odemm linkage framework userguide

ODEMM Linkage Framework Userguide

ODEMM Guidance Document Series No. 1 (Version 1) July 2011

Opions for Delivering Ecosystem-Based

Marine Management

ODEMM Partners

Editors: Koss, R.S., Knights, A.M., Eriksson, A. and L.A. Robinson

Contributors: Valeria Abaza (NIMRD), Ekin Akoglu (IMS-METU), Corinne Baulcomb (SAC), Anne Boehnke-

Heurichs (WU), Patricia Breen (Cefas), Tanya Churilova (IBSS), Louise Cooper (ULIV), Zosym

Finenko (IBSS), Vivi Fleming-Lethinen (SYKE), Abdulai Fofana (SAC), Bella Galil (NIO-IOLR), Freya

Goodsir (Cefas), Menachem Goren (TAU), Dolf de Groot (WU), Salman Hussein (SAC), Stefanova

Kremena (IO-BAS), Olga Krivenko (IBSS), Piotr Margonski (SFI), Vasiliki Markantonatou (HCMR),

Juha-Markku Leppanen (SYKE), Snejana Moncheva (IO-BAS), Temel Oguz (IMS-METU), Nadia

Papadopoulou (HCMR), Lucille Paltriguera (Cefas), Gerjan Piet (IMARES), Jesper Raakjaer (IFM),

Chris Smith (HCMR), Frank Thomsen (Cefas), Florin Timote (NIMRD), Luc van Hoof (IMARES/WU), Judith van Leeuwen (WU), Jan van Tatenhove (WU)

Recommended Citation: Koss, R.S., Knights, A.M., Eriksson, A. and L.A. Robinson. 2011. ODEMM Linkage

Framework Userguide. ODEMM Guidance Document Series No.1. EC FP7 project (244273)

‘Opions for Delivering Ecosystem-based Marine Management’. University of Liverpool, ISBN: 978-0-906370-66-7.

This work was supported by the European Commission’s 7th framework project ‘Options for

Delivering Ecosystem-Based Marine Management’ (ODEMM, Theme ENV.2009.2.2.1.1)

ISBN: 978-0-906370-66-7


ODEMM Linkage Framework Guidance Document

Background

The ODEMM linkage framework builds on the DPSIR approach (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response)(EEA

1998), which systemaically organises informaion to assess which management responses might help to reduce impacts on the state of the environment. The ODEMM approach (Fig. 1) moves beyond DPSIR so that the

aspiraions of the Marine Strategy Framework Direcive (MSFD) in paricular can be considered. This requires that:

1. The state of the ecosystem can be interpreted in terms of impacts on the high level objecives (Good Environmental Status (GES) as described under 11 Descriptors) of the MSFD;

2. The state of the ecosystem can be interpreted in terms of impacts on the provision of Ecosystem Goods

and Services (EGSs) (which is essenial if managers are to be able to weigh up the costs and beneits of paricular management responses; a requirement under the MSFD);

3. The wide-range of interacions between ecological, economic and social-cultural factors can be considered in terms of the likelihood of failing to achieve MSFD high-level objecives for GES.

Figure 1 ODEMM linkage framework for evaluaing opions for ecosystem-based management

The diferent components of the framework are each described as either: driver (green), pressure (red), state (yellow) or impact (blue), or a combinaion of several categories. The interacions between the diferent components are shown by arrows where there is either an efect of one component on the other (a one-way arrow), or the potenial for both components to afect each other (a two-way arrow). Economic and Socio-Cultural components can be interpreted as either a measure of state or as a driver on each other or directly on Sectors.

The GES High Level Descriptors is an impact and a driver depending on the low of the framework. The response loop will be developed further in later stages of the ODEMM project.

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The importance of including economic and socio-cultural components within ecosystem assessments has been

recognised within the MSFD as fundamental to the sustainable use of marine resources. The linkages between

EGSs, socio-cultural, economic and sector components can be considered more complex that the linear chain

linking sectors, pressures and ecological characterisics. The ODEMM approach integrates these interacions within a single linkage framework that allows for feedback and complexity. Thus, the ODEMM linkage framework

and speciically, the underlying tables (see below), can be used to idenify those management opions that minimise the impact of human aciviies on ecological characterisics, whilst juxtaposing these against the demand for EGSs and the beneits arising from them (social, cultural and economic). This will allow a thorough appraisal of any measures proposed to help achieve high-level objecives such as those of the MSFD for Good Environmental Status (GES).

The ODEMM project will go on to evaluate speciic responses (e.g. management opions) in terms of feasibility (cost-beneit) and likelihood of success (risk assessment) to help address any barriers to sustainable use of European regional seas (see WPs 4-6 at www.liv.ac.uk/odemm) against the high-level objecives (GES) of the MSFD and other related direcives (e.g. the Habitat’s Direcive). We will also consider the governance required to fully support the MSFD, and at a later stage of the project we will connect the linkage framework described

here with an overlying governance framework to help illustrate the transiion required to move towards fully integrated ecosystem-based marine management (see WPs 7 and 8 at www.liv.ac.uk/odemm).

Using the ODEMM Linkage TablesThe linkage framework illustrated in Figure 1 can be applied to any sea area, but for the purpose of the ODEMM

project we have gone on to speciically look at the detailed interacions of the framework as applied to Europe’s major regional seas (the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Northeast Atlanic and the Balic Sea).

At this stage of the project we have worked on the detailed interacions underlying arrows numbered 1-4 in Figure 1. An excel linkage table is available to download for each interacion1. As the direcion of an interacion may be either one-way or two-way (shown by the arrow direcion in Figure 1), the interacions between components can be denoted by an ‘X’ and/or a ‘Y’ in the excel linkage tables, where an ‘X’ indicates a column-to-row interacion and a ‘Y’ indicates a row-to-column interacion. ODEMM will go on to look at the detailed interacions for links 5-8 in the next stages of the project (WPs 4-6).

Each secion following in this guidance document applies to one of the numbered arrows linking two ecosystem components in the linkages framework for linkages 1-4 (Fig. 1). Within each secion we describe how the individual components were categorised and the nature of the interacions shown in the accompanying linkage table. A full workbook of linkage tables can be downloaded at www.liv.ac.uk/odemm/outputs/guidancedocuments. Each interacion described below should be used in conjuncion with the appropriate ODEMM linkage table in the workbook.

Interacion 1: Sectors to Human Pressures

[See EXCEL Tab 1 – SecAcivPress]

SectorsThe list of sectors was generated and agreed through consultaion within the ODEMM partnership (Table 1). It is: (i) inclusive of any sector that has had (historical), coninues to (current), or is forecast (in the next 20 years) to exert pressure(s) that afect ecological characterisic(s) in any of the European regional seas; and (ii) broad in categorisaion of sectors so that ulimately this can relate back to socio-economic issues at naional, internaional and/or regional levels. Sectors were ideniied with consideraion of previous regional marine ecosystem assessment atempts including those undertaken in MEECE (www.meece.eu) and by OSPAR (2010).

1 Version 1 of the ODEMM linkage tables will include only interacions 1-4 of Figure 1. Version 2 will be released later to include all other interacions of Figure 1 and this guidance document will be updated to also include these.

Table 1. The list of Sectors that contribute at least one pressure to at least one of Europe’s regional sea ecosystems

Sector Code Descripion of Aciviies

Aquaculture 1 Fin-ish

Macro-algae

Predator Control

Shellisheries

Fishing 2 Benthic trawls (e.g. scallop dredging)

Fishery wastes

Neing (e.g. ixed nets)

Pelagic trawls

Poing/creeling

Sucion (hydraulic dredging)

Shipping 3 Liter and debris

Mooring/beaching/launching

Shipping

Shipping wastes

Ferrying people

Renewable Energy 4Renewable (ide/wave/wind) power sta-

ion

Non-renewable Energy (oil & gas) 5 Oil & Gas

Power staions

Thermal discharge (cooling water)

Water resources (abstracion)

Non-renewable Energy (Nuclear) 6 Nuclear eluent discharge

Nuclear power

Thermal discharge (cooling water)

Telecommunicaions 7 Communicaion cables

Aggregates 8 Inorganic mine and pariculate waste

Maerl

Rock/Minerals (coastal quarrying)

Sand/gravel (aggregates)

Navigaional Dredging 9 Capital dredging

Maintenance dredging

Removal of substrate

Spoil dumping

Coastal Infrastructure 10 Ariicial reefs

Barrage

Beach replenishment

Communicaion infrastructure on the shoreline.

Construcion phase

Culvering lagoons

Dock/port faciliies

Groynes

Land claim

Marinas

Oil & Gas infrastructure found on the

coast rather in the marine environment,

for example, shore pipelines.

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Removal of substrate

Sea walls/breakwaters

Urban dwellings, ie housing and other

buildings.

Land-based Industry 11 Industrial eluent discharge

Industrial/urban emissions (air)

Pariculate waste

Agriculture 12 Agricultural wastes

Coastal farming

Coastal forestry

Land/waterfront run-of

Tourism/Recreaion 13 Angling

Boaing/Yaching

Diving/Dive site

Liter and debris

Public beach

Tourist Resort

Water sports

Military 14 Military (ships, muniion)

Research 15 Animal Sanctuaries

Marine Archaeology

Marine Research

Desalinaion 16 Eluent discharge

Water resources (abstracion)

Waste Water Treatment 17 Sewage discharge

Thermal discharge

Carbon Sequestraion 18 Exploraion

Construcion

Operaional

Collecing/Harvesing 19 Bait digging

Seaweed and saltmarsh vegetaion har-vesing

Bird Eggs

Shellish hand collecing

Peels

Curios

Sectors are disaggregated into relevant aciviies (see excel Tab 1) because not all aciviies have the same pressures and it is thus possible to idenify management opions speciic to individual aciviies rather than whole sectors. For example, abrasion caused by shipping is only associated with mooring aciviies whilst in port. The list of aciviies per sector was originally derived from the Marine Conservaion Handbook (Eno, 1991) as amended by Cooke & McMath (2001), but this has been revised against other more recent lists.

Pressures

A total of 105 aciviies were atributed to 19 Sectors (Tab 1), each of which can contribute one or more human pressures to the marine ecosystem. We deine pressures as “the mechanism through which an acivity has an efect on any part of the ecosystem”. Pressures can be physical (e.g. abrasion), chemical (e.g. introducion of syntheic components) or biological (e.g. introducion of microbial pathogens) and the same pressure can be caused by a number of diferent aciviies. For example, both aggregate extracion and navigaional dredging cause abrasion, a physical pressure that can afect a number of diferent ecosystem characterisics.

The MSFD lists 18 pressures (Direcive 2008/56/EC); however, this list has been expanded to 25 pressures for the ODEMM linkages (Table 2). The addiional seven pressures (numbers 19 to 25) are considered as current or emergent threats to ecological characterisics.

Table 2. List of human pressures associated with sectors operaing in Europe’s regional seas.

Pressure Code

Pressure Name Pressure Deiniion Listed in

the MSFD

1. Smothering By man-made structures or disposal of

materials to the sealoor.Yes

2. Substrate loss Sealing by permanent construcion (e.g. Coastal defences, wind turbines) or

change in substrate type due to loss of

key characterisic features (physical and/or biological). Natural substrate is lost and

replaced by a diferent kind of substrate

Yes

3. Changes in siltaion Change in the concentraion and/or distribuion of suspended sediments in the water column from runof, dredging etc.

Yes

4. Abrasion Physical interacion of human aciviies with the sealoor and with seabed fauna/lora causing physical damage and/or mortality (e.g. from trawling or anchoring).

Yes

5. Selecive extracion of non-living resources

Sand & gravel (aggregates) extracion, or removal of surface substrates for

exploraion of subsoil.

Yes

6. Underwater noise Underwater noise created from shipping,

acousic surveys, etc.Yes

7. Marine liter Marine liter originates from numerous sources and consists of diferent materials including: plasics, metal, glass, rubber, wood and cloth.

Yes

8. Thermal regime change Change in temperature (average, range

and variability) due to climate change, or

more locally due to oufalls/industry.

Yes

9. Salinity regime change Change in salinity (average, range and

variability) due to climate change, or

locally due to construcions afecing water low.

Yes

10. Introducion of syntheic compounds

Introducion of pesicides, anifoulants, and pharmaceuicals into marine waters.

Yes

11. Introducion of non-synthet-ic compounds

Introducion of heavy metals and hydrocarbons into marine waters.

Yes

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12. Introducion of radionu-

clides

Introducion of radionuclides into marine waters.

Yes

13. Introducion of other sub-

stances

Introducion of solids, liquids or gases not covered by 10-12 or 14-15.

Yes

14. Nitrogen and Phosphorus

enrichment

Input of ferilisers, and other Nitrogen & Phosphorous rich substances.

Yes

15. Input of organic mater Organic enrichment e.g. from industrial

and sewage eluent into rivers and coastal areas, from aquaculture or from ishing discards.

Yes

16. Introducion of microbial pathogens

Introducion of microbial pathogens into marine waters.

Yes

17. Introducion of non-indige-

nous species and transloca-

ions

Introducion of non-indigenous species and translocaions by the aciviies of a paricular sector (e.g. through shipping or aquaculture).

Yes

18. Selecive extracion of spe-

cies

Extracion (and subsequent mortality) of any marine fauna (vertebrate or

invertebrate) from their natural habitat,

including incidental non-target catch

(e.g. by commercial ishing, recreaional angling and collecing/harvesing).

Yes

19. Death or injury by collision Death or injury of marine fauna due to

impact with moving parts of a human

acivity, e.g. marine mammals with ships/jet skis, seabirds with wind turbines etc.

No

20. Barrier to species move-

ment

Prevening the natural movement of moile marine fauna along a key route of travel (e.g. a migraion route) due to barrages, causeways, wind turbines, and

other man-made structures.

No

21. Emergence regime change Changes to natural sea level regime

(average, range and variability), e.g.

widespread sea level rise due to climate

change or locally due to barrages or other

structures.

No

22. Water low rate changes Change in currents (speed, direcion, and variability) due to climate change,

or locally due to barrages or other man-

made structures.

No

23. pH changes Change in pH (average, range or

variability) due to climate change or

localized efects, e.g. runof from land-based industry.

No

24. Electromagneic changes Change in the amount and/or distribuion and/or periodicity of electromagneic energy emited in a marine area (e.g. from electrical sources such as underwater

cables).

No

25. Change in wave exposure Change in the size, number, distribuion and/or periodicity of waves along a coast due to climate change, or localized due to

installaion of coastal structures.

No


Nature of the interacions

All interacions are one-way (sector/aciviies can cause a paricular pressure). The interacions do not carry any weighing in terms of intensity, extent or frequency of each pressure relaive to the sector/acivity (but see Related Work under Interacion 2 below).

Interacion 2: Human Pressures with Ecological Characterisics

[See EXCEL Tab 2 – Pressure Charac]

Ecological characterisics

The list of 17 Ecological characterisics was derived from Table 1 (Annex III) of the MSFD and includes physical and chemical features, habitat types, biological and other (e.g. chemicals) features (Table 3). The pressure categories

are described in Table 2 under Interacion 1 (Sectors-Human Pressures) above.

Table 3. List of ecological characterisics described in Annex III of the Marine Strategy Framework Direcive.

Number Ecological Characterisic

1. Topography/Bathymetry

2. Temperature

3. Salinity

4. Nutrients & Oxygen

5. pH, pCO2

6. Predominant Habitat Type

7. Special Habitat Types (e.g. listed under Community Legislaion or Convenions)

8. Habitat Types Meriing Special Reference

9. Plankton

10. Botom fauna and lora

11. Fish

12. Marine mammals & Repiles

13. Seabirds

14. Species listed under Community Legislaion or Convenions (e.g. Habitats Direcive)

15. Non-indigenous/exoic spp.

16. Chemicals

17. Other notable features

Habitats Deined

The deiniions below clarify the diferences between Ecological Characterisics 6, 7, and 8 as listed in Table 3. These deiniions are (EC 2008; Annex III):

1. Predominant Habitat Type – The predominant seabed and water column habitat types(s) with a

descripion of the characterisic physical and chemical features, such as depth, water temperature regime, currents and other water movements, salinity, structure and substrata composiion of the seabed.

2. Special Habitat Types – Ideniicaion and mapping of special habitat types, especially those recognised or ideniied under Community legislaion (the Habitats Direcive and the Birds Direcive) or internaional convenions as being of special scieniic or biodiversity interest.

3. Habitat Types Meriing Special Reference – Habitats in areas which by virtue of their characterisics, locaion, or strategic importance merit a paricular reference. This may include areas subject to intense or speciic pressures or areas which merit a speciic protecion regime.

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All interacions are one-way (pressures can afect ecological characterisics). Interacions were evaluated using a combinaion of expert judgement and published literature and represent a direct link between a speciic pressure and the characterisic. For example, indicaing that the pressure – smothering, interacts with a paricular type of habitat. The interacions denoted by an ‘X’ in Tab 2 do not infer an impact of the pressure on the ecological characterisic, merely that there can be an interacion (but see below).

Related work

ODEMM has developed a method for weighing linkages and assessing high threat combinaions between sector/pressures and ecological characterisics, the pressure assessment (PA) approach, and a guidance document is available at www.liv.ac/odemm/outputs/guidancedocuments. The results of an iniial applicaion of the PA to the major habitats of Europe’s regional seas can be reviewed in ODEMM’s Deliverable 1 (see www.liv.ac.uk/odemm/outputs/projectdeliverables) and the methodology explored fully in Robinson et al. (in prep).

Interacion 3: Ecological Characterisics (and Pressures) to MSFD High-level Descriptors

[See EXCEL Tab 3 – Charac HLO]

MSFD High-level ObjecivesThe MSFD High-level objecives are listed as 11 descriptors in Annex I of the MSFD (see Table 4 below). The ecological characterisic categories are described in Table 3 under Interacion 2 (Pressures – Ecological Characterisics) above.

Table 4. Good Environmental Status (GES) descriptors as listed in Annex I of the MSFD (EC, 2008).

GES DESCRIPTOR Descripion

1. Biodiversity Biological diversity is maintained with the quality and occurrence of habitats, and the distribuion and abundance of species are in line with prevailing physiographic, geographic and climaic condiions.

2. Non-indigenous species (NIS) Non-indigenous species introduced by human aciviies are at levels that do not adversely alter the ecosystems

3. Commercial ish and shellish Populaions of all commercially exploited ish and shellish are within safe biological limits, exhibiing a populaion age and size distribuion that is indicaive of a healthy stock.

4. Food webs All elements of the marine food webs, to the extent that they are

known, occur at normal abundance and diversity and levels capable

of ensuring the long-term abundance of the species and the retenion of their full reproducive capacity.

5. Eutrophicaion Human-induced eutrophicaion is minimised, especially adverse efects thereof, such as losses in biodiversity, ecosystem degradaion, harmful algae blooms and oxygen deiciency in botom waters

6. Sealoor Integrity Sea-loor integrity is at a level that ensures that the structure and funcions of the ecosystems are safeguarded and benthic ecosystems, in paricular, are not adversely afected.

7. Hydrographic condiions Permanent alteraion of hydrographical condiions does not adversely afect marine ecosystems

8. Contaminants Concentraions of contaminants are at levels not giving rise to polluion efects.

9. Fish and Shellish Contaminaion Contaminants in ish and other seafood for human consumpion do not exceed levels established by Community legislaion or other relevant standards.

10. Marine Liter Properies and quaniies of marine liter do not cause harm to the coastal and marine environment

11. Energy (Underwater noise) Introducion of energy, including underwater noise, is at levels that do not adversely afect the marine environment



All interacions are one-way (the state of a paricular ecosystem characterisic can afect a paricular MSFD high-level objecive). The MSFD Task group management report (Cardoso 2010) iniially described the links between the Ecological characterisics in European regional seas and each of the high-level GES descriptors of the MSFD. This report included both direct and indirect interacions between the ecological characterisic(s) associated with each high-level descriptor. In ODEMM, we have simpliied these links to consider only direct interacions (Tab 3). We have also included a row that shows where informaion on a pressure can be used to provide informaion on a paricular GES Descriptor in the absence of, or in addiion to, informaion on relevant ecological characterisic(s) (See informaion on the ODEMM pressure assessment under Interacion 2). Further work will be undertaken on developing the direct links between pressures and HLOs in WP4 of ODEMM.

Related work

The ODEMM project has developed a risk assessment approach (Breen et al. in prep) using exising informaion on the status of relevant ecological characterisics and pressures. The purpose is to idenify the extent of departure of current regional sea ecosystems from GES, and therefore the scale of the current risk and efort required to achieve GES. The assessment compares current status against three sets of risk criteria for high, medium and

low risk of not achieving GES in 2020. The risk assessment methodology and results of an applicaion in Europe’s regional seas is summarised in Deliverable 1, Chapter 3 (see www.liv.ac.uk/odemm/outputs/projectdeliverables) and full details will be available in Breen et al. (in prep).

Interacion 4: Ecological Characterisics to EGS

[See EXCEL Tab 4 – Charac EGS]

Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGSs)

The ecological characterisics are described in Interacion 2 above. A total of 21 EGSs are listed (Table 5 below) and sub-divided into four types of EGSs:

1. Provisioning - The products obtained from ecosystems, including, for example, geneic resources, food and ibre, and saltwater.

2. Regulaing - The beneits obtained from the regulaion of ecosystem processes, including, for example, the regulaion of climate, water/seawater, and some human diseases.

3. Cultural - The non-material beneits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cogniive development, relecion, recreaion, and aestheic experience, including, e.g., knowledge systems, social relaions, and aestheic values.

4. Habitat - The beneits obtained from the ability of the ecosystem to provide habitat to (migratory) species (biodiversity) and to protect the gene pool. For instance, a nursery habitat at the coast can be

vitally important for ish stocks at high seas. The importance of “gene pool protecion” is recognized when replacing this service by gene banks or zoos.

EGS categories were derived from The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) report (2010) and revised

to suit the purposes of ODEMM (and more broadly marine ecosystems (Bohnke-Henrich et al. 2011 submited). For example, the category ‘Water’ was adapted to read ‘Sea Water’.

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Table 5. Ecosystem Goods and Services with the deiniions used in ODEMM as adapted from TEEB (2010) and (Bohnke-Henrichs et al. Submited).

Service EGS Code Deiniion

Provisioning Sea Food 1 All available marine fauna extracted for the speciic purpose of human consumpion either by ishing or aquaculture.

Sea Water 2 All marine water in oceans, seas and inland seas extracted for use in

human industry and economic acivity.

Raw Materials 3 Any organic material extracted from the marine environment that is a

non-food product e.g. algae, sand

Geneic Resources 4 Geneic material of wild animals and plants for use in non-medical contexts, for example, to improve crop resistance to saline condiions.

Medicinal

Resources

5 Any organic material extracted from the marine environment for the

provision of medicinal beneits.

Ornamental Re-

sources

6 Any material (e.g. plants, animals, rocks) used for decoraion purposes for fashion, handicrat, souvenir etc. (e.g. shells, aquarium ish, coral).

Regulaing Air Puriicaion 7 Inluence of coastal/marine ecosystem on concentraion of pollutants from the atmosphere. The removal from the air of pollutants such as

ine dust, and sulphur dioxide.

Climate Regulaion 8 The contribuion of a coastal/marine ecosystem to the maintenance of a favourable climate via the impact on the hydrological cycle and the

contribuion to climate-inluencing substances in the atmosphere.

Disturbance

Prevenion or Moderaion

9 The contribuion of marine ecosystem structures to the dampening of the intensity of environmental disturbances such as storm loods or tsunamis.

Regulaion of Water Flows

10 The contribuions of the physico/chemical and bioic characterisics of marine ecosystems to regulaion of water lows.

Bioremediaion of Waste

11 Natural breakdown of waste products (including pollutants) by marine

organisms and the environment through diluion and transformaion.

Coastal Erosion

Prevenion12 The ability of an ecosystem to prevent coastal erosion through its

characterisics and structure.

Biological Control 13 The ability of an ecosystem to maintain its characterisic structure, funcions and diversity through trophic-dynamic relaions (e.g. control of pests, opportunists, diseases, invasive species).

Habitat Lifecycle

Maintenance

14 The ability of a habitat to support paricular life stages of marine species (e.g. habitat used as a key nursery ground for a paricular species).

Gene Pool

Protecion15 The ability of a habitat to support geneic diversity and viable populaions

of species which enhances adaptability of species to environmental

changes, and the resilience of the ecosystem.

Cultural Aestheic Informaion

16 The contribuions of marine species and their environment to the creaion of beauiful and/or atracive seings which generates a noiceable emoional response within the individual observer. This includes informal spiritual experiences but excludes that which is

covered in 18 and 21.

Recreaion and Leisure

17 The provision of opportuniies for refreshment and simulaion of the human body and mind through the perusal and engagement with

marine organisms and the natural environment.

Inspiraion for Culture, Art and

Design

18 The contribuion of marine organisms and the environment to cultural and arisic inspiraion (i.e. using features of the marine environment/landscape as moif for painings, design, ilm, photography, architecture etc.).

Spiritual Experi-

ence

19 The contribuion of marine organisms and the environment to formal spiritual and religious experiences and tradiions (e.g. importance of marine ecosystems for religious purposes; several Greek and Roman

gods are connected to the sea; a ish is one symbol of Chrisianity).

Informaion for Cogniive Develop-

ment

20 The contribuion of marine organisms and the environment to learning, reasoning, research and individual cogniive development.

Cultural Heritage

and Idenity21 The cultural value associated with a paricular area or characterisic of

the marine environment, e.g. for cultural tradiions and idenity, and providing a sense of space.



The interacions shown in Tab 4 show the one-way interacion between ecosystem goods and services (EGS) and those ecological characterisics that can provide those EGSs. Interacions were developed based on a combinaion of expert judgement and published literature.

Related work

In WP6, ODEMM will develop a method to weight how the provision of diferent EGS is afected by current status and pressures on ecological characterisics and how management of paricular aciviies might translate into a change in EGS provision. We will also look at whether adding intermediate linkages through the funcions and processes of the ecological characterisics makes the nature of the relaionship with EGS more transparent.

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References

Bohnke-Henrichs, A., D. de Groot, Baulcomb, C., Hussain, S., Fofana, A. and R.S. Koss. Submited. Applying the ecosystem approach to marine ecosystems: a proposed typology of ecosystem services and assessment of data congruity.

Breen P., Robinson L.A., Rogers S.I., Knights A.M., Piet G., Churilova T., Margonski P., Papadopoulou N.P., Akoglu

E., Eriksson A., Finenko, Z., Fleming-Lehinen V., Galil B., Goodsir F., Goren M., Kremena F., Krivenko O., Leppanen J-M., Markantonatou V., Moncheva S., Oguz T., Paltriguera L., Timote F., and F.A. Thomsen (In prep) European regional risk assessment for Good Environmental Status.

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Robinson., L.A, Piet G., Churilova T., Margonski P., Papadopoulou N., Abaza V., Akoglu E., Breen P., Eriksson A.,

Finenko Z., Fleming-Lehinen V., Galil B., Goodsir F., Goren M., Jongbloed R., Kremena F., Krivenko O., Leppanen J., Markantonatou V., Moncheva S., Oguz T., Rogers S.I., Smith C., Tamis, J., Timote F., Thomsen F. and A.M. Knights. (In prep). A pressure assessment to idenify the major threats to marine ecosystems, using informaion on ecological footprints, sensiivity and management potenial.

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