--------------·-------------------

19 2 5 0 0 0 0 43 71 - 0.34

196

TABLE 3--Cootjnued

ffilQ

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 _________________________ ., ______________________________________________________________ .. ____

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0.01 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 51 0 0.14 4 18 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 28 50 0 0.30

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOT 25 2 0 0 0 0 0 78 107 - 0.45

e6:1.1

LOT 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ------ ------------------------------ .. ------------ --- ...... ---- -------------------------- -----------

1 31 0 0 5 1 2 0 0 1 55 75 2 0.30 2 17 0 0 9 0 1 0 0 1 73 101 1 0.25 3 5 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 45 54 0 0.70 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 10 0 0.06 5 30 2 1 39 2 2 2 0 7 196 281 1 1.38

--------------.. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOT 84 3 2 54 4 5 2 0 10 377 521 - 2.69

KEY TO TABLE 3

1. LONG BONES

2.PATELLA

3. PHALANGES

4. RIBS

5. MANDIBLES

6. TEETH

7. SCAPULA

8. PELVIS

9. VERTEBRAE

10. OTHERS AND UNIDENTIFIED

11. TOTAL

12. EVIDENCE OF BUTCHERING: O=NONE, 1= SOME, 2=HIGH

13. TOTAL WEIGHT IN KILOGRAMS

197

TABLE 4

CERAMIC AND BONE DENSITY BY ROOM

P1-5 P1-6 P1-7 P1-8 P1-19 P1-20 P1-21 P1-22 P1-28 ---------------------------------------------------------------

FLOOR AREA

(m2) 9.8 19.0 7.1 7.5 24.0 41.0 30.8 32.8 37.3

DEPTH (cm) 41 34 36 38 46 36 28 37 42

VOLUME 4.0 6.5 2.6 2.8 11.0 15.0 8.6 12.1 15.7 (m3}

CERAMIC COUNT 3383 989 592 450 291 667 1186 572 1164

CERAMIC WEIGHT (kg.) 22.4 4.2 11.2 7.4 3.9 7.3 15.5 6.4 11.6

BONE COUNT 1536 650 694 475 408 427 432 188 590 BONE WEIGHT

(Kg) 12.25 6.07 4.45 2.45 1.94 2.03 2.38 1.00 2.88

CERAMIC COUNT/m3 841 153 227 157 26 44 138 47 74

CERAMIC WEIGHT

kg/m3 5.57 0.65 4.3 2.60 0.35 0.49 1.80 0.53 0.73

BONE COUNT/m3 382 100 267 166 37 28 50 15 38

BONE WEIGHT 3.05 0.94 1.7 0.86 0.18 0.13 0.28 0.08 0.18 m3

198

TABLE 4-Con1jnued

P2-1 P4-1 P4-2 ------------------------·-----

FLOOR AREA

(m2) 27.2 44.6 36.9

DEPTH (cm) 46 31 42

VOLUME (m3) 12.5 13.8 15.1

CERAMIC COUNT 1801 1926 1584

CERAMIC WEIGHT 26.4 16.8 12.6 (kg.)

BONE COUNT 462 612 768

BONE WEIGHT 2.70 2.09 1.65

(Kg)

CERAMIC COUNT/m3 144 139 105

CERAMIC WEIGHT 2.10 1.22 0.83 kg/m3

BONE COUNT/m3 40.0 44.3 50.8

BONE WEIGHT 0.22 0.15 0.11 m3

199

TABLE 4-Continued

- .............. -"" ... --,.,...

P7-1 P7-3 P7-4 P7-5 P7-6 P7-7 P7-8 P7-9 P7-10 P7-11 P7-12 P7-13 ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

FLOOR AREA 16.4 17.2 15.6 19.2 19.7 9.9 13.7 18.2 12.5 12.2 20.1 9.0

m3

DEPTH OF DEPOSIT 35 40 35 32 41 33 30 28 37 29 32 28 cm

VOLUME m3 5.74 6.88 5.46 6.14 8.02 3.27 4.12 5.10 4.62 3.54 6.43 2.52

CERAMIC COUNT 12 87 105 151 395 222 268 77 413 317 278 78

CERAMIC WEIGHT 0.01 0.90 1.60 0.80 6.70 2.80 3.10 1.00 4.30 2.50 2.80 1.40

kg.

BONE COUNT 6 67 98 125 674 220 179 195 375 361 106 102

BONE WEIGHT 0.02 0.23 0.34 0.32 1.89 0.57 0.57 1.33 1.65 1.23 1.10 0.60

CERAMIC COUNT/m3 2.1 12.6 19.2 24.6 49.2 67.9 65.0 15.1 89.4 89.5 43.2 30.9

CERAMIC/ WEIGHT/m3 0.13 0.29 0.13 0.83 0.86 0.75 0.20 0.93 0.71 0.43 0.55

BONE COUNT/m3 1.0 9.7 17.9 20.3 84.0 67.3 43.4 38.2 81.2 102.0 16.4 40.5

BONE WEIGHT/m3 * 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.23 0.17 0.07 0.26 0.35 0.34 0.17 0.23

* less than 0.01

200

TABLE 4--Qootioued

P8-1 P8-3 P8·5 P8-7 P8-8 PB-9 PB-10 P8-11 ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------

FLOOR AREA 10.8 9.6 9.9 12.2 12.7 7.0 22.4 31.9

m2

DEPTH OF DEPOSIT 31 33 33 39 30 32 22 37 cm

VOLUME 3.35 3.17 3.27 4.76 3.81 2.24 4.93 11.80 m3

CERAMIC COUNT 86 171 65 163 126 55 297 190

CERAMIC WEIGHT 1.80 2.40 1.60 7.10 2.50 1.10 4.70 1.30

BONE COUNT 108 72 93 59 95 71 107 431

BONE WEIGHT 0.31 0.85 0.32 0.99 0.23 0.34 0.45 2.69

CERAMIC COUNT/m3 25.7 53.9 19.9 34.2 33.1 24.5 60.2 16.1

CERAMIC WEIGHT 0.54 0.75 0.49 1.49 0.66 0.49 0.95 0.11

BONE COUNT/m3 32.2 22.7 28.4 12.4 24.9 31.7 21.7 36.5

BONE WEIGHT/m3 0.09 0.27 0.10 0.21 0.06 0.15 0.09 0.23

201

TABLE 5

CUY AND FISH BONE TYPE DISTRIBUTION BY ROOM

CUY FISH -----------------·---------------------·----------·---------------- --------------------------

LOT MNI+ LONG TEElli MANDIBLE RIBS VERTEBRAE VERTEBRAE SPINES BONES &CR.ANIA

P1-5=3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 =5 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0

=10 6 24 3 3 11 2 5 8 =11 2 8 3 2 5 4 2 0

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .... ------TOTAL* 7 32 6 7 16 6 9 8 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P1-6=2 2 1 0 2 0 0 1 0

=10 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 =13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 =17 5 30 8 7 8 0 12 21

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL 8 32 8 9 8 0 13 56

------------..... -----------------------·----------------------------------------... ----- .. ------------------- ... ------P1-7=1 2 1

=2 5 14 =3 1 0 =4 7 43 =7 1 4 =9 3 19 =10 3 16 =11 2 7 =13 1 0

TOTAL 25 104

P1-8=2 =3

TOTAL

1 2

3

0 2 0 4 1 0

29 14 0

50

0 0

0

*Based upon crania and long bone

2 10 0

11 0 4 4 2 0

33

0 0

0

0 1 0 0

16 4

21 0 0

42

0 3

3

0 2

10 11 2

18 16 0 1

60

0 0

0

+ Due to possibility of lot mixing, total MN! =t- sum of lot MNI.

0 16 0

19 0 3 7 0 0

45

3 18

21

0 2 0

14 1 5 3 1 0

26

0 14 •

14

202

TABLE 5-Contin!J~d

CUY FISH ------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------

LOT MNI LONG TEETH MANDIBLE RIBS VERTEBRAE VERTEBRAE SPINES BONES &CAANIA

PH9=1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 =2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 =3 2 16 0 0 0 3 0 0 =4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL 2 17 0 0 0 5 0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P1-20=1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

=6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 =8 1 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 =10 1 7 0 1 5 0 0 0 =11 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 =12 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 =13 3 18 0 2 9 2 0 0 =14 1 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 =16 1 1 0 0 0 3 4 0 =17 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 =18 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 =19 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL 8 39 2 7 15 8 8 3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P1-21 =2 2 1 0 2 0 0 3 0

=6 1 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 =7 1 3 0 2 0 0 4 1 =8 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 =9 2 1 0 0 1 1 16 9

TOTAL 6 12 0 6 2 23 10

203

TABLE 5--Cootioued -------

GUY FISH ·------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------

LOT MNI LONG TEETH MANDIBLE RIBS VERTEBRAE VERTEBRAE SPINES BONES &CRANIA

P1-22=1 1 2 0 0 1 5 1 1 =3 4 15 0 1 3 1 9 5 =5 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 =9 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 =13 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 =16 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 =19 4 23 2 4 21 19 0 2 =24 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL 8 44 2 5 27 25 14 12 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------P1-28=4 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0

=5 1 7 0 0 9 1 0 0 =6 2 0 0 4 14 21 0 0 =9 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 =13 4 30 0 7 9 15 0 0 =15 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 =21 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 =22. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =31 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL 10 40 0 12 33 44 2

204

TABLE 6

CUY BONE FRAGMENT DISTRIBUTION BY ROOM LOT

LOT MNI LONG BONES TEElH MANDIBLE RIB VERTEBRAE

P2·1 •2

TOTAL

P2·2=13 1 =34 1 =39 1 =70 10 =78 1 =88 1

1 0 3

4

1 1 0

63 2 1

0 0 0

0

0 0 0

64 0 0

1 1 0

2

1 0 1

31 1 0

0 0 0

0

0 0 0

62 0 0

0 1 3

4

0 0 0

38 1 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------·------TOTAL 12 68 64 34 62 39

P4-1=5 0 0 0 1 0 0 =10 0 0 0 0 1 0 =12 4 19 7 3 25 26 =14 29 199 123 76 221 101 =17 1 0 4 3 0 0 =20 2 10 0 2 15 4 =23 1 1 0 0 0 0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOTAL 32 229 134 85 262 131 ---------------·------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

P4-2=6 1 =7 1 =9 1 =12 1

TOTAL 2

1 3 0 2

6

0 0 0 0

0

0 0 1 1

2

0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0 0

0

LOT

P7-4=5

TOTAL

P7-9=2 =4

TOTAL

MNI

2

2

14 4

18

P7-10=2 1 =6 10

TOTAL

P8-1=2

TOTAL

PB-3=3 =5

TOTAL

PB-7=2 =4

TOTAL

P8-8=2 =5

11

2

2

18 4

22

2

1 2

205

TABLE 6-Continued

LONG BONES

7

7

18 21

39

1 98

99

9

9

29 16

45

1 0

0 0

TEETH

3

3

18 0

18

0 25

25

12

12

19 2

21

1 0

8 12

MANDIBLE

2

2

30 5

35

0 37

37

48 3

51

5 3

8

5 7

RIB

4

4

19 0

19

0 36

36

14

14

1 3

4

0 0

0

0 0

VERTEBRAE

2

2

16 0

16

0 73

73

3

3

4 0

4

0 0

0

0 0

------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL 3 0 20 12 0 0

PS-10=5 3 0 0 2

TOTAL 3 0 0 2

PS-11 =5 2 5 0 2 0 0

TOTAL 2 5 0 2 0 0

206

TABLE 7

SURFACE GRINDING STONES BY SITE

SITE BATANES MANOS MANOS MORTARS POUNDING POLISHING BOLAS (Large) (Small)

P1 54 147 42 10 18 3

P2 3 3 4 2 6

P4 4 8 3 2 2 0

PS 5 2 3 0 0 0

P7 2 0 0 0 0

PS 0 2 0 0 0 0

TABLES

LAND USE DYNAMICS IN OTOOA

PERO!}' OCMESTIC CAN.AJ..S saJRCES CANAL C/INAL LEN31H AVG. Fla..D TOTAL RA TlO COvESTIC SITE UNITS LENGTH° AVG.IPERIOO SLOPE AREA UNIT:AGAREA

MOOUEGUA T1WANAl<U6

P5 4

OT ORA

P7 25

Pa 16

P4 26

7.5km.

C-1 POROBAYA 7.5 km 9'

5.3 ± 0.3

C-1 POAOBAYA 5.9 17

C·2 O.CUEVA 6.3 19 OU EMA DA

C-1 POROBAYA 3.3 >15 or C-4 4.3

.. ----------------------------------------------ESTUOUl~AI 3.3±0.25 ES11.0Jl~-ll'AA

P1 70 C-1 POROBAYA 4.8 >15

P2 32 C-3 POAOBAYA 3.0 22

P3 50± 20 C-7 QUEYBAYA 2.0± 0.5 >20 ------.. -----... --------------------------------------·-----·--

INKA 0.4 ± 0.1

P11 <10 C-5 SAJENA 0.0

P13 8± 3 C-7 OUEYBAYA 1.0± 0.5 .. ?

P15 <10 C-8 INOJOYA 0.0 ?

• LEN3TI1 OF CA"JAI.. FRCM INT .AKE TO FlRST MA..OR TERRACE TRACT

15 ha. 1: 3.9

45 1: 1.8

28 1: 1.7

? ?

? ?

139 1: 4.3

? ?

?

? ?

? ?

7

2

0

0

207

TABLE 9

EXOTIC ARTIFACTS BY ROOM LOT

P1

Unit 5 6 7 8

Polished Bone 3 0 2

Blue Shell 3 0 0

Pigment O O O O

Sulfur 0 0 0 0

Olive Ila Shell 3 0 0 2

Copper Artifacts 0 0

Cal (PIA) A A A A

Beads 0 0 0

Other Marine Shell 7 0 O O

Shrimp 0 0 0 0

Unit 3 4 5

P2 P4

19 20 21 22 28 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 4

0 2 4 0 4 0 0 5

0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 2 0 0 0

3 0 7 2 5

2 0 3 0 2 2 0

A p PPP A A A A

12 2 2 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0

P7

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

·-----------------·-------·----------------------------------------------------------------·------Polished Bone

Blue Shell

Pigment

Su If er

Olive Ila Shell

Copper Artifacts

Cal (PIA)

Beads

Other Marine

0 0 0

0 0

0 0 0

0 0 9

0 0 0

0 0 0

A A A

0 0

Shell 0 0 0

Shrimp 0 0 0

0 0

5 0

0 0

0

0 0

0 0

A A

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 2 0 0 0

0 0 2 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

A A A A A A

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

208

Table 9--Cootjoued

•a., ---~~ ~

PB P10

Unit 3 5 7 8 9 10 11 ·---------·--------------------------------------------------·---------------Polished Bone 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Blue Shell 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pigment 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0

Su If er 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Olive Ila Shell 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Copper Artifact 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cal (P/A) A p A A A A A A A

Beads 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other Marine Shell 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Shrimp 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

209 TABLE 10

PROVENIENCE LISTS (LOTS)

P1-5= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9

10 11

P1-6= 1 2 3

9-16

P1-7=1 2 3 4 6

7-14

P1-8= 1 2 3 5

P1-19-0/1 1 2 3 4

P1-20

P1-21=1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12

Above floor. Feature 1. Feature 2. Feature 3. Floor context. Feature 4. Feature 5 and all hearths. Small tomb. Below floor fill. Subfloor fill under front wall.

Above floor. Floor Context. Feature 1. Hearths.

Collapse to volcanic ash. Volcanic ash to floor. Feature 1. Feature 2. Feature 4 Hearths.

Above floor. Floor context. Feature 1. Hearths.

Above floor. Feature 2. Floor context. Tomb, feature 1.

Data unavailable.

Above floor context, west room. Floor context, west room. Feature 1. Above floor context, east room. Artifacts in doorway seal. Feature 2. Floor context, east room. Floor context, between projecting walls, east side. Feature 3. Feature 4. Feature 5. Subfloor offering near "altar", east room.

pl-0-1 - pl-0-6-- Surface. See Figure 7

Pl-33 - Pl-85--Lower Group (See Fig. 7)

P1-22=1 2-3

4 5 6

7-14 14-16

18 20-22 23-26

* P2·1= 1

2 3-8

9 10 11 12

P4-1=1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

P7-3= 1 2 3 4 5

P7-4= 1 2 3 4 5

P7-5= 1 2 3

4-5 6

Above floor. Feature 1. Hearth 101 /120 Hearth 103/110. Feature 2. Northeast corner in area of Ft. 1. Hearths, floor context, west and southwest sides. Feature 3, depression. Post holes. Hearths, floor context, east and northeast sides.

Collapse, above volcanic ash west room. All hearths, west room. Above floor to volcanic ash, west room. Floor context, west room. Above floor and ash, east side. All hearths, east side. Floor context, east side.

All artifacts in collapse in sides A and B. Artifacts in collapse in side A. Artifacts in collapse in side B. Floor contex1. side A. Floor context, side B. Hearth 169/205. Feature 3, Subfloor context, side B. Feature 2, Hearth 1921203. Feature 1, Tomb in side B. Hearth 170/202. Olla associated with hearth 169/205. Hearth 183/198. Feature 4, oven 182/200 side A. Hearth 170/202. Hearth 172/210. Unassigned. Feature 5, oven 109/116 side A. Feature 6, tomb. Hearth 169/205. Hearth 171/178. Unassigned. Hearth 186/210. Hearth 206/218.

Above floor context. Feature 1, tomb. Floor context. Feature 2. Feature 3.

Above floor context. Floor context. Feature 1. Feature 2. Feature 3.

Above floor context. Floor context. All hearths. Feature 2. Feature 1.

* Data unavaiable-pl--2 8

P7-6· 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11

P7-7=1 2-4

5 6 7 8 9

10 11

P7-8= 1 2 3 4 5

P7-9= 1 2 3 4

P7-10=1 2 3 4 5 6

P7·11=1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

P7-12=1 2

P7-13=1 2

P8-8= 1 2 3 4 5

Above floor context. Floor context. Feature 1. Feature 2. Feature 3. Offering, center of room. Ash/refuse pits. Feature 4. Volcanic ash disturbance indicators. Rodent feces disturbance indicators. Subfloor ballast.

Above floor context

210

Unassigned. . Ash deposits (Ceramics mistakenly placed in lot 11 ). Feature 1. Feature 2. Feature 3. Feature 4. Doorway artifacts. Floor context

Above floor context. Hearth. Floor context. Hearth. Hearth.

Above floor context. Floor context. All hearths. Feature 1.

Above floor context. Floor context. Feature 1. Feature 2 and Feature 5. Feature 3. All hearths.

Above floor context. Feature 1. Feature 2. Feature 3. Feature 4. Floor context. Feature 5. Subfloor ballast fill. Feature 6.

Above floor context. Floor context.

Above floor context. Floor context.

Above floor context. Floor context. All hearths. Feature 1. Feature 2.

P8-3=1 2 3 4 5

P8-5= 1 2 3 4 5 6

P8-8= 1 2 3 4 5

P8-9= 1 2 3 4

PS-10=1 2 3 4 5

PS-11 =1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Above floor context. Feature 2. Floor context. Feature 3. Feature 1.

Above floor context. Feature 1. Feature 2. Feature 3. Feature 4. . Floor context, south room.

Above floor context. Floor context. All hearths except lot # 4. Feature 1. Feature 2.

Above floor context. Floor context. Feature 1. Floor context (lots 2 and 4 combined).

Above floor context. Feature 1. Olla associated with feature 2. Floor context. Feature 2.

Above floor context. Feature 1. Feature 2. Feature 3. Floor context. All hearths, east side. Feature 4. Feature 5.

P 10-1 =0 Surf ace art if acts. 1 Below volcanic ash, floor context. 2 All hearths.

211

TABLE 11 - .. -)

CERAMIC TREATMENT CATEGORIES*

POLISHED: . HIGHLY BURNISHED TO A VERY SMOOTH SURF ACE WITH NO BURNISHING MARIS EVIDENT.

FINELY BURNISHED TO A POLISH-Ll[E SURF ACE 11ITH BURNISHING MARKS BURNISHED: EVIDENT.

BURNISHED: BURNISHED WHILE WET, SOME SMOOTH PITTING OR SLIGHT ROUGH TREATMENT POSSIBLE.

SLIGHTLY OCCASIONAL BURNISHING MARKS PRESENT. SOMEWHAT ROUGH OR BURNISHED: UNDULATING SURFACES. POSSIBLEROUGH PITTING.

FINELY WIPED:

WIPED:

POORLY WIPED:

ROUGH:

B--Bola Bd--Bead Bn--Bone Bt--Batan c--cuy

WIPING STRIATIONS PRESENT. SURFACEWELL WIPEDTOA "SMOOTH SANDPAPER" SURFACE.

WIPING STRIATIONS PRESENT. SURF ACE WIPED TO "SANDPAPER" FINISH WITH POSSIBLE PIITING.

WIPING STRIATIONS PRESENT WITH; PIITED OR ROUGH SURFACE.

UNEVEN. ROUGH AND PIITED SURFACE. NO BURNISHING OR WIPING STRIATIONS PRESENT.

TABLE 12

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN ROOM PLANS

M-Mano Mz--Maize cache Na--SuJfu.r Pgmt--Pigment PH--Post HoJe

Cf--Ce.ramic Fragments Cu--Copper Artifact F--Fish Re.mains Ft--Feature

Pnd. Ps--Pounding Stone PJs, Pl--Polishing Stone V--Ceramic VesseJ Vf--Ce.ramic Vessel Fragments

L--NotabJe Lit.hie

*Categories used 1n ceramic descriptions in appendices.

PA

CIF

lC

OCE

AN

t -N- ~

~OK"

0

Fig

.1--

So

uth

ern

Per

u

I \

I

\ .. / ' ' I I

/ ',

---

-:: ....

/ ,

; /

_,.,

-:~I

I

; I

r ;

,

o=='

9

'°'

Fig

.2--

Mo

qu

egu

a D

rain

age

~ -N- ~

N

1--'

N

213

0

Fig.3--The Otora Valley

214

Fig.4--0tora Valley

lf)

H ~ 0 .µ ~ 0 u s

0 0 N

216

Fig.8--Map of Colana (P2)

,-------- c•

P-1 -==-== o 2om

POROBAYA

Fig.7--Map of Porobaya (Pl)

(Numbers refer to general surface collection areas)

218

• •

10M

• cist tomb • Proto-chulpa

Fig.11--Map of Porobaya Chica P4

Fig.12--Ceramic Bootpot

219

B

~oc111

Fig.13--Schematic Cross Section of Proto Chulpa

Fig.14--Plan View of ProtoChulpa

Fig.15--Plan View of Proto Chulpa--P8

Fig.17--Map o

220

Alta de Otora f Cuesta

F. 16--Map 1g. of PS

221

~ 0 10M

• PROTO CHULPA

Fig.19--Map of Cuajone (P8)

0 surface

IOYR 6/3 GRAVELLY LOAM

10 IOYR 6/3 SILTY LOAM --

t0YR6/3 GRVL LOAM -

IOYR6/3 SILTY LOAM

~ -- ~

"' IOYR 15/4 GRAVL LOAM \ ~ -

I .f . . IOYR7/2 SILTY LOAM llam·a bone

20

30 IOYR 6/3 SILTY LOAM

.----7.5YR 6/4 SANDY LOAM

40

IOYR 5/4 NATURAL SU 8SOIL

50

Fig.18--Reservoir Excavation

222

Fig.20--Lingana (PlO)

0 o~m.

Fig.21--Tbe site of PJ6

223

[ I A

B

Fig.23--Two Room Types Found _in the Otora Valley

Fig.22--Plan of Tomb Surface

0 15 cm

ig. 25-- Plan of Pl-6 p·

p· ig.24-- Plan of Pl-5

FT.4

., Vf 177

.B s5 22019' 229 .

• H 189

eH 151

•H 166 C F l6!t 11~

~ 166 •ad 167

"'Inca 154

Fig'.23--Plan.of Pl-7

~13/225 M()

--Paved 221

0 Pnd

QBola

Fig.24--Plan of Pl-8

• sola 143

.. Cal 188

~ressinn

-e H 95

ft. ~~ 115

°'111• I!ica

85 ~ 1 115

226

,/ L....

0 ........

,,..· ...................... .. ,;· DeDros_si6n

( lOS/139•} \ . °'··-·-·-/

H ·9~ " Inca loo 83

0

/'

L...

0 ...

of Pl-21 Fig.30--Plan

Fig.29. f Pl-20 Plan. o

F . 28 __ Plan 1g. of Pl-19

STEPS

c:'camelid Mandible

1F~55

Fig.33--Plan of P2-1

,62

138/148d7JJ filtll

Fig.32--Plan of Pl-28

@ 'HBO

Ba tan 90 e H

95

H

I 83

,.,..·, ............... , • ./ Dc!>rcssi~n i 105/139, ! . I

"-·-·-·.;

Inca loo

Pl-22 /'

0

Fig.31--Plan of Pl-22

Im

*Excavation data not available

. ll1TrTrTrrr77rt . . .. . VJjjJJjjJJJiJJP

131

"!>nd

..........

c 129

•h\11 132

62

1 .. ~ I an>M.,r 1 0 \ ~ . (j.Jj!H/l~,6

113 '•, Ft.3

:

. /·;:Ft:4 ,• trtl /awl

, 1fuacojt tsw · Vt '~ t t,Vf ;· '1'15/120

P4-5 o-....---,m

Fig.37--Plan of P4-5

90

Mortar

ifs

°!'1s9

P4-4 I L---1 0 Im

Fig.36--Plan of P4-4

228

Fig.34--Plan of P4-l*

Fig.35--Plan of P4-2

118/122 (/]])

115/117

0 (J})j19/130

~115/119

-20

Fig.38--Plan of P7-3

,'d 94

Ft.2

x Na. 87

ltl2 shell

, ... 118

Fig.40--Plan of P7-5

~,~;Bone 143

229

p7-3

O Im.

P7·5

0 '"

--.. oq

.7° f/)1 3 17 (//J>i 0 2/.11

•, • ·, l/l)).. 105/lU •

''<flJ) . ' . - i:t.i

V110 P7·4 ~·.~ Bn 110 •••

Fig.39--Plan of P7-4

-~ ' ' 'id

(/) •

"Ill t•

P7-6 "

f{]) ~ 0 lM.

•• l {/J)

Fig.41--Plan of P7-6

Fig.42--Plan of P7-7 & P7-8

Fig. 43.-Plan of P7-9

Fig.44Plan of P7-10

230

: _-p..--- _- _-:: ~ -_ -:-~ ,

P7·8

, ........... .

fZ'.22, 142/151

~ Batan 138

~ ~138/152 ......... :'

77

" I

- PND 137

1~152

~ 143/148

0

92· • Green

B 99 .- bi

_pgmt

ti 98

, - .. Pi16 ' ' (/) ....... _ Conoer - ""'

~~---,~ 5/98, - 94J1- ::- -9

• • • @ ! ft.4 Sh(jll S oraq , Mz92

r.>i t , . f"

P7·7

P7·9

1111.

p1-10

I

1

ftl

0 ....

Im.

Fig.45--Plan of P7-11

Fig.46--Plan of P7-12

67/71

Fig.47--Plan of P7-13

231

'ground 54 stone

pounder

<!))79/84

• (//)75/78 M975

P7-12

Door

P7·11

0 !_)OSt

P7-12 o Im.

p7-13

0 Im.

0 lm

"iJVf

llOi •• 1 .Pl (\ t1~f· () \..) C+ fl

RocksQ •• c ~i!:? 112

82

.--~ ~. l.lJ1JJ' ! 1 0 7 / 111 .. I ·-~ io

<3 (f S apula 76

Mandble

c 75

232

ved

.. • ;:i

0 Im.

(

0 1 m.

......

_ ... -~

I

,... __

103

i•• 1

13

'.

._~:

fl})

10

1/1

17

96

/10

2

• ·~

·-'

. '-

.... ~

~3

PB

-8

P8·

8/9

I

Mo

rtar

91

V

f

0 IM

9

2

98

/10

2

N

(.N

(.

N

234

Thomas n.d. "The Ki11al~s. "'o.,,,.::;, .... =,T~

,J.:.:.i(~tf.:·f.T·~ Chi(:;9go: LCU.•.u., ... ~.

o:n Andent Tt·•:i.de".

1981 of Chicago

Ai bet·H .. Giorgio 8.:nd lviayer "Redp:rocida.d Andina.: Ayer y Hoy". in: .l&!idpro(:fd5-i:ie· .f.D

Ai bet•ti a.nd Ma"'v"et• ( e<ls.). Pe:r(i-Pt•cibiema # 12. Lim:::~: In~~H tuto de Est.udicis Pet'ua11i:1s. ' · · '

1974b Lima.: Insti tuto

AMunate .. C8.t'1os an.:j V h::tot'ia. Castrn 19::: 1 ·f&· tcl•.':;.:."41(:f.· r .s·u J'.~if:t<.t'Oti· ·~):_-4;:

1..r;.:.r-•;..-.,.-:.,.., .t .. 9t'•:iio-. Santiago: Edidones Kultt·un

In vestig::i.dones 1 +• - -1::r,·· ...... , .. F1 t·i' ,.,. ..... ·" P.u queu U::.1• .•.• :i ... ,. u ... 1~ ... ci.• ••. 10:1:1

197::.t 197'.:1(:

"L::i. Ce:ram.k:::i. ls.s Tum b::i.s Isk::i.n v;/a~·i"ii.11

• I:n: v. 2: 10'3-124. L::i.

197i3

"Determinadon de1 Antip1•:i.stko en A1gunas Ce:t·::i.mi(:as PrecolomNex.L;:i.s BnH"'v"i:=i "v" PFit•{i" ~hnu.:!d..r:;;s 2·7r~-1n·:.· La P:=ir;> "La~ cuit~.li'i; 11io1'10~ ins~.yci de. s-in t~;.is At··i1~~o16gk:;:i.". IN AR --Doc:umen to In tei'na.s #20 /78. La Pi:l.2 .

...... _1.1..1.'.1'-·J..t·-·.1. .. Adolph 190;. "The Aboriginal Ruins at Si11uste.ni.. Peni".

7:49-69 .

......... ,~. \.!.1-·J.J.. Joseph 1976 "Ma.rria.ge i3.nd Exr.~hange in the Andes". Actt?S 1:iJ.J

"'v". IV .. Pa.:ds.

Be1::u1 .. .Augusto F:1:·a.:r,!(:o l 9i:: 1 .c2~irit1.~·.v.5.·: Ap.r.lt:tte-.:-;ip8t~5: .f.1.D::>t1 .. o·,d11u&ti·ta· ls·

A:t·equip::i.: Editoi'iel "At·queos".

Bennet W e:nde11 C. 1934 EX(:;:i,ve.tions e.t Tiehuana.c:o. Ati:ti~·t~c~t:1.c1c.~i·:;:fd P:Bp.f.t'S .o{'tb.fl

34(3): '3'.::·9-494. New Yo:rk. 1944 The Not·th Highlands of Peni. Exca,rations in the (:;:i11ejo:n de Hl:i.::t.y1::i.s ::tr!d 8.t

Cha.vin de H tis.n ta1·. ..:flu.s·e·J:lUl Ht' •"''t,·i•i-'F" '".1=t (1 ·~ NP."'"'

"Nev;l Y,lc;:t:i;j";::~iitu;·~ ·Hi;to;:;~: South in: AtUltJ~c:f":J·.k;g",tr' l~.:-::d:.;y: .:.~e'lf:·(: .. r1~}i'l.:?. pp. 19~·-209. Sol (ed.). Chii:~a.go: Uni "ilet·si t.y of Chi(:;:i.go Press.

:Eiei-t:.el'ien .. E·:ji.:i;:i.rdo E. 1 Cj'7t::, . '-· "El Expa.nsk1:n <le la. Cui tut•a .

Arge:nti:n::i.". i'F'ro· ·'°"\'•'·'"'"'.' 2: 171-mo,

236

Ethnohistoty. Yo:rh: & Lon don: TJ ni ·versi ty

.. Jose "L::i. Pt•obiem.8.tk:a Tf~r::i.:n::i.ku en Chile: Vision L•.:;;,,.+•,l"'•·::>·r· .• ::::. .• -.,."

--~· ,-µ-, p»,•-:•n • .-.•,,•N;··· ,;;:• 1:17-40 • •-··-uh"o 'l'•i J"'.,r,/r,

Exi:::ei:v·::t.Hons in N 0:1:·then1 Chile. An t.i1t~;_?p~J.lC§,i(:&.l P5i,fv3t".S' ..112·-!..fl.:··c.-~'m .-:.:.-t· '38(4): 171-318. Nev;/ 'Yci:r:k.

1946 Cul tU.!'81 of the N orthe:i:~n Chilean Coast. l:l&i·dt•t';.v..-ift }:.?l.j'"b·utt~·

De:v'id and Stephen Piog 1982 "Evolution of 'Tribal' Social Net'1'.ror1rn: 1'heo:ry P:eehistorf(: Not·th

Amet·ka:n E"l.ri <jen ce". ..4.tJ:ti•1uf.rr 4 7 (3): ~·04- ~·2~).

Stt·uct.ui·e ::ii1d E<::c•nomk De"'v"e.lopment Pre-indust:eia1 70 :·;iO-75•.

Bt'c1wm.::i.t1.. David 1974 "Pastot'a1 Nomadism in Andes". Atlt.btt1p6i~:;,gr1:'.·(2): 18:3~ 196. 197:3 "To··-:;;.r::i1·d the ,.,,:::,.-.;:r.=' 1 ·-·t".-L~'l., ... J.J, .. of the Tialn:i;:i.na.i:::o (Ti'X"::tnatu) State"in: Ad1·=5.:ti'(:t::;S'

1980

19a1 1982

1976 1977

r.~~"J.~·-t.w~'Jlf.~::i"'.'T•; D.L. B:t'•YW"man (ed.). '327-349. The :Mouton Pub 1ishe1·s. "Ti-w·a.naku Expa11sion A1tip1a.tw E<:o:nomic P::i.tte:t·ns". Homen::i.je a1 VII

A "''(fl i 0 n11"="ii=i r1·11· 1i:::1·1:=i · F·"lt1 ~d-1 .......... 4 t•,·1J ~t=ti/.·1.~;;1_1,.·.,.;··-; r::, .1 c-1'7- l ?fl .1;'2,,,t ""i ..,VJ.,.•..,. ..,. ::.:. -• _.. -• -·.• .!Odbt "• •.,.y J&•..,.•&...I J,, ,t;; :£: .. "f"'-• -·- -·::;}..., .,o-•r.,: ,.t 1 I r;;.J ... •

An tof:=u::··i=i·:.!t:=. ~'Ne.w iJ~t1t-;~1n Ti'h .. e.n::ilm"." 69(4): 40i3-419. "Some Politka18i1d E(:onomk: Implka.tic•ns of' the »la.t'i- Tiw~311::il:;:u Inte:rf'a.(:e". Pape1· to the 44th Internation::i1 Cong1·ess of Ame:t•k::i.:nists .. 1Yfo.:nd1est.e:1:·. "Ti'h··a.nal:u: Dev..relopment of Inter::::onal Tra .. :je and Er:::onomk Expa.nsion in the Altiplano". in: in the· Pt~f.'.bi~~f.i..s:J:ii(:·

pp. 117-142. D.L. Eit'0'9lme.n .. R.L. Burget• ::i1·1d lvLA.Riv-er::i. (edsJ BAR In t.ei·nationa1 194.

Phi1e.de1phia.: Unive1·sity of Pen:nsy1·vania

C::i.(:eres-01azo I•,•Iom·oy .. .Joi·ge M. "Int.e:t't'ela.dci:nes Pot:.1:3.dc•:t' .Andino de Od11;:i_s Ode:r.1.t::ile.s dei Titi·:~::1.(:;:i ... Pr;:i.(:ti(:;:i11te i:Je1 Dominio Ei:::ologk:o Ve:rtk:::i1 y V::i11ey Tambopefts." ·:J~,l.JZll 1~='~~£-;.:~ v. IV.

237

C.

238

239

a

240

241

y

242

243

244

1976

245

eJJ

246

247

for Northe.r.n op.

248

1970

249

77, 111,

77,

251

110, 111, 1 1