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Patron:

Prof. Datuk Dr. Mohd Fauzi Hj Ramlan Vice Chancellor, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Prof. Dr. Norlijah Othman Dean, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Advisor: Prof. Dr. Zailina Hashim Head of Department Environmental and Occupational Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Chairman: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shamsul Bahri Hj Mohd Tamrin Head of Occupational Safety and Health Unit Secretariat: Dr. Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin Dr. Ho Yu Bin Norhazlina Mydin Finance: Dr. Shaharuddin Mohd Sham Dr. Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail Siti Rokiah Abu Bakar Publicity and Promotion: Dr. Sarva Mangala Praveena Dr. Irniza Rasdi Mohd Hamzidi Hamid OonYin Bee Mohamad Ridzuan Mohamad Salleh Rahim Muda

Dr. Anita Abdul Rahman Aziemah Zulkifli Najihah Zainol Abidin Aini Syuhada Abd Wahab Umi Raihana Abdul Rahman Noreen Adila Omar Nurul Hafiza Ab Razak Logistic and Preparation: Dr. Saliza Mohd Elias Hamizah Zulkifli Farrah Atiqah Mohd Noor

Sponsorship: Dr. Indrakaran Karthigesu Ahmad Fauzi Abu Bakar Siti Khadijah Ahmad Rosli Raja Azraei Ramli Mokhtaruddin Shublee Harun Bakar Scientific: Dr. Karmegam Karuppiah Dr. Lim Tek Yong Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kazuo Mori Dr. Hassan Sadeghi Naeni Dr. Kulanthayan KC Mani Assoc. Prof. Ahmad Zaharin Aris Sivasankar Sambasivam Dayana Hazwani Mohd Suadi Nata Umi Kalsom Mohd Shafiei Ayuni Alias Irwan Syah Md Yusoff Ng Yee Guan Vivien How Protocol: Dr. Juliana Jalaludin Assoc. Prof. Dr Haliza Abdul Rahman Chua Poh Choo Dr. Tezara Cionita Dr. Manraj Singh Cheema Dr. Nur Fariesha Md Hashim Nuraida Aziz Nur Faseeha Suhaimi Sharmadevan Sundrasegaran Technical: Dr. Ali Karami Varnamkhasti Dr. Zulfa Hanan Ash’aari Rusfazila Ismail Che Surhaini Othman Mohd. Noor Ali Piah Norijah Kassim Registration: Dr. Irniza Rasdi Dr. Aidalina Mahmud Noor Artika Hassan Mohammad Adam

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

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MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN

First and foremost, let me welcome all participants to our 1st International Conference on

Environmental and Occupation Health (ICEOH 2014) in Marriott Putrajaya Hotel. I would

like to thank all the participants for their interest and unyielding support in this conference.

I also wish to convey my sincere appreciation to all committee members comprising of

members from the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of

Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM and other main organizers from United Nations

University-International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH), Social Security

Organization (SOCSO), Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL), Malaysian Industrial

Hygiene Association (MIHA), Malaysian Society for Environmental Epidemiology (MySEE), Human Factors and

Ergonomics Society of Malaysia (HFEM), Ministry of Tourism and Culture and Universiti Tenaga Malaysia (Uniten).

This first ever conference held in Malaysia focusing on the Environmental and Occupational Health field have brought

together participants from various countries including Malaysia, Japan, Australia, the United Kingdom, Poland,

Estonia, Taiwan, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, China, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nigeria, the

Philippines and our close neighbours such as Indonesia, Brunei and Singapore. Apart from the awaited keynote

address, participants will have the opportunity to listen to 8 plenary talks from the most well-known experts in their

fields and over 200 free papers in our concurrent sessions.

As you well already know, the theme of this first ever conference is “”. This conference aims to serve as a platform

where academician and practitioners in both disciplines have the opportunity to collaborate and to seek openings in

sustaining both disciplines for the good of the future. The conference programme will cover a wide spectrum of topics

on environmental and occupational health such as air, soil and water quality, waste management, safety and health

at the work place, environmental toxicology, environmental sustainability, mental health, management systems for

occupational safety and health, food safety, industrial hygiene, ergonomics, geographical information system to name

a few. We hope these scientific deliberations will provide an opportunity for all participants to engage in a fruitful

scientific discourse. These scientific discussions are indeed timely as environment and occupational health issues

have become global and there is a need to discuss both issues coherently.

This conference acts a platform that serves as a meeting point for scientist and practitioners from both field of

Environmental and Occupational health. This conference will be able to facilitate the latest research in this field and

will enable practitioners to implement them as part of their future organization’s policy. Finally, the outcomes of good

environmental and occupational health findings and good practice should feed into sound risk management and risk

communication practices for the protection of human health and safety.

Our appreciation to Dato’ Dr. Ir. Johari Basri for officiating this conference and to the Department of Occupational

Safety and Health and the Department of Local Government for their support. I would also like to express my

appreciation to all committee members who have worked so tirelessly to ensure the success of this conference. Last

but not least, thank you to all participants for making this conference a reality.

Assoc Prof. Dr. Shamsul Bahri Hj Mohd Tamrin

Chairman

International Conference on Environmental and Occupational Health (ICEOH 2014)

Welcome to International Conference on Environmental and Occupational Health, ICEOH 2014

WELCOMING SPEECH

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Opening Address

Keynote Address

Plenary Presentations

Tentative Programme

List of Oral Presentations by SessioN

List of interactive poster presentations by session

Abstracts

Oral presentations (by session)

Interactive poster presentations (by session)

CONTENT

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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH,

ICEOH 2014

Date 8th April 2014

Venue Grand Ballroom, Putrajaya Marriott Hotel, Malaysia.

8.00 - 8.55 am Arrival and registration of participants

8.55 - 9.00 am Arrival of guests

9.00 - 9.03 am National Anthem

9.03 - 9.06 am Recitation of Do’a

9.06 - 9.15 am Welcome Speech by the Chairman of ICEOH 2014

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shamsul Bahri Hj Mohd Tamrin

9.15 - 9.25 am Opening ceremony and officiating speech by

YBhg. Dato’ Ir. Dr. Johari Bin Basri

Director General, Department of Occupational Safety and

Health (DOSH), Malaysia

9.25 - 9.30 am Multimedia presentation

9.30 - 10.00 am Keynote address by


Blue Ocean Strategy in Promoting Occupational Safety and

Environmental Health: The Road Map to a Greater

Collaboration among the Stakeholder

10.00 - 10.45 am

Dialogue with the experts in environmental and occupational

health – Safety, health and environment beyond 2020: what is

our future?


YBhg. Datin Maziah Binti Adnan

Mr. Fauzi Yahaya

Datuk Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Md Salleh

Mr. Hj. Daud Amatzin

OPENING CEREMONY

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Dato’ Ir. Dr. Johari Bin Basri

Director General

Department of Occupational Safety and Health

Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia

I would like to extend my heartiest congratulations to Universiti Putra Malaysia for organizing the

International Conference of Environmental and Occupational Health 2014 for the first time in

Putrajaya, Malaysia. It is indeed an honourable recognition bestowed upon the capital city of Malaysia

to host this prestigious conference. Congratulation also to the co-organisers, Universiti Tenaga

National, United Nation University, Malaysian Industrial Hygiene Association, Human Factors and

Ergonomics Society Malaysia and Malaysian Society of Environmental Epidemiology for playing key

roles in bringing over this conference to Malaysia.

Welcome to all delegates, speakers and participants to the International Conference of Environmental

and Occupational Health 2014.

The goal of this conference is to provide a platform for professionals and experts in the field of

environmental health, occupational safety and health to meet and exchange ideas for improvement of

public health services. The theme for this ICEOH 2014 is "Professionals and Practitioners

Collaboration: A window for sustainable environmental and occupational health for future."

Department of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia extends its full support to this kind of

knowledge sharing sessions, be it at local, national and international levels. DOSH is a department

under Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia which is responsible for ensuring the safety, health and

welfare of people at work as well as protecting other people from the safety and health hazards arising

from activities in sectors covered under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514).

The department is also constantly engaging in various strategies and programmes for creating a safe

and healthy work culture that contributes towards enhancing the quality of working life, which is vital

in propelling Malaysia to become a developed nation. This ICEOH 2014 is a timely effort in promoting

occupational safety and health besides keeping ourselves updated with new developments and

researches in the field.

I wish all the delegates a successful journey in knowledge through this ICEOH 2014. For attending

overseas delegates, do enjoy your stay here in our pleasant and fascinating Malaysia.

OPENING ADDRESS

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Blue Ocean Strategy in Promoting Occupational Safety and Environmental Health:

The Road Map to a Greater Collaboration among the Stakeholders

Department of Occupational Safety and Health under the Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia is

responsible for ensuring the safety, health and welfare of people at work as well as protecting other people

from the safety and health hazards arising from activities in sectors covered under the Occupational Safety

and Health Act 1994. The National Committee on Occupational Safety and Health (NCOSH), which

functions through a tripartite mechanism between government, employer and employees acts as a priming

and moving body for creating workplace OSH culture in the country.

One of the proactive measures taken by the department is through development of Occupational Safety

and Health Master plan 2015 (OSHMP 2015) in the year 2009. The Master plan provides a much needed

strategic vision and direction for work safety and health in Malaysia. It acts as a guide and directs our

combined efforts to encourage an entire spectrum of key stakeholders and social partners to give a higher

priority to OSH for boosting our national OSH performance.

By the year 2015, it is expected that strategic OSH alliances by the department with partners at both

regional and global level should have been in place and effectively operating. Among the measures

outlined for the purpose are role of industries to lead improvements in workplace OSH practices, while

creating strong support for the issue in the wider community. Another strategy under implementation is on

creating strong partnership through better collaboration locally with OSH practitioners, government and

relevant organizations. At the international level, the Master plan strategizes on enhancing engagements

and fostering mutual agreements between governments, related regional and global organizations.

The ratification of Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention (No 187) in

the year 2012 by Malaysia is another milestone in government’s commitment on better emphasis for

workplace safety and health in the country. The ratification further enhances Malaysia’s image at

international platform for better trade engagements and reassures investors on Malaysia’s high priority for

workplace safety and health. Therefore, it is utmost important to create behavioural changes at workplace

for prevention of occupational accidents, diseases and poisoning. This needs a concerted and consistent

effort between employers, employees and various stakeholders for creating workplace safety and health

culture and it is hoped by the year 2015, self-regulation would have been fully ingrained into the working

culture of all workplaces

Dato’ Ir. Dr. Johari Bin Basri

Director General


Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia

KEYNOTE ADDRESS

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Dato’ Dr. Ir. Johari Bin Basri Director General


Currently the Director General of the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) who is responsible towards the overall planning and the implementation core business of DOSH namely enforcement, standard setting and promotional activities. Prior to this, he was the Executive Director of National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Malaysia from 2000-2002 and 2004-2007. He was the Executive Director of ASEAN-OSHNET, the regional grouping of t en ASEAN member countries working together towards improving the safety and health of the workers from 2004 to 2008. Graduated in Mechanical Engineering from University Technology Malaysia in 1977 and obtained his Master Sc. in Terotechnology from Manchester University, United Kingdom and PhD. in Process Safety (QRA) from University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. He is also Board of Director NIOSH, Board of Member CIDB, Chairman for Industrial Standard Committee of Occupational Safety and Health (ISC W) SIRIM Berhad, Member for Malaysian National Standards Committees (MyNSC) Standards Malaysia and Adjunct Professor at University Malaysia Pahang. His professional affiliations include Fellow of Institute of Engineers Malaysia (IEM), Associate Fellow of The Institution of Chemical Engineer (U.K), a Professional Engineer registered with the Board of Engineers Malaysia, Member of Malaysian Gas Association (MGA) beside a Life Member of The Malaysian Society for Occupational Safety and Health (MSOSH).

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Plenary 1 The road map to a greater collaboration among stakeholders in promoting environmental health: the Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government’s Perspectives YBhg. Datin Maziah Binti Adnan Department of Local Government (DLG), Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Malaysia

Plenary 2 Collaboration and Success in Governing Malaysia Exploration & Production (E&P) Occupational & Environmental Health Standards Rosnan Bin Hamzah, Head of Governance Section, Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) Department, Petroleum Management Unit, PETRONAS.

Plenary 3 High Occupational Temperature Health and Productivity Suppression Prof. Dr. Tord Kjellstrom, United Nations University and Health and Environment International Trust, New Zealand

Plenary 3

Re-thinking urban environmental health in the 21st century Prof. Dr. Anthony Capon, United Nation University

Plenary 5 Indoor Environmental Quality and Occupational Health: ‘New life for an old Science’ Datuk Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Md Salleh, Head of Endoscopy and Consultant Gastroenterologist at Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu

Plenary 6 An Insight of Current Ergonomics Issues in Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shamsul Bahri Hj Mohd Tamrin, Universiti Putra Malaysia

Plenary 7 Geographic Information System (GIS) in Environment and Health Prof. Dr. Andrew Lovett, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom

Plenary 8 Management of Emergency Responders in Tropical Conditions Dr. Matt Brearley, Australia, Disaster Medical Research Manager, National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre (NCCTRC)

PLENARY SESSIONS

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THE ROAD MAP TO A GREATER COLLABORATION AMONG STAKEHOLDERS IN PROMOTING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH: THE MINISTRY OF URBAN WELLBEING, HOUSING AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT’S PERSPECTIVES YBhg. Datin Maziah Binti Adnan Director General Department of Local Government (DLG), Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government

This paper will discuss the importance of sound environmental health knowledge and awareness

among the stakeholders in preventing the ill factors affecting humankinds as the interactions

constantly affect quality of life and years of healthy life live. The environmental factors as explained in

the definition are so diverse and far reaching, need to be looked into seriously. In this presentation

the best practices of environmental health were explored whether we are in the basic, intermediate or

advanced phases of environmental health as recommended by the World Organization (WHO). The

five Basic Environmental Health functions are the customary essential tasks such as water quality

inspection, waste water management, excreta management, municipal solid waste management and

vector control. As a country develops, the functions would be shifting to immediate level while still

taking on basic functions, then progress to the next levels of Intermediate and the Advanced or modern

level. This paper will also touched on our country commitments to several global environmental health

framework statements such as Montreal Protocol on ozone depleting substances, Climate Change

Convention and Kyoto Protocol, Stockholm Convention on POPs and Basel Convention on hazardous

waste. Finally this paper will discuss on the Malaysia’s National Policy on Environmental Health Plan

which is spearheaded by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia with a strong support from various Ministries.

PLENARY SPEAKERS:

PLENARY 1

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YBhg. Datin Maziah Binti Adnan

Director General Department of Local Government (DLG), Ministry of Urban Wellbeing,

Housing and Local Government

Datin Maziah Binti Adnan is now the Director General of the Department of Local Government, Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government. She has full responsibility for the planning and implementation of DLG include managing the financial support, provides policy, guidance and advice, drafting of laws and circulars related to the decision of cabinet and National Meeting for Local Government (NMLC), integrating new villages in development plans to reflect the unity of the people by providing the infrastructure and socio-economic facilities, implementing programs related to environmental hygiene and coordinate activities in public health in order to be adopted by the local authorities uniformly. Her first appointment in the public service was in 1981 where she was appointed as an Administrative and Diplomatic Officer and placed in the Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia until 1984. She was the Assistant Secretary in Personnel and Services Division, Ministry of Education from 1984 to 1991; she was later served as Assistant Director in Services Division, Public Service Department (PSD) of Malaysia (Grade M3) in 1992 before she served in the Management Service Division of PSD in 1996. She was appointed as Assistant Director in Management Services Division of PSD, (Acting) (Grade PTD M2) in 1998 and was promoted to Grade PTD M2 in 1999. She was appointed as Assistant Director of PSD Training Division in 2000 and appointed as Deputy Director in 2006. She was transferred as the Director in Planning Division, Ministry of Housing and Local Government to deputize PTD M54 grade in 2006 before being confirmed for promotion as PTD Grade C in 2007. She was promoted to Major Grade B (Acting) in 2013 and held the post as Director General of the Department of Local Government. She holds a BA (Hons) History, and she pursued her Masters Degree in Public Administration at the University of Malaya in 1994 to 1996.

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COLLABORATION AND SUCCESS IN GOVERNING MALAYSIA EXPLORATION &

PRODUCTION (E&P) OCCUPATIONAL & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH STANDARDS

Rosnan Bin Hamzah Petronas In the current years, petroleum industry has been providing significant contribution to the Malaysian

economy. The petroleum upstream which consist of exploration and production of crude oil and gas are

continuously strive to increase the national oil and gas reserves as well as national crude oil and gas sales.

Malaysian Petroleum Development Act 1974 vested upon PETRONAS the exclusive rights to explore and

produce petroleum resources within Malaysia. As the entrusted entity and the custodian to manage the

petroleum resources of the nation, PETRONAS has discovered 459 fields comprised of 145 producing

fields in Malaysia. There are 100 Petroleum Arrangement Contract (PACs) awarded, operated by 23

Contractors from International Oil Companies (IOCs).

Petroleum Management Unit (PMU) in PETRONAS, acts as the resource owner and manager of Malaysia’s

domestic oil and gas assets. PMU manages the Malaysia upstream activities throughout the Exploration &

Production (E&P) life cycle with strong emphasis on the Health, Safety and Environment in governing the

operations. The vastness of the industry which recorded 171.7 Million man-hours worked in 2013 alone

shows the challenge in ensuring effective governance are in place from the operators down to the service

providers.

The exploration and production of hydrocarbons may pose significant health hazards and risk thus high

standards is utmost important. Several significant health hazards related to E&P activities such as

benzene, hydrogen sulfide, mercury, naturally occurring radioactive materials, noise, shift work and mental

stress may affect the overall fitness and effectiveness of the worker which worked in remote areas where

immediate medical facilities are hours away.

In managing HSE risk of E&P personnel, in addition to monitoring contractors’ compliance to the acts and

regulations relating to HSE, PMU have initiated the proactive measures by developing a number of HSE

standards, establishing performance reporting for Occupational Health (OH) and Industrial Hygiene (IH)

and conducting health risk management assurance. These effort aimed to regulate and shape the oil and

gas operators and third party contractor’s occupational health management and control systems to be

comparable to international oil and gas standards. In addition, PMU provides strategic guidance and

facilitation in occupational health and hygiene areas such as through providing PETRONAS HSE

expectation during annual work program budget, Health Advisory Panel (HAP) in maintaining fitness to

work standard and authorized medical examiners; and workgroups and taskforce amongst the operators

for development of standards and sharing of best practices.

The key success factor in governing the HSE in E&P is the strong relationship with all stakeholders and

leverage the experience and expertise of organizations in the industry in continuously uplifting HSE

standards of Malaysia Upstream oil and gas. Strengthening of collaboration between the industry and

academic fraternity in research and development that will benefit both may further enhanced the

management of HSE in the upstream oil and gas and became exemplary model to other industry.

PLENARY SPEAKERS:

PLENARY 2

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Rosnan Bin Hamzah Head of Governance Section Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) Department,

Petroleum Management Unit, PETRONAS

Rosnan Hamzah is a Head of Governance Section, HSE Department, PMU. He holds a B.Sc. in

Engineering (Mechanical Engineering) from University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA and MBA

(Strategic Management) from International Islamic University of Malaysia as well as M.Sc. in

Community Health (Occupational Health) from National University of Malaysia. He has 18 years

working experience at various organizations including Lecturer Occupational Safety and Health at

Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, HSE Performance Manager at

PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd, Senior HSE Specialist & Acting Deputy General Director at JV Aral

Sea Operating Company LLC, Uzbekistan and currently as Head of Governance Section, HSE

Department, PMU. Among his significant achievement at PMU were;

Develop HSE standards for Upstream Oil & Gas Industry in Malaysia such as Process Safety

Minimum Standards for Malaysia Upstream Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (E&P),

Standards for BOSIET Training Providers in Malaysia, HSE Case Standard for E&P

Lifecycle, Requirements of Managing Security Issues in Offshore Operations in Malaysian

Waters, Guideline on Medical Assessment of Fitness to Work for Offshore Workers as well

as Minimum Environment Specification for Malaysia Upstream Oil and Gas Facilities.

Develop and maintain HSE Performance Standards in Malaysia including industrial

hygiene and process safety key performance indicators.

Establish HSE Requirements for Petroleum Arrangement Contractor (PAC) contract and

PETRONAS expectation in annual budgeting.

Develop HSE competency requirement for oil & gas upstream personnel.

Chairman for Upstream Safety Work Group (USWG) and Upstream Health Hygiene Work

Group (UHHWG) as well as secretary for Joint HSE Committee Meeting (JHSEC).

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HIGH OCCUPATIONAL TEMPERATURE HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY UPPRESSION (HOTHAPS) Prof. Tord Kjellstrom United Nations University and Health and Environment International Trust, New Zealand It is well known that excessive heat exposure on working people creates heat stroke risks and reduced

work capacity. This is already an important occupational and environmental health problem in tropical

and sub-tropical areas during the hot season, and climate change will make the situation worse in

most of these areas. The Hothaps program was established in 2008 with the aim of encouraging and

facilitating research and health impact analysis so that the future trends of this health challenge could

be quantified. The new evidence could then be used in policy development and decision-making about

adaptation and mitigation actions in relation to climate change. The program has initiated local field

studies and publications in a dozen countries and methods for heat measurement, risk assessment

and prevention advice have been developed and promoted. The global Hothaps impact is likely to be

a major part of the economic cost of climate change and many low and middle income countries are

particularly affected. This presentation will show the components of the Hothaps program and

encourage new research initiatives and cooperation under the auspices of the leading Hothaps

institutions.

PLENARY SPEAKERS:

PLENARY 3

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Prof. Tord Kjellstrom United Nations University and Health and Environment International Trust,

New Zealand

Professor Kjellstrom has a Doctor of the Science of Medicine degree and a Master of Mechanical Engineering degree from Stockholm, Sweden. He has been a researcher and academic teacher, primarily in the environmental and occupational epidemiology fields, in universities in Sweden, New Zealand, Australia and the United Kingdom since 1970. He also worked as an environmental epidemiologist at the World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, from 1985 to 1993, and was Director of the Office of Global and Integrated Environmental Health there 1994-1997. His research initially involved epidemiological studies of the effects of cadmium, lead, methyl-mercury, asbestos and children's traffic accidents. At WHO he developed scientific review work as well as training and research promotion in environmental health and chemical safety, and by 1994 became Director of an Office with responsibility for developing analysis and global guidance on Climate Change and Health and other emerging topics. From 1998, in New Zealand, he continued research on health effects of air pollution, climate change, road transport, urban health and globalisation as well as the health links to sustainable development. He was co-principal investigator in teams that received substantial grants for these studies from sources in Sweden, USA, UK, New Zealand and Australia, including Health Research Council of New Zealand, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust. The research work has produced more than 400 publications. During the most recent years he has been co-principal investigator in several major research programs (“Capacity-building in Environmental Health”, ANU; “Training program on Atmospheric Environment and Health”, ANU; “Health transition study in Thailand”, ANU; “Health effects of air pollution in New Zealand”, New Zealand agencies; “Healthy Urban Systems”, ANU) and produced reports on Globalisation and public health, Urban health equity, Road Transport and Public Health, and Climate change and Health research priorities. He has also been active in occupational health development programs funded by the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) in Central America (SALTRA) and Southern Africa (WHASA). In recent years he has carried out work for the WHO on Climate change and health, Urban health and Health equity. Currently he is expanding a program of studies on “High Occupational Temperature Health and Productivity Suppression (Hothaps)” at global level to document impacts of Climate change on Occupational Health. This program involves collaboration between institutions in Australia, Sweden, Norway, New Zealand, United Kingdom, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Nepal, India, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and the USA. A major component is a Sida funded cooperation with India in 2012-2013. This work is currently being strengthened via new cooperation with the United Nations University, International Institute of Global Health.

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RE-THINKING URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IN THE 21ST CENTURY Prof. Dr. Anthony Capon Director of International Institute for Global Health at United Nations University (UNU-IIGH)

Currently, we are in the midst of a global urban transition. The majority of the world’s population now

live in cities and, for the foreseeable future, most population growth will be in urban areas. By the

middle of the 21st century, we need to house 2-3 billion more people in the cities of the world – more

than one million people every week. Hence, we currently have an opportunity to re-think our cities

and their place in human development and future health and wellbeing. Traditionally, we have thought

of cities as dirty, unsafe and unhealthy places to live. And for many people, this is the case.

However, cities can be great places to live. Urban living can be good for health. Indeed, cities can

make positive contribution to environmental outcomes. Globally, there is no doubt we face immense

challenges – housing, water, sanitation, food, transport, urban poverty, among others. To enable a

healthy and sustainable urban transition, we first need to imagine healthy and sustainable ways of

living in cities. Second, we must accept the need for change. Third, we need to acknowledge the

value of systems thinking for population health and sustainable development. Only then, can we begin

to chart a course for healthy and sustainable urban futures.

PLENARY SPEAKERS:

PLENARY 4

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Prof. Dr. Anthony Capon Director of International Institute for Global Health at United Nations University

(UNU-IIGH)

Tony directs the International Institute for Global Health at United Nations University (UNU-

IIGH). He is a public health physician and an authority on environmental health and health

promotion. His career spans public health policy, practice, research, education and advocacy.

Since 2008, he has been working with the International Council for Science (ICSU) to develop

the new global interdisciplinary science programme on health and wellbeing in the changing

urban environment using systems approaches. Tony has held National Health and Medical

Research Council (Australia) and World Health Organization fellowships, as well as leadership

roles with the Australasian Faculty of Public Health Medicine (of the Royal Australasian College

of Physicians) and the International Society for Urban Health.

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INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH- ‘NEW LIFE FOR AN

OLD SCIENCE’

Datuk Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Md Salleh

Senior Consultant Physician

Head of Endoscopy and Consultant Gastroenterologist

Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is most simply described as the conditions inside a building. It

does not refer to the air quality alone, but the entire environmental quality of a space, which includes

air quality, access to daylight and views, pleasant acoustic conditions, and occupant control over

lighting and thermal comfort. We spend a majority of our time indoors; not surprisingly, studies have

shown an increase in worker productivity when improvements are made to a space’s IEQ. Building

managers and operators can increase the satisfaction of building occupants by including thoughtful

IEQ details in the design and operation of a space.

When constructing cost-effective buildings, it is easy to forget that the success or failure of a project

may rest on its indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Healthy, comfortable employees are often more

satisfied and productive. Unfortunately, this simple truth is often lost, for it is easier to focus on the

first-cost of a project than it is to determine the value of increased user productivity and health. Facility

managers are interested in IEQ’s close relationship to energy use. Employers hope to enhance

employee comfort and productivity, reduce absenteeism and health-care costs, and reduce risk of

litigation.

Chemicals and related odors can be sources of IEQ problems in buildings. Odors are organic or

inorganic compounds and can be both pleasant and unpleasant. Some odors can be health hazards

and some are not. Reducing exposure to chemicals in the workplace is a preventative action that can

lead to improved outcomes for both worker health and to the environment.

HVAC systems alone can act as sources of pollutant. Improper operation and maintenance of HVAC

systems is one of the most common problems that impact workplace indoor environmental quality

(IEQ). HVAC systems include all of the equipment used to ventilate, heat, and cool the building; to

move the air around the building (ductwork); and to filter and clean the air. These systems can have

a significant impact on how pollutants are distributed and removed. Maintaining good IEQ requires

constant attention to the building's HVAC system, which includes the design, layout and pollutant

source management or air filtration.

While the main purposes of a HVAC system are to maintain good and clean indoor air quality through

adequate ventilation with filtration and provide thermal comfort, a proper design and maintenance of

HVAC system with additional and appropriate Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) will give a new

life and hope for an old science.

PLENARY SPEAKERS:

PLENARY 5

http://www.wbdg.org/design/cost_effective.php

http://www.wbdg.org/design/ensure_health.php

http://www.wbdg.org/design/provide_comfort.php

http://www.wbdg.org/design/productive.php

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Datuk Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Md Salleh Senior Consultant Physician

Head of Endoscopy and Consultant Gastroenterologist Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu

Datuk Dr Ahmad Shukri bin Md Salleh is a Senior Consultant Physician and Gastroenterologist at Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu (HSNZ). He graduated in 1989 from University Malaya, Malaysia and obtained double specialist in Internal Medicine from University Sains Malaysia and Royal College of Physician, United Kingdom in 1995. He became Fellow Royal College of Physician, London in 2010. He is a Gastroenterologist by training and had worked at Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK from1998-2000. He was head of the Medical Department, Hospital Putrajaya from 2006-2010 before he left to London for one year and became a Fellow in Gastroenterology at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London. After 22 years working at hospital environment, he realized that Hospital Acquired Infection especially with the airborne route of transmission remained to be one of the difficult infections to control. While he was in London, he took the opportunity and developed his other interest in Hospital Airborne Infection Control and Indoor Air Quality. He returned to Malaysia in 2011 and worked at HSNZ. Besides practicing as a Consultant Gastroenterologist, he is also involved in Infection Control Team and member of Occupational Safety and Health unit in the medical department, HSNZ. He has undertaken research on Indoor Air Quality with his colleague from Science Engineering Department at University Malaysia Terengganu. He gave talks on ‘Indoor Air Quality’ not only to engineers and health care workers in public and teaching hospitals, but also to commercial building engineers and among others are the Petronas Twin Tower, Putrajaya Holding Berhad, Malaysian Public Work Department (JKR), Ministry of Higher Education, Museum, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Sains Malaysia Hospital, etc. He has a keen interest in Greening Malaysia by Improving Indoor Environmental Quality. He had written articles in National Newspaper to create awareness among the public about the importance of keeping a good indoor air quality during environmental pollution due to haze recently. He was recently invited to talk at Hospital Engineering International Conference 2013, which was held at KLCC. He correlated well between the roles of engineering ventilation system with indoor air quality for a better indoor environmental quality.

19

AN INSIGHT OF CURRENT ERGONOMICS ISSUES IN MALAYSIA Associate Prof. Dr Shamsul Bahri Hj Mohd Tamrin Vice President Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Malaysia (2010)

The field of Ergonomics and human factors had been practice for more than 10 decades; however the awareness of ergonomics in Malaysia is rising up recently with the establishment of the Malaysian Occupational Safety and Health Act (1994). Although Malaysia had related legislation and various occupational guidelines in Ergonomics, the law related to Ergonomics is generally translated and need further interpretation. However, under SOCSO Act (1969), the evidence of ergonomics related disorders can be clearly observed and aligned with the finding by the government agencies and research published. This indicated that Malaysian working environment have not improved and the compliance with the legislation is not taken seriously. There was evidence that the ergonomics awareness is still lacking in most industries including those in healthcare, education and practitioner in Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and usability (cognitive ergonomics). Among the industries that highly affected with ergonomics risks includes those working in agricultural sectors, health care, manufacturing, transportation, those using computer in offices and school children. Besides MSD’s, there is also evidence of vibration related disorders among those in manufacturing and fabricating industries. In addition to the poor understanding to industrial ergonomics risks, most of the Malaysian designers lack of the understanding principles in ergonomics design and application. From HCI, a lot of understanding on user needs and usability are required to ensure adoption and effective implementations. This field calls for deeper knowledge in human cognition which can also create a better user experience. Overall, through The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Malaysia (HFEM), there is big opportunity where the society can work with the public as well as the employers and manufacturers of products to install HFE in its conception. In a conclusion, there are several gaps in improving and promoting ergonomics in Malaysia.

1) Promoting awareness to various target groups through Rakyat/People-Academia-Government Industry (RAGI) Strategic Planning.

2) Revision and upgrading of current legislation and guidelines to specific regulation on ergonomics.

3) Standardizing ergonomics assessment method and professional certificate.

4) Developing special interest groups in different disciplines of ergonomics (HCI, Product Design and Physical Ergonomics).

5) Translating research finding into proper guidelines, industrial Code of Practice and policy.

6) Promoting low cost improvement and intervention and based on user participation and issues.

PLENARY SPEAKERS:

PLENARY 5

20

Associate Prof. Dr Shamsul Bahri Hj Mohd Tamrin Vice President

Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Malaysia (2010)

Associate Professor Dr. Shamsul Bahri is Industrial Hygiene/Occupational Ergonomic lecturer in Environmental & Occupational Health, UPM. He had supervised a total of 62 undergraduate students and 15 postgraduate students with 4 PhD students and had completed many research projects sponsored by The Ministry of Science and Innovation and Ministry of Higher Education with the total grant of RM1.7 million. This includes research in industrial ergonomics including intervention of ergonomics injuries among commercial vehicle drivers, improvement of school ergonomics and ergonomics intervention in agriculture especially related to oil palm industries. Under UPM, he owns industrial patent for Ergonomic bus seat design, ergonomics furniture for school and currently tool for harvesting free fruit bunch. He was among recipient of awards both National and International award especially related to ergonomics improvement among bus drivers. Besides publishing peer reviewed publications, he had consulted DOSH and various industries in occupational safety and health issues including noise exposure, audiometry, indoor air quality, epidemiological study on musculoskeletal disorders and developing the Malaysian Occupational Safety and Health Profile in 2008.

21

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) IN ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH Professor Andrew Lovett Deputy Head of School University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manage, analyse and

display spatially-referenced data. The ability to combine together different forms of data and present

them in map form makes them particularly useful for many applications in the area of environmental

health. This is reflected in the variety of organizations that now make use of GIS tools. This

presentation will discuss a range of examples regarding the use of GIS for exposure assessment and

environmental risk assessment. It will also consider current developments in the availability of data

and software, as well as how the use of GIS is likely to evolve in the future.

PLENARY SPEAKERS:

PLENARY 7

22

Professor Andrew Lovett Deputy Head of School

University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom

Andrew Lovett is a Professor of Environmental Sciences and Deputy Head of School at the University of East Anglia, UK. His academic specialism is the use of Geographical Information Systems and he has taught the subject to students for over 20 years. Andrew has published over 130 peer reviewed papers and book chapters on topics such as health geography, landscape planning, renewable energy and environmental economics. He has been the chair of the Geography of Health Research Group of the Royal Geographical Society and on the editorial boards of journals such as Health & Place, Environment and Planning B and Computers, Environment & Urban Systems. At present he is working on the Social, Economic and Environmental Research (SEER) project into Multi-Objective Land Use Decision Making funded by the Economic & Social Research Council and is co-leader of the Wensum Demonstration Test Catchment project (http://www.wensumalliance.org.uk) funded by the UK Government.

23

MANAGEMENT OF EMERGENCY RESPONDERS IN TROPICAL CONDITIONS Dr. Matt Brearley Disaster Medical Research Manager National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre (NCCTRC)

The personal protective clothing and equipment (PPE) requirements of emergency responders (ER) provides a barrier to body heat dissipation. In tropical environments, the combination of PPE and physical activity create a setting conducive to body heat storage. Elevated core body temperatures and associated sequelae may limit ER operational capability. Methods: Quantification of ER physiological (core body temperature, heart rate, sweat rate, dehydration) and perceptual responses (thermal sensation and discomfort) to responding in the tropics, and development of heat stress mitigation strategies have been the focus of the NCCTRC research program. This presentation provides an overview of the research findings to date. Results: High physiological and perceptual strain have been observed for those ER with high physical workloads and PPE requirements. Pacing of effort by non-heat acclimatized ER to limit body heat storage is evident upon deployment to the tropics. Field based cooling strategies delay attainment of high core body temperatures. Conclusion: The development of specific strategies to maximize the health, safety and performance of ER in tropical settings are warranted. Individualized self-administered heat acclimatization programs have been developed to promote adaptation pre-deployment for ER residing in cool climates. External (fans, cold towels, water immersion) and internal cooling (crushed ice ingestion) are options to accelerate body heat dissipation and maintain operational capability in the tropics

PLENARY SPEAKERS:

PLENARY 8

24

Dr. Matt Brearley Disaster Medical Research Manager

National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre (NCCTRC)

Dr Matt Brearley and is the Disaster Medical Research Manager of the National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre (NCCTRC), having been based in Australia’s tropical north since 2001. Commencing his career in elite sport settings, Matt’s previous roles include managing athlete services at the Northern Territory Institute of Sport and the National Heat Training and Acclimatisation Centre. His work maximising the performance of elite athletes in the heat culminated in the role of heat specialist for the Australian team in the lead up to, and during the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China. Now focusing on occupational settings, Matt works to mitigate the risks of heat stress for outdoor workers in tropical settings. Specifically, an objective of the NCCTRC research program is the development of evidence based procedures to ensure emergency response teams maximise their health, safety and performance in the heat. To achieve this goal, Matt collaborates with a wide range of emergency personnel including tactical response police, firefighters, medical response teams, US Marines, disaster victim identification teams, urban search and rescue units and power utility crews. The NCCTRC research program has quantified the physiological impost of responding in the heat. A recent project demonstrated the physiological consequences of deploying non-heat acclimatised emergency responders into tropical regions during a 24 hour training exercise. Large scale trials of cooling strategies have been undertaken in the field. Matt introduced crushed ice ingestion to elite sport settings in 2003 and to occupational settings in 2006, and continues to research the potential of this novel cooling strategy in harsh climates.

Such work has been acknowledged with awards for research and innovation, best conference paper and presentations and recognition by the Australian Institute of Policy and Science.

25

TIME 8 APRIL 2014 (TUESDAY)

08:00 – 08:55 Arrival and registration of participants

08:55 – 09:00 Arrival of guests

09:00 – 09:03 National Anthem

09:03 – 09:06 Recitation of Do’a

09:06 – 09:15 Welcome Speech by Chairman of ICEOH 2014

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shamsul Bahri Hj Mohd Tamrin

09:15 – 09:25

Opening Ceremony and Officiating Speech by Director General of Department of

Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH)


09:25 – 09:30 Multimedia Presentation

09:30 – 10.00

Keynote address by Director General of Department of Occupational Safety

and Health (DOSH)

Blue Ocean Strategy in Promoting Occupational Safety and Environmental Health:

The Road Map to a Greater Collaboration among the Stakeholders


10:00 – 10:45

Dialogue with the experts in EOH: Safety, health and environment

beyond 2020: What is our future?

YBhg. Dato' Ir. Dr. Johari Bin Basri, YBhg. Datin Maziah Binti Adnan, Fauzi

Yahaya,

Datuk Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Md Salleh, Daud Amatzin

Chairman: Prof. Dr. Zailina Hashim

10:45 – 11:00 Coffee Break

11:00 – 11:30

Plenary 1 - YBhg. Datin Maziah Binti Adnan

Director General of Department of Local Government, Malaysia

The Road Map To A Greater Collaboration Among Stakeholders in Promoting

Environmental Health: The Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local

Government’s Perspective

Chairman: Prof. Dr. Zalilah Mohd Shariff

11:30 – 12:00

Plenary 2 - Rosnan Hamzah, PETRONAS

Collaboration and Success in Governing Malaysia Exploration & Production (E&P)

Occupational & Environmental Health Standards

Chairman: Prof. Dr. Jamal Hisham Hashim

TENTATIVE PROGRAM

26

-

TIME 8 APRIL 2014 (TUESDAY)

12:00 – 12:30

ANSR SDN BHD – Indoor Quality: Effects of the environment to our health

First Instrument – Sound and Vibration: User friendly protable measuring devices

and software programs using the same advanced measurement techniques, field

balancing and diagnostic tools.

Chairman: Dr Indrakaran Karthigesu

12:30 – 14:00 Lunch

14:00 – 14:30

Plenary 3 - Prof. Dr Tord Kjellstrom, Health and Environment International

Trust, New Zealand

High Occupational Temperature Health and Productivity Suppression

Chairman: Prof. Dr. Zamberi Sekawi

14:30 – 15:00

Plenary 4 - Prof. Dr. Anthony Capon, UNU

Re-Thinking Urban Environmental Health in the 21st Century

Chairman: Prof. Dr. Zamberi Sekawi

Parallel Paper Presentations (Break-out sessions)

15:00 – 16:00

ROOM 1

Urban Health & Risk

Management Dr. Indrakaran

Karthigesu

ROOM 2

Occupational Rehabilitation Ir, Nor Halim Bin Hassan

ROOM 3

Children’s Health

Dr. Kulanthayan

Mani

ROOM 4

Environmental Sustainability Dr. Mazura

Shahani

ROOM 5

OSH & Environment Vivien How

ROOM 6

Human Behavioral &

Environmental Health

Dr. Irniza Rasdi


16:30 – 17:30

ROOM 1

Occupational Management

& Practice Dr. S.

Norkhadijah S. Ismail

ROOM 2

Climate Change &

Environmental Health

Dr. Ali Karami Varnamkhasti

ROOM 3

Hygiene And Industrial

Safety Norhazlina

Mydin

ROOM 4

Occupational Safety And

Health (Part I) Ng Yee Guan

ROOM 5

Psychosocial And

Behavioral Dr. Suriani

Ismail

ROOM 6

Biomarker Dr. Tezara

Cionita

20:00 – 23:00 Conference Dinner

TENTATIVE PROGRAM TENTATIVE PROGRAM

27

TIME 9 APRIL 2014 (WEDNESDAY)

09:00 – 09:35 Plenary 5 - Datuk Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Md Salleh, Ministry of Health Malaysia Indoor Environmental Quality and Occupational Health- ‘New life for an old Science’

Chairman: Dr. Juliana Jalaludin

09:35 – 10:10 Plenary 6 - Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin

An Insight of Current Ergonomics Issues in Malaysia Chairman: Dr. Sarva Mangala Praveena


10:45 – 11:20 Plenary 7 - Prof. Dr. Andrew Lovett, University of East Anglia, UK

Geographic Information System (GIS) in Environment and Health Chairman: Prof. Dr. Amin Bin Ismail

11:20 – 11.55 Plenary 8- Dr. Matt Brearley, Australia

Management of emergency responders in tropical conditions Chairman: Dr. Shaharuddin Mohd Sham

11:55 – 12:30 OUM – Occupational Safety and Health: The challenges in carrier

Asean Saintifik – The important PPE in workstation: Is it important? Chairman: Dr Indrakaran Karthigesu

12:30 – 14:00 Lunch

Parallel Paper Presentations (Break-out sessions)*

14:00 – 15:30

ROOM 1 Environmental Toxicology (I)

Dr. Sarva Mangala Praveena

ROOM 2 Air

Pollution Dr.

AnitaAbd. Rahman

ROOM 3 Waste

Management Dr. S.

Norkhadijah S. Ismail

ROOM 4 Ergonomics

(Part II) Dr.

Karmegam Karuppiah

ROOM 5 Environmental Toxicology (II)

Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin


16:00 – 17:30

ROOM 1 Water And

Food Safety Dr. Saliza

Mohd Elias

ROOM 2 Ergonomics

(I) Ishkandar Md Yusoff

ROOM 3 Occupational Safety and Health (II) Dr. Matt Brearley

ROOM 4 Air Quality & Ergonomics Dr. Emilia

Zainal Abidin

ROOM 5 Waste

Management Dr. Ho Yu Bin

17:30 – 18:00 Closing ceremony

TENTATIVE PROGRAM

OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014

28

ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION

URBAN HEALTH & RISK MANAGEMENT (SESSION ROOM 1)

Date: 8th April 2014

Time: 3.00pm – 4.00pm

Room: 1

Chairperson: Dr. Indrakaran a/l Karthigesu

Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students

OP Room 1A-1: Time: 3.00pm

Title: Origin and Geochemistry of the Mishrif, Yamama and Nahr Umr Reservoirs, In

Nasiriya Oilfield, Southern Iraq

Amer Al-Khafaji*


Title: Sustainability Concern In Value Management: A Study On Government’s Building

Project

Nuur Fadzilah Md. Noor*, Kamruzzaman, S.N., and Norafida Ab. Ghaffar


Title: How Safe Are We from Environmental Disaster in Malaysia?

Haliza Abdul Rahman*


Title: Determination of Dithiocarbamate Fungicide Residue in Cucumber, Ginger, and

Pepper and Health Risk Assessment

Buran Phansawan*, Tippawan Prapamontol, Ampica Mangklabruks, Choochad Santasup,

Somporn Chantrara & Prasak Thavornyutikarn


Title: The Study of Floculation Charecteristics for Landfill Leachate Treatment Using

Starch Natural Based Floculant from Durio Zibethinus Seed

Mohd Faiz Muaz Ahmad Zamri, Mohd Suffian Yusoff * & Hamidi Abdul Aziz

PP Room 1A-6: Time: 3.50pm

Title: The Health Co-Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation through Mass Public

Transportation in an Urban Environment

Soo Chen Kwan & Jamal Hisham Hashim


Title: Dengue Fever Spatial Occurrence and Its Relationship with Land Use In Selangor,

Malaysia

Haidar Rizal Toha*, Jamal Hisham Hashim, Mazrura Sahani & Mohd Shahir Shamsir


29


OCCUPATIONAL MANAGEMENT & PRACTICE (SESSION ROOM 1)


Time: 4.30pm – 5.30pm

Room: 1

Chairperson: Dr. S. Norkhadijah S. Ismail


OP Room 1B-1: Time: 4.30pm

Title: Risk Factors for Near Miss Incident among Long Distance Bus Drivers in Malaysia

Nik Nor Ronaidi Nik Mahdi*, Norsa’adah Bachok, Norlen Mohamed & Mohd Nazri Shafei


Title: It Takes Two to Tango: Emotional Job Demands and Personality Interaction in

Predicting Employee Health

Rosnah Ismail*, Azmi Mohd Tamil, Mohd Awang Idris & Noor Hassim Ismail


Title: Radiation Dose Management In Fluoroscopy Procedures: An Audit And Surveillance

Siti Farizwana Mohd Ridzwan*, Elavarasi Selvarajah & Hamzaini Abdul Hamid


Title: A Preliminary Result of Occupational Safety and Health Management System

Compliance among Gas Contractor (Petroleum Pipeline) In Peninsular Malaysia

Hamdan Bin Ramat* & Shamsul Bahri Bin Mohd Tamrin


Title: The Association between Vibrotactile Perception and Chemical Exposure among

Vehicle Service Technicians in Klang Valley Nurul Ain Zali, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin & Karmegam Karuppiah


Title: Heavy Metals Emitting From Welding Fumes in Automotive Industry

Norhidayah Abdull*, Siti Wahida Mat Hassan, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail, Abdul Mutalib Leman &

Azian Harir


30


OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION (SESSION ROOM 2)


Time: 3.00pm – 4.00pm

Room: 2

Chairperson: Ir, Nor Halim Bin Hassan



Title: Do We Communicate Openly In Healthcare Delivery?

Nabilah Hussain*, Nurul Syarbani Eliana Musa, Mohd Idris Omar, Roslinah Ali, Nor'Aishah

Abu Bakar, Noriah Bidin, Mohamad Mu'Izuddin Senin, Siti Aisah Mokhtar & Nor Filzatun

Borhan


Title: Quality of Life and Mental Health Status of Arsenic-affected Patients in a

Bangladeshi Population

Emdadul Haque Syed*, Krishna C. Poudel & Habibul Ahsan


Title: Impact of Interprofessional Education on Patient and Workplace Safety towards

Allied Health Interns

Umasenan Thanikasalam*


Title: Health Impacts of Climate Change in Asia Charles Cc Lee* & Kavitha Palaniappan


Title: High Indoor Formaldehyde Concentration at a Teaching Hospital in Malaysia Mohd Hasni Jaafar*, Damica Kunsiong, Juliana Mat Sutris, Noor Raihan Khamal & Jamal

Hisham Hashim


Title: Health Policy: Human Resource Management

Noor Arma*, Wan Puteh Sharifa Ezat, Razali Hasyimah, Azmi Shahruz Idzwan & Nordin

Azmaniza


Title: Perception Of Safety And Health Problems Among Older Farmers In Malaysia: An

Insight

Anita Abd Rahman*, Nabilah Latif, Rosnah Mohd Yusoff, Haslinda Abdullah, Sharifah

Norazizan Syed Abd Rashid & Mohd Rizal Hussain


31


CLIMATE CHANGE & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (SESSION ROOM 2)


Time: 4.30pm – 5.30pm

Room: 2

Chairperson: Dr. Ali Karami Varnamkhasti



Title: Health Impacts of Rural Flood and Community Coping Strategy in Northeast

Thailand

Phatcharee Srikuta*, Uraiwan Inmuong & Yanyong Inmuong


Title: Pesticide Dermal Contamination and Micro-environment Interaction between

Farmer and Children in the Farming Community Vivien How, Zailina Hashim, Patimah Ismail, Dzolkhifli Omar, Salmiah Md Said & Shamsul

Bahri Mohd Tamrin


Title: The Effect of Sunlight (Ultraviolet) Exposure and Vitamin D Intake Deficiency

towards the Increase of Systolic Blood Pressure

Dessy Hermawan*, Wahyu Dani & Achmad Farich


Title: A Study of Some Environmental Factors and Their Effects on Bacterial Community

In Haj Ali's Drainage In Babylon Province –Iraq

Wameedh Adil*


Title: Quantitative Risk Assessment of Environmental Hazards to Receptor Populations

Subramaniam Karuppannan*, Prof.Mukerjee T.K. & Mohd.Rafee Baharudin

PP Room 2B-6: Time: 5.20pm

Title: Non Workplace Factors Affecting the Export Processing Zone Workers’ Health

S.M Arnold*, Sameera Senanayake, C.J. Denawaka & N.C. Pallewatta


Title: Cytotoxic Action of Some Systemic Pesticides on CHO-K1 and V79-4 Cell Lines

Ali Al-Sarar*, Alaa Bayoumi & Yasser Abobakr


32


CHILDREN’S HEALTH (SESSION ROOM 3)


Time: 3.00pm – 4.00pm

Room: 3

Chairperson: Dr. Kulanthayan K.C. Mani



Title: Prevalence of Asthma and Level of FeNOx among School Children in Terengganu,

Malaysia

Aminnuddin Ma'pol*, Jamal Hisham Hashim, Dan Norbäck, Gunilla Weislander, Zailina

Hashim & Zaleha Md Isa


Title: A Review of Respiratory Diseases Due To Outdoor Air Pollution among Children In

Malaysia

Mohammad Adam Adman & Jamal Hisham Hashim


Title: Assessment of Children's Health and Indoor Air Contaminants of Daycare Centre in

Industrial Area Tezara Cionita*, Juliana Jalaludin & Adam Nor Mariah


Title: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Exposure, Hair Nicotine Concentrations and

Cognitive Abilities among Adolescents In Malaysia Najihah Zainol Abidin*, Aziemah Zulkifli, Emilia Zainal Abidin, Zailina Hashim, Sean Semple,

Anita Abdul Rahman & Che Nin Man


Title: Health Risk from Pesticide Exposure among Infants of Breastfeeding Farmworkers

in an Agricultural Area of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand Warangkana Naksen*, Tippawan Prapamontol, Ampica Mangklabruks, Somporn Chantrara &

Prasak Thavornyutikarn.


Title: Exposure to Secondhand Smoke and Academic Performance among Primary School

Children in Serdang, Selangor

Khairunnisa Saliman, Emilia Zainalabidin* & Sarva Mangala Praveena


33



Title: Is There A Relationship Between Physical Activity And Smoking Among Saudi

University Health Science Students? Feisal Subhan* & Thamir Al-Khlaiwi


34


HYGIENE AND INDUSTRIAL SAFETY (SESSION ROOM 3)


Time: 4.30pm – 5.30pm

Room: 3

Chairperson: Pn Norhazlina Mydin



Title: Metal Workers: Exposure to Chemicals and Noise Caused By Using Inappropriate

Safety Measures Karin Reinhold* & Lea Pallon


Title: Health Status, Occupational Hygiene & Safety Practices Among Female Workers In

Bangladesh: A Cross Sectional Study On Selected Baking Industries

Obidul Huq Ak*, Ekramul Mahmud Hnm & Formuzul Haque Km


Title: Neurobehavioral Effects of Arsenic Exposure from Groundwater among Secondary

School Children in Kandal Province, Cambodia Sao Vibol* & Jamal Hisham Hashim


Title: Examining neurobehavioral effects of pesticide exposure in workers involved in

mosquito control in Malaysia

Muhammad Zubir Yusof, Sean Semple, John Cherrie & Niza Samsuddin


Title: Work Related Msd And The Association With Risk Factors Among Vehicle Service

Technicians In Klang Valley

Ahmad Faisal Ahmad Nasaruddin, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin & Karmegam Karuppiah


Title: Study of skin symptoms and workplace dermal exposures among hospital cleaners in

Kota Bharu, Kelantan

Nurul Aliyana Mohamad Sabar & Siti Marwanis Anua*


Title: -


35


ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (SESSION ROOM 4)


Time: 3.00pm – 4.00pm

Room: 4

Chairperson: Dr. Mazura Shahani



Title: Understanding Environmental Sustainability: Are We?

Haliza Abdul Rahman*


Title: Biochemical Changes Of Liver That Infected With Entamoeba Histolytica In White

Rats

Ahmed Khudhair*


Title: Study the Effects of the Pesticide Es-Biothrin on Some Histological Aspects of White

Male Rats

Halla Abdul-Hadi Abdul-Ghani Chabuk, Haidar Kamil Zaidan Al-Saadi, and Fakhir

Alzubaidy*


Title: Decolorization of Dye Wastewater by Adsorption on Fly Ash Granules Coated With

Hexadecyltrimetylammonium Bromide

Chayada Pansuk* & Soydoa Vinitnanthara


Title: Environmental Risk Assessment for Veterinary Antibiotics and Hormone in

Malaysian Agricultural Soil Yu Bin Ho*, Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria, Puziah Abdul Latif & Nazamid Saari


Title: Staphylococcus Aureus Infection in a Population of Health Sciences Students at A

Public University

Amelia Ab Hamid*, Norhidayah Mat Azis, Hui Ping Pung, Farizatul Akmawati Yahya, Syafinaz

Amin Nordin, Neela Vasanthakumari & Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa


Title: Treatment and Preservation of Fuel against Microbial Contamination Can Reduce

the Risk of Environmental Pollution Suyi Wong*, Siew Hoon ReginaTeng, Kit Yin Wong, Lik Chern Melvin Tan & Kim Long Yeo


36


OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (PART I) (SESSION ROOM 4)


Time: 4.30pm – 5.30pm

Room: 4

Chairperson: Mr Ng Yee Guan



Title: Event Tree Analysis for Analyzing Probable Fire Scenario in the Plastic

Manufacturing Extra Building Arroon Ketsakorn* & Warapof Meethom


Title: Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Associated Risk Factors among

Workers in a Malaysian Academic Institue:

Jabbar M. A.*, Masyita Binti Mamot, Chandrashekhar T S. and Nem Y. B.


Title: Safety Matters Concerning Timber Scaffold Board Application in National Oil and

Gas Industry

Mohd Jamil Abdul Wahab* & Mohamad Omar Mohamad Khaidzir


Title: Measuring Function of Vestibulo-Cochlear System: An Occupational Health

Perspective Abdullah Alabdulhadi*, Aseel Al-Meqbel & Maya Guest


Title: Assessment of Risk Factors to Occupational Pesticide Poisoning In Cocoa Farmers in

Ondo State, Nigeria

Dele Onunkun*


Title: Effects of Parental Occupation on Mental Status of Adolescent Children in Urban

Population of Malaysia

Latiffah Abd Latiff*, Esra Tajik, Sareh Dashti, Ali Jafarzadeh Esfehani & Azrinshah Abubakar


Title: Respiratory Health of Male Steel Workers In Terengganu, Malaysia

Nurul Ainun Hamzah*, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin & Noor Hassim Ismail


37


OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT (SESSION ROOM 5)


Time: 3.00pm – 4.00pm

Room: 5

Chairperson: Ms. Vivien How



Title: Diesel Particulate Matter: Escalation as an Occupational Health Risk

Thomas Mitchell*


Title: Prevalence of Asbestos Related Illness among Asbestos Workers in Sri Lanka Hemantha Wickramatillake* & Fernando Menaka


Title: Job Dissatisfaction and Its Related Factors among Laboratory Staff

Nehzat Fadaei*, Huda Binti Zainuddin & Dr. Seyd Tajuddin Seyd Hassan


Title: Asthma, Respiratory Symptoms and Rhinitis among Office Workers in Malaysia:

Associations with House Dust Mite (HDM) Allergy and HDM Levels in Office Dust Lim Fang Lee*, Zailina Hashim, Leslie Than Tian Long, Salmiah Md. Said, Dan Norback &

Jamal, H.H


Title: Prevalence of Work-Related Wrist and Hand Musculoskeletal Disorders among

Computer Users, Karnataka State, India

Maiya Arun G, Vinod Bhat, Nalini Sathiakumar & David Coggon


Title: Relationship between Carbon Black and PM2.5 Exposure with Respiratory System

among Workers at Printing Industry

Nurfatin Athirah Malik*, Emilia Zainal Abidin & Irniza Rasdi


Title: Perception towards Anti-Smoking Campaign Among Malay Smokers in Malaysia Suriani Ismail*, Muhamad Hanafiah Juni, Kulanthayan K.C. Mani, Suhainizam Muhamad

Saliluddin, Raja Aman Zakwan Raja Ramle and Tiong Ling Rong


38


PSYCHOSOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL (SESSION ROOM 5)


Time: 4.30pm – 5.30pm

Room: 5

Chairperson: Dr. Suriani Ismail



Title: Exposure to Respirable Dust (PM10) and Respiratory Health among Traffic

Policemen in Selangor Nor Syafarizwa M*, Juliana Jalaludin & Sharmadevan S


Title: Noise from Road Traffic at Night - A Case Study in Dungun

Dian Darina Indah Daruis*, Norazmira Wati Awang, Baba Md Deros & Ahmad Rasdan Ismail


Title: Associations between lifestyle, chronic diseases and self-rated health among

Malaysian adults

Ying Ying Chan*, Chien Huey The, Kuang Kuay Lim, Kuang Hock Lim, Pei Sien Yeo, Azli

Baharudin, Zhuo Lin Chong, Yi Yi Khoo, Chee Cheong Kee, Noor Ani Ahmad & Mohd Azahadi

Omar


Title: Pen and paper based observational method to assess postural problems: A review

Ezrin Hani Sukadarin*, Baba Md Deros, Nur Syazwani Mohd Nawi, Shamsul Bahri Mohd

Tamrin, Shariman Abu Bakar & Azmin Sham Rambely


Title:


Title: The Prevalence of Occupational Stress among Staff at the Private University in

Selangor, Malaysia

Azizah Ahmad*


Titlei: Pesticide Exposure and Learning Ability of Primary School Children in Tanjung

Karang, Selangor

Nurul Husna Miswon, Zailina Hashim*, Raihanah Chokeli & Vivien How


39


HUMAN BEHAVIORAL & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (SESSION ROOM 6)


Time: 3.00pm – 4.00pm

Room: 6

Chairperson: Dr. Irniza Rasdi



Title: Environmental Health Risk Assessment To Determine Sanitation Risk Area In

Jember District In Supporting Millennium Development Goals

Khoiron Khoiron* & Sugeng Wibowo


Title: Prevalence and Factors Associated With Smoking Intentions among Non-Smoking

and Smoking Adolescents in Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia Kuang Hock Lim*, Chee Cheong Kee, Kuang Kuay Lim, Hui Li Lim, Lay Yen Yeo, Goh Swee

Chin Fiona, Chien Huey The, Ying Ying Chan, Normala Ibrahim & Mustafa Amal Nasir


Title: Detection and Identification of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in Bottled Drinking Water

Achala Herath*, Charmalie Abayasekara, Rohana Chandrajith & Nimal Adikaram


Title: Analysis of Occupational Accident in Mining and Quarry Sector towards Safe and

Healthy Working Environment Nur Azlina Abd Rahman*, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail & Norhidayah Abdull


Title: Evaluating Temperature of Pavement Materials for Temperature Reduction in

Putrajaya Rezvan Sadat Benrazavi*, Kamariah Binti Dola, Mohd Fairuz Shahidan, Asraf Abdul Rahman

& Nour Sadat Benrazavi


Title: The Effects Muscles Activities at Constant Illuminance with Multiple Temperature

for Rubber Scrap Industries

Che Mohammad Nizam*, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail, Ong Pit Wah, Ahmad Fauzi Awang and

Rosnizawati Bharom


40



Title: Relationship between Safety Climate Perception, Job Satisfaction and Occupational

Safety Health Management System with Accident at Small Medium

Noradila Mohamed*, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin, Huda Zainuddin & Subramaniam

Karupannan


Title: Workplace Health and Safety Measures In An Export Processing Zone In Sri Lanka S.M Arnold*, Sameera Senanayake, C.J. Denawaka & N.C. Pallewatta


41


BIOMARKER (SESSION ROOM 6)


Time: 4.30pm – 5.30pm

Room: 6

Chairperson: Dr Tezara Cionita



Title: Correlation between Some Pro-Inflammatory Markers and Serum Trace Elements

during Menstrual Cycle of Women

Dr. Abdulnabi Abid*


Title: Cytotoxic Effect of Red Seaweeds Kappaphycus Alvarezii and Kappaphycus

Striatum on Hepatocarcinoma HEPG2 Cell Line Farah Diyana Ariffin*, Aminah Abdullah, Chan Kok Meng, Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin &

Mazrura Sahani


Title: Climate Change Impacts on Food and Water-Borne Diseases in Malaysia

Noor Artika Hassan, Jamal Hisham Hashim, Anthony Capon & Mohd Syazwan Faisal Mohd


Title: Effect Of Seaweed And Salt Stress on Antioxidant Paramrter of Tamato

(Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) Basheer Alalwani*, Mohammed Jebor & Teeb Hussain


Title: Application Of Response Surface Methodology For The Preparation Of Calcium

Alginate In Aqueous Kamaruddin, M.A., *Yusoff, M.S., Aziz, H.A. and Alrozi, R.


Title: Characterization of Pleurotus Ostreatus Spent Mushroom Compost as Potential

Biosorbent for Heavy Metal Removal

Ain Nihla Kamarudzaman*, TayChia Chay, Amnorzahira Amir, Mohd Faizal Ab Jalil &

Suhaimi Abdul Talib


Title: A GC-ECD Method for Detecting 3- Phenoxybenzoic Acid in Human Urine Samples

Nisa P.*, Tippawan P., Surat H. & Tanyaporn K.


42


ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY (PART I) (SESSION ROOM 1)


Time: 2.00pm – 3.30pm

Room: 1

Chairperson: Dr. Sarva Mangala Praveena



Title: Assessing the Risks of Total Mercury Contamination from Artisanal Buladu Gold

Mine In Gorontalo Province, Indonesia

Anwar Mallongi*, Poranee Pataranawat & Sopa Chinwetkitvanich


Title: An Experimental Study of Short Term Hypoxia and Anoxia on Phosphate

Concentrations and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Estuarine Sediment Widad Fadhullah* & Alastair Grant


Title: Concentration of Heavy Metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead) in Anchovy Sauce

and Health Risk Assessment among Respondents in Tumpat, Kelantan

Saliza Mohd Elias*, Suzilla Yaacob, Nor Husna Hassan & Ahmad Zaharin Aris


Title: The Risk Factors Analysis of Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS) AND THE Handling

Methods for Tobacco Farmers

Dewi Khoiron*


Title: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure and prevalence of respiratory

symptoms among adolescents in states with SFL and Non-SFL in Malaysia Aziemah Zulkifli, Najihah Zainol Abidin, Emilia Zainal Abidin, Zailina Hashim, Anita Abd.

Rahman, Sean Semple & Che Nin Man


Title: A Study of the Toxic Effects of Some Environmental Pollutant and Cigarette

Smoking In the Development of Osteoarthritis

Sohayla Attalla*, Afaf Attia, Magdy Shaat & Mohamed Eldafrawy


43



Title: Use of intestinal pseudomonas aeruginosa in fish to detect the environmental

pollutant benzo[a]pyrene *Ali Karami


Title: Study Pollution Of Selenium And Nickel Elements In The Water And Three Types

Of Fish Muscles Collected From The Euphrates River / Central Iraq

Dhurgham Al-Sultany*


Title: Formation of Hybrid WO3-TIO2 Nanotubes and Its Application to Conserve the

Environment

Chin Wei Lai, Tong Ling Tan & Syazwan Hanani Meriam Suhaimy


Title: The Role of Allergy Risk Factors and Environmental Factors Against Lymphocyte

Th-1 and Th-2 Activity in Relation to Wheezing in Infants Age Up to 1 Year

Mulya Safri, Bidasari Lubis, Zakiudin Munasir, Mulyadi & Nia Kurniati


Title: -


44


WATER AND FOOD SAFETY (SESSION ROOM 1)


Time: 4.00pm – 5.30pm

Room: 1

Chairperson: Dr. Saliza Mohd Elias



Title: Removal of Methylene Blue Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Natural Boron Ore

and Leach Waste Material: Adsorption Optimization Criteria

Muhammed Kamil Öden* & Celalettin Özdemİr


Title: Biomarker of heavy metal exposure via drinking water: A systematic review Ab Razak N.H.*, Praveena S.M., Aris A.Z., Juahir H. & Hashim Z.


Title: Concentration Effect and Kinetics of Hexavalent Chromium Removal Using Water

Treatment Sludge/Nano Zero Valent Iron Composite

Anakhaphon Phiansi*, Nutthaporn Pimpha & Peerakarn Banjerdkij


Title: Ammonical Nitrogen Contaminated Groundwater at Taman Beringin Ex-Landfill

Site: Implication to Health and the Environment Mustapha Atta*, Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob, Othman Jaafar & Zaini Sakawi


Title: Health Risk Assessment Using In Vitro Digestion Model in Assessing Bioavailability

of Heavy Metal from Varieties of Cooked Rice

Omar N.A., Praveena S.M., Aris A.Z. & Hashim Z.


Title: Potential of Silver Nanoparticles an Antibacterial Water Filter: A Review

Mazelan N.A.M. & Praveena S.M.


Title: A review: Association of nitrate in well water with excretory of nitrosamines in urine

and saliva

Aida Soraya Shamsuddin, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail & Shaharuddin Mohd Sham


45



Title: Comparison of the Health Implications of Drinking Arsenic and Cadmium

Contaminated Water between an Urban and Rural Communities

Zailina, H*, Najibah, H, Nadia Aiezzati, A, Patimah, I


Title: Study of Some Macrophytes as Bioindicators to pollution by PAHs in Al-Hilla River,

Iraq Atheer Al-Azawey*, Jasim Salman & Fikrat Hassan


Title: Nitrate Levels in Well-water and Population Health Risk of Kota Bharu and Bachok,

Kelantan in Different Planting Phases Amirah Ahmad Roslan*, Shaharuddin Bin Mohd Sham and Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail


46


AIR POLLUTION (SESSION ROOM 2)


Time: 2.00pm – 3.30pm

Room: 2

Chairperson: Dr. AnitaAbd. Rahman



Title: Characterization of Coarse & Fine Particles in Different Microenvironments-Its

Implications On Occupants

David Massey*, Mahima Habil & Ajay Taneja.


Title: Exposure to Children from Pm Concentration & Ionic Contamination in Schools of

India Mahima Habil*, David Massey & Ajay Taneja


Title: Indoor Air Quality Assessment in A Radiantly Cooled Tropical Building: A Case

Study

Qi Jie Kwong*, Nor Mariah Adam, Vijay R. Raghavan, Tezara Cionita & Mohd Fareq Abd

Malek


Title: Comparison of Respiratory Health and Allergies from Chemical Exposures among

Workers in a Machining Industry

Liaw Sh, Zailina H*, Lye Ms and Huda Z


Title: Health Risk Assessment of BTEX Emissions at a Diesel Station in Johannesburg,

South Africa Raeesa Moolla* & Christopher Curtis


Title: Indoor Air Pollution from Biomass Cooking Fuels and its Association with

Respiratory Health of Women and Children in Chukwani-Zanzibar

Aziza S. Abdulkadir*, Emilia Zainal Abidin, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail & Sean Semple


47



Title: Effects of Ambient PM10 on Respiratory Health of School Children in Chiang Mai

City, Northern Thailand Waraphan Phornwisetsirikun*, Tippawan Prapamontol, Somrak Rangkakulnuwat, Somporn

Chantara & Prasak Tavornyutikarn


Title: Evaluation of PM2.5 and PM10 Emission Concentration from a Biomass Fired

Boiler: A Possible Human Exposure? M.M. Syahirah*, M. Rashid & J. Nor Ruwaida


Title: Levels of Levoglucosan and 2-Methoxyphenol on PM10 from Indoor Air in Ethnic

Highlander Houses Using Wood for Cooking Sawaeng Kawichai*, Tippawan Prapamontol, Somporn Chantara & Prasak Thavornyutikarn


Title: Indoor Air Quality And Respiratory Health Effects Among Malay Preschool

Children In Selangor

Nur Azwani Mohd Nor Rawi, Juliana Jalaludin* & Chua Poh Choo


Title:


48


ERGONOMICS (PART I) (SESSION ROOM 2)


Time: 4.00pm – 5.30pm

Room: 2

Chairperson: Mr. Iskandar Md Yusoff



Title: Prevalence of Selected Health Issues among Workers in Small Scale Industries in Sri

Lanka

Inoka Suraweera*, Supun Wijesinghe & Sameera Senanayake


Title: Effect of Wrist Deviation on Median Nerve Cross -Sectional Area at Proximal Carpal

Tunnel Level. Ping Yeap Loh* & Satoshi Muraki


Title: The Efficacy of Quantitative Cross Cultural Product Design Survey Instrument

Muhammad Syafiq Syed Mohamed*, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin & Rizal Rahman


Title: The Causes and the Impacts of Occupational Stress among Industrial Workers in

Pekan Nanas, Johor Mei Kay Loo*, Nor Sa’adah Abd Rahman & Salmiah Mohamad Amin


Title: Prevalence of Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Symptoms in a Construction

Company

Baba Md Deros*, Nor Kamaliana Khamis, Darliana Mohamad & Siti Fairus Mat Daud

OP Room 2B-6: Time:4.50pm

Title: Perception Study on Ergonomics Practices at Malaysian Quarry and Mining

Industry Norhidayah Mat Sout*, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail & Norhidayah Abdull


Title: Burden of Noise Induced Hearing Loss among Manufacturing Industrial Workers in

Malaysia Noraita Tahir*, Syed Mohamed Aljunid & Jamal Hisham Hashim


49



Title: Computer Modelling of Oil Palm Plantation Fruit Bunch Collector Job Using

CATIA Ergonomic Feature

Muhammad Luthfi Norzan* & Shahriman Abu Bakar


Title: The Effect of Backpack Load and Placement on Postural Deviation in Healthy School

Children

Abdul Mujid Abdullah*, Siti Aida Rashidi, Rachael McDonald & Shapour Jaberzadeh


Title: -


Title:-


50


WASTE MANAGEMENT (SESSION ROOM 3)


Time: 2.00pm – 3.30pm

Room: 3

Chairperson: Dr. Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail



Title: Hazardous Effect of Raw Sewage Disposal from Indigenous Housing Settlement on

Natural Water Bodies

Navid Nasrolah Mazandarani*, Rahinah Ibrahim, Azni Idris & Thamer Ahmed Mohammad


Title: Development of Smart System for Real Time Optimization of Solid Waste

Management in Malaysia

Mohd Armi Abu Samah*, Latifah Abd Manaf Abd Manaf, Mohamad Roslan Mohamad

Mohamad & Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail


Title: Using Natural Nano Montmorillonites for Adsorptive Removal of Heavy Metal Ion

from Aqueous Solutions

Celalettin Özdemi̇r*, Okan Duman & Muhammed Kamil Öden


Title: A Review of Health Implications on Children Living at the Vicinity Solid Waste

Landfill

Dora Esphylin J., Sharifah Norkhadijah S.I, Emilia Z.A, Praveena S.M, Zailina H. & Hafizan J.


Title: Nutrient and Heavy Metal Content in Food Waste Compost with Effective

Microorganism (EM): A review

Siti Aminah Ab Muttalib & Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail


Title: Occupational Factors Associated With Burnout Subtypes among Police Officers in

Kandy Police Division, Sri Lanka

Nuwan Wickramasinghe & Pushpa Wijesinghe


51



Title: DNA Damage due to Inhalation of Complex Metal Particulates among Foundry

Workers

Zorawar Singh & Pooja Chadha


Title: How Error Classification Systems Can Impact On Incident Reporting and Analysis

Ibrahim Taib


Title: Green Chemical Applications: Highly Efficient Process on Selective Formation of

Industrial Materials

Alaa K. H. Al-Khalaf†*, Keith Smith & Gamal A. El-Hiti


Title: Study On Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malaysia: Case Study in Kuching,

Miri and Sibu Ling Song Kai*, Hamidi Abdul Aziz & Suffian Bin Yusoff


Title: -


Title: -


52


OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (PART II) (SESSION ROOM 3)


Time: 4.00pm – 5.30pm

Room: 3

Chairperson: Dr. Matt Brearley



Title: An Analysis of the Effects of Occupants’ Perceptions of Their Indoor Environment

on Their Assessments of Their Thermal Sensation and Comfort

Harimi Djamila*, Chi Chu Ming & Sivakumar Kumaresan


Title: Occupational Hazards in Some Selected Small Scale Industries in a District Of Sri

Lanka Inoka Suraweera*, Sameera Senanayake & Supun Wijesinghe


Title: Occupational Health Risk Management for Operational Facilities in Kuwait Oil

Company (KOC), Kuwait

Abdurrahman Faraj Alenezi*, Waseem Ahmad Siddiqil, Ayyappan Ramalingam & Mohsen Al-

Mutairi


Title: Respiratory Effects from Welding Fumes in Automotive Industries in Malaysia Azian Hariri*, Nuur Azreen Paiman, Abdul Mutalib Leman & Mohammad Zainal Md Yusof


Title: An Insight of Sustainable Development – A Study among Construction Professional

in Malaysia Nadzirah Zainordin* & Carmen Tan Yee Mei


Title: Effect Of Use Manual Tools to Oil Palm Collecter and Loader

Nur Syazwani Mohd Nawi*, Baba Md Deros, Ezrin Hani Sukadarin, Shamsul Bahri Mohd

Tamrin, Shahriman Abu Bakar & Azmin Sham Rambely


Title: Occupational Health Services for Small-Scale Industry Workers in a District Of Sri

Lanka Inoka Suraweera*, Sameera Senanayake & Supun Wijesinghe


53



Title: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Pesticide Use among Oil Palm Smallholders in

Sandakan, Sabah Kamsia Budin*, Shahida M.S, Celestina A, Suriani H, Norlita I & Khadizah G


Title: Handling Mercury Containing Medical Devices among Nurses in a Tertiary Care

Paediatric Hospital in Sri Lanka Sameera Senanayake* & Nalika Gunawardena


Title: The Outcome of Leptospirosis among Febrile Cases in Northeastern Hospitals

Malaysia

Aziah Daud*


Title: Association between outdoor air pollution and acute respiratory infection among

adults in Klang Valley ( 2006-2011)

Nurfazhilah A.R., Sharifah Norkhadijah S.I and Emilia Zainal Abidin


54


ERGONOMICS (PART II) (SESSION ROOM 4)


Time: 2.00pm – 3.30pm

Room: 4

Chairperson: Dr Karmegam Karuppiah



Title: Optimized Manual Lifting Condition amongst Employees Using an Ergonomics

Guidelines: A Case Study

Khamis, N.K.*, Deros, B.M., Abdul Aziz, F. and Md. Saad, M.H.


Title: Assessment of Whole Body Vibration Exposure among Motorcyclist in Malaysia: A

Preliminary Study Nor Kamaliana Khamis*, Mohd Zaki Nuawi, Baba Md Deros & Darliana Mohamad


Title: The Association between Extreme Heat Exposure and Acute Physiological Change

among Steel Mill Workers

Nurul Atikah Che Hasan*, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail &

Ahmad Makmom Abdullah


Title: Work Posture Analysis Using Rula in an Automotive Manufacturing Plant in

Selangor Noor Sazarina Mad Isa Yahya*, Baba Md Deros, Mazrura Sahani & Ahmad Rasdan Ismail


Title: Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches

Harvesters Using Rula Nurainaa Kabilmiharbi*, Baba Md Deros & Ezrin Hani Sukadarin


Title: Effect of Educational Program with Clinical Training on Reducing Of Work Related

Low Back Pain among Malaysian Nurses Working At Hospital University Sains Malaysia

Samer Alnawajha*, Che Rabiaah Mohamed, Wan Aasim Wan Adnan & Mohd Nazhari Mohd

Nawi


55



Title: Comfortable Driver’s Car Seat Fit Parameter Based On Malaysian Anthropometrics

Data

Darliana Mohamad*, Baba Md Deros, Dian Darina Indah Daruis, Norhidayah Fathirah Ramli

& Ezrin Hani Sukadarin


Title: Noise from Road Traffic at Night - A Case Study in Dungun Dian Darina Indah Daruis*, Norazmira Wati Awang, Baba Md Deros & Ahmad Rasdan Ismail


Title: Effects of Air Temperature, Humidity and Lighting on Workers’ Comfort and

Health in Call Centre Department Nor Fariza Nor Ruslan*, Safial Eqbal Zakaria, Ruzaidi Kardi, Nurfatin Athirah Malik & Rozita

Osman


Title:


Title:


56


AIR QUALITY & ERGONOMICS (SESSION ROOM 4)


Time: 4.00pm – 5.30pm

Room: 4

Chairperson: Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin



Title: Sick Building Syndrome among Health Campus Staff of a University in a

Northeastern State of Malaysia

Ahmad Filza Ismail* & Dennis Chii Yih Ling


Title: The Consequence of Physical-Environmental Factors on Encouraging Pedestrian and

Cycling Activities in UPM Campus Bijan Afsar*, Golriz Nikjoo & Mohd Yazid Mohd Yunus


Title: Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Aerosols in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

Sara Yasina Yusuf*, Luqman Chuah Abdullah, Mohd Rashid Mohd Yusof & Wan Amiza

Amneera Wan Ahmad


Title: Oil Palm Workers, Malaysia: Design Ergonomic Harvesting Tool Using User

Centered Design Approach To Reducting the Awkward Body Posture by CATIA

Simulation Irwan Syah Md Yusoff*, Shamsul Bahri Md Tamrin, Aini Mad Said & Ng Yee Guan


Title: Study to Modeling of Heat Stress Index among Glass Manufacturing In Tropical

Climate Country Dayana Hazwani Mohd Suadi Nata* & Shamsul Bahri Md Tamrin


Title: Sound Proofing, Noise Annoyance and Performance Ambition: Issues Surrounding

Noise Exposure for Musicians

C.J. Chan*, M.L. Tey & M.M. Hood


57



Title: Proportion of Trace Elements from Airborne PM10 in Chiang Mai City Using PIXE

Technique Suchart Kiatwattanacharoen*, Tippawan Prapamontol, Somsorn Singharat, Somporn

Chantrara & Prasak Thavornyutikarn


Title: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Acceptance in Universiti Tenaga National Iman Asadi* & Ibrahim Hussein


Title: Indoor Air Particles (PM2.5 & PM10) Exposures and the Respiratory Health among

Preschool Children in Hulu Langat, Selangor Nur Aida Aziz*, Juliana Jalaludin & Suhaili Abu Bakar


Title: Influence Of Gender on Work Stress among Public University Lecturers: A

Comparison between Research and Teaching Components Noor Arma*, Ismail Noor Hassim, Azmi Shahruz Idzwan & Yusof Khairul Hazdi


Title: Assessment of Dust Exposure in an Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Plant in

Eastern Coast of Peninsular Malaysia Nurul Ainun Hamzah*, Noor Hassim Ismail, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin & Azwan Aziz


58


ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY (PART II) (SESSION ROOM 5)


Time: 2.00pm – 3.30pm

Room: 5

Chairperson: Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin



Title: Phenotyping of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Breast Cancer Infected With

High Oncogenic Risk Human Papilloma Virus

Shakir Mohammed*


Title: School’s Indoor Air Quality and Respiratory Health Implications among School

Children: A Review Chua Poh Choo* & Juliana Jalaludin


Title: Biomarker as a Research Tool in Linking Exposure to Air Particles and Respiratory

Health

Nur Faseeha Suhaimi* and Juliana Jalaludin


Title: Health Risk Assessment on Bioavailability of Heavy Metal in Klang District Surface

Soil

Yuswir N. S., Praveena S. M., Aris A. Z. & Hashim Z.


Title: Measuring radon concentration in the air of Indian households spend – Karbala

Mohammed Hadi Shinen


Title: Toxicity Test of Landfill Leachate with Orechromis mossambicus (Tilapia) and its

Impact to Human Health: A Review of Fish Bioassay

Umi Raihana Abdul Rahman & Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail


Title: Phytoremediation technology: the efficiency and the tolerance of water mimosa

versus water hyacinth in remediation of heavy metals from waste water Aini Syuhaida Abd Wahab, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail, Praveena Sarva Mangala &

Suriyani Awang


59



Title: Carbonate Treated Ethyl Glycol for Adsorption of Congo Red from Aqueous

Solution Kai-Yin Chong, Chin-Hua Chia, Sarani Zakaria & Mohd Shaiful Sajab


Title: -


Title: -


Title: -


60


WASTE MANAGEMENT & INDUSTRIAL SAFETY (SESSION ROOM 5)


Time: 4.00pm – 5.30pm

Room: 5

Chairperson: Dr. Ho Yu Bin



Title: Production of Microalgal Biomass Using Raw Wastewater from Instant Noddle

Factory Worawit Whangchenchom*, Wilai Chiemchaisri, Paveena Tapaneeyaworawong & Sorawit

Powtongsook


Title: Municipal Solid Waste Management Practices And Challenges In Zanzibar: Health

Risks And Policy Implication

Biubwa Ally* & Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail


Title: Floatable Marine Litter Movement Predicted by Tidal Circulation Simulation at

Saphan Hin, Phuket, Andaman Sea

Rungtip Junlah, Pasinee Worachananant, Sornthep Vannarat & Chihiro Yoshimura


Title: Spatial analysis of pm10 and acute respiratory infection (ari) among children in

Klang Valley, 2007 – 2011

Siti Rahmah Abdul Rahman, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail, Muhammad Firuz Ramli,

Mohd Talib Latif & Mazrura Sahani


Title: An assessment of oxidative potential of indoor/outdoor airborne particulate matter at

roadside and urban background sites in London

Mohd Shukri Mohd Aris, Frank Kelly & Benjamin Barratt


Title: Evaluating Human Exposure to Emission from Incineration Plant Using Aermod

Dispersion Modeling Afsaneh Afzali*, M. Rashid, K. Noorhafizah & M. Ammar


61



Title: Herbicide Exposure And Skin Symptoms Among Paddy Farmers In Tanjung

Karang, Selangor

Raihanah Chokeli, Zailina Hashim* & Vivien How


Title: A Survey on Safety Awareness among Quarry Workers at East Cost Malaysia Siti Hajar Abdul Aziz, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail & Mohd Rashid Ab Hamid


Title: Educational Tourism Development: A Path to Scale up Sustainable Development in

Malaysia

Maryam Ahmadian* & Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah

ABSTRACTS

Air Pollution

OP Room 2A-1

CHARACTERIZATION OF COARSE & FINE PARTICLES IN DIFFERENT

MICROENVIRONMENTS-ITS IMPLICATIONS ON OCCUPANTS

*David D Massey1, Mahima Habil1 & Ajay Taneja2

1Department of Chemistry, St John’s College Agra-282002

2Department of Chemistry, Dr. B.R.A. University, Agra-282002

*[email protected]

Methods: A campaign study was conducted from September 2011 to November 2011 in different

indoor working environment of supermarkets, shops and offices in Agra city for PM10, PM5.0,

PM2.5, PM1.0, PM0.5 & PM0.25 mass and number concentration. Data obtained during the

campaign study was compared to WHO standards for PM10 and PM2.5 which exceeded 9 times

and for PM10 exceeded 6.5 times in all the sites and in comparison with NAAQS standards for

PM2.5 exceeded 3.7 times and for PM10 exceeded 5.4 times.

Results: The concentration trends were found highest in the offices followed by shops and

commercial centers. The data obtained were also linked to the indoor activities using occupant’s

diary entries. The data obtained from sampling, questionnaire diary entries and survey of different

microenvironment, suggested that indoor activities influenced the course and especially the fine

particulate concentrations of indoor environment. Health problems in occupants of the offices in

comparison to shops and supermarkets were higher and prominent.

Conclusions: The present work provides updated information on particulate mass and number

concentrations and their sources in different indoor working environments and their health effects.

Keywords: Coarse and Fine Particles, Mass and Number Characterization, Full Day Variation and

Health Effects

Air Pollution

OP Room 2A-2

EXPOSURE TO CHILDREN FROM PM CONCENTRATION & IONIC

CONTAMINATION IN SCHOOLS OF INDIA

Mahima Habil1*, David D Massey1 & Ajay Taneja2

1Department of Chemistry, St John’s College Agra-282002

2Department of Chemistry, Dr. B.R.A. University, Agra-282002

*[email protected]

Background: The high levels of indoor particulate matter in developing countries and the apparent

scale of its impact on the global burden of disease underline the importance of particulate as an

environmental health risk and the consequent need for monitoring them particularly in indoor

school microenvironments.

Methods: The con-centration of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0, was measured along with ionic

concentrations K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, SO42-, NO3-, Cl- and F- collected from settled dust in the

indoor–outdoor environment of roadside and residentially located schools in Agra City, from

January 2008 to May 2009. PM indoor/outdoor ratios at the roadside and residentially located

schools were also determined along with the meteorological parameters like temperature,

humidity, and wind speed and air exchange rate. The enrichment factor was calculated using Ca

as a reference to the trace metal species to identify the sources.

Results: Three factors in inside and three outside the class-rooms of the roadside and residentially

located schools were identified. These factors reflected source like soil dust, road dust, vehicle

emissions, industrial emissions, metal processes, and incineration activities and their contributions

were estimated using principal component analysis. Symptoms like difficulty in con-centration,

dizziness, dry flaking skin, sneezing, eye irritation, shortness of breath, headache, cold and flu and

allergies were also observed.

Conclusions: Measurements of such exposure levels would be helpful in the prevention of

environmental risks to school children at a global level for better and healthy mind of children

studying at schools.

Keywords: Children Exposure, Enrichment, Source Apportionment And Naturally Ventilated

Classrooms

Air Pollution

OP Room 2A-3

INDOOR AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN A RADIANTLY COOLED TROPICAL

BUILDING: A CASE STUDY

*Kwong, Q.J1, Adam, N.M1, and Raghavan, V.R1

1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Universiti Putra Malaysia.

* [email protected]

Background: Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a major concern for building engineers, researchers and

health professionals because it is closely related to comfort safety and work productivity of

occupants. However, there is a lack in the available literature about IAQ in tropical buildings that

use a decentralised approach in cooling and dehumidification of indoor air.

Objectives: This paper reports on the results obtained from an IAQ audit that was conducted in a

new radiantly cooled building in Malaysia, by focusing on the IAQ and thermal parameters.

Results: It was identified that the measured concentration levels for the indoor contaminants (CO,

CO2, TVOC and respirable particulates) were within the threshold limit values (TLV) specified in

the IAQ guidelines, except for Formaldehyde (HCHO). This is mostly due to the use of new

building materials, furniture and office equipment in the studied building. Besides, no significant

association was found between the building under study and prevalence of sick building syndrome.

Conclusions: It was suggested that increase in air flow rate and use of portable air filters in the

studied building can be made to improve thermal comfort and IAQ.

Keywords: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Radiantly Cooled Building, IAQ Audit, Indoor

Contaminants, Sick Building Syndrome

Air Pollution

OP Room 2A-4

COMPARISON OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH AND ALLERGIES FROM CHEMICAL

EXPOSURES AMONG WORKERS IN A MACHINING INDUSTRY

Liaw, S.H,1, *Zailina , H1, Lye, MS2 and Huda, Z2

1Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,

Universiti Putra Malaysia 2Dept. of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra

Malaysia

* [email protected]

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the association between airborne

concentration of chromium and aluminum with respiratory health and allergy symptoms among

machining industry workers.

Methods: The study design was a cross-sectional comparative study. The respiratory and allergy

symptoms were obtained through the questionnaire-interviewed survey. This study determined the

prevalence of respiratory health complaints, allergy symptom and lung functions among

metalworking fluids (WMF) of exposed and unexposed workers in a machining industry.

Results: This study showed that the MWF of unexposed group had significantly higher TWA8

airborne aluminum concentration (median = 0.24 μg/m3) than MWF exposed group (median =

0.13 μg/m3) (p=0.027). However, no significant difference was found for the airborne chromium

between both groups. It was observed significantly higher skin itchiness reported by the MWF

exposed group. This was further supported by the serum total IgE concentrations which was

significantly higher among MWF exposed group, compared with unexposed group (p=0.024). The

prevalence of high serum total IgE was significantly higher for exposed group (54.3%) compared

with unexposed group (36.9%).

Conclusions: The exposed group reported significantly higher prevalence of cough symptom,

morning cough with sputum and respiratory problems (asthma, coughing) than unexposed group.

Keywords: Machining industry, Respiratory symptoms, Allergy symptoms, Serum total IgE, Lung

function.

Air Pollution

OP Room 2A-5

HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF BTEX EMISSIONS AT A DIESEL STATION IN

JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA.

*Moolla, R. and Curtis, C.J.

University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Wits, 2050, South Africa

*[email protected]

Background: Diesel is known to emit anthropogenic air pollutants that have a negative impact on

both environmental and human health. In developing countries, attendants are still employed to

pump fuel for customers. In South Africa, petrol pump attendants refuel vehicles with various

octane unleaded petrol, lead replacement petrol (LRP) and diesel on a daily basis. Attendants are

particularly at risk to adverse health effects associated with inhalation of hazardous air pollutants

(HAPs), such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from these fuels.The VOC’s

released include benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylenes (BTEX), which are important to

analyse due to the high level of toxicity associated with them. Furthermore, regular air quality

monitoring and hazard risk assessments are significant within a developing context as relevant

information is limited.

Methods: In this study, an in-depth environmental health risk assessment of BTEX was conducted

at a diesel station in Johannesburg. Using the Syntech Spectras Gas Chromatography 955

instruments, a continuous in-situ measurement sampling strategy was employed to monitor

concentrations on an hourly basis.

Results: Results indicate that BTEX concentrations are above South African, US EPA and WHO

recommended guideline standards throughout the day. Benzene concentrations, measured at the

pumping stations, increased by 2-3% with a 20C increase in temperature, while distinct peaks were

noted from midnight to sunrise with changes in pressure systems.

Conclusions: Concentrations suggest that employees are at a significant risk to adverse health

effects associated with inhalation exposure to these HAPs.

Keywords: Health Risk Assessment, BTEX concentrations, Diesel

Air Pollution

OP Room 2A-6

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION FROM BIOMASS COOKING FUELS AND IT’S

ASSOCIATION WITH RESPIRATORY HEALTH OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN

CHUKWANI-ZANZIBAR

*Aziza S. Abdulkadir1, Emilia Zainal Abidin1, Sean Semple2, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail1

1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health

Sciences, University Putra Malaysia

2Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen,

Child Health, Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital, West Burn Road, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD

Scotland

*[email protected]

Background: Nearly 90% of both rural and urban households in Zanzibar still use unprocessed

solid biomass fuel like wood, coconut residue and twigs for cooking. Although biomass smoke

contains a wide range of toxic chemicals, its impact on the health of the people is largely

unexplored.

Objectives: This study aimed at assessing the levels of exposure of indoor particulates (PM2.5)

and carbon monoxide emitted by biomass fuels combustion in different microenvironments, and

determines their association to respiratory health among women and children living in biomass

cooking homes.

Methods: We have investigated the health effects of biomass fuel use in 200 semi-urban

households; which consisted of 200 women who regularly cook with biomass fuel and 200 children

under five years of age. Respiratory health was evaluated from questionnaire survey and levels of

indoor air pollutants PM2.5 and Carbon monoxide (CO) were assessed in 20 selected households

using Dusttrak 8520 and CO data logger respectively. Moreover, exposure duration of women and

children to indoor pollutants were estimated using Time Micro Activity Diary.

Results: In summary, 24-hour time weighted average of PM2.5 and CO levels ranged from 80-

450μg/m3and 150-400ppm respectively in firewood cooking homes, which are 18-fold and 40-

fold higher than WHO Air Quality Guidelines; implying a wide range of health effects of biomass

smoke exposure. In contrast, the households using cleaner fuels observed levels range of 15-

17μg/m3 and 3-20ppm. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms seemed high among women and

children exposed to high levels of air pollutants. The result from this study showed the relationship

between respiratory health effects and biomass smoke exposure.

Conclusions: Thus, there is an urgent need for cleaner fuels and appropriate intervention strategies

to prote

Keywords: Biomass Fuels, Respiratory Health, Women, Children, Zanzibar

mailto:*[email protected]

Air Pollution

OP Room 2A-7

EFFECTS OF AMBIENT PM10 ON RESPIRATORY HEALTH OF SCHOOL

CHILDREN IN CHIANG MAI CITY, NORTHERN THAILAND

Waraphan Phornwisetsirikun 1,2, *Tippawan Prapamontol 2 , Somrak Rangkakulnuwat 3,

Somporn Chantara 4, Prasak Tavornyutikarn 4

1Environmental Science PhD Program and Center of Excellence on Environmental Health,

Toxicology and Management of Chemicals, Faculty of Science 2Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences 3Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,

Thailand

*[email protected]

Background: Study on the effect of ambient PM10 on airway oxidative stress and pulmonary

function among healthy children is rather scarce. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) provides a

noninvasive method for obtaining samples from respiratory tract. Malondialdehyde (MDA) in

EBC has been proposed as a marker of airway oxidative stress.

Objectives: Objective of this study was to assess the respiratory health among school children

exposed to different levels of ambient PM10 by comparing exhaled MDA concentrations and

pulmonary function indices.

Methods: The study was conducted twice, one in rainy season (July 2011 which was the month

of low PM10 level), and the other one in dry season (February 2012 which was the month of high

PM10 level). This follow-up study was performed among 54 healthy school children at a primary

school in Chiang Mai city by measurement of pulmonary function and collection of EBC samples.

Results: The median of exhaled MDA concentrations in the month of high and low PM10 levels

were 0.22and 0.18 μM, respectively. Mean±SD of FEV1/FVC ratio in the month of high and low

PM10 levels were 91.32±4.7 and 94.60±4.4 % predicted, respectively. We found statistically

significant increase in exhaled MDA concentration and decrease in FEV1/FVC ratio in the month

of high PM10 level (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Exhaled MDA shows potential as a biochemical marker of effect from ambient

PM10 in healthy school children. The present study support that increasing exhaled MDA

concentration was the result from airway oxidative stress.

Keywords: Exhaled breath condensate (EBC), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Pulmonary function,

Ambient PM10, Chiang Mai

Air Pollution

OP Room 2A-8

EVALUATION OF PM2.5 AND PM10 EMISSION CONCENTRATION FROM A

BIOMASS FIRED BOILER: A POSSIBLE HUMAN EXPOSURE?

M.M Syahirah1, *M. Rashid1, and J. NorRuwaida1

1Air Resources Research Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, UTM

Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Fine particulate matter can cause long terms effects on human and the environment.

Thus, attempts to quantify and characterize the fine particulate emissions from selected stationary

sources are important steps towards understanding their role in this respect.

Objectives: In this regard, a study was performed to determine the mass concentration of

particulate with size of less than 2.5 microns or PM2.5 and particulate size of less than 10 microns

or PM10 emitted from a biomass fired boiler. The study was to evaluate the emissions of these

particulate size fractions and their probable exposure impact if any, to the human population at

large.

Keywords: Air pollution, Biomass Fired Boiler, PM2.5, PM10, Inhalable Particulate

Air Pollution

PP Room 2A-9

LEVELS OF LEVOGLUCOSAN AND 2-METHOXYPHENOL ON PM10 FROM

INDOOR AIR IN ETHNIC HIGHLANDER HOUSES USING WOOD FOR COOKING

Sawaeng Kawichai1,2, *Tippawan Prapamontol2, Somporn Chantara3,Prasak Thavornyutikarn3

1Environmental Science PhD Program, Faculty of Science

2Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences

3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,

Thailand

*[email protected]

Background: Indoor air quality (IAQ) is crucial for the health of all habitats especially children,

elderly and those infirm.

Objectives: We conducted a preliminary study by collecting particulate matter with aerodynamic

diameter less than 10 micrometers (PM10) using personal air sampler.

Methods: Fourteen houses using fire woods and one using LPG in Khun Chang Kian (KCK)

village, Muang district, Chiang Mai province were invited to participate. PM10 samples were

collected in October 2011 (wet season) and January 2012 (dry season).

Results: Ninety PM10 samples were analyzed for levoglucosan and 2-methoxyphenol using gas

chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS),

respectively. Mean concentrations of PM10, levoglucosan and 2-methoxyphenol from the studied

houses were significantly higher than the control in both wet and dry seasons. In wet season,

mean±SD concentrations of PM10, levoglucosan and 2-methoxyphenol from the studied houses

were 124.8±70.1 μg/m3, 6.2±7.4 μg/m3 and 20.7±7.1ng/m3, respectively. In dry season, mean±SD

concentrations of PM10, levoglucosan and 2-methoxyphenol from the studied houses were

162.5±56.6 μg/m3, 8.7±6.9 μg/m3 and 14.7±6.6 ng/m3, respectively. Meanwhile in the control

house in wet season, mean±SD concentrations of PM10 and 2-methoxyphenol were 43.0±18.2

μg/m3 and 10.9±7.4 ng/m3, respectively and levoglucosan was not detected, while in the dry

season they were 49.6±9.0 μg/m3, 0.2±0.2 μg/m3 and 7.9±4.1 ng/m3, respectively.

Conclusions: The present study shows that those households using wood fuel indoor had

significantly higher concentrations of PM10, levoglucosan and 2-methoxyphenol than those using

LPG which is a cleaner energy than wood fuel.

Keywords: levoglucosan, 2-methoxyphenol, PM10, indoor air, wood burning

Air Pollution

PP Room 2A-10

INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS AMONG MALAY

PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN SELANGOR

*Juliana, J1, Nur Azwani M.N.R1, Chua P.C1


Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 61 pre-schoolers from

Balakong (studied group) and 50 preschoolers from Teras Jernang (comparative group), Selangor

with the aims of determining the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and its association with respiratory

health effects.

Methods: Inclusive criteria for selection of respondents includes preschooler aged between 5 to 6

years, healthy, Malays, and without respiratory diseases. Questionnaire adopted from The

American Thoracic Society, ‘Questionnaire ATS-DLD-C WHO was used to obtain the

background information, exposure history and respiratory symptoms and MM-SP004 Tabletop

Portable Spirometer was used to test the lung function among respondents. IAQ monitoring

instruments such as TSI 8520 DustTrak Airborne Particle Monitor was used to monitor PM2.5 and

PM10; PbbRAE Portable VOC Monitor (pbbRAE 3000) for volatile organic compounds (VOCs);

Q-Trak Plus Model 8554 Monitor for carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), Temperature

and Relative humidity; and TSI Velocicalc Plus Model 8386 for air velocity.

Results: Results showed significant difference between IAQ in studied and comparative

preschools for all parameters measured (p<0.001) except CO2 and air velocity. PM2.5, PM10, and

CO concentration is higher in studied group. FVC (Liter), FEV1 (Liter), FVC% predicted and

FEV1% predicted values were significantly higher among comparative group (p<0.001). Exposure

to indoor PM2.5 and CO increased the risk of having lung function abnormality among study

respondents. Exposures to PM2.5, PM10, VOCs and CO were associated with wheezing symptoms

in study re-spondents with (OR=2.69, 95% CI=1.065-6.79), (OR=5.32, 95% CI=1.70-16.68),

(OR=0.23, 95% CI=0.09-0.61), and (OR=5.78, 95% CI=1.62-20.69). Logistic regression was

conducted to determine the main factor that influenced the abnormality of lung function and

respiratory symptoms.

Conclusions: This finding concluded that exposures to poor IAQ might increase the risk of having

abnormal lung function and respiratory problems among respondents.

Keywords: Indoor Air Quality, Preschool Children, Lung Function, Respiratory Symptom

Air Pollution

PP Room 2A-11

Air Quality And Ergonomics (Session Room 4)

OP Room 4B-1

SICK BUILDING SYNDROME AMONG HEALTH CAMPUS STAFF OF A

UNIVERSITY IN A NORTHEASTERN STATE OF MALAYSIA.

*Filza I.A1, Ling D.C.Y2, Teng P.H2, Fadily M.S2 and Chow M.Y2

1Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

2Medical students, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a group of non-specific symptoms of general

complaints such as headache, dizziness, mental fatigue; mucosal such as eye and upper respiratory

tract; and skin reported by the occupants of a building. The objective of this study was to determine

the prevalence of SBS and its associated factors among the staff of a public university health

campus in a north eastern state of Malaysia.

Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted from June to August 2013 among 387

respondents who fulfilled the inclusion and the exclusion criteria. They were given a set of

validated and translated questionnaires to determine the symptoms and other information related

to their working environment.

Results: With the 100% of response rate, the results showed prevalence of SBS was 30.5% (95%

CI: 26.1, 35.3). The significant associated factors of SBS in this study were sex (p=0.003), age

(p<0.001), job rank (p=0.001), ventilation status (p=0.022) and shift working (p<0.001).

Conclusion: As a conclusion, SBS found in this study is high and besides the infrastructure, SBS

was also associated with demographic and working environment. Therefore, it is important to

educate the staff on occupational and environmental health at workplace to minimise SBS in the

future.

Keywords: Sick Building Syndrome, Health Campus Staff, Prevalence, Associated Factors


OP Room 4B-2

THE CONSEQUENCE OF PHYSICAL-ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON

ENCOURAGING PEDESTRIAN AND CYCLING ACTIVITIES IN UPM CAMPUS

*Bijan A.1, Golriz N and Mohd Yazid Mohd Yunus

University Putra Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: New urbanism has put emphasis in developing environmental-friendly

transportation. Walking and cycling are promoted as a broadly accessible mode of sustainable

transportation. Recently, campus planners in University Putra Malaysia (UPM) have been

attempting to provide cycling and walking access and mobility without destroying campus

qualities. In order to create more pedestrian and bicycle friendly campus, efforts need to focus on

the user behaviour and preferences.

Methods: This paper presents the influential physical-environmental determinants on encouraging

walking and cycling based on the users’ perceptions. Users’ perceptions data was obtained through

a questionnaire survey completed by pedestrians and cyclists using the study site.

Results: The results indicated that respectively 6% and 32% of the user sample do cycling and

walking in the campus. Both groups stated that accessibility and connectivity of the cycling and

walking paths are the main problems; as well as inadequate traffic safety added by cyclists.

Meanwhile, about 40% of both groups were willing to begin physically active commuting because

of health, fitness and environmental benefits. Further, the complete detailed results are explained

and categorised in tables and charts in the article.

Conclusion: Identifying the physical-environmental factors that influence on walking and cycling

contributes to the transport planners in the design of the university campus as well as inclusion of

public health perspective.

Keywords: Physical-Environmental Factors, Users’ Perceptions, Walking and Cycling, UPM

Campus


OP Room 4B-3

SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS IN KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIA

*Sara Y.Y1., Chuah T.G.2, Rashid M.3, W. A. Amneera1

1School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Jejawi, Perlis, Malaysia

2Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra

Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

3Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Methods: Source apportionment of two size fractions of air particulates matter PM2.5 and PM2.5-10

in the atmospheric environment of Kuala Lumpur were investigated using the principal component

analysis (PCA) based on multivariate study. A total of 112 collocated samples of PM2.5 and PM2.5-

10 were collected by the Gent stacked filter unit (SFU) and underwent series of different analysis

procedures.

Results: Five major factors were identified by the PCA with the Varimax rotation for coarse

fractions, which were identified as the contributors for soil and resuspended road dust (31.4%),

construction works and cement plant (17.4%), industrial (12.1%), vehicular exhaust (10.7%), and

copper smelter (9%). In fine particulates fraction, the major sources were identified as the biomass

burning and soil, the pigment-based industry, industrial coal burning, vehicular emission and the

non-ferrous smelter.

Keywords: Airborne particulate matter, PM2.5, PM10, Principle Component Analysis


OP Room 4B-4

OIL PALM WORKERS, MALAYSIA: DESIGNING ERGONOMIC HARVESTING

TOOL USING USER CENTRED DESIGN APPROACH IN REDUCING THE

AWKWARD BODY POSTURE BY CATIA SIMULATION

Irwan Syah M.Y¹, *Shamsul Bahri M.T2, Aini. M.S1 and Ng. Y.G.2


Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor. Malaysia.

2Department of Resources and Consumer Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra

Malaysia, Selangor. Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Harvesting of palm oil fruits is physically demanding, arduous and require

extremely large amount of energy in performance the tasks. In particular, harvester workers are

highly exposed to ergonomic hazards. This will gradually lead to MSD among harvester especially

to those who used manual harvesting hand tool (chisel) as this task involves repetitive activities,

awkward postures and also inappropriate tool design with anthropometric parameter. The objective

of this study is to develop new ergonomic chisel for harvesting tool based on user centred design

approach and evaluate the effectiveness for reducing awkward posture based on simulation

analysis using CATIA software.

Methods: The purposive sampling method was used to select the respondents based on the

inclusive criteria. There were 273 male harvesters selected to participate in this study. The user

centred design concept and selective anthropometric parameter was used for design process. A set

of questionnaire of tools information was administered by interviewing the workers and analysed

data using descriptive analysis by SPSS. The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) analysis

was used to analyse postural risk. CATIA software was used for stimulating body posture and new

design through RULA analysis in 3D modelling.

Results: Mismatch result showed the length of handle with stature only 5.2 % matches, and the

circumference of handle with internal grip diameter with 100% mismatch. The results tools show

majority of the harvesters were having problem at bending posture and most of workers were

having blister, redness and numbness when performing the task. RULA postural risk assessment

with existing tools showed the score action was 4 and needed to be changed immediately. Through

RULA simulation analysis, it showed the score action for new design was 2 compared to existing

tool in action score of 4.

Conclusion: The study showed that the new design harvesting tool potentially reduced the

awkward body posture during harvesting activities compared to existing tools. The MSD symptom

may be eliminated or placed at a minimum level, and simultaneously improving health level and

generally increasing the productivity.

Keywords: Harvesting tool, Awkward posture, User Centred Design, CATIA simulation


OP Room 4B-5

STUDY TO MODELING OF HEAT STRESS INDEX AMONG PALM OIL MILL IN

TROPICAL CLIMATE COUNTRY

*Dayana Hazwani, MSN1 and *Shamsul, BMT1

1Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,

Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

*[email protected]

*[email protected]

Background: Heat stress is defined as the net heat load on the body with contribution from both

metabolic heat production and external environmental that imposed on the workers. Heat stress is

usually focused on workers that working in industrial that exposed with extreme temperature. Heat

stress can contribute to increase health risks, productivity falling and safety problem (Ahasan,

M.R., 2001).This study aims to carry out modeling heat stress among palm oil mill workers.

Methods: The works areas were identified to determine the heat exposure for each process that

involve in milling. Further investigation on physiological measurement and perception on comfort

rating also were collected.

Results: The result indicates most of the work unit in palm oil mill exceeded the TLV permitted.

The results were gathered to modeling association heat exposure in environment, physiological

and comfort perception among the workers. However, the physiological of the workers shows the

result within considerable values.

Conclusion: Although workers are exposed to extreme heat, the evidence indicate that the

physiological parameters is not affected drastically indicating adaptive and acclimatize at the level

of heat.

Keywords: Heat stress index, palm oil mill, comfort perception


OP Room 4B-6

SOUND PROOFING, NOISE ANNOYANCE AND PERFORMANCE AMBITION:

ISSUES SURROUNDING NOISE EXPOSURE FOR MUSICIANS

Chan, C.J1, * Tey, M.L1, and Hood, M.M1

1Music Department, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Unlike manufacturing industries, assessing noise exposure in a performing art scene

is complicated by the fact that sound is the intended product in the work field. Despite existing

studies on noise exposure and risk of hearing impairment among musicians (Russo F.A. 2012,

Malgorzata P. 2011, Emmerich E. 2008, Lee J. 2005), there is yet an account that approaches

holistically the matter of noise and musicians. Notwithstanding the known facts of musicians being

endangered by the sound they produce, the mechanism of how sounds travel ‘geographically’ in a

rehearsal and performance venue, and from which directions and affecting who, is not well

explained. More intriguing is the fact that a sound produced musically, even at the intensity of 95

dB and above, is frequently favoured by musicians in their action on stage.

Methods: This paper fills the gap by detailing how the stage layout and motivation of musicians

can contribute towards health preventive solutions that are more practical and sensible with the

purpose of sound expression. It first explores the layout of sound maps in various music

performance and learning settings, including genres of classical, jazz, pop, and acoustic as well as

electric instrumentation. Issues of sound proofing, focusing on its effectiveness as hearing

protection will be discussed by referring to the result of noise measurements. In addition, the

psychological dimension of musicians in handling sound in their professional work environment

will be explored in the terms of ‘noise annoyance’ and ‘performance ambition’.

Keywords: Sound proofing, Music students, Performance, Noise exposure


OP Room 4B-7

PROPORTION OF TRACE ELEMENTS FROM AIRBORNE PM10 IN CHIANG MAI

CITY USING PIXE TECHNIQUE

Suchart Kiatwattanacharoen1,2, *Tippawan Prapamontol2, Somsorn Singharat3, Somporn

Chantrara4, Prasak Thavornyutikarn4



3Department of Physics, Faculty of Science

4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,

Thailand.

*[email protected]

Background: Elevated level of ambient particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than

10 micrometer (PM10) in Chiang Mai city often occur during dry season from February to April.

Methods: Trace elements of PM10 were identified using Particle- Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE).

Leaves and stalks of eight plants including bamboo, corn, grass, longan, lychee, rice, teak, and

yangna which were commonly found in Chiang Mai-Lamphun basin were burnt in a control

combustion chamber. PM10 sample was collected from the chamber on a micropore filter using

GENT air sampler according to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) standard.

Results: Multiple elements were detected including Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe and Zn.

Ambient PM10 samples (n=27) were also collected from Chiang Mai University main campus as a

clean area and Sarapee district, a sub-urban of Chiang Mai city. There were predominantly K, Ca,

and S found which were similar to biomass burning in the chamber.

Conclusion: The cluster analysis showed that ambient PM10 levels from both sites were correlated

with teak, bamboo and lychee biomass burning.

Keywords: Trace Elements, Biomass Burning, PM10, PIXE Technique, Chiang Mai


OP Room 4B-8

INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) ACCEPTANCE IN UNIVERSITI TENAGA NATIONAL

*Iman Asadi1, Ibrahim Hussein1

1,2 Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia

* [email protected]

Background: Most people spend 90 percent of their lives indoors; therefore a good indoor air

quality is important for occupants’ health and comfort. In this study, measurement and analysis of

indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is used to understand the indoor air quality (IAQ)

acceptance of occupants of air conditioned buildings in Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN).

The purpose of this study was to measure the CO2 concentration in buildings and to evaluate the

occupants’ sensation through objective and subjective measurements.

Methods: Offices and student study areas were selected as two main sampling areas.

Results: The results of IAQ assessment from 154 occupants (44 female and 110 male) from 10

offices, 3 classrooms, one computer laboratory and one library area showed that most mutual

sensation votes for both staff and students were within the neutral CO2 concentration. The indoor

air quality was acceptable for 83.3% and 90.0% of occupants in offices and student study areas

respectively.

Keywords: indoor air quality, carbon dioxide, air conditioned building, occupant sensation


PP Room 4B-9

INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS AMONG MALAY

PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN SELANGOR

Aziz, N.A1, *Jalaludin, J.1, Suhaili, A.B2


Sciences, UPM

2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM

* [email protected]

Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 61 preschoolers from

Balakong (studied group) and 50 preschoolers from Teras Jernang (comparative group), Selangor

with the aims of determining the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and its association with respiratory

health effects. Inclusive criteria for selection of respondents include preschooler aged between 5

to 6 years, healthy, Malays, and without respiratory diseases. Questionnaire adopted from The

American Thoracic Society, ‘Questionnaire ATS-DLD-C WHO was used to obtain the

background information, exposure history and respiratory symptoms and MM-SP004 Tabletop

Portable Spirometer was used to test the lung function among respondents. IAQ monitoring

instruments such as TSI 8520 DustTrak Airborne Particle Monitor was used to monitor PM2.5 and

PM10; PbbRAE Portable VOC Monitor (pbbRAE 3000) for volatile organic compounds (VOCs);

Q-Trak Plus Model 8554 Monitor for carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), Temperature

and Relative humidity; and TSI Velocicalc Plus Model 8386 for air velocity.

Results: Results showed significant difference between IAQ in studied and comparative

preschools for all parameters measured (p<0.001) except CO2 and air velocity. PM2.5, PM10, and

CO concentration is higher in studied group. FVC (Liter), FEV1 (Liter), FVC% predicted and

FEV1% predicted values were significantly higher among comparative group (p<0.001). Exposure

to indoor PM2.5 and CO increased the risk of having lung function abnormality among study

respondents. Exposures to PM2.5, PM10, VOCs and CO were associated with wheezing symptoms

in study respondents with (OR=2.69, 95% CI=1.065-6.79), (OR=5.32, 95% CI=1.70-16.68),

(OR=0.23, 95% CI=0.09-0.61), and (OR=5.78, 95% CI=1.62-20.69). Logistic regression was

conducted to determine the main factor that influenced the abnormality of lung function and

respiratory symptoms.

Conclusion: This finding concluded that exposures to poor IAQ might increase the risk of having

abnormal lung function and respiratory problems among respondents.

Keywords: Indoor air quality, Preschool children, Lung function, Respiratory symptom


PP Room 4B-10

INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON WORK STRESS AMONG PUBLIC UNIVERSITY

LECTURERS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN RESEARCH AND TEACHING

COMPONENTS

*Noor Arma1, Ismail Noor Hassim2, Azmi Shahruz Idzwan2 and Yusof Khairul Hazdi2

1Universiti Putra Malaysia

2Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

* [email protected]

Background: Lecturer is a multitasking job that involves teaching, researching, also doing

publications, consultation and administrative work. Increase workload has caused an increase in

stress level among lecturers, irrespective of gender. Studies found that women experienced

psychological stress while men experienced severe physical stress at work place. The objective of

this study was to investigate the influence of gender on occupational stress among university

lecturers.

Methods: A cross-sectional study in a research university was done by using randomised stratified

sampling method. A total of 380 self-administered questionnaires were distributed from March

2012 to May 2012. Validated Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and Stress

Sources Questionnaires (SSQ) were used in this study. The statistical analysis used was

independent–t test and Pearson Correlation.

Results: Mean level of stress score for male was higher than female lecturer. Teaching and

research had significant association with stress (p<0.05). There is a significant difference between

stress level experienced by male and female in research component, but not in teaching.

Occupational stress showed positive linear relationship to doing research and teaching.

Conclusion: Even though there was no significant difference of stress score by gender, the mean

level for male was higher than female. Both teaching and research were the source of work stress

for both genders in academic profession. This finding could be used to set up a proper and effective

stress management and intervention program at the university, particularly to the high risk group.

Keywords: University lecturer, Work stress, Research, Teaching, gender

mailto:[email protected]


PP Room 4B-11

ASSESSMENT OF DUST EXPOSURE IN AN INTEGRATED IRON AND STEEL

MANUFACTURING PLANT IN EASTERN COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Nurul AH1,2, Noor Hassim I2, Shamsul BMT3, and Azwan A. 4

1Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan

Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian,

Kelantan, Malaysia


Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

4Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya,

76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: The objective of this study was to assess the level of particulate matter [(PM2.5,

PM10, and Total Particulate Matter (TPM)], and metal dust concentrations in different sections in

a steel plant to be compared with the occupational exposure values.

Methods: The work environmental parameters of the particulate matters were evaluated using

Indoor Air Quality, while metal dust concentrations were measured using portable personal air

sampler. A total of 184 personal samples were randomly collected from workers in three major

sections; steel making plant, direct reduced plant, and support group. Trace metal dust

concentrations were subjected to wet mineral acid mixture digestion and analysed by atomic

absorption spectrophotometer.

Results: The overall average PM2.5 concentration observed was varied according to the section:

steel making plant at 0.08 mg/m3, direct reduced iron plant at 0.05 mg/m3, and support group at

0.05 mg/m3. Average PM10 concentration in steel making plant, direct reduced iron, and support

group were 0.73 mg/m3, 0.84 mg/m3, and 0.58 mg/m3, respectively. The average TWA8 of trace

metal dusts (Cobalt and Chromium) in all the sections exceeded the ACGIH prescribed values,

OSHA PELs, NIOSH RELs as well as USECHH OSHA, whereas TWA8 concentration of Nickel

for each section did not exceed the occupational exposure values.

Conclusion: The average PM2.5, PM10, TPM, and trace metal dust concentrations TWA8 for

Nickel did not exceed the prescribed values, while average trace metal dusts concentration TWA8

for Cobalt and Chromium exceeded ACGIH prescribed values.

Keywords: particulate matter, trace metal dust, personal air sampling, steel plant

Biomarker (Session room 6)

OP Room 6B-1

CORRELATION BETWEEN SOME PRO-INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND SERUM

TRACE ELEMENTS DURING MENSTRUAL CYCLE OF WOMEN.

*Abd-Alnabi J Abid1 , Dakhel G Omran1& Noor H Obead1

1Dept. of Biology, College of Science for women, University of Babylon

*[email protected]

Objectives: The present study was design to investigate the changes occurring in the levels of

some cytokines and trace minerals (interlukine-6, C-reactive protein, Zinc, and copper) during

menstrual cycle of normal healthy women at different age periods of both follicular and

lutealphyse.

Results: At total number used was 40 women and their ages were ranged between 16-50 years

old, and subdivided into 7 age groups. The age group (46-50 years) pointed out at a high level

(P<0.05) of interleukin-6 (IL-6), whereas, age group (16-20 years) recorded a low level of IL-6.

Values of c-reactive protein (CRP) also showed a significant changes (P<0.05) at all age group,

since, the age group (46-50 years) showed a high levels of CRP. Concerning levels of trace mineral

levels of serum copper showed significant changes (P<0.05) among all age group, and the age

group (46-50) years pointed out a high levels of serum copper. As for, results out a high levels of

serum zinc and the differences among age group were significantly at (P<0.05).

Conclusions: Changes summarized above may be attributed to fluctuations of estrogen and

progesterone hormone levels during menstrual cycle at different age periods.

Keywords: IL6, menstrual cycle, Copper, zinc, C-reactive protein


OP Room 6B-2

CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF RED SEAWEEDS KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII AND

KAPPAPHYCUS STRIATUM ON HEPATOCARCINOMA HEPG2 CELL LINE

Farah Diyana, A1,2, *Aminah, A2, Chan, K.M1, Shahrul Hisham Z.A2, and Mazrura, S1

1Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

2Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

* [email protected]

Background: Food antioxidants have been considered as effective agents to reduce oxidative

stress which can lead to cancer.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential cytotoxic effect of antioxidant

extracts of two commonly found seaweeds namely Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus

striatum againts hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell. Methods: Cell viability was evaluated by the 3-

(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Annexin V-FITC/PI

flowcytometry assay was used to determine the mode of cell death of each K. alvarezii and K.

striatum extracts.

Results: The IC50 concentration of K. alvarezii and K. striatum extracts that inhibit the

proliferation of hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells was 1.8 mg/mL and 0.9 mg/mL respectively. This

finding showed that the antioxidant extracts of K. striatum exhibited better antiproliferative effect

against hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell than the antioxidant extracts of K. alvarezii. However, using

Annexin V-FITC/PI showed more than 80% of hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell were viable after

treatment with IC50 concentration of each K. alvarezii and K. striatum extract. This result

suggested that cytostatic effect of K. alvarezii and K. striatum extracts to hepatocarcinoma HepG2

cell was found at high concentrations.

Conclusion: The result of the study indicated that antioxidant extracts of K. alvarezii and K.

striatum did not show cytotoxic effect to hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell.

Keywords: Antioxidant extracts, MTT assay, Cytotoxicity, Viability cell


OP Room 6B-3

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON FOOD AND WATER-BORNE DISEASES IN

MALAYSIA

Noor Artika Hassan1, 2, Jamal Hisham Hashim1and Mohd Syazwan Faisal3

1United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan

Yaacob Latif , Bandar Tun Razak , 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2International Islamic University Malaysia, Department of Community Medicine, Kuliyyah of

Medicine, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Darul

Makmur, Malaysia. 3National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), Ministry of Natural Resources

and Environment (NRE), Lot 5377, Jalan Putra Permai, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul

Ehsan, Malaysia.

*[email protected]

Background: Climate change has been recognized as the most pressing environmental problem

humans will face in the 21st century. IPCC estimates that the global mean surface temperature has

increased 0.74ºC between 1905 to 2005, and predicts an increase of 2 to 4.5ºC over the next 100

years. In Malaysia, observed surface temperature data for the last four decades estimates an

increase of between 2.7 to 4.0ºC per century. Climate change is suspected to have adverse human

health impacts.

Objectives: This study is an attempt to quantify climate-induced increases in morbidity rates

associated with food and water-borne diseases. Monthly cases of food and water related diseases

data (food poisoning, leptospirosis, cholera, hepatitis A, thypoid, and dysentery), between the year

2000 to 2012 will be obtained from the Ministry of Health Malaysia.

Methods: Climate data, including monthly average temperature and rainfall, will be obtained from

the Malaysian Meteorological Department and National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia.

Population projections in Malaysia, up to the year 2100 will be adopted from the World Population

Prospects. Climate projections will be forecasted by the Hadley Centre of UK Meteorological

Office’s RCM known as PRECIS to predict the increase in monthly temperature until 2070-2100

under the A1B scenario. The projection will be downscaled to a 5km by 5km grid resolution. A

Poisson generalized linear model will be developed to quantify the relationship between climatic

parameters and the number of reported food and water-borne disease cases.

Conclusions: Findings from this study will be beneficial for the policymakers for an adaptive

strategy to enhance health systems in Malaysia and to improve on water resources planning and

management.

Keywords: Food and waterborne diseases, Climate change, Temperature, Precipitation, Malaysia.


OP Room 6B-4

EFFECT OF SEAWEED AND SALT STRESS ON ANTIOXIDANT PARAMRTER OF

TAMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)

*Basheer Alalwani1, Mohammed Jebor1 and Teeb Hussain1

1University of Babylon, Iraq

*[email protected]

Background: Salt stress is one of the most important environmental factors inducing biochemical

changes in plants.

Objective: The aims of study to improvement of tomato yield under saline conditions using

seaweed fertilizer (SW) treatments.

Results: Significant effect were observed in activities of Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase

(SOD), Protease, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, Proline and Protein amount in leaves of salt

stressed plants. Seaweed treatment in absence and presence of NaCl had various changes on most

of the assayed parameters. The results indicated that SW partially offset the negative impacts and

increased resistant of tomato to NaCl stress by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes,

especially at 0.2%, markedly increased the activity of both CAT, SOD and amount of protein,

however content of both MDA concentration and proline level was significantly decreased.

Conclusions: Generally, it could be concluded that SW have (to more extent) a beneficial

regulatory role in plants grown under salt stress conditions by enhanced activities of SOD and

CAT by SW addition may protect the plant tissues from salt induced oxidative damage, thus

mitigating salt toxicity and improving the tomato growth. These results suggest that the scavenging

system forms the primary defense line in protecting oxidative damage under salt stress in crop

plants.

Keywords: Seaweed, salt stress, antioxidant, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.



OP Room 6B-5

APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY FOR THE

PREPARATION OF CALCIUM ALGINATE IN AQUEOUS

Kamaruddin, M.A.1, *Yusoff, M.S.1, Aziz, H.A.1 and Alrozi, R.2

1 School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

2 Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang, 13000 Penang,

Malaysia

* [email protected]

Background: In this study, a statistical software package and design of experiment were applied

for the preparation of calcium alginate in aqueous. Alginate which is originates from

polysaccharide brown algae with different type of uranic and manuronic chains were used as an

intermediate, blended with calcium carbonate powder for macro size adsorbent preparation.

Though adsorption has been an ideal choice in waste water purification, the needs to find an

alternative source of adsorbent has received considerable interests recently.

Methods: In this study, a central composite design was used to develop a model to predict and

optimize the preparation condition of calcium alginate. Mathematical model equations were

obtained from simulation programming.

Results: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for viscosity and pH (responses) indicated that the model

was adequate to fit the experimental data (p values, lack of fit, R2adj). From the statistical

parameters, it showed that the quadratic effects for both calcium carbonate and alginate powder

were the most significant. Meanwhile, the correlation coefficient, R2 for both independent

variables (calcium carbonate and alginate) of 0.9974 and 0.9008 implied that the developed models

wereadequate to navigate the design space. The optimum preparation condition was carried out by

compromising the independent factors and responses at different criteria. Finally, the optimum

preparation condition for calcium alginate was obtained with 2.00 g of calcium carbonate and 10

% (w/v) that result in 38 cP of viscosity and pH 10.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Alginate, pH, Statistical analysis, Viscosity


PP Room 6B-6

CHARACTERIZATION OF PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS SPENT MUSHROOM

COMPOST AS POTENTIAL BIOSORBENT FOR HEAVY METAL REMOVAL

Kamarudzaman, A.N.1, 3, Tay C.C.2, Amir, A.3, Ab Jalil, M.F.1 and *Abdul-Talib, S.3

1School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian

Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.

2Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perlis), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

3Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor,

Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Pleurotus Ostreatus spent mushroom compost has been identified as potential

biosorbent for heavy metals removal.

Objectives: Several analytical techniques have been conducted to investigate the changes in

physical and chemical properties of Pleurotus Ostreatus spent mushroom compost before and after

biosorption.

Methods: These include Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, Scanning

Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analy-sis and

Brunauer Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area.

Results: The changes in the FTIR spectra show that the carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups

play an important role in the heavy metal biosorption. The SEM analysis showed that the

biosorbent have a rough and porous surface morphology that favors the increase of the total surface

area for the sorption of metals. And the EDS analysis showed a uniform distribution of heavy

metals on the Pleurotus Ostreatus spent mushroom compost surface after biosorption.

Keywords: Biosorption, Biosorbent, Surface morphology, Functional groups


PP Room 6B-7

A GC-ECD METHOD FOR DETECTING 3- PHENOXYBENZOIC ACID IN HUMAN

URINE SAMPLES

Nisa, P1,2, * Tippawan, P2 ,Surat,H2 and Tanyaporn, K2

1Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Valaya Alongkorn

Rajabhat University, Pathum Thani 13180, Thailand.

2Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Scienc-es (RIHES), Chiang

Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.

* [email protected]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to develop a simple and sensitive method for detecting

3- phenoxybenzoic acid (3- PBA) in urine samples which can be used as a common exposure

marker of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides.

Methods: We proposed to use gas chromatograph- electron capture detector (GC-ECD) for the

detection of 3-PBA as this apparatus is common found in pesticide laboratory especially in

developing country. 3- PBA was extracted using dichloromethane and cleaned up by solid phase

extraction (C18). Then, 3- PBA was reacted with 1,1,1,3,3,3 hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and

N,N-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC). The concentration of 3- PBA was analyzed using GC-ECD.

The limit of detection (LOD) of 3- PBA was 0.8 μg/L and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1

μg/L. Mean±SD recovery was 97.0±0.6% while coefficient variation (CV) was 1.22%. Precision

studies were performed in spiked pool human urine. Recoveries of intra-bath and inter-batch

studies were 92.3±2.98% and 89.3±3.75%, while CVs were 14.1 and 16.4 %, respectively. The

developed method was successfully applied to determine 3- PBA in human urine samples (n=138)

collected from urban area of Chiang Mai city, northern Thailand.

Results: 3- PBA was detected 44.9%. Concentration of 3-PBA ranged from <LOQ to 34.6 μg/L

in urine samples. The developed method provides simple sample preparation and inexpensive cost

com-paring with other advanced analytical tool.

Keywords: 3- phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), Synthetic pyrethroid metabolite, Human urine, GC-

ECD

Children’s health (Session room 3)

OP Room 3A-1

PREVALENCE OF ASTHMA AND LEVEL OF FENOX AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN

IN TERENGGANU.

*Amin Mapol

Ministry of Health, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Classrooms remain one of the commonest places where air pollution exposure can

occurs. The use of FeNox measurements in clinical practice has been increasingly accepted based

on a number of theoretical and practical factors. It is not only a user friendly, portable and non-

invasive biomarker, but also able to detect inflammatory airway changes.

Objectives: The aim of the present study is to measure the level of FeNox across sex, allergen

exposure and asthma status among 14 years old children in Terengganu.

Methods: The study population was randomly selected from secondary school. A questionnaire

with standardized questions was used to obtained knowledge on their living conditions, school

environment, asthmatic symptoms and allergies. Physical examination, FeNox measurement and

skin prick test were conducted.

Results: From 481 students, only 361 students were given consent from their parents for medical

examinations. Majority (99%) was Malays, female (63%) and non smoker (96%). The major

asthmatic-related complaint was breathlessness during exercise (21%). The prevalence of doctor

diagnosed asthma was 7%, of which 38% were on medication. The commonest allergy was against

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (36%). The geometric mean level of Fenox was higher among

those asthmatic diagnosed by doctor (23.44 ppb vs 19.91 ppb) and mite sensitive student (20.61

ppb vs 14.25 ppb).

Conclusions: Effect of hot and humid climate on level of FeNox is a relatively new issue. The

result of this study answers the lack of general understanding regarding the level of FeNox on the

assessment of asthma among Malaysian children which dampen its importance in the policy

development.

Keywords: Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNox), Geometric mean, Terengganu, Skin Prick

test



OP Room 3A-2

A REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES DUE TO OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION

AMONG CHILDREN IN MALAYSIA

*Adman, M.A1,2, and Hashim, J.H1,3

1International Institute for Global Health, United Nations University (UNU-IIGH / UKM), Kuala

Lumpur

2Faculty of Biomedical & Health Sciences, University Selangor (UNISEL), Shah Alam

3Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Respiratory diseases are often associated with inflammation of the air-ways; clinical

symptoms such as shortness of breathe, wheezing and cough. Many studies have shown a

correlation between respiratory diseases and the outdoor air pollution. The outdoor air pollution

includes the particulate matters, nitrogen dioxides, sulphur dioxides, carbon monoxides and ozone

are the common pollutants that mainly sourced from the industries that affects the human receptors

especially children. As being the most sensitive and vulnerable respiratory system, children are

most likely to be affected by these outdoor air pollutants. Altogether, the adverse effects from the

respiratory diseases place children at a higher risk after exposure to outdoor air pollution for the

duration of their lives. Several assessment tools have been applied to investigate the respiratory

effects due to the outdoor air pollution among the children such as a spirometer. However the most

recently, the measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) has been used in the

developed countries as a non-invasive, simple and marker for the airway inflammation.

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to assess published literature in the ISI database regarding the

association of outdoor air pollution on respiratory diseases among children in Malaysia for the last

10 years. This paper will also provide an over-view on the research trend related to this topic and

to explore the potential re-search that needs to be done in Malaysia.

Keywords: Respiratory diseases, Outdoor air pollution, Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO),

Children, Malaysia.


OP Room 3A-3

ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH AND INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS OF

DAYCARE CENTRE IN INDUSTRIAL AREA

*Tezara, C1, Juliana, J1, Adam, N.M2, and Siregar, J.P3

1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400

Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

2Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400

Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

3Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang Darul

Makmur, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most commonly used indicators of indoor air

quality (IAQ) in areas. The higher concentration level of CO2 and particulate matter (PM10) in

day-care centre could affect children’s health.

Objectives: The objective of this study was undertaken to assess health’s symptom on children

and measure the CO2 and PM10 concentration level as IAQ parameters in different location of

day-care centre in industrial area with Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and Hulu Langat as urban,

suburban and rural areas respectively.

Methods: The data of children’s health symptom was collected from the distributed questionnaire.

Results: The obtained result from the study revealed that the day-care centre in Kuala Lumpur has

the highest number of child’s illness frequency more than four times annually (11%) followed by

the highest number of children experienced asthma (5.3%), wheezing (3.3%) and coughing (10%).

The result of data collection of day-care centre in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and Hulu Langat were

ranged between 629-830 ppm, 587-823 ppm and 600-830 ppm for CO2 level and 60.80-78.60

- and 59.90-

CO2 level between areas were significantly different (p<.05).

Conclusion: Day-care centers in Kuala Lumpur have the highest mean rate of CO2 and PM10 as

well as frequency of child illness which could identify with traffic congestion and less greenery in

densely populated city.

Keywords: Daycare, IAQ, CO2, PM10, Health symptoms.


OP Room 3A-4

ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) EXPOSURE, HAIR NICOTINE

CONCENTRATIONS AND COGNITIVE ABILITIES AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN

MALAYSIA.

*Najihah Z.A.1, Aziemah Z.1, Emilia Z.A.1, Zailina H.1, Sean S.2, Anita A.R.3, and Che N.M.4



2Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aberdeen, UK

3Department of Community Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia

4National Poison Center, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang

*[email protected]

Background: This study aims to investigate the relationship between ETS exposure with cognitive

abilities of adolescents (13-14 years old) living in two states in Malaysia.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from June to December 2013 in Melaka and

Kedah. Randomly selected students (n=700) from 30 schools participated in this research. Current

ETS exposure was assessed via a self-administered questionnaire (student) adopted from Global

Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) by World Health Organization. Information about prenatal

exposure was given by parents. Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability was used to measure the

adolescents’ cognitive abilities particularly in general intelligence and short working memory. The

scale have good correlation with other available cognitive assessment tools (r=0.75). Chronic hair

nicotine level measured using GC-MS was assessed to represent the recent 3 months of ETS

exposure. This study obtained ethical clearance from Universiti Putra Malaysia

Results: A significant relationship between ETS exposure and cognitive abilities, with poorer

cognitive abilities being seen among adolescents with higher prenatal ETS exposure and hair

cotinine levels. Factors affecting the higher hair nicotine levels for the past 3 months were

modelled.

Conclusion: Findings will help to highlight the importance of protecting adolescents from ETS

exposure from the womb and to identify the risk factors or likely places for ETS exposure. Home

smoking restrictions may likely be the logical step that needs to be taken to protect children and

adolescents from further harm arising from ETS.

Keywords: Environmental Tobacco Smoke, Chronic, Nicotine, Adolescents


OP Room 3A-5

HEALTH RISK FROM PESTICIDE EXPOSURE AMONG INFANTS OF

BREASTFEEDING FARMWORKERS IN AN AGRICULTURAL AREA OF CHIANG

MAI PROVINCE, THAILAND

Naksen W.1,2, *Prapamontol T.2,Mangklabruks A.3, Chantrara S.4, and Thavornyutikarn P.4



3Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine

4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,

Thailand

*[email protected]

Background: Thailand is an agricultural country where the health of breastfeeding farmworkers

and their infants is a matter of concern.

Methods: We investigated pesticide exposure level among 33 breastfeeding farmworkers for

assessing health risk from pesticide exposure. The study site was in Fang district, 155 km north of

Chiang Mai city. Participants were recruited in September 2013. Ten milliliters of venous blood

and 20 mL of expressed breast milk samples were collected from each participants for analysis of

Organochlorine(OC) and Organophosphate (OP) pesticides.

Results: Out of 9 OC compounds, all the nine compounds were detected in plasma and milk

samples. p,p’ DDE, the major DDT metabolite, was detected in all (100%) breast milk samples

and 60 (97%) plasma samples with geometric means of 3.2 and 1.1 ng mL-1, respectively.

Significantly correlation of p,p’ DDE concentration between plasma and breast milk was found (r

= 0.86, p < 0.001). Out of 11 OP compounds, 7 compounds were detected in 29 (54%) plasma

samples and 5 compounds in 23 (77%) breast milk samples. Chlorpyrifos and malathion were the

most detected compound in both plasma and breast milk samples. Calculated daily intake of DDTs,

chlorpyrifos and malathion by the infants were 10, 3.8 and 1.4 % of the acceptable daily intake

(ADI) set by WHO (0.02, 0.01 and 0.02 mg/kg/day, respectively).

Conclusion: The presence of DDT, which is no longer used, indicated the contamination of these

persistent compounds in the environment while chlorpyrifos and malathion are commonly used in

present agriculture. Therefore, to prevent health risk from long-term exposure, breastfeeding

farmworkers should avoid exposure to these pesticides.

Keywords: Health risk, Pesticide exposure, Farmworker, Breastfeeding


PP Room 3A-6

EXPOSURE TO SECONDHAND SMOKE AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SERDANG, SELANGOR.

*Khairunnisa S.1, Emilia Z.A.1, and Praveena S.M.1


Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang

*[email protected]

Background: Majority of children are involuntarily exposed to tobacco smoke mainly by adults,

in the places where children live, work and play. There has been evidence of a relationship between

poor cognitive performances and Secondhand smoke exposure. Cotinine has been commonly used

as a biomarker for study on children’s exposure to tobacco smoke. This cross-sectional study was

conducted at one of the primary schools in Serdang. The overall aim of this study was to determine

the association of exposure to secondhand smoke and academic as well as cognitive performance

among primary school children.

Methods: All of the students in year 5 of the primary school in Serdang were invited to take part

in this study by distributing the consent form. 68 of the students agreed to participate from a total

of 127. Methods used to measure the distribution data of exposure to secondhand smoke were by

parental permission with the consent form together with questionnaire and saliva sample

collection. Cotinine concentration from respondents’ saliva was used to determine the exposure to

secondhand smoke. Cotinine were measured using Salimetrics Cotinine ELISA (Enzyme

Immunoassay kit). Academic performance, which is, the student’s latest examination result was

obtained from the school, while cognitive ability was measured using Wechsler Nonverbal Scale

of Ability (WNV) test.

Results: This study found that 39.7% of respondents lived with a father that smoked and 27.7%

of them had a salivary cotinine level exceeding 0.1 ng/ml. There was a significant association

between children’s SHS daily exposure and salivary cotinine concentration (p<0.05). No

significant relationship was found between SHS exposure and academic performance and

cognitive ability (P>0.05), however, there were clear patterns of higher SHS exposure and poorer

academic performance and cognitive ability.

Conclusion: This study was preliminary study which contributed a baseline data on exposure to

secondhand smoke and academic performance as well as cognitive ability among schoolchildren

in Malaysia. There was no association between SHS exposure and academic performance and

cognitive ability. This study suggests a further research on exposure to SHS and academic

performance in other future study with a larger sample size population.

Keywords: Secondhand smoke, Salivary cotinine, Enzyme-immunoassay, Schoolchildren,

Parental report, Cognitive, Academic performance


PP Room 3A-7

IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SMOKING

AMONG SAUDI UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCE STUDENTS?

*Subhan, M.M.F.1, and Al-Khlaiwi, T.2

1Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University,

Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain

2Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Kingdom

of Saudi Arabia

*[email protected]

Background: We wanted to investigate whether there is a relationship between physical activity

and smoking among Saudi university health science students.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1118 students, using a self-administered

questionnaire. The variables studied included: age, sex, height, weight, physical activity (how

often, types and date of initiation) and tobacco use (quantity, types and date of initiation). 910

completed questionnaires were analyzed

Results: The prevalence of regular smoking was significantly higher (p<0.005) in males (10.7 %)

than females (1.0 %). The prevalence of regular physical activity in both sexes was 56.7 %; there

were no significant differences between males and females (p=0.063). Logistic regression showed

smoking was not significantly associated with regular physical activity (p=0.820).

Conclusion: This study showed that increased levels of physical activity in these university

students does not relate to decreased smoking levels. Therefore, in this population, physical

activity may not be as effective a means to decrease smoking, as observed in other countries.

Keywords: Physical activity, Saudi Arabia, Smoking, University students

Climate Change And Environmental Health

OP Room 2B-1

HEALTH IMPACTS OF RURAL FLOOD AND COMMUNITY COPING STRATEGY

IN NORTHEAST THAILAND

*Phatcharee Srikuta1, Uraiwan Inmuong1 & Yanyong Inmuong1

1Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University

*[email protected]

Background: Climate extremes, particularly monsoonal unusual floods, cause prolonged

inundated rice field, blockage of community connectivity and transportation, and also adversely

affect community well-being and population health.

Objective: The study aims to access population health impacts from rural floods as well as

exploring household coping strategy to minimize health risks.

Methods: Six rural villages with severely impacted communities from heavy floods which located

in Khon Kaen Province northeast Thailand were selected as study location. The data on population

health impacts from floods was collected using the structured questionnaire of 312 randomly

sampled households. More insightful information on household health impacts and response to the

floods was further explored by interviewing key informants and community consultation meetings.

Conclusion: The extreme floods had adversely affected the community health, particularly on the

emergence of water-washed and water-borne diseases. Household preparation to reduce the

environmental health risks, access to flood information with close communication with community

leaders and government agencies, and well organized working with public health officers and

health volunteers were the key coping strategies.

Keywords: Health impacts, Flood, Coping Strategy


OP Room 2B-2

PESTICIDE DERMAL CONTAMINATION AND MICRO-ENVIRONMENT

INTERACTION BETWEEN FARMER AND CHILDREN IN THE FARMING

COMMUNITY

Vivien How1, Zailina Hashim1, Patimah Ismail2, Dzolkhifli Omar3, Salmiah Md Said4, Shamsul

Bahri Mohd Tamrin1


Sciences, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 43400, UPM

Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

3Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Da-rul

Ehsan, Malaysia

4Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 43400, UPM

Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

* [email protected]

Objective: This study aimed to determine the potential pesticide dermal contamination among

children and adults by observing their micro-environmental interaction in the farming community.

Methods: The total amount of pesticide retained on the skin was first quantified by using modified

fluorescent tracer techniques. This is followed by estimating the dermal contamination through

soil and water medium in both children and adult where their age-related exposure and source were

considered. In this context, the contributing factors such as the skin surface area available for

contact, exposure frequency, exposure duration, body weight and absorbed dose per exposure

event.

Results: Due to the different biological vulnerability of exposure through dermal pathway between

adult and children, results showed relatively higher dermal contamination level (DAD soil and

DAD water) among children and teen than adults.

Conclusions: When the 24-hours timeline activity were integrated in the observed farming

community, findings outline the micro environmental interaction between children and adult

which resulted in a cross-contamination of the mixture of pesticide through environmental and

occupational exposure among the community members.

Keywords: Dermal exposure, Pesticide, Children and adult, Microenvironment interaction


.OP Room 2B-3

THE EFFECT OF SUNLIGHT (ULTRAVIOLET) EXPOSURE AND VITAMIN D

INTAKE DEFICIENCY TOWARDS THE INCREASE OF SYSTOLIC BLOOD

PRESSURE

*Dessy Hermawan1, Wahyu Dani2, Achmad Farich3

1 Nursing Program, Faculty of Medicine, Malahayati University

2 Faculty of Medicine, Malahayati University

3 Faculty of Public Health, Malahayati University

*[email protected]

Background: Hypertension is one of common diseases found on the worker, especially night shift

worker, such as doctors and nurses. It also possibly happens on under roof worker like in the office

or indoors. This fact was derived from the finding of Qureshi (et al., 2009) stating that 20% of

nurses in the US suffering hypertension. Recently, there are some investigations about the

correlation between the lack of vitamin D content in the blood and hypertension. This led to the

researchers’ interest in studying the correlation among sunlight exposure and vitamin D intake

deficiencies towards hypertension.

Method: content in the blood towards the increase of systolic pressure. This is an experiment study

in which the subjects were Rattus norvegicus. They were investigated to reveal the impact of

sunlight omission, vitamin D reduction and hypertension. The subjects were placed in a dark cage

and fed with free vitamin D food. On the following days, the subjects were moved into the bright

room and supplied with vitamin D of 0.25μg/kg body weight.

Result: The absence of sunlight by situating the subjects in the dark area and supplying the non-

vitamin D food affected the rise of systolic blood pressure significantly (p = 0.01). The decline of

vitamin D content in the blood happened after the gradual omission of vitamin D along seven days

(p = 0.035). The relocation of the cage to the rich sunlight room together with feeding the subjects

0.25μg/kg body weight vitamin D influenced the increase of vitamin D content in the blood since

the first day of reposition. However, the significant decline of systolic pressure and noteworthy

vitamin D increase (p = 0.001) happened after four day vitamin D supply.

Conclusion: The sunlight (ultraviolet) exposure and vitamin D intake is influencing towards the

increase of vitamin D content and decline of systolic blood pressure on Rattus norvegicus.

Keywords: ultraviolet, vitamin D and hypertension

.


OP Room 2B-4

A STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON BACTERIAL

COMMUNITY IN HAJ ALI'S DRAINAGE IN BABYLON PROVINCE –IRAQ

*Wameedh Adil

University, Iraq

* [email protected]

Background: This study deals with the study of some physical and chemical properties and its

impact on some of the bacterial community in the Haj Ali's drainage, which is one of the main

important drainages in Babylon province.

Methods: Two stations were selected for the study, the first station in the village of Tuhmaziya

west of Hilla city and the second station in Abu- Garq towards Saddat Al-Hindia. The samples

were collected by three replicates of month and for the period from October 2009 to September

2010. The results showed some changes in temperature and the highest value for air temperature

(44 ºC) in station B during August and the lowest (18 ºC) in station A during December while the

highest temperature of the water (37 ºC) in station B during August and the lowest (16 ºC) in

station A during December .The highest values of pH ( 7.6 ) in station A and B during December

and September, respectively, also recorded the highest values of electrical conductivity (3600

μs/cm) in station B during December and the lowest value (2100 μs/cm) in station A during

February. The results indicated to presence of a significant decrease(p>0.05) in the values of

dissolved oxygen in the two stations as the highest value (4.6 mg / l) in station A during May and

August .

Result: The results of the current study showed a disparity in the total count of bacteria reaching

the highest total count of bacteria (2.4x104 /cfu) in station A during December and the lowest total

count (1.2x104 cfu) in station B during February. Besides, it also diagnosed with certain species

of enterobacteria through the stations of the study, including E-coli, shigella, klebsiella and

pseudomonas and there was a disparity in their count during stations due to their vulnerability to

the surrounding physical and chemical factors.

Keywords: Dissolve Oxygen, Total count, Haj Ali's drainage


OP Room 2B-5

Abstract

Keywords:


PP Room 2B-6

NON WORKPLACE FACTORS AFFECTING THE EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE

WORKERS’ HEALTH

S.M Arnold, *Sameera Senanayake, C.J. Denawaka & N.C. Pallewatta

1Infectious Disease Hospital, Sri Lanka

2Ministry of Health

3Medical Officer of Health, Biyagama

4National Programme for Control of TB & Chest Disease, Sri Lanka

* [email protected]

Background: Living conditions outside the workplace have an influence on the workers’ health.

A large number of workers in Export Processing Zones (EPZ) in Sri Lanka are internal migrant

workers who live outside the workplace.

Method: To assess the living conditions of EPZ workers. A descriptive cross sectional study, using

interviewer administered questionnaire and checklist, was conducted among the workers of the

Biyagama EPZ area. In this study, 200 residential units were selected using systematic sampling

method. One worker from each residential unit was randomly selected to administer the

questionnaire. Checklist was used to assess the living conditions of the residential unit.

Results: A total of 193 workers participated with a response rate of 96.5%, with the majority

(94.8%; n=183) were internal migrant workers. A single room was occupied by more than one

worker in 79.3% (n=153). A separate toilet to the residential unit was available only in 54.4 %

(n=105). In 67.4% (n=130) a single toilet was used by 5-10 workers. Room space was adequate in

24.5% (n=46). Ventilation was poor in 77.1% (n=145), and light was poor in 72.3% (n=136) units.

Housekeeping was poor in 75% (n=141).

Conclusions: Majority of the workers were internal migrant workers and their housing and

sanitary facilities were unsatisfactory. These conditions would have a negative effect on workers’

health. It is recommended that the policy makers and industrialists give due recognition to these

priority issues which affecting the workers’ health and take long term sustainable measures to

mitigate them.

Keywords: Export Processing Zone, Living conditions, Occupational Hazards


PP Room 2B-7

CYTOTOXIC ACTION OF SOME SYSTEMIC PESTICIDES ON CHO-K1 AND V79-4

CELL LINES

*Ali Al-Sarar1, Alaa Bayoumi1 & Yasser Abobakr1

1King Saud University

* [email protected]

Background: The systemic pesticides are extensively used to protect various agricultural crops

from attacking the different pests. The misuse and repeated application of these pesticides with

higher rates than the recommended leads to increase their residues inside the vegetables and fruit

tissues. Therefore, this could be a source of intoxication to the human and animal being. In vitro

toxicity tests by using animal cell cultures have become very useful tools in the initial screening

of environmental contaminants, safety assessment and risk evaluation.

Methods: As toxicity screening procedure, different cellular endpoints were conducted as

biological markers, of which the mitochondrial function through performing the methyl

tetrazolium (MTT) assay. This in vitro method was directed to determine the midpoint cytotoxicity

value (MTT50) which defined as the concentration of the tested compound needed to reduce the

viability by 50% as compared to control. Based on such parameter, it could be compare between

the toxicity of the tested pesticides and ranking them. The cytotoxic effect of 12 systemic pesticides

belonging to different chemical groups was evaluated against two mammalian cell lines, Chinese

Hamster Ovary (CHO-k1) and hamster lung cells (V79-4).

Conclusion: The most cytotoxic compounds were abamectin, chlorfenapyr and imidacloprid.

Keywords: Systemic pesticides, Cytotoxicty, Cho-K1, V79-4

Environmental sustainability (Session room 4)

OP Room 4A-1

UNDERSTANDING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY: ARE WE?

*Haliza Abdul Rahman1

1Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,

Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

* [email protected]

Background: Mankind is consuming environments and its components at an alarming rate.

Therefore, it is very critical in applying the concept of environmental sustain-ability in order to

ensure the environment does not collapse under the burden of our demands. Sustainability could

improve the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting eco-

systems because the sustainability goal is to raise the global standard of living without increasing

the use of resources beyond globally sustainable levels.

Methods: This paper involved with secondary data which are collected from journal, proceedings,

books and internet sources.

Results: Sustainability is important in protecting human health and environment. However, it is

major hurdle to achieve sustainability. Even amongst the engaged, sustainability concerns are not

a priority in all aspects of human lives. The most important reason is, most of the people failed to

under-stand in deeply the meaning and the concept of ‘sustainability’. Thus, at the global scale,

scientific data indicates that humans are living beyond the carrying capacity of planet earth and

continuously degrading environmental quality. Hence, as communities grow so the environment

declines, therefore achieving the sustainability is vital. How do we sustain this vital environment

for generations to come? How it translates into people’s lives? Creating a sustainable society will

require changes in lifestyles, attitudes, expectations, behaviors and values. Therefore, to achieve a

sustainability concept successfully, firstly and foremost, integrating the principles of sustainable

development into country policies and programs which consider sustainability in all relevant

decision making, secondly, improving sustainable management of natural resources in order to

maintain the integrity of eco-systems, thirdly, enhancing the contribution of the community in

conserving and preserving the environmental quality, and, finally, promote education and aware-

ness raising on environment sustainability within all stakeholders especially government, private,

in schools and communities.

Conclusions: Nowadays, issues of environmental sustainability have gained more prominent

attention from the public and media as well. In fact, sustainability issue has moved from being a

mere buzzword towards something that everybody is now taking very seriously. Therefore, an

integrated approach is needed for the overall development that takes account of environmental

health and sustainability. Thus, planning practices need to be changed to reflect new awareness in

achieving environmental sustainability.

Keywords: Environmental sustainability, Critical, environment, Quality of human life


OP Room 4A-2

BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES OF LIVER THAT INFECTED WITH ENTAMOEBA

HISTOLYTICA IN WHITE RATS

Halla Abdul-Hadi Abdul-Ghani Chabuk1,Haidar Kamil Zaidan Al-Saadi 2, and *Ahmed

Khudhair Obayes Al-Hamairy 3

1Medicine College, Dept. of Physiology, Babylon University

2Science College, Dept. of Biology, Babylon University

3Science for Women College , Dept. of Biology, Babylon University

*[email protected]

Background: This study was carried out in the animal house of the Science College, Babylon

University for the period from of October 2012 till February 2013.

Methods: This study included, 20 white Swiss Rattus rattus ages between 3-4 months, and weights

between 250-300 gm. Animals were divided into five groups (2, 4 , 8 ,12) weeks and the fifth

group consider as control group each group included (four males).

Results: Four groups were infected with suspension E. histolytica that bring from stools patients

attending to the Al-Hilla Hospital Laboratory, every rat gives about 103 cysts per milliliter of E.

histolytica through oral administration. And the fifth group treated orally with distilled water. The

rats liver were studied functionally by measuring the level of enzymes GOT, GPT, ALP. The tests

of liver enzymes, showed that the level of the enzyme GOT, GPT, ALP having significant

increased (P <0.05) in the male rats treated E. histolytica suspension compared to control group.

Conclusions: The infection with E. histolytica established histological changes in the organs

especially the liver as apoptosis death of cells as well as changes in biochemical parameters (ALP,

GOT, GPT).

Keywords: White rats, Entamoeba Histolytica, liver, Biochemical changes


OP Room 4A-3

STUDY THE EFFECTS OF THE PESTICIDE ES-BIOTHRIN ON SOME

HISTOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WHITE MALE RATS

*Fakhir Alzubaidy 1University of Iraq

*[email protected]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the probable histological changes accompanied with

the treatment by the pesticide Es-Biothrin.

Methods: 16 white male rats (three months age) were used. All the rats were exposed daily to the

fume of evaporated disks of pesticide Es-Biothrin 5 hours for 35 day, then the rats were killed and

the histological study were done for the evaluation of the effects of the pesticide.

Results: This study showed different histological changes represented by the presence of

pneumonia in the lung of these rats, the infiltration of inflammatory cells, while the trachea had a

normal histology in all the animals of the experiment.

Keywords: White male rats, Es-Biothrin, Histological changes, Pesticide



OP Room 4A-4

DECOLORIZATION OF DYE WASTEWATER BY ADSORPTION ON FLY ASH

GRANULES COATED WITH HEXADECYLTRIMETYLAMMONIUM BROMIDE

*Chayada P1. & Soydoa V2.

1Faculty of Public Health,Thammasat University , Pathum Thani, 12121,Thailand

2School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut’s University of Technology

Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand

*[email protected]

Background: Fly ash has been widely used as adsorbent in wastewater treatment field. However

the development of granulated form of fly ash with more appropriate for real application has not

been widespread and clarified adequately.

Methods: The present study deals with the use of fly ash granules coated with a cationic surfactant,

hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br), as adsorbent for removal anionic dye from

and then coated with HDTMA-Br at concentration of 0.94 mmol.

Results: The equilibrium data were found to be well represented by the Langmuir isotherm

equation. The sorption of anionic dye onto the unmodified granule was small while the granules

coated with HDTMA-Br showed significant remove of dye. The maximum adsorption capacities

of the treated granule on anionic dye were 63.69 mg g-1.

Conclusion: The pseudo-second order kinetic model is the best choice among all the kinetic

models to describe the adsorption of anionic dye onto the granule. The pseudo-second order kinetic

model is the best choice among all the kinetic models to describe the adsorption of anionic dye.

Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated, indicating that the most adsorption process was

endothermic and non-spontaneous.

Keywords: Fly ash, Adsorption, Dye, Surfactant


OP Room 4A-5

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR VETERINARY ANTIBIOTICS AND

HORMONE IN MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL SOIL

Yu Bin Ho1*, Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria2, Puziah Abdul Latif2, Nazamid Saari3


Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

2Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor

Malaysia.

3Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang,

Selangor, Malaysia.

*[email protected]

Background: Repeated applications of animal manure as fertilizer are normal agricultural

practices in Malaysia that may release veterinary antibiotics to environment from treated animals.

The aim of this study is to conduct an environmental risk assessment (ERA) on 5 commonly used

antibiotics and hormone in Malaysia broiler farm.

Methods: The risk was calculated using the ratio of measured environmental concentration (MEC)

and predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) in the environment. PNEC was derived from the

available acute and chronic toxicity data in the open peer-reviewed literature. Risk quotients (RQ)

were then calculated for 5 antibiotics (erythromycin, norfloxacin, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim and

tylosin) and one hormone (progesterone) in this study.

Results: This study showed that RQ for tylosin has exceeded 1.0 which indicates that this

compound has high risk of acute toxicity in Malaysian agricultural soil while trimethoprim and

tylosin possessed medium risk in chronic toxicity. The rest of the compounds showed low risk or

no risk in acute or chronic ecological toxicity.

Conclusion: The findings of this study concluded that the release of these compounds from broiler

manure to agricultural soil may potentially harm the environment.

Keywords: Veterinary antibiotics, Environmental risk assessment, Risk quotient, Agricultural

soil, Malaysia



PP Room 4A-6

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION IN A POPULATION OF HEALTH

SCIENCES STUDENTS AT A PUBLIC UNIVERSITY

Ab Hamid, A1, Mat Azis, N.H1, Pung, H.P1, Yahya, F.A1, Nordin, S.A2, VasanthaKumari, N2,

and *Mohd Desa, M.N1,3

1Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra


2Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences,

Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

3Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor,

Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause a variety of life-

threatening diseases in humans. Persistent nasal carriage is one of the major risk factors for S.

aureus infections. This study was undertaken to evaluate the S. aureus carriage and persistence in

192 health sciences students at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra

Malaysia.

Methods: Self-administered questionnaires on socio-demographic and relevant risk factors were

distributed followed by nasal swab collection; sampling was done twice in about one month

interval in October and November 2013. Identification of isolates followed the standard

phenotypic approaches. Antibiotic susceptibility of isolates against oxacillin and cefoxitin was

tested by disc diffusion method.

Results: S. aureus was isolated from 31.3% and 33.9% of the population during the first and

second sampling respectively. Among the S. aureus-positive participants, about 65% of them were

persistent carrier (S. aureus was detected during both sampling exercises). Seven Methicillin-

resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were tentatively detected (4 and 3 isolates in the two sampling events

respectively) as inferred by decreased susceptibility to oxacillin and cefoxitin; 2 of the strains were

from a single individual. Chi-square analysis showed no significant correlation between carriage

and the tested risk factors except for the habit of touching nose (P = 0.045). A higher incidence of

S.aureus was observed among those with such habit (35% vs. 17%).

Conclusions: As far as the limited sampling period is concerned, these findings indicate that a

proportion of the student population may be at infection risk. Avoiding frequent nose-touching

could be one of the preventive measures.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Infection risk, Nasal carriage, MRSA


PP Room 4A-7

TREATMENT AND PRESERVATION OF FUEL AGAINST MICROBIAL

CONTAMINATION CAN REDUCE THE RISK OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

S Wong1, SHR Teng1, KY Wong1, LCM Tan1, *KL Yeo1

1Dow Microbial Control, The Dow Chemical Company, 24 Tuas South Street 3, Singapore

638025.

* [email protected]

Background: Isothiazolinones are chemistries commonly used in the preservation of products

such as fuel, coatings, metal working fluids, etc. KATHONTM FP 1.5, an isothiazolinone-based

biocide, is a leading broad-spectrum biocide for fuel preservation, including biofuels and aviation

fuels. Microorganism contamination of fuels can cause microbial-induced corrosion, possibly

leading to storage tank corrosion. This poses a risk of fuel leakage during storage.

Methods: In this study, two samples of contaminated diesel oil were collected from two separate

storage tanks.

Results: Sterility test results revealed heavy contamination with both aerobic and anaerobic

bacteria. Moderate fungal contamination was also detected. Agar well diffusion tests indicated that

KATHONTM FP 1.5 was efficacious against these microorganisms. A range of KATHONTM FP

1.5 dosage was then tested against the contaminated diesel oil samples using the

TAUNOVATESM high-throughput system, to determine the minimum biocide dosage required to

decontaminate them.

Conclusions: Results indicated that 250 – 300 ppm of KATHONTM FP 1.5 was sufficient to treat

the contaminated diesel oil samples, as well as to preserve them. Preservation of fuel is essential

to prevent spoilage by microorganisms. Prevention of microbial growth during storage

circumvents microbial-induced corrosion of storage tanks. This reduces the risk of fuel leakage

into the environment. Finally, clean and preserved fuel ensures optimal engine performance.

Keywords: Fuel preservation, Isothiazolinone, Microbial-induced corrosion, Environmental

pollution

Environmental toxicology Part 1

OP Room 1A-1

ASSESSING THE RISKS OF TOTAL MERCURY CONTAMINATION FROM

ARTISANAL BULADU GOLD MINE IN GORONTALO PROVINCE, INDONESIA

Anwar M1, Pataranawat P2, Chinwetkitvanich S2

1Postgraduate Education in Environmental Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol

University, Thailand and Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia

2Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Thailand

*[email protected]

**[email protected]

***[email protected]

Objectives: This study investigated total mercury (THg) concentration in dry deposit, surface soil,

foodstuffs, and shallow well water and assessed the potential risks both in summer and rainy

seasons.

Methods: Sampling field survey in communities was collected in the areas of mining and ore

processing works.

Results: Results revealed that the concentrations of THg in Deme, Buladu and Wubudu villages

for dry deposit were 136, 501 and 326 µgL-1, surface soil were 2184, 4465 and 4597 µgkg-1dw,

cocoa meat and seed (Theobroma cacao), were range 975, 1212 and 1335 µgkg-1dw and 1189,

2014 and 2973 µgkg-1dw, coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) meat and milk were in the range of 1125,

1348 and 1581µg kg-1dw and 235, 405 and 477 µg kg-1dw and corn were 170, 240 and 327 µgkg-

1dw in summer season, respectively. Likewise in rainy season, THg concentrations in surface soil

were 1189, 2014 and 2973 µgkg-1dw, in cocoa meat and seed were range of 454, 867 and 728

µgkg-1dw and 453, 528 and 459 µgkg-1dw, coconut meat and milk were in the range of 357, 477

and 405 kg-1dw and 201, 356 and 310 µgkg-1dw and in corn were 124, 310 and 226 µgkg-1dw in

rainy season, respectively. The highest value of HQ for dry deposit, surface soil and shallow well

water were 10, 46 and 1.7, respectively. These values have exceeded standard accepted by EPA

(>1), whereas the highest THQ value of edible meat of cocoa, coconut and corn for mercury

consumption were 0.15, 0.23, 0.09, respectively.

Keywords: Artisanal gold mining, THg accumulation, Dry deposit, Surface soil, Foodstuffs




OP Room 1A-2

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SHORT TERM HYPOXIA AND ANOXIA ON

PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATIONS AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN

ESTUARINE SEDIMENT

*Widad Fadhullah1 & Alastair Grant2

1Universiti Sains Malaysia

2University of East Anglia,United Kingdom

*[email protected]

**[email protected]

Background: Hypoxia (low oxygen) and anoxia (no oxygen) conditions are rapidly expanding in

estuaries and coastal waters, which have a significant impact on water quality and result in

eutrophication.

Objectives: This study investigates the effect of overlying water oxygen on the exchange of

phosphate between surface sediment and overlying waters using laboratory microcosms for 7 days.

Short term effects of hypoxia and anoxia were also examined on alkaline phosphatase activity in

the sediment.

Methods: Oxygen were manipulated into five different treatments; oxic (96% saturation in the

overlying water), hypoxia (25% saturation), one day of anoxia (24 hours without oxygen followed

by re-aeration of up to 6 days), four days of anoxia (4 days without oxygen and subsequent re-

aeration for 3 days) and seven days of anoxia (0% saturation).

Results: With decreasing oxygen supply, the concentrations of phosphate rapidly increased and

alkaline phosphatase activities in the sediment were reduced. When phosphate concentration is

low, alkaline phosphatase is produced by bacteria and phytoplankton to derive their phosphorus

requirement from the dissolved organic phosphorus component. During anoxia, phosphorus is not

limited due to phosphate release from iron immobilisation. So, less alkaline phosphatase activity

is required in anoxia.

Conclusions: This study suggests importance of hypoxia and anoxia duration in regulating balance

between phosphate concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity in estuaries.

Keywords: Hypoxia, Anoxia, Phosphate concentrations, Alkaline phosphatase activity



OP Room 1A-3

CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS (ARSENIC, CADMIUM, AND LEAD) IN

ANCHOVY SAUCE AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT AMONG RESPONDENTS IN

TUMPAT, KELANTAN

*Saliza Mohd Elias1, Suzilla Yaacob1, Nor Husna Hassan1 and Ahmad Zaharin Aris2


Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

2Environmental Forensics Research Centre, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra

Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Anchovy sauce is a Malaysian preserved sauce and one of the best known fermented

seafood products originated from Kelantan, Malaysia. This food may contaminated with heavy

metals due to human activities which contaminate the main sources of this food.

Objectives: This research was conducted to determine the arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead

(Pb) concentration in anchovy sauce and to assess the health risk of respondents in Tumpat,

Kelantan who frequently consumed the food.

Methods: A total of 160 respondents were randomly recruited based on inclusion criteria. Three

brands of anchovy sauce samples were purchased from local market based on response from food

frequency questionnaire. The concentrations of heavy metals in anchovy sauce samples were

determined by dry ashing methods and analyzed with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass

Spectrometer (ICP-MS).

Results: Results showed that As, Cd and Pb concentration in anchovy sauce samples were 2.81,

0.04, and 0.18 mg/kg respectively. As compared to the Food Regulation 1985, As concentration

were exceeding the permitted level of 1 mg/kg. The calculated health risk due to consumption of

anchovy sauce showed that HQ and LCR were not exceeding 1 which indicates acceptable level

among respondents.

Conclusion: Heavy metals were detected in anchovy sauce in this study which indicates certain

levels of contamination to our food sources. Public should be aware for consuming these foods

might cause the accumulation of heavy metals in the body and may cause chronic diseases related

to them with prolong consumption.

Keywords: Heavy metals, Anchovy Sauce, Food Contamination, Health Risk Assessment,

Malaysia


OP Room 1A-4

THE RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF GREEN TOBACCO SICKNESS (GTS) AND THE

HANDLING METODS FOR TOBACCO FARMERS

*Dewi Rokhmah1

1Public Health Faculty, University of Jember.

*[email protected]

Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze the risk factors of GTS disease on tobacco farmers

include environment factor (humidity, rainfall, geographic condition, irrigation), individual

characteristic factor (age, gender, education, marriage status, long time of being the tobacco

farmer), and behavior factor (knowledge, attitude, measure of GTS).

Methods: This study uses analytic approach by survey and cross sectional method. Data was

collected by interview with questionnaire, observation and focus group discussion. The

quantitative data are analysed by Univariat, bivariat using chi square and multivariat using Logistic

Regression. This study implemented on September until December 2013 in 12 sub district in

Jember regency which in tobacco production central.

Results: The results of this study show that majority the respondents are male, didn’t get

education, marriage status, have being tobacco farmers more than 10 years, and also have income

each month under the Regional Minimum Salary. Most of the tobacco farmers have low knowledge

about GTS syndrome (96,6%), with the negative attitude of GTS prevention (98,9%), and the low

good action of GTS prevention (86,5%). There are 66,3% of tobacco farmers which get GTS

syndrome. The results of statistic trial show up that there is correlation between gender (p=0,022)

with the long time of be tobacco farmer (p=0,025). The statistic also show up the correlation

between attitude of GTS prevention (p=0,002) and the syndrome of GTS in tobacco farmer.

Conclusions: The GTS handling method use 3 approach (knowledge and attitude of tobacco

farmer about GTS, supply occupational safety and health administration, leader of farmer group

and official who provides elucidation).

Keywords: Risk analysis, GTS, Tobacco farmers, Handling methods


OP Room 1A-5

ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) EXPOSURE, HAIR NICOTINE

CONCENTRATIONS AND COGNITIVE ABILITIES AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN

MALAYSIA.

*Najihah Z.A1., Aziemah Z.1, Emilia Z.A.1, Zailina H.1, Sean S.2, Anita A.R3., & Che N.M.4



2Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aberdeen, UK

3Department of Community Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia

4National Poison Center, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang

*[email protected]

**[email protected]

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the relationship between ETS exposure with cognitive

abilities of adolescents (13-14 years old) living in two states in Malaysia.

Methods: This cross-sectional study will be conducted from June to December 2013 in Melaka

and Kedah. Randomly selected students (n=700) from 30 schools will participate in this research.

Current ETS exposure will be assessed via a self-administered questionnaire (student) adopted

from Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) by World Health Organization. Information about

prenatal exposure will be given by parents. Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability will be used to

measure the adolescents’ cognitive abilities particularly in general intelligence and short working

memory. The scale have good correlation with other available cognitive assessment tools (r=0.75).

Chronic hair nicotine level measured using GC-MS will be assessed to represent the recent 3

months of ETS exposure. This study has obtained ethical clearance from the Universiti Putra

Malaysia.

Expected Results: A significant relationship between ETS exposure and cognitive abilities is

expected with poorer cognitive abilities being seen among adolescents with higher prenatal ETS

exposure and hair cotinine levels. Factors affecting the higher hair nicotine levels for the past 3

months will be modeled.

Conclusion: Findings will help to highlight the importance of protecting adolescents from ETS

exposure from the womb and to identify the risk factors or likely places for ETS exposure. Home

smoking restrictions may likely be the logical step that needs to be taken to protect children and

adolescents from further harm arising from ETS.

Keywords: Environmental Tobacco Smoke, Chronic, Nicotine, Adolescents



OP Room 1A-6

A STUDY OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT

AND CIGARETTE SMOKING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS

Attia, A.M1, Attalla, S.M1*, Shaat, R.M2, and El-Dafrawy, M.M3

1Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology

2Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine

3AnalyticalChemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt

*International Medical School (IMS), Management and Science University (MSU), Malaysia

*[email protected]

Objectives: The aim of the present study is evaluation of the toxic effects of cigarette smoking on

knee joint and if there is relation between smoking and the subsequent development of

osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods: The study included 120 male patients served as test group suffering from osteoarthritis

(OA) attending the rheumatology and rehabilitation outpatient clinic, Mansoura university hospital

and age matched 60 healthy male volunteers (control group). All patients of the test group were

subjected to clinical assessment including body mass index (BMI) and Western Ontario and

McMaster (WOMAC) index of osteoarthritis and radiologic assessment of OA using Lawrence

Kellgrenordinal scale. Blood lead and cadmium levels were determined using atomic absorption

spectrophotometer.

Results: The present study observed significant increase in both lead and cadmium levels in heavy

smokers OA patients with history of long smoking duration than in control. There was a positive

correlation between blood lead and cadmium levels and the severity of OA. In addition, the levels

of lead and cadmium were significantly increased among middle aged non obese OA patients

compared to elderly obese OA patients.

Conclusions: In light of previous findings we can conclude that exposure to the toxic effects of

cigarette smoking for long duration may contribute to pathogenesis of OA even in absence of some

other risk factors such as older age and obesity.

Keywords: Lead, Cadmium, Osteoarthritis, Cigarette Smoking


OP Room 1A-7

USE OF INTESTINAL PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN FISH TO DETECT THE

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT BENZO[A]PYRENE

*Karami, A.1

1Department of environmental and occupational health, Faculty of medicine and health sciences,

Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)

*[email protected]

Background: This study examined the potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa abundance in the

intestines of fish as an indicator of exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP).

Methods: P. aeruginosa populations were enumerated in juvenile African catfish (Clarias

gariepinus) injected intramuscularly three days previous with 0, 10, 30, 40, 50 or 70 mg/kg of BaP.

Hepatic EROD and GST activities and biliary fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) 1-OH BaP,

3-OH BaP, 7,8-D BaP and BaP were quantified to investigate agreements between the new

indicator and established fish biomarkers.

Results: The shape of bacterial population (logarithm of colony forming unit) dose-response curve

generally matched those of biliary FACs concentrations. Conversely, the EROD and GST dose-

response curves were generally the mirror images of the bacterial population curve. Changes in

intestinal P. aeruginosa population appear to be an indirect effect of BaP exposure because

exposure to 0–100 µg/ml BaP had no effect on P. aeruginosa populations grown on agar plates

containing BaP.

Conclusion: Using intestinal P. aeruginosa population of fish as a universal indicator of BaP

pollution in aquatic environments is discussed.

Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Population; Benzo[a]pyrene; Indicator; Fish biomarkers


OP Room 1A-8

STUDY POLLUTION OF SELENIUM AND NICKEL ELEMENTS IN THE WATER

AND THREE TYPES OF FISH MUSCLES COLLECTED FROM THE EUPHRATES

RIVER / CENTRAL IRAQ

*Dhurgham Al-Sultany

University of Iraq

*[email protected]

Objectives: Interested current search study pollution selenium and nickel in the waters of the

Euphrates both in dissolved and particulate phases addition to studying concentration of these

elements in the muscles of the three types of fish, namely, Liza abu (Heckel), common carp

Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) and Aspius vorax (Heckel) collected from the river and a section of

each type of these fish into three different categories in weight and height .

Methods: Collected water and fish samples from the Euphrates River from the area between the

between Hindia to Kifil / central Iraq for the period from October 2009 until September 2010. The

current study found that concentration of elements in the particulate phase was higher than the

concentration in dissolved phase, as the results of the study showed the presence of seasonal

variations in the concentration of the elements studied in water dissolved phase and particulate

phase as well as studied in fish muscle.

Results: Found that the concentration of the elements studied in the muscles of fish Aspius vorax

were higher compared others typies (Liza abu and Cyprinus carpio) . and appeared from the study

is a direct correlation between Category longitudinal and weighted studied fish and concentration

of elements, where he found that their concentrations in the third category of each type of studied

fish were higher compared to the first category and second category , with concentration increased

of studied elements increase height and weight , and show the results of the current study the type

of studied fish , nutrition pattern , life and weight a direct and essential role in the accumulation of

elements in the muscles.

Keywords: Trace Elements, Euphrates River, Dissolved phase, Particulate phase



PP Room 1A-9

FORMATION OF HYBRID WO3-TiO2 NANOTUBES AND ITS APPLICATION TO

CONSERVE THE ENVIRONMENT

*Chin Wei Lai1, Tong Ling Tan1, Syazwan Hanani Meriam Suhaimy1

1Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Level 3, Block A, Institute of

Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur.

*[email protected]

Background: Hybrid WO3-TiO2 nanotube was successfully synthesized via electrochemical

anodization and wet impregnation techniques. Among the vast number of metal ox-ides, WO3 is

one of the most capable candidates to be coupled with TiO2 nanotubes for enhancing hydrogen

generation using water splitting process. To date, hydrogen has been established as a potential

future energy carrier and possibly the best substitute for fossil fuel to secure the future supply of a

clean and sustainable energy. The hybrid WO3-TiO2 nanotubes showed small band-gap energy,

strong absorption within solar spectrum, stable physic chemical properties and strong photo-

corrosion stability in aqueous solution. The most important aspect of this hybrid is that two

different redox energy levels for their conduction band and valence band will be possessed. As a

consequence, interfacial potential gradient with a corresponding energetic position in this hybrid

will effectively transfer the pho-to-induced electrons from TiO2 with more negative conduction

band level to the WO3, which in turn will minimize the recombination losses of charge carriers.

In this case, WO3 will act as an effective electron acceptor, which is beneficial for the effective

separation of electron/hole pairs in TiO2 photocatalyst and consequently resulted in better

photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical performance.

Results: It was found that ~0.2 at% of W content within TiO2 nanotube photocatalyst exhibited

1.5 times higher performance than that of the pure TiO2 nanotube. In contrast, excessive content

of WO3 coupled with TiO2 nanotube will act as recombination centers, which in turn will affect

their photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical performance.

Conclusions: Thus, optimum content of WO3 coupled with TiO2 and possible formation of well-

distribution of WO3 with TiO2 are important issues to address in order to form an ideal

photoelectrode for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical system to conserve our environment

from serious global warming and pollutions.

Keywords: Hybrid WO3-TiO2 nanotube, photocatalytic, photoelectrochemical



PP Room 1A-10

THE ROLE OF ALLERGY RISK FACTORS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

AGAINST LYMPHOCYTE TH-1 AND TH-2 ACTIVITY IN RELATION TO

WHEEZING IN INFANTS AGE UP TO 1 YEAR

*Mulya Safri1, Bidasari Lubis2, Zakiudin Munasir3, Mulyadi4 & Nia Kurniati3

1Department of Child Health Syiah Kuala University-Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh

Indonesia

2Department of Child Health University of North Sumatra-H. Adam Malik Hospital

3Department of Child Health University of Indonesia-Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital

4Department of Pulmonary Disease Syiah Kuala University -Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Allergic disease is an important issue because it occurs at all levels of society and

increasing the number of accident in the last three decades. Risk factors and environmental factors

play an important role in the mechanism of allergy. Wheezing is an early symptom of respiratory

disorders that often occur as a result of allergic reactions in children.

Objective: This study aims to find the role of allergy risk factors and environmental factors on the

activity of Th-1 and Th-2 in association with wheezing in infants up to 1 year of age

Methods: This study is an exploratory of analytic observational with cohort design. Samples were

taken with consecutive sampling technique has been obtained as many as 71 infants who had

completed observed for 12-months-old.

Results: A total of 64.8% from 71 subjects suffering from wheezing. Allergy risk factors (p =

0.007), skin prick test > 3 mm (0.000), IFN-γ levels below 0.53 (p = 0.033), IL-5 levels above 0.6

(p = 0.000), and the father smoked ( p = 0.003) appear related to the occurrence of wheezing.

Conclusion: Allergy risk factors contribute to the onset of wheezing, through the increased

activity of Th-2 lymphocytes generate the levels of IL-5 to be higher in infants suffering from

atopic wheeze.

Keywords: Infant atopy, Allergy risk factors, Environmental factors, Activity of Th-1 and Th-2


PP Room 1A-11

Abstract

Keywords:

Environmental toxicology part II (Session room 5)

OP Room 5A-1

PHENOTYPING OF TUMOR INFILTRATING LYMPHOCYTES IN BREAST

CANCER INFECTED WITH HIGH ONCOGENIC RISK HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS

*Shakir Mohammed

University, Iraq

*[email protected]

Background: Breast cancer is one of the main health problems in developed countries, occupying

first place in mortality in woman. Non the less, in 50 – 80% of cases known risk factors have not

been identified, this has generated the attempt to identify new factors related with this neoplasia

as viral infections.

Objectives: The aims of this work is to determine the prevalence and genotypes of HPV DNA in

archival tissue specimens with a range from apparently healthy tissue to invasive breast cancer by

using one of the recent version of In Situ hybridization and to study the phenotyping of tumor

infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer infected with high oncogenic – risk Human papilloma

virus.

Methods: Molecular detection and genotype of HPV DNA were performed 173 breast tissue

blocks by using In situ hybridization technique for detecting and localization of high risk HPV

(16, 18, 31 and 33) types. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) method was used to demonstrate the

prevalence of CD4, CD8, CD16 and CD19 in those breast cancers.

Results: Among breast cancer group, 60 archived tissue blocks were found to contain HPV DNA

related to the cocktailed HPV genotype. This result constituted 46.5% of the total BC screened for

HPV DNA .HPV-16 Positive BC blocks constituted(55.5%) ,whereas HPV genotypes -18 ,31 and

33 constituted (58.4%) , (65%) and(26.6%), respectively.Over expression of CD4 , CD16 and

CD19 immune cells surface were detected as brownish discoloration at cell surface localization ,

Non-significant association ( p > 0.05) were found between the results of IHC for CD4 , CD16 and

CD19 score of all study groups , while the difference between CD8 score of malignant and benign

as compare with healthy control were statistically significant ( p <0.05) .

Keywords: Breast cancer, Phenotyping, Papilloma


OP Room 5A-2

SCHOOL’S INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND RESPIRATORY HEALTH IMPLICATIONS

AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN: A REVIEW

Chua, P.C1, *Juliana, J1.



*[email protected]

Background: Concern about recent increases in the incidence of respiratory illnesses among

school aged children worldwide have stimulated much research on potential indoor air pollutants

and its health impacts on school children. A critical review was conducted on the quantitative

literature linking indoor air pollution in school with respiratory illnesses among young children.

Methods: This review summarizes 11 studies in the epidemiologic literature on associations

between school’s indoor air quality and respiratory health or allergy in children. PubMed, Medline

and other electronics database were used, some literature from universities or colleges in less

developed countries where not all publications are yet internationally indexes were also included

in the reference of this review.

Results: As a result from this review, there were some strong associations reported between many

risk factors and respiratory or allergic effects among school children. Risk factors identified most

frequently included Particulate Matter, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Nitrogen Dioxide

(NO2), indoor mold, indoor microorganisms, indoor concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and

Carbon Monoxide (CO). The studies of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) from schools are reasonably

consistent and show a strong significant increase in risk for exposed young children compared

with those who are not exposed. Not all studies were able to adjust for confounders, but most of

those that did so found that strong and significant risks remained. Reviewed studies were entirely

observational, limited in size and variable in quality. Specific risk factors identified may only be

indicators for correlated and truly casual exposures. How-ever, it is important to quantify and

confirm any risks in order to promote any preventive actions.

Conclusions: In the summary, the unique characteristics of indoor air pollution in schools are

synthesized, followed by strategies to minimize exposure of children to indoor air pollutants at

schools. Finally, the improvements in future re-search designs on IAQ in elementary schools are

recommended.

Keywords: Indoor Air Quality, School children, Respiratory health effects


OP Room 5A-3

BIOMARKER AS A RESEARCH TOOL IN LINKING EXPOSURE TO AIR

PARTICLES AND RESPIRATORY HEALTH

Nur Faseeha Suhaimi1, *Juliana Jalaludin1



*[email protected]

Background: Some of the environmental toxicants from air pollution include coarse particulate

matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ultrafine particles (UFP). When foreign

particles are attempting to invade human, inflammation as a part of the body’s immune response

will attempt to remove them. Inflammation is detected by an increased level of biomarkers in the

human body. Both short and long term exposure could result in varied degrees of respiratory

symptoms among exposed persons, which rely on the individuals’ health status.

Objective: The aim of this article is to explore the assumption that biomarkers are applicable in

linking detrimental air particles levels to increased respiratory health effects.

Methods: In this article, we highlight a review of the studies that have used biomarkers to

understand the association between air particles exposure and the development of respiratory

problems resulted from damages in the respiratory system. Data from previous epidemiological

studies relevant to the application of biomarkers in respiratory system damages reported from

exposure to air particles are also summarized.

Results: On the basis of these analyses, the findings agree with the hypothesis that biomarker is

relevant in linking harmful air particles levels to increased respiratory health effects. Numerous

epidemiological studies on health effects of air pollution exposure to various groups of respondents

have been improved with the introduction of biomarkers as their research tools. Biomarkers are

used in epidemiological studies to provide our understanding of the mechanisms that follow

airborne particles exposure in the airway. However, application of biomarkers in epidemiological

studies of health effects caused by air particles in both environmental and occupational health is

inchoate.

Conclusion: Biomarkers unravel the complexity of the connection between exposure to air

particles and respiratory health.

Keywords: Biomarker, Inflammation, PM10, PM2.5, UFP, Respiratory health


OP Room 5A-4

HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT ON BIOAVAILABILITY OF HEAVY METAL IN

KLANG DISTRICT SURFACE SOIL

Yuswir, N. S.1, *Praveena, S. M.1, Aris, A. Z.2, and Hashim, Z.1

1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine And Health

Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

2Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra

Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Heavy metal in soil occurs in both natural and anthropogenic forms. Due to

anthropogenic addition, levels of heavy metal in soil increase. Increment of heavy metal in soil

has raised concern of heavy metal pollution and its effect to human health.

Objective: This study will determine bioavailability heavy metal concentrations of Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb

and Zn and health risk assessment in different types of Klang district soil using in vitro human

digestion model.

Methods: For bioavailability of heavy metal concentration, in vitro digestion model will be

developed and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. A total of 35 surface soils will be

sampled based on seven different types of land use, namely, industrial, residential, agriculture,

town area, port, school and mangrove.

Expected Results: Heavy metal concentrations are expected to be low in the surface soil sample

and its bioavailability are expected to be increased according land used activities. Results of

bioavailability heavy metal concentration from AAS will be used to establish Hazard Quotient in

order to determine non cancer risk. The results of Hazard Quotient are expected to be < 1 for all

surface soil samples.

Conclusions: This study is expected to provide evidence that bioavailability of heavy metal is

more appropriate in health risk assessment. In conclusion, this study is expected to found that all

the surface soil samples are safe from the non cancer risk to human.

Keywords: Heavy metal, Bioavailability, Health risk assessment, In vitro digestion model


OP Room 5A-5

MEASURING RADON CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR OF INDIAN HOUSEHOLDS

SPEND – KARBALA

*Mohammed Hadi Shinen

Department of General Science, College of Basic Education, University of Babylon, PO box 4 Iraq

*[email protected]

Methods: We have been measuring the concentration of radon in the air of homes spend Indian -

Karbala and using reagents solid-state tracks nuclear (TASTRAK) and known commercially CR -

39) (where it was taking four different houses space, as well as different place, where he was taking

two houses on the outskirts of the city (rural), one in the place a rustic Unit and the other in place

of rustic with a group homes, and the houses of others have been taken into the city center, one in

residential neighborhoods and the other between a group of commercial premises, and took every

house five models of models radon negative ( first in the yard of the house and the second in the

kitchen and the third in the bedroom and the fourth in the reception room and the fifth within the

health workers where samples were taken after the time frame of seven months. After that, take

these models and treated chemically using sodium hydroxide solution and temperature 75 Co and

for one hour and then was washed models with distilled water and dried and then used optical

microscope high precision to calculate the effects formed per unit area and then calculate

concentration Radon in the above areas.

Results: And by the results found that the concentration of radon varies from 240.7 Bq/m3 in (lady

health house within the city and between the shops) to 82.3 Bq/m3 (lady health house on the

outskirts of the countryside Unit) The rest of the house and the rest of the places taken every home

is between the two results above, it is clear that health workers in the city and between the shops

be more focused for radon and that due to lack of ventilation in those areas.

Keywords: Polymer, Doping, Efficiency, Nano thin films.


OP Room 5A-6

LANDFILL LEACHATE TOXICITY WITH ORECHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS

(MOZAMBIQUE TILAPIA): A REVIEW

*Umi Raihana A. R. and Sharifah Norkhadijah S. I.



* [email protected]

Background: Landfill leachate contain more than 500 types of pollutant. The toxicity level of

leachate discharge to the aquatic environment is one of the environmental concerns. Toxicity

assessment using living organismor bioassaysuch as bacteria, invertebrates, fish and plant is the

common method used to measure the level of toxicity. There are many types of fish being used

in fish bioassay experiment such as Anabas testudineus, Leporinus obtusidens, Orechromis

mossambicus, Cyprinus carpio and Oryzias latipes. Fish are considered to be a reliable indicator

for health as of the watercourses state for secondary consumers possibly because fish is eaten by

human. The type of fish used as fish bioassay are varies depending on the local environment and

policies. It possible to be used in fish bioassay experiment as it is an omnivorous feeder in which

it is able to clean up edible garbage inrivers and indrainage or irrigation canals. In addition, it can

grow and spawn fast as well as survive in low oxygen water. There are limited studies on the

leachate toxicity experiment using Orechromis mossambicus. This paper provides an overview

of leachate toxicity fish bioassay experiment using Tilapia or Orechromis mossambicus.

Results: This paper highlights the characteristic of this fish in toxicity experiment as a merit

compared to other type of fish. This paper provides a baseline information of fish bioassay and

the toxicity level of landfill leachate on Orechromis mossambicus.

Keywords: Toxicity assessment, tilapia, landfill, leachate, fish bioassay


OP Room 5A-7

PHYTOREMEDIATION ABILITIES OF NEPTUNIA OLERACEA (WATER MIMOSA)

AND IT’S SAFETY FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION

*Aini Syuhaida A. W.1, Sharifah Norkhadijah S. I.1, Praveena S.M.1, Suriyani A.2



2National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: The used of ‘water mimosa’ (an aquatic plant also known as kangkung air) in

phytoremediation of waste water is a green technology. In Thailand, this plant is widely employed

to treat waste water rather than chemical or physical treatments as it uses natural processes and is

unlikely to leave toxic substances. However, the effectiveness of this plant rarely being assessed.

The characteristic of ‘water mimosa’ that can be grown all year round become one of the benefit

in phytoremediation technology. This technique is found to be cost effective, easy to maintain and

high efficiency is obtained. In some studies, water mimosa was obtained to be efficient in

accumulating heavy metals compared to water hyacinth (keladi bunting). However, more works

need to be done to prove the validity of this statement. Water mimosa is not only meant to treat

waste water, but it can also can be eaten as raw or cooked.

Objectives: This research is aimed; (i) to determine the mechanism of heavy metals uptake in

water mimosa and water hyacinth, (ii) to determine the distribution of heavy metals in plant tissues

and (iii) to determine the toxicity level for human consumption.

Methodology: Both plants will be treated with various concentrations of heavy metals i.w. Pb,

Cd, and Cu, as these are the forefront of dangerous elements causing health hazard in the lab

under different concentration. The concentration of heavy metals in the plant tissues will be

extracted and analyzed.

Results: This study is expected to produce baseline information of phytoremediation ability of

water mimosa and water hyacinth. This information can be used as a reference and possibly to be

enhanced and commercialized as one of the beneficial green technology.

Keywords: Heavy metals, phytoremediation, water mimosa, water hyacinth, green technology.


OP Room 5A-8

CARBONATE TREATED ETHYL GLYCOL FOR ADSORPTION OF CONGO RED

FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

*Kai-Yin Chong1, Chin-Hua Chia1, Sarani Zakaria1, Mohd Shaiful Sajab1

1Affiliation and School of Applied Physics, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti

Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Vaterite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) microspheres were produced via wet chemical

metho during ethylene glycol. The presence of ethylene glycol during the synthesis process

resulted in the formation of vaterite microspheres instead of calcite and aragonite. The produced

vaterite CaCO3 microspheres were used to adsorption Congo red from aqueous solutions.

Results: The obtained results showed that the adsorption capacity of the CaCO3 microspheres is

higher as compared to calcite and aragonite due to the greater positive surface charge. The

adsorption performance of the vaterite CaCO3 microspheres was investigated at different tem-

peratures and pH of the dye solutions. The performance of the dye adsorption increased with

temperature. However, it is independent with initial pH of dye solution and decrease with increase

initial dye concentration.

Conclusions: Kinetics models (pseudo first and second order) were used to interpret adsorption

kinetics data. In addition, the Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips models were used to describe the

mechanism of the adsorption of the Congo red onto the CaCO3 microspheres.

Keywords: Adsorption, calcium carbonate, Congo red, dyes, ethylene glycol.


PP Room 5A-9

Abstract

Keywords:


PP Room 5A-10

Abstract

Keywords:


PP Room 5A-11

Abstract

Keywords:

Ergonomics Part 1

OP Room 2B-1

PREVALENCE OF SELECTED HEALTH ISSUES AMONG WORKERS IN SMALL

SCALE INDUSTRIES IN SRI LANKA

Inoka Suraweera1, Supun Wijesinghe1 & *Sameera Senanayake2

1Environmental and Occupational Health Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka

2Medical Officer of Health Office, Maharagama, Sri Lanka

*[email protected]

Objective: To assess the prevalence of selected health issues among workers, in small scale

industries in a district in Sri Lanka

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among workers in four selected small scale

industry categories namely food and beverages, apparel, non metallic mineral products and

fabricated metal products in a district of Sri Lanka. A small scale industry was defined as a work

setting with less than 20 workers. The census of Industries Sri Lanka 2003/2004 was used as the

sampling frame. Cluster sampling using probability proportionate to size of the workers was done.

Data was collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire.

Results: Analysis was based on 727 workers. A majority (63.8%) was in the age group 20-39

years and 68.6% were males. The prevalence of shoulder pain, wrist/hand pain, knee pain, neck

pain and back pain in the past one month was 4.4%(n=32), 4.5%(n=33), 5.4% (n=39), 4.7% (n=34)

and 6.1% (n=44) respectively. Workers working in fabricated metal product industries had the

highest proportion of having shoulder pain (7.4%, n=07). In the same category wrist/ hand pain

was 10.5% (n=10) and knee pain was 9.5% (n=09). Thirty one (4.3%, n=31) were having asthma

prior to the study. The prevalence of wrist pain (p=0.025) and knee pain (p=0.006) were

significantly associated with the industry category. Sex of the worker was not significantly

associated any musculoskeletal disorders assessed.

Conclusion: Musculoskeletal diseases are prevalent among the study population. This needs to be

investigated in-depth to identify the correlates to plan interventions.

Keywords: Small scale industry, Musculoskeletal disorders, Ergonomics

Ergonomics Part 1

OP Room 2B-2

EFFECT OF WRIST DEVIATION ON MEDIAN NERVE CROSS -SECTIONAL AREA

AT PROXIMAL CARPAL TUNNEL LEVEL.

*Ping Y.L.1 & Satoshi M.2

1Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University. 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minamiku, Fukuoka, 815-8540,

Japan.

2Faculty of Design, Kyushu University. 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minamiku, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan.

*[email protected]

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of combination of wrist flexion-

extension with wrist deviation on median nerve cross-sectional area (MNCSA).

Methods: Sonographic ultrasound (US) was used to examine the MNCSA at proximal carpal

tunnel level in transverse plane. MNCSA were examined bilaterally in 8 right-handed healthy male

students (age 27.0 ± 3.5 years; BMI 22.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2). Participants were sat upright and forearm

rested on forearm support on table during US examination. Total of nine wrist positions were

examined which are wrist neutral (WN), wrist flexion (WF) 30°, wrist extension (WE) 30° together

with three wrist deviation conditions namely without radial deviation (RD) and ulnar deviation

(UD), with maximal RD and with maximal UD. Participants were instructed to actively maintain

the wrist positions and relax fingers during US examination. MNCSA was measured by ImageJ

and measurements at WN were used as reference point.

Results: Paired t-test showed significant difference of WN MNCSA between the dominant hand

(7.93 ± 0.63 mm2) and the non-dominant hand (6.98 ± 0.42 mm2) (p<0.001). Two-way repeated-

measures ANOVA (handedness as independent factor) showed WF30° and WE30° caused

significant differences of MNCSA when compare to WN (p<0.001). However, wrist RD/UD did

not have significant interaction with the changes of MNCSA in WN, WF and WE positions.

Conclusion: The results indicated WF and WE will caused MNCSA reduced significantly

compare to WN. Meanwhile, wrist RD and UD did not caused significant changes of MNCSA at

different wrist positions.

Keywords: Median Nerve, Ultrasound, Wrist active holding, Nerve deformation

Ergonomics Part 1

OP Room 2B-3

THE EFFICACY OF QUANTITATIVE CROSS CULTURAL PRODUCT DESIGN

SURVEY INSTRUMENT

*Muhammad Syafiq Syed Mohamed1, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin2 & Rizal Rahman2

1Universiti Teknikal Malaysia


*[email protected]

Background: Designers and manufacturers often have difficulty in designing products that would

be able to meet the demands and needs for various users from different cultures or nations. In an

increasingly globalized world, meeting the needs and requirements for users from different cultural

backgrounds is crucial for profitability and survival. In this research a cross cultural product design

survey was tested for its suitability and reliability.

Methods: A short review of the past cross cultural models such as Hofstede (1980), Hall (1973),

Trompenaars (1997) and Lee (2001) was conducted, as well as the pilot testing of Lee’s

quantitative cross cultural product design survey instrument and a pilot study involving 36

Malaysian undergraduate students were conducted. Reliability and suitability of survey instrument

were tested with Cronbach’s Alpha and Kolmogrov Smirnov analysis.

Results: Cronbach’s Alpha value for the overall survey instrument reliability was 0.387. Referring

to the val-ues for each scale in the survey instrument the highest Cronbach Alpha value was 0.499,

and the lowest was -0.135. Kolmogorov Smirnov test showed that for al-most all of the survey

items responses had a non-normal data distribution.

Conclusion: A cross cultural product design survey needs to be reliable and valid. In this study,

the proposed survey instrument showed poor reliability. Quantitative assessment method has yet

to prove itself their suitability in cross cultural product design research.

Keywords: Cross cultural, Product design, Trompenaars, Hofstede

Ergonomics Part 1

OP Room 2B-4

THE CAUSES AND THE IMPACTS OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AMONG

INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN PEKAN NANAS, JOHOR

*M.K.Loo1, Nor Sa’adah Abd Rahman2, Salmiah Mohamad Amin3

1Master Student Faculty of Management, Univesiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai

2Assoc. Prof. Faculty of Management, Univesiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai

3Prof. Faculty of Management, Univesiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai

*[email protected]

Objectives: (1) to measure sources of occupational stress among industrial workers in Pekan

Nanas, Johor, (2) to identify the impacts of occupational stress on industrial workers in Pekan

Nanas, Johor and (3) to determine the relation to individual differences (gender, age, marital status,

working experience, and working hours). Occupational stress affects the performance of workers

by reducing efficiency and productivity industrial.

Methods: The research will raw data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed accordingly

to research objectives.

Keywords: Occupational Stress, Sources of Occupational Stress, Impacts of Occupational Stress,

Health

Ergonomics Part 1

OP Room 2B-5

PREVALENCE OF WORK RELATED MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS

SYMPTOMS IN A CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

*Baba Md Deros1, Nor Kamaliana Khamis1, Darliana Mohamad1 and *Siti Fairus Mat Daud1

1Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia

*[email protected]

*[email protected]

Background: Nature of work in the construction industry is closely associated with many human

factor hazards. In this industry, normally construction workers are exposed to hand-arm vibration,

repetitive movements, holding of heavy loads and tools, frequent manual materials handling

hazards in their everyday tasks. Work related musculoskeletal disorders involves the nerves,

tendons, muscles and other sup-porting structures of the body are major problems faced by

construction workers.

Objectives: The two main objectives of this paper are to determine the risk factors, their

prevalence and association with muscular symptoms among construction workers. The two

research methodologies used were survey questionnaire and standardized Nordic questionnaire.

Methods: Sixty male construction workers aged between 17 to 50 years old took part in the study.

Their main tasks are bricklaying, skim coating, housekeeping and plastering.

Results: The study results shows 66.7% of the workers that took part in the study had shown high

prevalence of musculoskeletal problems symptoms at the elbow, writs/hand and ankle/feet.

Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that construction workers are highly exposed to the risk of

getting work related musculoskeletal disorders.

Keywords: Construction, Musculoskeletal disorders, Workers, Risk factors


Ergonomics Part 1

OP Room 2B-6

PERCEPTION STUDY ON ERGONOMICS PRACTICES AT MALAYSIAN QUARRY

AND MINING INDUSTRY

Norhidayah Mat Sout1, *Ahmad Rasdan Ismail1 and Norhidayah Abdull1

1Universiti Malaysia Pahang

*[email protected]

Background: Ergonomics can be viewed as an approach to decrease injury and illness rates and

to improve the overall working conditions for employees by addressing risk factor exposure that

may occur during manual task.

Objectives: The goals of this research are to analyze ergonomics risk factor by associating

physical environmental parameters in quarry and mining industry. An Ergonomics Risk

Assessment was used to determine the comparison analysis among quarry and mining industry in

Malaysia.

Result: The findings of this research prove that the exposure of ergonomics risk factors among

the workers is commonly in high risk.

Conclusion: As a conclusion, assessment of ergonomics in quarry and mining industries will be a

platform to provide a safe and healthy working environment.

Keywords: Ergonomic, Risk factor, Physical environmental parameter, Safety and health, Quarry

and mining

Ergonomics Part 1

OP Room 2B-7

BURDEN OF NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS AMONG MANUFACTURING

INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN MALAYSIA

*Noraita Tahir1, Syed Mohamed Aljunid1 and Jamal Hisham Hashim1

1United Nation University International Institute for Global Health, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the highest reported occupational disease

among industrial workers but there is scarcity of data on disease burden in Malaysia. This study

estimates the risks and burden of NIHL in manufacturing industries in Malaysia.

Methods: A cross-sectional industrial survey conducted by interviewing OSH practitioners at 26

industries categorized as food, tobacco, textile, wearing apparel, wood products except furniture,

paper, refined petroleum, chemicals, non-metallic mineral, basic metal, fabricated metal, motor

vehicle parts. The catchment population is imputed based on stratified sampling design involving

60% of workers diagnosed with NIHL

Results: A total of 18 industries exposed to noise level of 86-90dBA and 8 industries at more than

91dBA were identified. All industries provide regular awareness training and hearing protection

device to their workers but none of them implement attenuation, majority of them (81%) conduct

onsite audiometric test annually. In overall, the risk of NIHL and incidence per 100,000

manufacturing workers projected is 8% (139 new cases), the highest risk and incidence is 32%

(26) in motor vehicle parts industry; followed by 23% (1140 new cases) in tobacco industry and

23% (269 new cases) in fabricated metal industry. Male workers (89%) were exposed to a greater

risk compared to female (11%). It was estimated that 103,000 workers were potentially affected

by NIHL in Malaysia.

Conclusion: NIHL is a major burden among industrial workers in Malaysia. Implementation of

effective hearing conservation program and self-enforcement of noise regulations by the employer

could potentially reduce the burden.

Keywords: Noise, Hearing loss, Manufacturing, Malaysia

Ergonomics Part 1

OP Room 2B-8

COMPUTER MODELLING OF OIL PALM PLANTATION FRUIT BUNCH

COLLECTOR JOB USING CATIA ERGONOMIC FEATURE

*Muhammad Luthfi Norzan1, Shahriman Abu Bakar1, Shamsul. B.M.T.2, B.M. Deros.3,

A.S.Rambely4, Khairunizam Wan1, Ng Y.G.2, Mohd Afendi1, E.M. Cheng1, Shafriza N.B1,

S.K.Zaaba.1

1 School of Mechatronic Engineering,

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

2 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health,

Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,

Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang

3 Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi Selangor

4 Department of Mathematical Sciences,

Faculty of Science and Technology,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi Selangor

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: This article discuss about determining the postural and biomechanical risks of oil

palm collector job using CATIA software’s ergonomic feature.

Methods: Postures of the related activity are simulated based on activity sequence; lifting

wheelbarrow, starting to push, maintain movement of wheelbarrow, stop and lowering the

wheelbarrow. The analyses that are done are Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and

biomechanics single action analysis.

Results: The results for RULA shows that for certain tasks, the posture itself may be acceptable

but as the load increases, so does the risk to musculoskeletal system. As for the biomechanics

single action analysis, increase of load shows increase of L4-L5 moment and compression force.

Keywords: Ergonomic, CATIA, RULA, Oil Palm, Computer Modelling

Ergonomics Part 1

PP Room 2B-9

THE EFFECT OF BACKPACK LOAD AND PLACEMENT ON POSTURAL

DEVIATION IN HEALTHY SCHOOL CHILDREN.

Abdul M.A.1,Rachael M.D.2,& Shapour J.3

1UiTM Puncak Alam, Malaysia

2Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Primary Health Care, Monash University,

Australia.

3Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary Health Care, Monash University, Australia.

*[email protected]

Introduction: Carrying heavy backpacks by children and the position of the backpack on the spine

have become an issue of interest to policy makers and researchers over the last decade. The

objective of this study was to investigate the effect of backpack load and placement on postural

deviation while standing upright.

Method: A repeated measures study was conducted on 8 school children in Australia using

convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria were school children aged between 6 and 12 years old,

free from any musculoskeletal disease or disorder, able to stand upright and happy to wear bike

shorts and tight t-shirts. Outcome measures used were angles at trunk, neck, gaze, head on neck,

lower limb, tragus, acromion and pelvic. There were nine experimental conditions which

comprises the combinations of three backpack loads (5%, 10% or 15% BW) and three placements

on back (T7, T12 or L3). Photographs of sagittal and frontal plane were taken during unloaded and

experimental conditions. Postural angles were measured using the UTHSCSA Image Tool

software. Differences in postural angles between conditions were determined using repeated

measures ANOVA.

Results: There were significant differences at all angles while carrying 10% and 15% BW load

compared to unloaded condition. The centre of gravity of backpack positioned at T7 produced the

largest postural deviation at all angles compared to T12 and L3.

Conclusion: Primary school students should avoid placing 10% BW load and above at T7 in order

to reduce postural deviation that may contribute to backpack related musculoskeletal problem.

Keywords: Backpack, School children, Load limit, Load placement

Ergonomics Part 1

PP Room 2B-10

Abstract

Keywords:

Ergonomics Part 1

PP Room 2B-11

Abstract

Keywords:

Ergonomics Part II (Session room 4)

OP Room 4A-1

OPTIMIZED MANUAL LIFTING CONDITION AMONGST EMPLOYEES USING AN

ERGONOMICS GUIDELINES: A CASE STUDY

Khamis, N.K.1, Deros, B.M.2, Abdul Aziz, F.3 and Md. Saad, M.H.4

1, 2, 4 Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built

Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia.

3 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia,43400

Serdang, Malaysia.

*[email protected]

**[email protected]

Background: Assessment on working posture during manual lifting is very important to ensure

the task is safe. Lifting task is acceptable if it can satisfy certain ergonomic requirements.

Objectives: This paper presents an evaluation of three major manual lifting tasks performed by

workers in the printing factory.

Methods: A semi structured interview was conducted with six workers performing three major

lifting tasks to gather information regarding their body regions discomfort. Then, a sample of each

type of lifting task was recorded and analyzed using Vision Assisted Anthropometric Measurement

Systems (VAAMS) and manual calculation by using Manual Lifting Task Analysis Chart.

Results: The results from VAAMS and Manual Lifting Task Analysis Chart showed the manual

workers experiencing discomforts at many parts of their body regions. Based on the case study

findings, the authors had proposed many improvements to control the stressors related to manual

lifting. They included modifications of the weight of the object lifted, improvement of hand to

object coupling, manipulation of horizontal and vertical distance, reduction in the lifting frequency

rate, reduction in the angle of symmetry, work duration and physical changes in the layout of the

job as well as safety factor.

Conclusion: In conclusion, NIOSH Lifting Equation parameters, and Task, Individual, Load and

Environment (TILE) concept and ergonomics guidelines are the main foundation to improve the

working posture during performing manual lifting.

Keywords: Working posture, Printing company, Manual lifting, NIOSH Lifting Equation



OP Room 4A-2

ASSESSMENT OF WHOLE BODY VIBRATION EXPOSURE AMONG

MOTORCYCLIST IN MALAYSIA: A PRELIMINARY STUDY.

*Nor Kamaliana K1., Mohd Z.N.1, Baba M. D.1 & Darliana M.1

1Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built

Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Motorcyclists are road users that highly exposed to whole body vibration (WBV)

that may contribute to body discomfort and fatigue that eventually will lead to road accidents and

injuries.

Objectives: The two main objectives of this study are to identify the body parts that experience

discomfort among motorcyclist and to understand the vibration exposure effect on different road

types.

Methods: The experiment was conducted on two different types of roads: tarmac road and pave

road within a speed limit of 20-40 m/s2.

Results: Results of the study showed that the motorcyclist usually experienced body discomfort

at lower back, upper back, wrist, buttock and neck area. In addition, there is a vibration felt by the

motorcyclist but not on the degree of causing pain but a prolonged exposure to this vibration may

induce discomfort and injuries.

Keywords: Whole body vibration, Motorcyclist, Vibration dose, r.m.s frequency-weighted

acceleration.


OP Room 4A-3

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EXTREME HEAT EXPOSURE AND ACUTE

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE AMONG STEEL MILL WORKERS

*Nurul Atikah Che Hasan1, **Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin1, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail1

and Ahmad Makmom Abdullah1

1Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

*[email protected]

**[email protected]

Background: Occupational heat stress is a well-known physical hazard that affected the workers

in industry. Steel plant is one of the industries that produce high exposure of thermal heat.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the association between extreme heat

exposure and acute physiological changes among workers in steel mill.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 steel mill workers through purposive

sampling method. The wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index was used to measure the

environmental temperature. The adapted questionnaires pertaining to demographic data, working

history, medical history and acute health symptoms experienced. The physiological change

including blood pressure, body core temperature and heart rate were recorded before and after of

work shift. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 20.The record WBGT ranged from 23.9°C

to 36.8°C with an average value of 27.82°C.

Results: A paired t test showed a significant decrease in body core temperature and also heart rate

between the time after end of the work and before start the work shift (p value>0.001). The systolic

blood pressure showed a significant increases after end of work when compared to before start the

work shift (p=0.001). A high prevalence of acute health symptoms were heat fatigue (91.7%), heat

exhaustion (70.0%), and dizziness (56.7%).

Conclusion: Changes in environmental temperature significantly affect the worker’s

physiological response and health as well.

Keywords: Heat stress, Physiological change, Steel mill



OP Room 4A-4

WORK POSTURE ANALYSIS USING RULA IN AN AUTOMOTIVE

MANUFACTURING PLANT IN SELANGOR

*Noor Sazarina, M.I.Y1,2, Baba, M.D2, Mazrura, S1, Ahmad Rasdan, I3

1Environmental Health and Industrial Safety Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti

Kebangsaan Malaysia.


Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

3Faculty of Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang.

*[email protected]

Background: In an industrial setting, workers always involved with manual material handling

activities such as pushing, pulling, carrying and lifting. These activities combined with extreme

and strenuous working posture and movement can lead to the occurrence of work-related

musculoskeletal disorders among workers.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the strenuous working posture of workers

performing manual material handling at an automotive industry.

Method: Video of work task performed was recorded and picture captured from the video was

analyzed using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) sheet.

Results: For the stamping process, the RULA analysis showed that 20.8% of work task performed

by workers had final score of 7 which will require immediate control measures. Most of the

stamping work task scored 3&4 with 40.3% which will require further investigation. While 16.7%

had a total score of 5&6 which will require control measures soonest possible, and 22.2% are in

an acceptable work posture with total score of 1&2. In the assembly process, none of the work task

was found to be in an acceptable range, 61.9% had final score of 3&4. While 33.3% scored 5&6

and only 4.8% score 7. Our findings indicate that most of the work task posture in the assembly

and stamping process are at low risk.

Conclusion: However, further investigation and control measures are required to reduce workers

from the exposure of strenuous work posture.

Keywords: Musculoskeletal Disorders, work task, Manual Material Handling (MMH), Rapid

Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), automotive industry


OP Room 4A-5

EVALUATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AMONG OIL PALM FRESH

FRUIT BUNCHES HARVESTERS USING RULA

*Nurainaa K.1, Baba M.D.1 & Ezrin H.S.1


*[email protected]

Background: Agricultural workers are frequently exposed on discomfort and pain during work

which leads to common health problems such as Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorder

(WMSD).

Objective: This article investigates the prevalence of (WMSD) among oil palm fresh fruit bunches

(FFB) harvesters. A face-to-face structured interview was conducted with the FFB harvesters in

order to collect data on prevalence of WMSD among them. In addition, video recording on five

FFB harvesters were taken while they are performing their work. The harvester’s postures are

being analyzed using the Rapid Upper Arm Assessment (RULA) method in order to investigate

on the upper limb extremities.

Results: Result obtained by RULA analysis showed that 80% of the FFB harvesters have scored

7 while performing their work which indicates that postural change must be made immediately.

Meanwhile, another 20% of FFB harvesters have scored 5, which indicates that a postural change

must be made quickly. Another major factor that contributes to high prevalence of WMSD among

FFB harvesters is repetitive action while doing their work.

Keywords: WMSD, FFB, RULA, Harvesters



OP Room 4A-6

EFFECT OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM WITH CLINICAL TRAINING ON

REDUCING OF WORK RELATED LOW BACK PAIN AMONG MALAYSIAN

NURSES WORKING AT HOSPITAL UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA.

Samer Khader Alnawajha1, Wan Aasim Wan Adnan2, Mohd Nazhari Mohd Nawi3,*Che Rabiaah

Mohamed1

1Degree Programme in Nursing

2BRAINetwork Centre for Neurocognitive Science

3Environmental and Occupational Health Programme School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains

Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Nursing is an occupation associated with high risk of developing low back pain

(LBP) due to its nature of work practices.

Objective: The main aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of a program designed to reduce LBP

among Malaysian nurses working at Hospital University Sains Malaysia (HUSM).

Methods: 70 nurses from HUSM had suffered episodes of LBP for at least six months were

enlisted in the study. Participants were randomly divided into a control group (n=35) and an

intervention group (n=35). The intervention program was administered once a week for four weeks

and involved a set of educational component with clinical training stressing on ergonomic aspect

and body mechanics. All participants answered structured questionnaire, prevalence, intensity and

duration of pain were assessed before and after the program.

Results: There was statistically significant decrease in the frequency of LBP in the intervention

group (p<0.001). There was also a reduction in pain severity score (p>0.001), days experienced of

LBP (p>0.01) and duration of LBP (p=0.025). The results suggest that an educational program

emphasizing on clinical training can reduce work related LBP significantly among nurses.

Keywords: Low back pain, Educational Program, Nurses


OP Room 4A-7

COMFORTABLE DRIVER’S CAR SEAT FIT PARAMETER BASED ON MALAYSIAN

ANTHROPOMETRICS DATA

*Darliana Mohamad1, Baba Md Deros1, Dian Darina Indah Daruis2, Norhidayah Fathirah Ramli1

and Ezrin Hani Sukadarin1


2Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Previous study found that driving posture discomfort can contribute to physical

harms such as musculoskeletal disorder (MSDs), lumbar pain and visual fatigue.

Objectives: The two main objectives of this study are to identify the awareness level of their body

parts from driving and then to propose suitable car seat fit dimensions design for Malaysian

population.

Methods: The research methodologies used were the collection of 62 parameters of

anthropometric data involving 1312 respondents and subjective evaluation using survey

questionnaire involving 136 respondents. The anthropometric data were measured and recorded in

data sheet before being transferred into computerised anthropometric database. The data was

analysed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel software in order to achieve answer to both objectives.

For the objective evaluation, the respondents were first briefed on the survey questions content

which comprise of personal information, driving activities and their perception on comfort and

discomfort during driving based on 5-point Likert scale.

Results: It was found the suitable and comfortable dimensions of driver’s seat for Malaysian

population for the backrest width is 480 mm, 646 mm for backrest height, 503 mm for cushion

width and 381 mm for cushion length. Analysis of the subjective evaluation revealed that the

drivers were aware on the importance of correct and safe driving posture, but they lack of

knowledge and exposure to practice the correct posture. Therefore, a guideline was proposed to

obtain correct and safe driving posture for Malaysian drivers.

Conclusion: The results obtained and discussed in this study can be used as a baseline reference

for Malaysian car drivers and automotive manufacturers in providing more comfortable and safe

driver’s car seat.

Keywords: Ergonomics, Car seat, Driving posture, Anthropometry, Fit parameter, Comfort


OP Room 4A-8

NOISE FROM ROAD TRAFFIC AT NIGHT - A CASE STUDY IN DUNGUN

*Daruis, D.D.I1, Awang, N.W.2, Deros, B.M.3 and Ismail, A.R.4

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional

Malaysia, Kem Sg. Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur

2 Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu

3 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi

4 Universiti Malaysia Pahang

* [email protected]

Background: Sound produced by the passing traffic resulted as noise pollution which affects the

residents of both city and suburban area. The noise produced not only disturbed the community

live nearby the main road in the afternoon, even worse it disturbed them at night. The purpose of

the study is to investigate the perception of the residents nearby, measure the noise level produced

at night in the residence area, and to investigate the whole body vibration caused by the traffic

along Jalan Paka, Dungun, Terengganu.

Methods: A subjective assessment was conducted to the residents nearby to find out on their

perception and impacts of the noise faced by them. Questionnaires were developed to carried out

the study. The data of noise level and vibration produced at night in the residence area were taken

in three different locations. A comparison of noise level and vibration value was made based on

the distance and standard as prescribed by WHO and JAS.

Results: This study shows that from 114 respondents who were selected randomly, 61 % feels that

their residence is noisy at night. The noise level inside and outside of the residence exceeds the

noise level permitted by JAS and WHO. The noise level in the residence was 66.4 dBA exceeding

by 16.4 dBA of noise level standards proposed by DOE . While the highest value measured LAeq

in residence is 57.5 dBA which is exceeded by 22.5 dBA of noise levels recommended by the

WHO for the domestic at night . The maximum noise level inside the residence area can reach up

to 85.3 dBA at night during weekend. The furthest residence from the main road, the least of noise

would be produced in the residence and it is reduce noise in the home by 19%. However, whole

body vibration levels measured do not cause disturbance to the residents of the site of less than

0.15m/s.

Conclusion: The noise produced by traffic of Jalan Paka Dungun at night are considerably high

and affects the resident’s quality of life.

Keywords: Traffic noise, night noise, subjective assesment,


PP Room 4A-9

EFFECTS OF AIR TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY AND LIGHTING ON WORKERS’

COMFORT AND HEALTH IN CALL CENTRE DEPARTMENT

Nor Ruslan, N.F1, *Zakaria, S.E2, Malik, N.F3, Kardi, R4, and Osman, R5

1Metek Kitamura (M) Sdn. Bhd, PT 1461, Senawang Industrial Estate, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan

2, 3,4,5 Consist College, Ground Floor, MZH Centre, Lot 330, Batu 8, Jalan Ulu Kelang, Ampang,

Selangor

*[email protected]

Introduction: A call centre is a centralized office used for the purpose of receiving and

transmitting a large volume of requests by telephone. The major contributors to job stress are poor

environments due to temperature, humidity and lighting.

Objective: This research is to determine the effects of air temperature, humidity and lighting

between genders and ages among workers. These data were combined to estimate the exposure

level by using statistical analysis.

Methods: 30 measurements were taken at 10 different locations during 9.00 a.m, 12.00 p.m and

5.00 p.m. 40 respondents participated in the survey conducted to identify the exposure and

symptoms or other health related problems among the workers.

Results: The study indicated that the mean value recorded for temperature at 9.00 a.m was 25.4oC,

for temperature at 12.00 p.m was 23.8oC and mean for temperature at 5.00 p.m was 23.4oC. While

for humidity, the mean value for humidity at 9.00 a.m is 58.98 (RH %), at 12.00 p.m is 57.84 (RH

%) and the last reading which is for humidity at 5 pm is 60.20 (RH %). The mean value for the

lighting is 278.9 lux during 9.00 a.m and 282.7 lux for the mean at 12.00 p.m and mean results

during 5.00 p.m shows 280.4 lux.

Conclusion: The findings indicated that there is no significant difference between gender and ages

towards the effect of the temperature, humidity and lighting on the workers’ health.

Keywords: Air Temperature, Humidity, Lighting, Workers Comfort



PP Room 4A-10

Abstract

Keywords:


PP Room 4A-11

Abstract

Keywords:

Human behavioral and environmental health

OP Room 6A-1

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT TO DETERMINE SANITATION

RISK AREA IN JEMBER DISTRICT IN SUPPORTING MILLENNIUM

DEVELOPMENT GOALS

*Khoiron1, Sugeng Catur Wibowo2

1Faculty of Public Health, University of Jember, Indonesia

2Health Office of Jember Regency

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe

disposal of urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is the major cause of disease throughout the

world and sanitation is known to have a positive impact on health both within the household and

in society in general. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the ability to maintain hygienic conditions,

through garbage collection and disposal of wastewater services. One purpose of Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs) is Inaccessibility of sanitation services. Environmental Health Risk

Assessment (EHRA) is a district-level participative survey aimed to determine the condition of

sanitation infrastructure, health / hygiene, as well as the behavior of the community that can be

utilized for the development of sanitation and advocacy programs at the district level to the village.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the sanitation risk area in Jember.

Methods: Number of samples in the study of EHRA is 2000 respondents spread in 50 villages in

7 sub-districts, divided into 3 clusters. Sampling is done by cluster random sampling system.

Results: The results showed that risk areas affected by these factors: 1) Household Waste

Management, 2) Domestic Wastewater Disposal, 3) Environmental Drainage Around The House

and Flooding, 4) Water Resources, 5) Hygiene Behavior, 6) Diarrhea Cases.

Conclusions: There are 7 villages at very high risk, 14 villages at high risk, 27 villages at moderate

risk, and 2 villages are not at risk.

Keywords: EHRA, Sanitation, Risk area, MDG


OP Room 6A-2

PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING INTENTIONS

AMONG NON-SMOKING AND SMOKING ADOLESCENTS IN KOTA TINGGI

DISTRICT, JOHOR, MALAYSIA.

*Lim KH1, Sumarni MG2, Kee CC2, Lim KK1, Lim HL2, Yeo LY1, Fiona Goh SC3, Teh CH1,

Chan YY1, Normala I4, Amal NM2.

1Institute of Public Health, Jalan Bangsar, 50590, Kuala Lumpur. 2Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50599. Kuala Lumpur. 3Faculty of Health life Sciences, Management and Science University, Persiaran

Olahraga,40100,Shah Alam., Selangor. 4Psychiatric Department, University Putra Malaysia, 43300, Serdang, Selangor

*[email protected]

Background: Intention to smoke is a valid and reliable factor for predicting future smoking habits

among adolescents. However, it receives inadequate attention in Malaysia.

Objective: Therefore, this paper aims to elaborate the prevalence and factors associated with intent

to initiate and cease smoking among non-smoker and smoker adolescents in Kota Tinggi District,

Johor, Malaysia.

Methods: A total of 2300 secondary school students aged 13-16 years were selected through two-

stage stratified sampling method. A set of standardized questionnaire was used to assess the

smoking behavior among adolescents and the interpersonal and intrapersonal factor/s associated

with smoking intention (intention to initiate smoking and cease smoking). Multivariable logistic

regression was used to identify factor(s) that relate to smoking intention.

Results: The prevalence of intention to smoke in the future among non-smoking adolescents and

to cease smoking among current smokers were 10.7% and 61.7% respectively. Having friends who

smoke, high instrumental value toward smoking habit, poor knowledge about the health effects

due to smoking showed significant relationship with intention to smoke in the future among non-

smokers. Higher perceived peer prevalence of smoking, lower instrumental value and higher

knowledge of health effects due to smoking were factors associated with the intention to cease

smoking in the future among the current smokers. The study found that prevalence of intention to

initiate smoking is low among non-smokers while majority of current smokers’ intent to cease

smoking in the future.

Conclusion: The authors recommend to integrate results from this study into the existing anti-

smoking programmes and activities with the hope to reduce prevalence of smoking among

adolescents in the future.

Keywords: Intention to smoke, Adolescents, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal



OP Room 6A-3

DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN

BOTTLED DRINKING WATER

*A.T. Herath1, C.L. Abayasekara1, R. Chandrajith2, N.K.B. Adikaram1

1Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

2Department of Geology, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

*[email protected]

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a food and water borne opportunistic pathogen

constitutes a health risk to the general public and should be free from water used for consumption.

Objective: The objective of the current study was the detection and identification of P. aeruginosa

in bottled drinking water samples sold in Sri Lanka.

Methods: Thirty six bottled water brands were collected randomly from local markets. P.

aeruginosa was detected by the membrane filtration technique, using cetrimide agar supplemented

with 15 mg/L of nalidixic acid. 186 presumptive P. aeruginosa isolates were subjected to

confirmatory tests using ISO 16266:2006 method. In addition, the isolates were grown at 4 °C and

42 °C. Forty seven selected isolates were subjected to the API 20NE identification system while

molecular identification was carried out for 3 selected isolates.

Results: The results indicated that 18 (50 %) brands tested were contaminated with P. aeruginosa.

ISO procedures confirmed 108 isolates as P. aeruginosa. Out of 186 isolates, 135 grew at 42 °C

while none of the isolates grew at 4 °C. Thirty nine isolates were confirmed as P. aeruginosa by

the API 20NE identification system, and DNA sequencing further confirmed the isolates to be P.

aeruginosa. The presence of P. aeruginosa, in bottled water raises health concerns since P.

aeruginosa is an indicator of vulnerability of water.

Conclusion: Therefore, strict regulations and regular monitoring of bottling plants are

recommended in order to supply safe and acceptable bottled drinking water to the Sri Lankan

market.

Keywords: Bottled water, Cetrimide agar, Pseudomonas aeruginosa


OP Room 6A-4

ANALYSIS OF THE PERCEPTION OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT IN MINING

AND QUARRY SECTOR TOWARDS SAFE AND HEALTHY WORKING

ENVIRONMENT

*Nur Azlina Abd Rahman1 and Ahmad Rasdan Ismail1

1 Faculty of Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia

* [email protected]

Background: The occurrence of occupational accidents and incidents are increased in parallel of

growth of the industries such as mining and quarry.

Objective: The main objective of this study is to analyze data on the perception of occupational

accident in the mining and quarry sector in Malaysia.

Methods: The data were collected and were examined from the questionnaires on the level

perception of accident investigation in mining and quarry sector. Statistics reported by the

Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) were also be reviewed.

Results: The findings of this study prove that, the level of perception of workers towards

occupational accident issues in mining and quarry sector is still in moderate level which is the

mean was 3.28. Besides that, most of them shows that they are agree on any accident occurrence

in their workplace which is about 51.7% and 25.9% of them are totally agree. Only 1.7% of them

did not aware on any accident occurrence in their workplace.

Conclusion: Employers and employees must have the responsibilities to prevent accident by adapt

to the health and safety practices in the workplace.

Keywords: Occupational accident; Accident prevention; Safety; Mining; Quarry.


OP Room 6A-5

EVALUATING TEMPERATURE OF PAVEMENT MATERIALS FOR

TEMPERATURE REDUCTION IN PUTRAJAYA

*Rezvan Sadat Benrazavi1, Kamariah Binti Dola1, Mohd Fairuz Shahidan1,

Asraf Abdul Rahman1, Nour Sadat Benrazavi1

1Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Design and architecture, University Putra

Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: The rapid urbanization is known as the global phenomenon as a result of human

progress that change current and prototype of living with modern style results in heated urban areas

compare to their rural surrounds. This effect is called Urban Heat Island (UHI) that reshapes

natural temperature of certain built areas as compared to surrounding areas. As cities are paved by

materials, this last touchable and visible part of each building, street, sidewalks and so on has a

crucial part in determining the temperature of living area. As a matter of fact, by using ‘cool

materials’ with higher albedo and less absorption of sun radiates, the surfaces maintain cooler and

radiate less heat to ambient which result in better air quality and temperature reduction.

Objective: This study attempts to evaluate the sustainability and impact of materials used in

outdoor urban spaces in order to contribute improvement for surface temperature in Putrajaya. The

aim of this paper is to find possibility to identify and assess the cool materials for controlling

thermal condition of urban pavements.

Methods: In such case, the current materials of Persiaran Perdana are chosen to study and

document thermal behavior of these materials during both day and night to recommend better

functional pavement materials for future development. Such cool materials can influence the

thermal effect of rapid urbanization, and decrease side effects of Urban Heat Island in Putrajaya.

Keywords: Pavement materials, Putrajaya, Urban Heat Island


OP Room 6A-6

THE EFFECTS MUSCLE ACTIVITES AT CONSTANT ILLUMINANCE WITH

MULTIPLE TEMPERATURES FOR RUBBER SCRAP INDUSTRIES

*Che Mohammad Nizam1, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail1, Ong Pit Wah1, Ahmad Fauzi Awang2,

Rosnizawati Bharom2

1Faculty of Technology Management, University Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300

Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia

2Department of Occupational Safety and Health Jalan Gambut, Wisma Persekutuan, 25000

Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.

*[email protected]

Background: In the industrial sector, most workers perform repetitive loading and unloading

loads tasks which major contribute to muscle fatigue to workers thus affect the their performance.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of muscle activity associated

with ergonomic parameters which are illuminance and temperature through the task of loading and

unloading the load in the rubber industry in Malaysia.

Methods: This study was conducted in the actual workplace and laboratory simulations involving

the use of measuring temperature and illuminance. Meanwhile, a total of six respondents were

selected and fitted with Electromyography (EMG) for muscle fatigue measurement on the right

and left body side of employees. The data collected is analyzed to find out the correlation

relationship within right body and left body.

Results: From the study, the dominant temperature 24°C is most suitable temperature level for the

workers to perform their task while illuminance setting 200 lux has slightly effects on muscle

fatigue.

Keywords: Illuminance, Temperature, Muscle Activities, Muscle Fatigue, Electromyography


PP Room 6A-7

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SAFETY CLIMATE PERCEPTION, JOB

SATISFACTION AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY HEALTH MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM WITH ACCIDENT AT SMALL MEDIUM INDUSTRIES IN SELANGOR

*Mohamed, N.1, Tamrin, S.B.M2, Zainuddin, H.3 and Karupannan, S.4

1Environment and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University

Putra Malaysia 2Environment and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti

Putra Malaysia 3Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 4Environmental Health and Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA

*[email protected]

Background: Safety climate perception among workers is believed effective ways to predict

occupational accident at workplace. In addition, job satisfaction study also has been acknowledged

as important factor that affect occupational accident. Despite all, the recent trend of occupational

accident prevention is by implementing occupational safety health management system at the

organization.

Objective: To facilitate the expansion of current theoretical perspectives in this research area, this

research attempts to improve our understanding of safety climate perception, job satisfaction and

occupational safety health management system practices with regard to improve safety

performance of the organization.

Methods: A quantitative approach using a cross sectional design was employed for data collection

purpose. Safety audit checklist and self-administered questionnaire were used for data collection.

The results were based on 7 small medium manufacturing industries in Shah Alam and Kuala

Langat, Selangor. The response rate was 86 percent (N=237).

Results: The findings of this study revealed that there was a significant relationship between safety

climate perception, job satisfaction and occupational safety health management system with

occupational accident at the organization (p<0.05). The findings also revealed that after controlling

for socio-demographic data and working, only safety climate perception and occupational safety

health management system have significant predictor for occupational accident with assisted of

young workers and older workers.

Conclusion: Overall, the finding has improved to understanding of safety cli-mate perception, job

satisfaction and occupational safety health management impacts and its influence to occupational

accident at the organization.

Keywords: Safety climate perception, Job satisfaction, Occupational safety health management

system, Occupational accident


PP Room 6A-8

WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES IN AN EXPORT PROCESSING

ZONE IN SRI LANKA

S.M Arnold1, *Sameera Senanayake2, C.J. Denawaka3 and N.C. Pallewatta4

1Infectious Disease Hospital, Sri Lanka

2Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka

3Medical Officer of Health, Biyagama

4National Programme for Control of TB & Chest Disease, Sri Lanka

*[email protected]

Background: Export Processing Zones (EPZ) are industrial zones where a large number of

workers are employed in factories where manufacturing takes place for export. Being a developing

country majority of workplaces in Sri Lanka consists of many hazards.

Objective: To identify the occupational health services provided to Export Processing Zone

workers

Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study, using an interviewer administered questionnaire and

a factory inspecting checklist was conducted in the Biyagama EPZ. A total of 69 work units in 25

factories were inspected using the checklist. The interviewer administered questionnaire was

administered to 100 randomly selected workers.

Results: Of the 25 factories 92.0% were medium scale factories. Employees were trained in safety

procedures in 88.0% of the factories while 40.0% of the factories had a qualified nurse at the

factory premises. Routine pre-employment medical examination had been done only in 40.0% of

the factories while periodical medical examinations were done in 72.0% of the factories. Of the 69

work units inspected, 74.0% had safe individual work stations. However, 85.5% of the units had

protruding objects in the premises which were prone for accidents. Personal Protective Equipment

(PPE) was available in adequate quantities only in 26.0% of the units. Of the 100 workers

interviewed, 35.0% stressed the need to further minimize occupational hazards in the factories.

Conclusion: Occupational health services provided to workers need much improvement to protect

the health of the large number of workers employed in EPZ.

Keywords: Export Processing Zone, Occupational Health Services, Occupational Hazards


Hygiene And Industrial Safety (Session Room 3)

OP Room 3B-1

METAL WORKERS: EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS AND NOISE CAUSED BY USING

INAPPROPRIATE SAFETY MEASURES

*Karin R.1 and Lea P.1

1Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Working with metals is a common part of industry various manufacturing

processes and maintenance of production equipment involve metal work (welding, polishing,

cutting, die cutting).

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to per-form quality assessment for welding and

cutting workplaces; to find out the avail-ability of safety measures against noise and hazardous

chemicals in workplace air and to determine the usage of those safety measures. Portable FTIR

spectrometer was used for sampling of welding fumes, TES 1358 sound analyzer with 1/3 octave

band was used to measure the equivalent sound pressure and the noise frequency spectra. Semi-

structured interviews and anonymous questionnaires were used to find out employees’ and

employers’ habits.

Methods: The measurements showed that the main chemicals that reach welders’ breathing zone

are nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone and metals (manganese, iron). In some

workplaces where the local ventilation was not installed or inefficient, the concentration of

chemicals exceeded the occupational exposure levels. The noise level were often above the

European occupational exposure levels (87 dB(A)).

Results: The results of questionnaires showed that 57% of employees provided and only 41% of

welders used respiratory protectors against hazardous welding fumes. Ear plugs or muffs were

distributed to 88% of workers, but only 53% of metal workers actually wore them. Many of the

metal workers have experienced ill-health what they think may be connected with the poor

working conditions at the workplaces - 24% of respondents claimed that they have experienced

upper respiratory diseases or irritation, 77% of welders admitted that they have suffered eye

irritation and 6% complained about noise-induced hearing impairment.

Conclusion: Several recommendations were given to enterprises in order to tackle occupational

hazards effectively.

Keywords: Occupational Health, Working Conditions, Chemical Hazards, Noise, Metal

Workers


OP Room 3B-2

HEALTH STATUS, OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE & SAFETY PRACTICES AMONG

FEMALE WORKERS IN BANGLADESH: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON

SELECTED BAKING INDUSTRIES

A.K. Obidul Huq1*, H.N.M. Ekramul Mahmud2 and K.M. Formuzul Haque3

1Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh,

Tangail-1902, Bangladesh. 3Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.

*[email protected]

Introduction: A cross sectional survey was carried out among the randomly selected 384 female

workers from different baking industries located in Dhaka and Tangail regions in Bangladesh to

determine their working conditions, occupational hygiene and safety practices, and, dietary

behavior and nutritional status. Methods: A well designed semi structured questionnaire was

developed and pretested for the data collection regarding industrial and personal hygiene, safety

precautions measured during working period, food frequency questionnaire and anthropometric

measurements. Results: Apparently, housing infrastructure, surrounding wall and floor,

circumstances of the machine, packaging, sealing and storage room of selected factories were in

good condition, but occupational hygiene and safety practices were not at highly satisfactory level.

About 33% of all respondents complained about the machine room conjested, 27% narrow

packaging and sealing room while 37% unhealthy storage areas. Toilet facilities of the workers

were also not of satisfactory level as every 20 female workers needed one toilet according to FDA

regulations. Only two industries (33.3%) were found abided by this regulation. Again, workers of

two industries complained about not having proper fire and accident prevention facilities.

Although all the industries have been monitoring the system about personnel hygiene practices but

when observed on these personal hygiene such as taking bath with soap and water daily, brushing

teeth daily, wearing clean and adequate clothing and washing hands frequently and properly, then

it was found that about 40% of the workers were not strictly following all these parameters.

Moreover, all the workers and supervisory staff were not using aprons, caps, gloves, masks at their

mandetory sections. Survey shows that only 37% strictly maintained, 47% occationally and 16%

rarely maintained. Socio-demographic result showed that the mean age of the respondents was

between 21.7 to 24.1 years, monthly family income and expenditure of foods were between 3,704

to 6,560 Taka and 3,436 to 5222 Taka, respectively [1US$= 78 Taka. at December 2013] with

family size of 3-6 persons. The nutritional status of the respondents were very poor as 59% of all

workers were suffering from various degrees of Chronic Energy Deficiencies (CED) i.e.

prevalence of CED3, CED2 and CED1 were 8.3%, 14.8% and 35.9% respectively. About three

quarters of the workers were suffering from different diseases for the last 30 days morbidity

pattern. Food frequency questionnaire analysis found that their diet were highly monotonous, i.e.

almost all of the workers used to take rice three times daily with little amount of meat, fish, egg or

pulses. It was also observed that nutritional status of the workers significantly related to their

expenditure of the foods and working loads (p<0.05, χ2- test). Conclusion: The currently available

food safety tools and system was adapted by the industries and concurrently ensure the sufficient

wages for workers since healthy workforce is needed for sustainable industrial development in any

national or global level.

Keywords: Industrial female workers, Occupational hygiene, Safety practices, Dietary behavior,

CED


OP Room 3B-3

NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF ARSENIC EXPOSURE FROM

GROUNDWATER AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN KANDAL

PROVINCE, CAMBODIA

*Sao V.1, 2 and **Jamal H.H. 1

1United Nations University – International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Management, Royal University of Agriculture,

Phnom Penh, Cambodia

*[email protected]

** [email protected]

Introduction: This study is a cross-sectional epidemiological study performed to assess the effects

of arsenic exposures on the neurobehavioral performance of school children, as a result of

consuming arsenic contaminated groundwater in Kandal province, Cambodia.

Methods: The research was carried out in three sites with different arsenic levels in Kandal

province, Cambodia. Kampong Kong Commune in Koh Thom District was selected as a heavily

arsenic contaminated site (300-500 ppb), Svay Romeit Commune in Khsach Kandal District was

selected as a moderately arsenic contaminated site (50-300ppb) and Anlong Romeit Commune in

Kandal Stueng District was selected as a control site. Neurobehavioral tests on the three exposure

groups were conducted using the WHO neurobehavioral core test battery. Seven neurobehavioral

tests including Digit Symbol, Digit Span, Santa Ana Manual Dexterity, Benton Visual Retention,

Pursuit Aiming, Trail Making and Simple Reaction Time were applied.

Results: The results of neurobehavioral testing on the three exposure groups show that there were

significant differences (p < 0.05) in the results for Digit Symbol, Digit Span, Benton Visual

Retention, Pursuit Aiming, Trail Making and Simple Reaction Time, but not for Santa Ana Manual

Dexterity test (p = 0.61). The mean academic scores of the secondary school children among the

different exposure groups were also significantly different (p < 0.05), respectively.

Conclusion: In conclusion, neurobehavioral testing is a useful assessment tool in detecting arsenic

neurotoxicity from the consumption of arsenic contaminated groundwater, and that arsenic

exposure in Cambodia is affecting children’s neurobehavioral performance.

Keywords: Arsenic, Groundwater, Secondary school children, Neurobehavioral testing,

Cambodia.


OP Room 3B-4

EXAMINING NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE IN

WORKERS INVOLVED IN MOSQUITO CONTROL IN MALAYSIA

*Yusof, M.Z1, Semple, S1, Cherrie, J2 and Samsuddin, N3

1University of Aberdeen: Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, Division of Applied Health Sciences,

University of Aberdeen, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Westburn Road, Aberdeen AB25

2ZD, UK

2Institute of Occupational Medicine: Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edin-burgh, EH14 4AP,

UK

3International Islamic University Malaysia: Department of Community Medicine, Kulliyyah of

Medicine, IIUM, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Introduction: Pesticides are widely used in the agricultural sector and other settings. In Malaysia

organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides are commonly used to control mosquito-borne disease.

Objectives: This project aims to do three things: assess the exposure to pesticides of a group of

workers who mix and spray pesticides to control the mosquito population in Malaysia; estimate

workers’ lifetime exposure to pesticides using current measurements and retrospective exposure

reconstruction methods; determine if pesticide exposed workers have poorer neurobehavioral

health when compared to non-exposed controls.

Methods: Dermal and inhalation exposure assessment will be performed to evaluate current

exposure. Workers’ exposure over their working life will be estimated using modeling techniques.

Neurobehavioral tests will be carried out using paper-based questionnaires and CANTAB®

computerized tests. An estimated 127 pesticide workers and a similar number of controls will be

approached to take part in this study.

Conclusions: The findings of the study will help inform the evidence base relating to long-term

health effects of pesticide exposure, and increase understanding of the pesticide exposure of these

workers and the effectiveness of current control measures.

Keywords: Neurobehavioral, Pesticide, Dermal, Inhalation


OP Room 3B-5

WORK RELATED MSD AND THE ASSOCIATION WITH RISK FACTORS AMONG

VEHICLE SERVICE TECHNICIANS IN KLANG VALLEY

*Ahmad Faisal Ahmad Nasaruddin1, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin1 & Karmegam Karuppiah1



*[email protected]

Background: To determine the association between risk factors and the prevalence of MSD

among vehicle technicians in Klang Valley.

Methods: A number of 191 technicians from eight vehicle service centers were selected randomly

as participants of this study. Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) test had been done to these

191 technicians in work posture observation. In addition to that, hand-arm vibration testing,

individual questionnaire regarding with job content questions (Karasek), psychosocial general

health questionnaire 12 (GHQ 12) and forceful exertion BORG CR-10 were conducted.

Results: 87 % of vehicle service technicians suffered from musculoskeletal disorders especially

on body parts, which are shoulder 68.4%, legs 66.8%, lower back 66.3% and neck 65.8%. Study

revealed that some work-related ergonomic factors such as forceful exertion and awkward posture

were highly associated with symptoms on shoulder, legs, lower back and neck, with odds ratios

2.85 and 3.10. Work environment factors also shows that job demand was associated with MSDs,

with odds ratio 3.38. Service technicians among vehicle service centers in Klang Valley are likely

to be exposed to a variety of ergonomic hazards and risk factors.

Conclusion: Therefore, comprehensive ergonomics program interventions need to be

implemented. This is to educate service technicians in practicing healthy work procedure together

with the right mechanical tools and approaches can reduce health problems among them.

Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorder (MSD), Vehicle Service Technicians, Rapid Upper Limb

Assessment (RULA), Forceful Exertion Borg CR10 Scale, Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ

Karasek), Hand Arm Vibration.


PP Room 3B-6

STUDY OF SKIN SYMPTOMS AND WORKPLACE DERMAL EXPOSURES AMONG

HOSPITAL CLEANERS IN KOTA BHARU, KELANTAN

Nurul Aliyana Mohamad Sabar1 & Siti Marwanis Anua1*

1School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian,

Kelantan.

*[email protected]

Background: Health care workers have been implicated with sensitisation and occupational

asthma due to workplace exposure such associated with medical instrument cleaning, use of latex

gloves and administration of aerosolised medication (Delclos et al. 2006); with a few reported

studies on occupational hand dermatitis among hospital cleaning workers (Nilsson, 1985;

Gawkrodger, 1986; Stingeni, 1995; Nettis et al., 2002). Therefore in this study, it is important to

determine the prevalence of skin symptoms and identify the workplace exposure and relevant

factors in causing such adverse effects in order to prevent skin diseases among cleaners and

eventually to suggest several prevention measures of dermal exposure among cleaners. Aim and

objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between the cleaners’ workplace exposure

in hospital with reported skin symptoms and severity. The objective of this study is to determine

the prevalence of reported skin symptoms and severity among hospital cleaners and to identify

their demographic and work factors that might affect it. This study will also look at such factors

in comparing between two different hospitals in Kota Bharu.

Methods: This study involved a cross sectional study design. To achieve the aim and objectives,

a total of 230 cleaners were recruited from two different hospitals (one general hospital and one

teaching hospital) and were interviewed using guided questionnaire modified from Nordic

Occupational Skin Questionnaire (NOSQ) (Flyvholm et al., 2002) for assessing skin diseases

(symptoms such as redness, dry skin, itching etc.) on hands and forearms in relation to workplace

exposure and other relevant factors. An 8-hours observation on work tasks or workplace exposures

to cleaning detergents and assessment of dermal exposure were also conducted at each cleaning

section for both hospitals.

Results: Generally the observation results showed that there was difference in prevention

measures and practices between the two hospitals. Higher percentages of skin symptoms were

reported from the general hospital cleaners compared to the teaching hospital cleaners. It is

expected that, the intensity of workplace exposure may contribute to the findings although the

general hospital has better prevention measures and good practices. Completed results of the study

will be included in the poster.

Conclusion: This study will suggest training and education on cleaning hazards, to avoid direct

handling of substances or contaminated work surfaces and proper usage of PPE during cleaning.


PP Room 3B-7

Occupational Safety, Health And Environment (Session Room 5)

OP Room 5A-1:

DIESEL PARTICULATE MATTER: ESCALATION AS AN OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH RISK

*Thomas M.1

1AECOM, Australia

*[email protected]

Background: Australia, as is the case for the greater Asia Pacific Region, relies heavily on diesel

fuel powered equipment support in industry. Diesel exhaust contains a variety of toxic air

particulates presenting negative occupational health and environmental health impacts. In 2012

the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified diesel engine exhaust as a

carcinogen for humans [Group 1] based on sufficient evidence that exposure is associated with an

increased risk for lung cancer.

Results: Diesel exhaust contributes significantly to pollution in the air, and a high share of sickness

attributed to automotive pollution. IARC have also added that it is notable that many parts of the

developing world lack regulatory standards, and data on the occurrence and impact of diesel

exhaust are limited. In the occupational health context, certain industries by nature of their business

carry greater risk for workers being exposed to diesel exhaust hazards referred to as Diesel

Particulate Matter (DPM).

Conclusions: This paper presents an update of DPM health risk information, identifies high risk

industry sectors and presents international case studies for regulatory reform on DPM exposure

risk management for workers.

Keywords: Diesel Exhaust, Diesel Particulate Matter DPM, Occupational Health, Regulatory

Reform


OP Room 5A-2:

PREVALENCE OF ASBESTOS RELATED ILLNESS AMONG ASBESTOS WORKERS

IN SRI LANKA

*Hemantha W.1 & Fernando M.2

1Perdana University, Malaysia

2University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

*[email protected]

Background: Asbestos is proved beyond doubt as a carcinogen and a toxin causing effects in

humans. However, lack of proper statistics, still make some countries to, still manufacture and use

asbestos. This study looks at the situation in Sri Lanka. The main objective of this study was to

learn the prevalence of asbestos related illness including Mesothelioma among workers in the

asbestos-related occupations in Sri Lanka.

Methodology: 450 Participants were recruited from different occupations using asbestos in their

work and 392 volunteered to participate. Consent was obtained and Xrays were done of the chest.

Participants accepted the screening procedure well and there was no apparent health anxiety during

the screening. Study included persons who had worked for more than 7.5 years.

Results: Chest X-rays showed 27 (n=27) 6.9% lung fibrosis cases. Other non related lesions (e.g.

enlarged cardiac shadows) were also observed.

Discussion: Screening for lung disease among asbestos-exposed workers is important to detect

fibrosis and other lung disease. However, better evidence and prevalence is seen among those who

are exposed to longer periods. This study too may have generated different prevalence rates if

exposures of most participants were longer than 10 years.

Conclusions: The study, for the first time, generated a prevalence rate on fibrosis among asbestos

workers in Sri Lanka. The findings could contribute towards policy changes in the use of asbestos

in Sri Lanka.

Keywords: Asbestos, Exposure, Illness, Sri Lanka


OP Room 5A-3:

JOB DISSATISFACTION AND ITS RELATED FACTORS AMONG LABORATORY

STAFF

Nehzat Fadaei1, *Dr. Huda Binti Zainuddin1 and Prof. Dr. Seyd Tajuddin Seyd Hassan1


*[email protected]

Objectives: To determine prevalence of job dissatisfaction, and to ascertain the association

between job dissatisfaction and job strain and socio-demographic and occupational factors among

laboratory staff of UPM.

Methodology: This is a cross -sectional study among research laboratory staff in 10 faculties and

8 institutes of University Putra Malaysia (UPM). Probability appropriate to size sampling and

simple random sampling method was used and data were collected via Job content Questionnaire

(JCQ) from September 2012 to February 2013. A total of 285 laboratory staff with at least one

year job tenure participated in this study. Laboratory staffs were randomly selected and they

answered to a self-administered, bilingual (English and Malay) version of Job Content

Questionnaire (JCQ).

Results: 47% of the laboratory staff reported job dissatisfaction. four factors were significantly

associated with job dissatisfaction; age (χ2 =10.140, df= 1, p= 0.001), social support (χ2 =5.494,

df= 1, p= 0.019), hazardous conditions (χ2 =11.451, df= 1, p= 0.001), toxic exposures (χ2 =14.617,

df= 1, p= 0.000).

Keywords: Job dissatisfaction, Laboratory staff, Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ)


OP Room 5A-4:

ASTHMA, RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AND RHINITIS AMONG OFFICE

WORKERS IN MALAYSIA: ASSOCIATIONS WITH HOUSE DUST MITE (HDM)

ALLERGY AND HDM LEVELS IN OFFICE DUST

*Lim, F.L1, **Zailina, H1, Norbӓck, D2, Leslie, T.T.L3, Salmiah, M. S4, Jamal, H.H5


Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400 Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University

and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. 3Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,

Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400 Selangor, Malaysia 4Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra

Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400 Selangor, Malaysia 5United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH), UKM Medical

Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

*[email protected]

**[email protected]

Background: A cross sectional study was conducted among 303 office workers in an academic

institution to determine the association between asthma, respiratory symptoms and rhinitis with

house dust mites (HDM) allergy and HDM levels in office dust.

Methods: Medical data was collected using questionnaire. HDM allergy was measured by skin

prick test for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus) and Dermatophagoides farinae

(D. farinae). Indoor temperature and relative humidity (RH) data were measured during the dust

sampling and vacuumed dust samples were analyzed for HDM allergens (Der p1 and Der f1) by

using ELISA kit.

Results: Subjects with HDM allergy on D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae reported more whistling

in the chest (OR=3.081; p=0.001),(OR=2.421; p=0.009); breathlessnesss when wheezing was

present (OR=3.502; p=0.004),(OR=2.869; p=0.015); asthma (OR=4.203; p<0.001),(OR=4.203;

p<0.001); nasal allergies (OR=4.041; p<0.001),(OR=20.857; p<0.001); and rhinoconjuctivitis

(OR=14.333; p<0.001),(OR=12.541; p=0.001). HDM allergens were found in all offices. The

median levels of Der p1 and Der f1 were 568.25ng/g and 516.39ng/g respectively. Der p1 level in

the dust was positively associated with rhinoconjuctivitis (OR=1.697; 95% CI= 1.047-2.749;

p=0.031). The temperature and relative humidity in the offices were significantly correlated with

HDM concentration of Der f1(r=0.526; p<0.001),(r=-0.369; p=0.004). In conclusion, HDM allergy

was associated with asthma, respiratory symptoms and rhinitis in office workers in this institution

and we found some evidence of an association between rhinoconjuctivitis with HDM levels in the

office environment.

Keyword: House Dust Mites, Respiratory Symptoms, Allergy, Asthma, Office Workers



OP Room 5A-5:

PREVALENCE OF WORK-RELATED WRIST AND HAND MUSCULOSKELETAL

DISORDERS AMONG COMPUTER USERS, KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA

Maiya Arun G1, Vinod Bhat2, Nalini Sathiakumar3 and David Coggon4

1Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal University, Manipal, India.

2Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal,

India.

3Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.

4Professor of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, MRC Life course Epidemiology Unit

University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital

* [email protected]

Background: Work-related musculoskeletal (WMSD) disorders of the wrist and hand have been

reported to occur among computer users. However, data on the prevalence of wrist and hand pain

among computer users in India are limited. The objective of the study is to assess the prevalence

of pain in the wrist and hand among computer users in South India.

Method: As part of the international CUPID study, a self-administered questionnaire about

musculoskeletal symptoms and risk factors was distributed to 783 computer users, employed at

two workplaces in Karnataka, India.

Result: The prevalence twelve month of pain in the wrist and hand was 58%. Women reported the

symptom more frequently than men (69% vs. 53%). Computer users aged 21 to 30 years were

more likely to report pain in the wrist and hand than those aged 40 to 55 years (76% vs. 9 %).

Conclusion: The prevalence of wrist and hand pain was high, but varied substantially by age.

Keywords: WMSD, Computer Users, Prevalence, Wrist and Hand Symptoms


PP Room 5A-6:

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARBON BLACK AND PM2.5 EXPOSURE WITH

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AMONG WORKERS AT PRINTING INDUSTRY

*Malik, N. A1, Zainal, A. E2, and Rasdi, I3







*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Carbon black is widely used in the industrial sectors such production of car tyres,

resins, plastic materials, inks, varnishes, paper and colouring agents.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the exposures level of

carbon black and PM2.5 with the respiratory health of workers at the printing industry in Selangor.

Methodology: This is cross sectional study design among 105 workers in a printing factory in

Selangor. There were 60 workers involved in this study as exposed group while 45 of the

respondents are unexposed group of workers. The data collection done by self-administered

questionnaire, performed spirometer, using TSI SIDEPAK AM510 Aerosol Monitor and use air

sampling pump which is Gillian model and using 37-mm, 5- Results:

The level of carbon black was 0.49 mg/m3 which did not exceed the standard of Occupational

exposure standards and guidelines for carbon black which is 3.5 mg/m3. For the level of PM2.5,

it’s divided into 2 work areas which are work area from exposed group and unexposed group. The

respectively. The lev

Conclusion: As a conclusion, the results of this study showed that the lung function and

respiratory symptoms of the exposed group who were lower compared to the control group.

Keywords: Carbon Black, PM2.5, Respiratory System, Spirometer Test


PP Room 5A-7:

PERCEPTION TOWARDS ANTI-SMOKING CAMPAIGN AMONG MALAY

SMOKERS IN MALAYSIA

Suriani I.1, Muhamad H.J.1, Kulanthayan K.C. M.1, Suhainizam M.S.1, Raja Aman Zakwan R.

R.1, Tiong L.R1

1Dept. of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

Serdang, Malaysia.

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), Malaysia 2011 reported that the overall

prevalence of smoker as 23.1(CI:21.2,25.2). Prevalence according to race was highest among

Malays i.e. 24.6(CI:22.1,27.3).

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception towards various anti-smoking

efforts among this high risk group, as well as its association with age group and education level.

Methods: The study was conducted in a pre-dominantly Malay settlement in Malaysia. A total of

163 Malay male smokers participated in this study.

Results: In general, the percentage of positive perceptions towards all anti-smoking efforts was

above 50% except for the perception toward quit smoking clinic. The highest percentage for

positive perception was for ‘increment of cigarette price’ (59.6%) followed by ‘labelling on

cigarette pack’ (58.8%), ‘smoke free zone policy’(56.6%) and ‘anti-smoking campaign’(54.4%).

Analysis also showed that, for most smokers, the anti-smoking efforts did not influence smoking

cessation behaviour. There were no significant differences between perception towards anti-

smoking efforts against educational level or age group.

Conclusions: To conclude, the percentage of positive perceptions towards all anti-smoking efforts

was low. However, the ‘increment of cigarette price’ initiative could positively influence those

from the lower income group. Such unfavourable perception toward ‘quit smoking clinic’ indicates

that there is a need for newer interventions. Perception is an important predictor to behaviour

change, thus these findings could be useful in planning future anti-smoking efforts.

Keywords: Perception, Anti-Smoking Efforts, Smokers, High Risk Group

Occupational Management And Practice (Session Room 1)

OP Room 1B-1

RISK FACTORS FOR NEAR MISS INCIDENT AMONG LONG DISTANCE BUS

DRIVERS IN MALAYSIA

Nik Nor Ronaidi Nik Mahdi1, Norsa’adah Bachok2, Norlen Mohamed3 and *Mohd Nazri

Shafei2

1State Health Department, Wisma Persekutuan, Jalan Sultan Ismail, 20920 Kuala Terengganu,

Malaysia

2School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kota Bharu,

Kelantan, Malaysia

3Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research, Taman Kajang Sentral, 43000 Kajang, Selangor

Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

* [email protected]

Background: Road traffic accident, a worldwide public health issue which has its highest impact

on low and middle income countries including Malaysia can be seen as part of an iceberg above

the sea surface. Beneath the surface there are countless of near misses which are largely

unreported. Many previous studies concerned on the causality of the actual accidents and little

attention were given to near miss incidents. Hence, the current study was designed to determine

the prevalence and associated factors for the near miss among long distance bus drivers in east

coast of Malaysia.

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 517 long distance bus drivers. Data were

collected using interview-guided questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic and occupational

characteristics, sleep pattern, driving behaviors and psychoactive drug consumption. Multiple

logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the significant factors for a near miss.

Results: The prevalence of near miss among long distance bus drivers were 37.5% (95% CI: 33.5,

41.8). Meanwhile, significant associated factors for near miss were age (OR adj : 1.99; 95% CI :

1.32, 3.01), distance travelled per day (OR adj : 2.34; 95% CI : 1.52, 3.60), sleep disturbances (OR

adj : 1.74; 95% CI : 1.19, 2.54) and errors in driving behaviour (OR adj : 1.31; 95% CI : 1.23,

1.39).

Conclusion: Self-reported near miss incidents were relatively high among long distance bus

drivers in East Coast Malaysia. This issue should be taken seriously and preventive action should

consider the significant human (age, errors in driving behaviors, sleep disturbances and visual

acuity) and occupation (working experience and distance travelled per day) factors.

Keywords: Road Traffic Accident, Near Miss, Bus Drivers, Malaysia


OP Room 1B-2

IT TAKES TWO TO TANGO: EMOTIONAL JOB DEMANDS AND PERSONALITY

INTERACTION IN PREDICTING EMPLOYEE HEALTH

*Rosnah I.1, Azmi M.T., Mohd A.I.2 and Noor H. I.1

1Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.

2Universiti Malaya

* [email protected]

Background: Although the job demands-resources (JD-JR) model has gained support in

predicting employee health, it has rarely been examined in the context of the work-personality

interaction. This study aims to determine the interaction between emotional job demands and

anger-forgiveness personality traits in predicting psychological job stress, overeating and risk of

the cardiovascular event among male workers in private sectors in Malaysia.

Methods: A cross sectional study of 492 male workers from multiple work sites had completed

self-administered questionnaires in addition to non-laboratory cardiovascular risk assessment. The

questionnaires were Spielberger Trait Anger Scale, Forgiveness Personality Inventory, Demand-

Induced Strain Compensation, Oldenburg Burnout Inventory-Exhaustion and Three Factor Eating

Questionnaire-Uncontrolled Eating. Generalized Linear Modelling technique was used to examine

the effect of emotional job demands on employee health differs according to anger-forgiveness

personality traits typology.

Results: High anger-low forgiveness personality traits might have negative effect on

psychological job stress, overeating behaviour and waist circumference on exposure to high

emotional job demands. The joint effect of high anger trait and high overeating behaviour had

demonstrated demonstrated an increase probability of a cardiovascular event on exposure to high

psychological job stress.

Conclusion: In this occupational cohort of Malaysian male, the effect of emotional job demands

on psychological job stress, overeating and risk of cardiovascular event differs according to anger

and forgiveness personality traits typology. Mismatching personality traits to specific job demands

should be taken into account in primary prevention to safeguard the employee health.

Keywords: Emotional Job Demands, Anger-Forgiveness Personality Traits, Interaction,

Cardiovascular Risk, Occupational Cohort


OP Room 1B-3

RADIATION DOSE MANAGEMENT IN FLUOROSCOPY PROCEDURES: AN AUDIT

AND SURVEILLANCE

Siti Farizwana Mohd Ridzwan1, Elavarasi Selvarajah1 and Hamzaini Abdul Hamid1

1Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre

* [email protected]

Background: The aims of this study are to determine the scattered radiation dose levels in routine

fluoroscopy procedures and compare them with the equivalent chest x-rays and also to monitor

common techniques and radiation safety measures taken by the medical officers.

Methods: The study covered a sample of 105 fluoroscopic procedures performed by 18 medical

officers. They wore a personal pocket dosimeter inside the lead gown during each single procedure.

A direct reading dosimeter was placed near the detector of the fluoroscopy unit while a survey

meter was positioned at the control panel area to record the dose levels.

Results: There were 14 types of examination included in this study. The total number of images

captured was found to be the highest in barium swallow examination (115.00 ± 67.00), almost five

times higher compared to the common practices. The longest screening time was observed in

barium enema examination (9.15 seconds ± 0.05). The median of the scattered dose level was the

highest in barium meal examination (165.50 µSv ± 275.00) which is equivalent to 8.28 times of

average dose impart by chest x-ray examinations.

Conclusion: The number of images and the length of screening time lean on the competency levels

of the medical officers. They tried not to miss any abnormality by capturing as many images as

possible therefore it will always be better if the radiologist is consulted during each case. They

should also consistently practicing essential protection by minimizing exposure time, maximizing

distance from the source tube and utilizing the radiation shielding.

Keywords: Scattered Dose, Fluoroscopy, Pocket Dosimeter, Screening Time


OP Room 1B-4

A PRELIMINARY RESULT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM COMPLIANCE AMONG GAS CONTRACTOR

(PETROLEUM PIPELINE) IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Hamdan Bin Haji Ramat1, *Shamsul Bahri Bin Hj. Mohd Tamrin1, Mohd Rafee Bin Baharuddin2

and Mansor Bin Ahmad3

1Department of Environmental Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,

Universiti Putra Malaysia

2Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra,

UPM Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia

3Faculty of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia

* [email protected]

Background: Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS) is a framework

that provides direction for compliance with the OSH requirements pursuant to national law &

regulation. In Malaysia, gas contractors that intended to register Department of Occupational

Safety and Health have to provide their safety manual upon registration of their company.

Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the current status of compliance and it Critical

Success Factor as compare with Malaysia Standard MS, 1722:2011 Occupational Safety and

Health Management System among registered gas contractors in Peninsular Malaysia.

Methods: A cross sectional study of nine (9) gas contractor companies using questionnaire has

been done. All data consolidated in order to get a pattern line for Occupational Safety and Health

Management System current status and it Critical Success Factor among gas contractors in

Peninsular Malaysia that has registered with the Department of Occupational Safety and Health.

Results: According to the study, most of the registered company does have safety manual,

procedures, arrangement, form and record in the organization but the developed documents do not

fully comply with main and sub elements of Malaysia Standard, MS 1722:2011 thus they are not

ready for Occupational Safety and Health Management System certification.

Conclusions: Percentage of compliance with OSHMS MS 1722:2011 elements by gas contractor

can be further improved by focusing on auditing and initial review element in determining current

status of OSH compliance and it Critical Success Factor in the organization.

Keywords: Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS), Critical Success

Factor (CSF) and Monitoring Tools (MTS)


OP Room 1B-5

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VIBROTACTILE PERCEPTION AND CHEMICAL

EXPOSURE AMONG VEHICLE SERVICE TECHNICIANS IN KLANG VALLEY

*Nurul Ain Zali1, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin1 and Karmegam Karuppiah1

1Department of Environmental Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,

Universiti Putra Malaysia

* [email protected]

Background: Solvent are widely used in manufacturing industries especially in paints, printing,

rubber tires, automotive industries and electronic factories. Most chemicals which are believed to

be hazardous to health are solvents that being widely used in vehicle servicing industry. Workers

who are exposed to organic solvents in their workplace can experience detrimental effects on their

physiological system with the main route of exposure including inhalation, dermal and ingestion.

The organs that exhibit toxicity are skin, liver, lungs and kidney, as well as the central nervous

system. Thus, details assessment and effect is an important tool in assessing the neurobehavioral

effects of occupational exposures at a subclinical stage. Neurobehavioral test such as NCTB test

is widely used to determine neurobehavioral effect of solvent but rapid testing such as vibrotactile

perception threshold (VPT) test had been limited for determining the effect of exposure to

chemical. Therefore, this study determine the association between VPT and chemical exposure

among vehicle service technicians in Klang Valley.

Methods: Chemical Health Risk Assessment was conducted among the technician using the

method by DOSH. Parameters such as hazard rating, frequency or duration of the exposure to the

chemicals, degree of chemical release, degree of contact/inhale, magnitude rating, exposure rating

and risk rating were obtained. EMSON-MAT P8 Pallesthesiometer was used to determine the VPT

at the fingertip for the assessment of mechanoreceptors of fingertips’ peripheral nerve impairment.

A set of questionnaire includes Personal Particular’s, Social History, Occupational History and

Medical History. Independent sample T-Test was used to compare the VPT between exposed and

to non-exposed workers. Spearman correlation was used to correlate chemical exposure with VPT.

Multiple Linear Regression was used to determine the contributing factors of VPT.

Results: The results showed the VPT at 31.5 hz & 125 hz for workers exposed to chemicals are

significantly higher compared to the non-exposed workers (31.5: t =4.776 (p<0.001), 125:

t=4.775(p<0.001)). The exposure to diesel shows correlation with VPT at 31.5hz (r=0.247,p<0.05)

and VPT at 125hz (r=0.215,p<0.05); combination of gasoline and benzene with VPT at 31.5hz

(r=0.227,p<0.05) and VPT at 125hz (r=0.163,p<0.05); gasoline only with VPT at 31.5hz

(r=0.222,p<0.05) and VPT at 125hz (r=0.167,p<0.05). Overall VPT shows that the use of PPE

(r=0.321,p<0.05), duration of working overtime (r=0.193,p<0.05),exposure to diesel

(r=0.239,p<0.05), exposure to combination of gasoline and benzene (r=0.207,p<0.05) and

exposure to gasoline only (r=0.202,p<0.05). The study shows that the overall VPT model= -

1.379+0.07 (use of PPE) + 0.522 (duration of working overtime) + 0.165 (exposure to combination

of gasoline and benzene) - 0.002 (Age).

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that exposure to combination of gasoline and benzene, the

use of PPE and duration of working overtime contributed to VPT of vehicle service technician in

Klang Valley.

Keywords: Chemical Exposure; ibrotactile Perception Threshold; vehicle service technicians in

Klang Valley


OP Room 1B-6

HEAVY METALS EMITTING FROM WELDING FUMES IN AUTOMOTIVE

INDUSTRY

Norhidayah Abdull1, Siti Wahida Mat Hassan1, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail1, Abdul Mutalib Leman2

& Azian Harir2

1 Universiti Malaysia Pahang

2 Universiti Tun Hussein Onn

* [email protected]

Background: Heavy metal emitting from welding fumes in the automotive industry provide the

significant health impacts to workers. Objectives of this study are to investigate the occupational

environment setting in automotive industry, to study the concentration of heavy metals in the

welding fumes and to propose the appropriate control measure of welding fumes emission toward

safe work environment in an automotive industry.

Methods: A personal monitoring and area monitoring are conducted to determine the workers

exposures to welding fumes. The concentration of welding fumes was analyzed by using

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) by referring to American Society for

Testing and Materials (ASTM).

Results: All the heavy metals except arsenic are permitted the Occupational Safety and Health

Agency Permissible Exposure Limits (OSHA PEL).

Conclusion: The appropriate control measures are proposed such as substitution and local exhaust

ventilation which towards safe and healthy environment.

Keywords: Heavy Metal, Welding Fume, Permissible Exposure Limit

Occupational Safety And Health Part 1 (Session room 4)

OP Room 4B-1

EVENT TREE ANALYSIS FOR ANALYZING PROBABLE FIRE SCENARIO IN THE

PLASTIC MANUFACTURING EXTRA BUILDING.

*Arroon K.1 and Warapof M1

1Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Thailand.

* [email protected]

Background: Industrial plant no.53 is a type of industrial plant that has many times of fire occurs,

the number of injuries, deaths and property damage valued at more than the average for all types

of industry. Many large industrial plants are in the attribution of having fire risk to deaths, injuries

and loss of property on fire. Be-cause, such buildings have not installed fire prevention and fire

suppression systems due to the building was not required to comply with Ministerial Regulation

no.33 (B.E.2535) but, shall be followed the Ministerial Regulation no.47(B.E.2540) by requiring

to install the fire alarm system, automatic fire detection, manual fire detection including with

portable fire extinguisher. The main purpose of the current study is to apply to Event Tree Analysis.

Method: ETA technique for analyzing probable fire scenario in the plastic manufacturing extra

building of Thailand built before the Ministerial Regulation no.33 (B.E.2535), will be en-forced.

Stochastic analysis on probability of every fire scenarios by using ETA, there are seven fire

scenarios.

Result: It was found that the fire scenario 2, 3 and 7, there is a possibility that the fire could not

be controlled due to the failure of equipment, 35.2%, 17.6% and 7.2% respectively.

Conclusion: Occupant must be evacuated from industrial plant, risk of danger to life due to the

fire dynamics, building environment and occupant characteristics/pre-movement and movement

behaviours. Limitations and future work of this study are also discussed.

Keywords: Event tree analysis, Fire, Plastic Manufacturing


OP Room 4B-2

PREVALENCE OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AND THE ASSOCIATED

RISK FACTORS AMONG WORKERS IN A MALAYSIAN ACADEMIC INSTITUE:

*Jabbar M. A.1, Masyita M.2, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramared-dy1, Boo N. Y.1

1Department of population medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku

Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long, Selangor, Malaysia

2Department of pre-clinical sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku

Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long, Selangor, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are painful disorders of muscles, tendons, and

nerves. They are multifactorial in origin, and can be due to work re-lated physical or psychosocial

stressors. We aimed to determine the prevalence of MSDs and their association with work related

factors, job satisfaction, and leisure time activities among staff in University Tunku Abdul Rahman

(UTAR).

Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out during May, 2012 when 252 staffs were in-

terviewed face-to-face using Nordic questionnaire to assess the MSDs.

Results: The most prevalent MSDs among academic staff was neck pain (50%), shoulder pain

among administrators staff (42.9%), and knee joint pain among maintenance staff and cleaners

(26.2%). Job title and BMI were significantly associated with MSDs (p value .01, and .044

respectively). Job satisfaction score was significantly lower in those with neck pain and upper back

pain (p value .025, and .006 respectively) and significantly higher in those with ankle joint pain

and knee pain (p value .002, .024 respectively). The prevalence of neck pain was high among staff

that were practicing bowling and badminton 3 or more times per week (p value .037 and .038).

Conclusions: In conclusion MSDs were associated with multiple factors such as job title, job

satisfaction, BMI, and leisure activities. To reduce the impact of these factors on MSDs and

improve job satisfaction further studies on office ergonomics are needed.

Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, multifactorial, Job title, Job satisfaction, office ergonomic


OP Room 4B-3

SAFETY MATTERS CONCERNING TIMBER SCAFFOLD BOARD APPLICATION IN

NATIONAL OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

*Mohd Jamil Abdul Wahab1 and Mohamad Omar Mohamad Khaidzir1.

1Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

* [email protected]

Background: Recently, Timber Engineering Laboratory of Forest Research Institute Malaysia had

received several requests from timber businesses to evaluate the mechanical properties of timber

scaffold boards for offshore construction. Timber board is more preferable compare to metal due

to the resistivity of wood material to marine environment. Being one of the most lucrative

businesses in the country, oil and gas engineering occupied the most stringent safety measures

throughout their operations. Surprisingly however, the national standard documents regarding the

quality specification of timber, acceptable grades, mechanical properties test method and any other

references concerning the safety measures for timber scaffold board is seriously lacking. Forest

Method: Research Institute Malaysia has initiated a research project venturing into the technology

and issues on the subject of timber scaffold board application.

Result: As a result, a number of safety issues and deficiencies were observed.

Conclusion: This article is a bona fide discussion concerning the safety matters of timber scaffold

board application in Malaysian oil and gas industry.

Keywords: Construction work, Scaffold plank, Timber quality.


OP Room 4B-4

MEASURING FUNCTION OF VESTIBULO-COCHLEAR SYSTEM: AN

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVE

*Abdullah A., Aseel A.M.1and Maya G1

1Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait.

* [email protected]

Background: Hearing and balance impairment can be a resulted of endogenous and/or exogenous

factors. The cause of this variability is less investigated, and it seems to be multifactorial. Hearing

loss as well as balance dysfunction may show a relationship.

Method: Firstly, hearing gives information about the environment, enabling workers to notice and

avoid hazards in their occupational environments. Secondly, the anatomy and physiology of the

inner ear indicates that they may share aetiological features. Anatomically, cochlea and vestibular

organs are located closely, share blood circulation with, bony compartments are filled with same

fluid, and the eighth cranial nerve serves both organs. In addition, they have similar sensory

receptor hair cells, which perceive sound, find orientation in space, and detect head movements.

Noise as well as ototoxicants, and several other factors, can induce loss of these receptor

cells. Audiological evaluation for hearing and balance focuses on both central and peripheral

vestibulo-cochlear systems.

Result: Cochlear function testing includes: behav-ioural audiometry, speech audiometry,

immittance audiometry, acoustic reflex testing, otoacoustic emissions (OAEs),and auditory

brainstem response (ABR) testing. Whereas vestibular function tests are:

electronystagmography/electro-oculography (ENG/EOG), videonystagmography/video-

oculography (VNG/VOG), caloric testing, earth-vertical axis rotational testing (EVAR), head-only

rotational testing (HORT), head-impulse test (HIT), unilateral centrifugation, and vestibular-

evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) test.

Conclusion: This poster’s abstract is intended primarily to overview and highlight both the new

and current techniques in assessing the vestibulo-cochlear system in order to aid the early

identification of hearing and balance impairment

Keywords: vestibulocochlear system, VEMP, audiometry


OP Room 4B-5

ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS TO OCCUPATIONAL PESTICIDE POISONING

IN COCOA FARMERS IN ONDO STATE, NIGERIA

*Onunkun, O1

1Adeyemi College of Education, Agricultural Science Department, Ondo, Nigeria.

* [email protected]

Background: The problems of ill health and environmental contamination associated with

pesticide spraying have made the study of misuse of these chemicals important in contemporary

agriculture. This study sought out to assess the utilization as well as protective measures practiced

by cocoa farmers in the study area. It also examined the personal characteristics of the farmers as

risk factors for occupational pesticide poisoning.

Methods: A cross-sectional data of the surveyed population was obtained through the use of

structured questionnaire. The validated questionnaire was divided into three sections in order to

collect data on the personal characteristics, knowledge and quantification of pesticides and

protective measures practiced by the farmers.

Results: The results indicated that educational status as well as age of the respondents was likely

risk factors in occupational pesticide poisoning. Cocoa farmers with lower educational background

were three times more likely to suffer occupational pesticide poisoning than those with higher

educational status (OR: 2.89; 95% CI: 1.00, 5.28). The older the farmer the more the likelihood of

pesticide poisoning. More than three-quarters (78%) of the farmers did not read labels on the

pesticides before usage, so also was about 62% of the farmers used cheap and leaking sprayers.

Conclusion: Occupational pesticide poisoning is closely associated with some personal

characteristics of cocoa farmers and their protective measures practice. Adequate training should

be provided to the farmers’ to help them mitigate occupational pesticide poisoning.

Keywords: Occupational, Poisoning, Pesticide, Likelihood


PP Room 4B-6

EFFECTS OF PARENTAL OCCUPATION ON MENTAL STATUS OF ADOLESCENT

CHILDREN IN URBAN POPULATION OF MALAYSIA

*Latiffah Abd Latiff, Esra Tajik1, Sareh Dashti1, Ali Jafarzadeh Esfehani1 and Azrinshah

Abubakar1

1Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

* [email protected]

Background: The prevalence of mental disorders including depression, anxiety and stress are high

in adolescents in developing countries. Different factors may contribute to mental disorders in

adolescents upon which parental occupation has not been deeply studied yet. The aim of this study

was to identify the effect of occupation of parents on the mental status of their adolescent children.

Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in the Pasir Gudang District, Johor Baru,

Malaysia. Adolescent students who lived in the urban area were randomly selected to participate

in this study. Subjects with major psychological disorders were excluded from the study. Data

from depression, anxiety and stress (DASS) questionnaire as well as a demographic characteristics

including age, gender and type of parental occupation were collected from each student during an

interview.

Results: A total of 1192 students including 566 (47.5%) males and 626 (52.5%) females gave

written consent to participate in the study. Mean (SD) for age of the subjects was 13.0±0.2 years.

Paternal occupation in private sector was found to be significantly related to reduced odds of

anxiety in adolescent children (OR=0.50, 95% CI 0.27 and 0.95). There was no significant

relationship between maternal occupation type and depression, anxiety and stress in children

(p>0.05).

Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that father and mother occupation has a different

effect on mental status of adolescents. Moreover, this study revealed that type of paternal

occupation can have a direct effect on the anxiety symptoms of the adolescent child.

Keywords: Adolescent, Parental Occupation, Depression, Anxiety, Stress


PP Room 4B-7

RESPIRATORY HEALTH OF MALE STEEL WORKERS IN TERENGGANU,

MALAYSIA

*Nurul AH1, 2, Noor Hassim I2, And Shamsul BMT3

1Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan

Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian,

Kelantan, Malaysia


Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Backgroud: The objective of cross sectional study was to determine the prevalence of respiratory

symptoms and the association between lung function tests and respiratory symptoms in male steel

workers. The study was conducted on an integrated steel company in Terengganu on January to

May 2013. After excluding workers from administrative department, we performed physical

examinations on 410 male workers in the steel production plant.

Methods: Subjects were interviewed regarding respiratory symptoms using a Malay version of

British Medical Research Council (BMRC) Questionnaire on respiratory symptoms and were

examined with respect to their lung function using spirometry. Data analysis was done using

univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results: Prevalence of chest tightness, chronic phlegm, shortness of breath, and chronic cough

were 28.0%, 26.8%, 24.1%, and 20.2% respectively. Age, duration employment, and smoking

status were among the factors associated with respiratory symptoms. Lung function tests revealed

some degree of impairment. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory in 1 second

(FEV1) of these workers were significantly reduced as compared to the healthy population. In the

current smokers, an effect of cigarette on FEV1 was shown. Subjective dustiness significantly

reduced the FVC and FEV1/FVC in smoking workers.

Conclusion: There was an impairment of lung function for steel workers, thus requires further

extensive epidemiological and pathological studies for the health and safety of the steel mill

workers.

Keywords: Cross sectional study, respiratory symptoms, lung function, BMRC questionnaire

Occupational Safety And Health Part II (Session room 3)

OP Room 3B-1

AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCUPANTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR

INDOOR ENVIRONMENT ON THEIR ASSESSMENTS OF THEIR THERMAL

SENSATION AND COMFORT

*Harimi D.1, Chi C.M.1, &Sivakumar K.1

1Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: The data used in this investigation were taken from an extensive field study carried

out in non-air-conditioned residential buildings of Kota Kinabalu region located in East Malaysia

for thermal comfort prediction and evaluation. Occupants’ perceptions of their Indoor environment

on their assessments of their thermal sensation and comfort were analyzed and discussed.

Objectives: This paper was more focused on the perceived air movement, perceived air relative

humidity, perceived indoor air quality and perceived heat gain via curtains.

Discussions: It was found that occupants’ desires for coolness were expressed by stillness of air

movement. This was despite the slight increase of air movement associated with the elevation of

air temperature. Relative humidity was not perceived accurately by the majority of occupants. On

average, Indoor air quality was perceived by the majority of occupants as slightly fresh.

Conclusions: Perceived air quality and perceived relative humidity may not have a drastic effect

on occupants’ thermal comfort as opposed to air movement.

Keywords: Thermal Comfort, Indoor Environment, Thermal Perception


OP Room 3B-2

OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS IN SOME SELECTED SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN

A DISTRICT OF SRI LANKA

Inoka S.1, *Sameera S.1 & Supun W.1

1Environmental and Occupational Health Unit, Colombo, Ministry of Health.

*[email protected]

Objective: To identify occupational hazards in the work environment in small scale industiries in

a district of Sri Lanka

Method: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in selected categories of small scale

industries namely food and beverages, apparel, non metallic mineral products and fabricated metal

products in a district of Sri Lanka. A small scale industry was defined as a work setting with less

than 20 workers. A sample of 102 factories was randomly selected using Census of Industries Sri

Lanka in 2003/2004. Interviewer administered checklist was used for data collection.

Results: Out of 102, 78.4 %( n=80) of the factories didn’t have safety signs displayed while

machines were properly guarded only in 25 (24.5%) of the factories. The working environment

was found to be accident prone in 38.2% (n=39) of the industries. Lighting was adequate in 93

(91.2%) and noise was found to be excessive in 35 (34.3%) factories.

Workers trained in occupational safety and first aid, were present only in 18.6% (n=19) and 23.5%

(n=24) of the factories respectively. Only 24 (23.5%) industries had a protocol developed to act in

an emergency situation Accidents were recorded only in 16(15.7%) factories. Separate meal room

and a changing room were available in 62.7% (n=64) of the factories.

Conclusion: The working environment of small scale industries was found to be unsatisfactory.

Measures should be planned to improve the working environment and health of small scale

industry workers since they represent a significant percent of the labour force in Sri Lanka.

Keywords: Small scale industry, Occupational hazards, Sri Lanka


OP Room 3B-3

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT FOR OPERATIONAL

FACILITIES IN KUWAIT OIL COMPANY (KOC), KUWAIT.

Abdurrahman F.A.1,*Waseem A.S.2, **Ayyappan R.3, & Mohsen A.M.4

1Team Leader, Health and Environment Team, Kuwait Oil Company

2Chief Industrial Hygienists (CIH), Health and Environment Team, Kuwait Oil Company

3Industrial Hygiene Specialist, Health and Environment Team, Kuwait Oil Company

4Senior. Industrial Hygiene Officer, Health and Environment Team, Kuwait Oil Company

*[email protected]

**[email protected]

Backgrounds: Kuwait Oil Company is one of the major oil and gas exploration industry in

Kuwait. It consists of major facilities like Gathering Centers (22), Booster Stations (4) and Oil

Wells (nearly 1215) in West, South-East and North Kuwait fields. In the regular operations of the

industry, various Occupational Health (OH) hazards and stresses are present. Concerning the

current and future OH challenges, numerous steps were taken in order to achieve the illness free

working environment.

Methods: Developing the occupational health risk management for operational facilities is

considered as major one and the health risk register also was developed using qualitative risk

assessment. Qualitative risk assessment is an effective tool for predicting and mitigating the

occupational health risks in the workplaces. As part of health risk management, health risk register

is created based on the parameter severity, likelihood of occurrence and exposure for complying

with the local regulations and international best practices. Risk rating was developed by targeting

various chemical, physical, biological hazards, ergonomic and psychological stresses and the

occupational health risks were rated into low, medium and high. The top priority risks converted

into action plans for conducting the workplace exposure assessment for assessing the exposure

level of occupational stressors for shifting the high risks into low. Each of the company’s Assets /

Directorates is currently in implementation stage. OH risk management is certainly helping in

raising the HSE status of the company and will enable the company to take a leading role in

managing occupational health risks within the region.

Keywords: Health Risk Register, Qualitative Risk Assessment, Occupational Health Risk

Management.


OP Room 3B-4

RESPIRATORY EFFECTS FROM WELDING FUMES IN AUTOMOTIVE

INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA.

*Azian H.1, Nuur A.P.1, Abdul M.L.1, and Mohammad Zainal M.Y1.

1Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Lung function and persistent symptoms among 53 welders in Plant 1 and 44

welders in Plant 2 of automotive industries in Selangor, Malaysia were investigated.

Methods: Lung functions of 52 non-welders subjects working in the similar industries were also

investigated. Interviews were conducted to gathered data on persistent symptoms, smoking habits

and demographic data of the welders. Lung function test by using handheld spirometer were

conducted for welders and nonwelders. Metal fumes samples collected from the breathing zone of

the welders were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS).

Results: None of the metal elements concentration was exceeding the permissible exposure limit

(PEL) for both plants. However, the odds of the more than 5 years working welders to experience

‘sore or dry throat’ are 3.38 times higher than less than 5 years working welder in Plant 1. In

addition, statistical analysis showed significant mean difference of lung functions between welders

and non-welders. The results of this study strongly suggest proves of significant respiratory health

risk despite the measurement of the welding fumes exposure was still within the allowable

guidelines range.

Keywords: Welding fumes, Lung function, Respiratory effects, Malaysia


OP Room 3B-5

AN INSIGHT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – A STUDY AMONG

CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL IN MALAYSIA.

*Nadzirah Z.1, and Carmen T.Y.M.2

1School of Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University

2School of Built Environment, IMPERIA Institute of Technology

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Nowadays, as the world population growth increase significantly, the needs of

more haven, buildings, and other infrastructure become major agenda for Malaysian as developing

country. As continues developing country, Malaysia is the one adopting sustainable development

and green building as one of the national agenda. One of the most important aspects that play a

crucial role in achieving sustainable development of the country is implementing sustainable

construction and design practices into Malaysian construction industry.

Objectives: This study concerns the essential elements of sustainable development adopting in

Malaysia and after that, the constraint factor in the incorporation and implementation in Malaysian

construction industry has been discussed. The element identification process was collected through

intensive literature study. This study involved all the expertise who has strong background in

sustainable development. The research conducted via questionnaire, which is to obtain their

response through these issues.

Conclusions: From the data collection and analysis, as conclusion, a number of strategies need to

developed and tight in the current situation in order to achieve the sustainable development and

construction. Respective parties have to get a first move to make it awareness among construction

player and community as well. From this research as well, other relevant issue such as economic

and social issue also has been discuss together to make sure our construction industry can adopt

new technology implementation without compromising with quality and standard of building

itself.

Keywords: Sustainable Development, Sustainable Construction, Constraint Factor, Green

Building


OP Room 3B-6

EFFECT OF USE MANUAL TOOLS TO OIL PALM COLLECTER AND LOADER.

Nur Syazwani M.N.1,*Baba M.D.1, Ezrin Hani S.1,Shamsul B.M.T.2,Shahriman A.B.3, Azmin

S.R.4

1Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built

Environment, UKM

2Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences UPM

3School of Mechatronic Engineering, UniMAP

4Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, UKM

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Oil palm workers exposed to ergonomics problems in their routine works.

Although many technological advances have been developed, but large numbers of workers are

still using manual handling tools in their daily work.

Objectives: A study was done to evaluate and overcome the problems or issues of material

handling effect in the daily activity of oil palm collector and loader.

Methods: A cross sectional study was done in the Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Thirty one workers

were selected randomly to participate in this study. Musculoskeletal symptoms were recorded

using Modified Nordic Body Map Questionnaires and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)

was used to assess the awkward posture of the workers.

Results: Result showed that 12.5% of workers expose to high risk level and 87.5% with very high

risk level of working posture problems.

Conclusions: In conclusion, majority of oil palm collector and loader need urgent corrective

working posture. The manual handling activities need improvement of correct procedure for health

and safety concerns.

Keywords: postural analysis, oil palm plantation, oil palm loader, REBA, manual handling


OP Room 3B-7

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES FOR SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRY WORKERS

IN A DISTRICT OF SRI LANKA

*Inoka S.1, Sameera S1 & Supun W1

1Environmental and Occupational Health Unit, Colombo,Ministry of Health

*[email protected]

Objective: To describe the provision of occupational health services to workers in small scale

industries in a district of Sri Lanka

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among workers in selected small scale industries

in Gampaha district in Sri Lanka. A small scale industry was defined as a work setting with less

than 20 workers. The study population consisted of workers in four selected small scale industry

categories namely food and beverages, apparel, non metallic mineral products and fabricated metal

products. Full time, permanent, workers between the ages of 18-65 years with at least 6 months

were selected. The Census of Industry 2003/2004 was used as the sampling frame. The required

sample size was 640 and sampling was done using cluster sampling using probability proportionate

to size. Data was collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire.

Results: Out of the total 743 workers, majority were males (71%). Higher proportion of workers

(59%) belonged to 20 - 39 year age group. 24% and 28% of the study population smoked cigarettes

and drank alcohol regularly respectively. Only 6% of workers had a pre employment medical

examination and periodic medical examinations. Of the workers only 38% were using personal

protective equipment. 47% of workers reported that compensation claims were paid for accidents

at the factory. 62% of the workers knew how to use a first aid box.

Conclusion: The provision of occupational health services to workers in small scale industries is

not satisfactory and needs improvement.


OP Room 3B-8

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF PESTICIDE USE AMONG OIL

PALM SMALLHOLDERS IN SANDAKAN, SABAH

*Kamsia, B.1, *Shahida , M.S2, Celestina, A.1, Suriani, H.3, Norlita, I3 and Khadizah,G.3

1Environmental Science Programme, School of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia

Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88400 Sabah.

2School of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Mile 10, Jalan Sungai Batang,

Cawangan Sandakan, Sabah

3Mathemathic with Economy Programme, School of Science and Technolo-gy,Universiti

Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88400 Sabah.

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: A study on knowledge, altitude, and practices of pesticide usage among small

holder oil palm farmers were conducted in Sandakan, Sabah.

Methods: 50 respondents were chosen to be part of the study and were questioned on their

demographic background, knowledge and practices of the pesticide usage. The survey

questionnaire also covers on symptoms of pesticides poisoning experienced by the re-spondents.

Majority of the respondents were men age between 31 years old to 40 years old with their education

level was only at the primary school with 6 to 10 years of experience in pesticide handling.

Results: Score method was used to determine the farmer’s knowledge, attitude and practices and

it shows that 72% of the respondent has a high level of pesticides handling knowledge along with

good attitudes and practices. Correlation analysis suggesting that the more experience they have,

the higher knowledge on pesticide usage they gain and makes them a better user. However based

on the interviewed this was more on transfer knowledge of routine daily works from their senior

or worker before them. Some of them also experience symptoms of positioning such as itchiness,

nausea and headache direct after spraying signifying that sometimes the daily practice was just not

in line with their knowledge and the good pesticide handling practice which implemented by the

lo-cal authorities.

Keywords: Oil palm farmer, knowledge, practice, attitude, pesticide handling.


PP Room 3B-9

HANDLING MERCURY CONTAINING MEDICAL DEVICES AMONG NURSES IN A

TERTIARY CARE PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL IN SRI LANKA

*Sameera S.1 & Nalika G.2

1Ministry of Health

2Faculty of Medicine, Colombo

*[email protected]

Background: Mercury is a highly toxic heavy metal. It is used in many medical devices used in

the healthcare sector, making nurses one of the most vulnerable occupational groups. The aim of

the study was to describe the use of mercury containing medical devices and accidental exposure,

management of spillage and disposal of mercury among nurses at Lady Ridgeway hospital, Sri

Lanka.

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses (n=538) working

in Lady Ridgeway Hospital. Information on use of mercury containing medical devices, and

accidental exposure, management of spillage and disposal of mercury was gathered using a self-

administered questionnaire

Results: Nearly half (47.0%,n=222) of the study population had used only mercury thermometers.

Of the 347 who used mercury thermometers, 1.4%(n=05) had experienced more than 50

thermometer breakages in their units during the 3 months period prior to the study. With regards

to mercury sphygmomanometers, 85.8%(n=405) had used them and 20.0%(n=81) had been

involved in mercury sphygmomanometer breakages in their units. 271(57.4%) had either cleaned

a mercury spillage or had supervised a mercury spillage being cleaned. During the last such

mercury spillage that they managed, 112 (41.3%) had incorrectly collected mercury and glass

pieces together. 199 (42.2%) had received some training on managing a mercury spillage. Wearing

gloves before cleaning a mercury spillage (p=0.196) were not statistically associated with

previously having a training on managing a mercury spillage.

Conclusion: Gaps in practices on managing a mercury spillage were evident. Thus effective

training activities are recommended.

Keywords: Mercury,Nurses, Toxicity


PP Room 3B-10

THE OUTCOME OF LEPTOSPIROSIS AMONG FEBRILE CASES IN

NORTHEASTERN HOSPITALS MALAYSIA

*Aziah D.

USM, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Introduction: For many years, leptospirosis has been recognized as a worldwide zoonotic

infection and human infection is acquired through directly or indirectly contact with animal urine.

Early clinical manifestation of leptospirosis can non-specific, it can present as mild disease or can

be an acute life-threatening condition which causes severe multisystem complications. This study

was carried out to determine the outcome of leptospirosis cases in northeastern hospitals in

Malaysia.

Methods: A hospital-based cross sectional study was conducted among 999 of febrile patients

admitted in 10 hospitals in northeastern Malaysia. An interviewer-guided Patient Proforma Sheet

which consisted of sociodemographic, clinical manifestation, occupational and recreational history

was used. Seroprevalence for leptospirosis was determined by IgM Enzyme-linked

Immunosorbent Assay test (IgM ELISA) and Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT).

Results: The seroprevalence of leptospirosis was 8.4% by MAT. Most of the leptospirosis cases

in hospitals were discharged without complication (92.9%). No death was reported during the

study period. Only 6 of the leptospirosis cases suffered from complication. The most frequent

complication was pneumonia (3 respondents), followed by acute renal failure (2 respondents) and

hemorrhage (1 respondent).

Conclusion: Even in this study the outcome for leptospirosis was good, diagnostic laboratory test

for leptospirosis should be considered, to initiate prompt treatment, for the benefit of the patient.

Training and guideline might be needed for health care personnel to identify severe or high-risk

cases, which need early admission to prevent complications and avoid death.

Keywords: leptospirosis, febrile cases, northeastern hospitals, Malaysia


PP Room 3B-11

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION AND ACUTE

RESPIRATORY INFECTION AMONG ADULTS IN KLANG VALLEY (2006-2011)

*NurFazhilah A.R.1, **Sharifah Norkhadijah S.I.1, and Emilia Zainal Abidin1

1 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health,Faculty of Medicine and Health

Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang.

*[email protected]

**[email protected]

Background: Respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia and chronic lower respiratory disease were

among the 10 principal causes of death in Malaysia and were the leading cause of utilisation of

government out-patient facilities, accounting for 20-30 per cent of the cases seen. Respiratory

illnesses range from mild and self-limiting, such as acute respiratory infections (ARI) to life-

threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism and lung cancer. Study aimed

to determine the association between the trend of outdoor air pollution and the incidence of ARI

among adults living in Klang Valley.

Methods: A time-series epidemiological study was conducted using the secondary data of outdoor

air pollutant and meteorological parameters from the Department of Environment (DOE). The

incidence of ARI was obtained from the Institute Medical Research from 2006-2011. Study

populations are among adults who have ARI case reported by IMR (2006-2011) in Klang Valley.

Results: This study is expected to model the emergence of ARI with regards to air pollution and

other factors with an integrated approach of GIS and statistical techniques. It also will assists the

policy makers in their planning and preventive health programs.

Keywords: outdoor air pollution, acute respiratory infection, adult, Klang Valley

Occupational Rehabilitation (Session Room 2)

OP Room 2A-1

DO WE COMMUNICATE OPENLY IN HEALTHCARE DELIVERY?

*Nabilah H.1, **Nurul S.E.M.1, Mohd I.O.1, Roslinah A.2, Nor'Aishah A.B.3, Noriah B.1,

Mohamad M.S.4, Siti A. M.5, & Nor F.B.1

1Institute for Health Management

2Institute for Health System Research

3Medical Development Division

4UiTM

5Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

*[email protected]

**[email protected]

Backgrounds: Culture of patient safety is a very important area of research because it reflects the

quality of care provided by health institutions. The practice of patient safety begins at the first

point of contact between patients and front liners such as doctors, nurses and assistant medical

officers (AMOs). The aim of this study was to determine the level of patient safety culture, reported

by assistant medical officers in the Ministry of Health hospitals.

Methods: Modified Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) questionnaires were

distributed to assistant medical officers who had worked for more than 6 months in all MOH

hospitals. This study took place from November 2012 to February 2013, and the total number of

respondents was 2,480. Data was analysed by IBM SPSS software 20.0.

Results: Overall perception of safety practices among the AMOs was 72.3%. The dimensions with

the highest positive response rate were ‘Organizational Learning- Continuous Improvement’

(93.5%), ‘Teamwork Within Unit’ (91.0%) and ‘Supervisor/Management Expectation And

Actions Promoting Patient Safety’ (82.2%). The lowest positive response rates were ‘Non Punitive

Response to Error’ (26.7%), ‘Communication Openness’ (44.2%) and ‘Frequency of Events

Reported’ (44.3%).

Conclusion: Better communication through training at all levels and effective intervention tools

should be developed to allow for heightened awareness on the importance of safe patient care. In

addition, hospitals should adopt the no-blame culture to encourage reporting of incidents. With

better reporting and subsequent investigation, the recurrence of events that may lead to more severe

consequences can be prevented.

Keywords: Patient Safety Culture, Communication, Error, Assistant Medical Officers (AMOS)


OP Room 2A-2

QUALITY OF LIFE AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS OF ARSENIC-AFFECTED

PATIENTS IN A BANGLADESHI POPULATION

*Emdadul Haque Syed1, Krishna C. Poudel2 and Habibul Ahsan3

1United Nations University-IIGH, Malaysia

2 The University of Tokyo, Japan

3 The University of Chicago

* [email protected]

Background: Contamination of groundwater by inorganic arsenic is one of the major public-

health problems in Bangladesh.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted (a) to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) and

mental health status of arsenic-affected patients and (b) to identify the factors associated with the

QOL. Of 1,456 individuals, 521 (35.78%) were selected as case and control participants, using a

systematic random-sampling method. The selection criteria for cases (n=259) included presence

of at least one of the following: melanosis, leucomelanosis on at least 10% of the body, or keratosis

on the hands or feet. Control (nonpatient) participants (n=262) were selected from the same

villages by matching age (±5 years) and gender. The Bangladeshi version of the WHOQOL-BREF

was used for assessing the QOL, and the self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ) were used for

assessing the general mental health status. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test and analysis

of covariance (ANCOVA), and the WHOQOL-BREF and SRQ scores between the patients and

the non-patients were compared.

Results: The mean scores of QOL were significantly lower in the patients than those in the non-

patients of both the sexes. Moreover, the mental health status of the arsenic-affected patients (mean

score for males=8.4 and females=10.3) showed greater disturbances than those of the non-patients

(mean score for males=5.2 and females=6.1) of both the sexes. The results of multiple regression

analysis revealed that the factors potentially contributing to the lower QOL scores included: being

an arsenic-affected patient, having lower age, and having lower annual income.

Conclusions: Based on the findings, it is concluded that the QOL and mental health status of the

arsenic-affected patients were significantly lower than those of the non-patients in Bangladesh.

Appropriate interventions are necessary to improve the well-being of the patients.

Keywords: Arsenic, Arsenic contamination, Cross-sectional study, mental health, Quality of life


OP Room 2A-3

IMPACT OF INTERPROFESSIONAL EDUCATION ON PATIENT AND

WORKPLACE SAFETY TOWARDS ALLIED HEALTH INTERNS

*Umasenan T.1

1School of Healthcare, Faculty of Biomedicine & Health, Asia Metropolitan University College

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: The passing of The Occupational Safety Health Act and the subsequent release of

the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report had resulted a stronger sense of awareness towards

workplace and patient safety in the Healthcare Industry. WHO recommended Interprofessional

education as one of the preparative component towards safety issues in the Healthcare Industry.

Methods: An Interprofessional safety health module was developed and delivered to 290 of allied

health final year students ranging from the fields of Nursing, Medical Imaging, Healthcare

Management, Pharmacy, Occupational Therapy, Physiotherapy, Paramedics and Environment &

Safety Students. Upon returning from their internship, a two part questionnaire was administered

to these students. The first part of the questionnaire consisted of the demographic particular while

the second part consisted areas of safety components such as knowledge, perception, attitude,

interrelationship, education, understanding & teamwork.

Results: The overall results indicated that 63.4% Agreed, 18.3% Neutral, 17.9% Strongly Agreed

and 0.3% Disagreed to the concept of Interprofessional Education towards in preparing them on

patient and workplace safety.

Keywords: Allied Health Interns, Interprofessional Education. Workplace & Patient Safety


OP Room 2A-4

HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ASIA

*Charles CC Lee1 and Kavitha Palaniappan1

1University of Newcastle (Australia) Singapore Pte Ltd, 355 Jln Bukit Ho Swee, Singapore

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: The fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) predicts substantial health risks due to climate change. In Asia, we are experiencing an

unprecedented impact of climate change on human health including death, respiratory and

diarrheal diseases, malnutrition, malaria, cholera, and dengue. Regional weather changes are

significantly impacted by climate change, which can be categorized as: (a) heat waves; (b)

temperature; (c) extreme weather. These weather changes operating as a single entity or in

combination creates significant health impacts.

Methods: This paper, focusing on India and China, will summarize five (5) health impacts areas

affected by these weather changes including: heat wave, air pollution, water and food-borne,

vector-borne, extreme weather related, and food and water shortages.

Results: Each of these health impacts triggers serious diseases such as respiratory and

cardiovascular, malaria, dengue and cholera. If the major stakeholders (government, scientist,

public, and non-profit organizations) are not serious about mitigating the GHG emissions, the toll

on our fragile human health will be catastrophic.

Conclusions: As rapidly developing Asian economies, like China and India, strive to expand their

GDPs, it is crucial that they focus on a path of sustainable development, which is less dependent

on fossil fuels but on renewable energy sources.

Keywords: Climate change, Health Impacts, Respiratory, Malnutrition.


OP Room 2A-5

HIGH INDOOR FORMALDEHYDE CONCENTRATION AT A TEACHING

HOSPITAL IN MALAYSIA

*Mohd Hasni J.1, Damica K.2, Juliana M.S.2, Noor Raihan K.2 and Jamal Hisham H.3.

1Department of Community Health, UKM Medical Center.

2Ministry of Health, Malaysia.

3United Nation University IIGH

*[email protected]

Background: Formaldehyde is widely used as a preservative in furniture, glue, textile and paint

industries. Classified as a carcinogen, exposure to it associated with lungs and nasopharyngeal

cancers. Acute symptoms of exposure include eye, nose and throat irritation as well as lower

airway health problems. The purpose of this study is to determine the indoor formaldehyde

concentration using a gas detector (MultiRAE) at selected confined rooms in UKM Medical

Centre.

Methods: A walk-through survey has been carried out that include seven confined spaces in the

Medical Centre. Among those locations, two are lecture rooms; one laboratory and four clinics

were included in this study. All rooms were purposively selected in this initial indoor assessment

for function rooms in this facility. Each measurement took 20 minutes duration of time for each

confined room, which gave values of time-weighted average (TWA), and short-term exposure

limit (STEL).

Result: The study revealed that confined rooms with fresh paint, present of new information

technology (IT) and furniture had higher indoor formaldehyde concentration compared to other

rooms. And yet the values are exceeded allowable limits such as TWA, and STEL; 0.02ppm and

0.1ppm respectively. These rooms include lecture rooms (from 0.04 to 0.08 ppm for TWA; from

0.21 to 0 31ppm. for STEL) and consultation room at out-patient clinics (from 0.04 to 0.05 ppm

for TWA; from 0.25 to 0.32ppm for STEL) have contained formaldehyde concentration of more

than the minimal risk limit (0.04ppm) for acute exposure. Laboratories without using

formaldehyde showed lower values and below those limits.

Conclusion: The confined spaces like lecture and consultation rooms are two important function

areas in student education and patient medication. Good ventilation as been installed in

laboratories help in reducing indoor formaldehyde concentration thus reduced the exposure to the

affected group of people. Further assessment to other confined space areas in the medical facility,

including others should be carried out and treat as serious as knowing the characteristic of

formaldehyde as one of the negligent carcinogens.

Keywords: Formaldehyde, Indoor Air Quality, Confined Space


PP Room 2A-6

HEALTH POLICY: HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

*Noor A.1, Wan Puteh S.E.1, Razali H.1, Azmi S.I.1 and Nordin A.1

1UPM, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Recently the issues regarding human resources management for health were dis-

cussed further in a global perspective. The importance of effective human re-sources policies for

improving the performance of health systems has been increasingly highlighted in recent years. It

is important to identify the issues in improving delivery of health care services.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to discuss issues and policy related to human resource

management (HRH) in developed and developing countries.

Methods: Data have been collected through published literature, from databases include: Google

scholar, BMC, Science Direct, PubMed, SpringerLink and BMJ Journals. The search took place

in October 2012.

Results: Many countries were facing problems with migration, short-age and surplus of

workforce. Besides, inadequate training, workforce perfor-mance and salary also as a factor that

clearly affects health care practices and human resources management in developed and

developing countries.

Conclusion: There are lots of strategies and policies in developed and developing countries in

order to solve the issues regarding human resources in health. However, the issues are still

outstanding for certain countries. Effective human resources management strategies in global

perspective are needed for handling the health workforce issues.

Keywords: Health workers, Human resources, Policy, Strategy


PP Room 2A-7

PERCEPTION OF SAFETY AND HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG OLDER FARMERS

IN MALAYSIA: AN INSIGHT

*Anita A.R.1, Nabilah L.2, Rosnah M.Y.3, Haslinda A.4, Sharifah Norazizan S.A.R.4 & Mohd

Rizal H.2

1Institute of Gerontology/Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health

Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Institute of Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti

Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 4Department of Social & Development Sciences, faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra


*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Ageing population poses its own unique challenges in public health area and this

has found to become of greater importance especially in the working sectors.

Objectives: This cross sectional study was designed to determine the workplace safety and health

problems and also ascertain the association between perception on workplace safety and the risk

factors among older farmers.

Methods: As the states of Perak and Johor had the highest number of district farmers association,

a total of 164 older farmers age 45 years old and above were chosen. A set of questionnaire which

comprised of respondent’s sociodemographic information, questionnaire to identify the safety and

health problem and a validated questionnaire of 50-item Work Safety Scale (WSS) which had a

good Cronbach alpha of 0.887 to 0.929 to measure perception on safety was used for data

collection. Data was then analyzed using SPSS version 20.

Results: Findings showed that vision and musculoskeletal problems were the major health

problems contributing approximately 63% and 60% respectively while for safety problems, fall

contributed the highest percentage (39.6%). Five factors were found to be significantly associated

with safety problems; age, education level, total years of working, monthly income and the

perception on job safety while for health problems, four factors were significantly associated such

as age, job categories, perception on job safety and coworkers safety (p<0.001). Further logistic

regression test for the significant variables showed the entire above factor were significant towards

safety problem where age (p<0.01) and total years of working (p=0.014) was more likely to

contribute to safety problems (age; OR=8.497, 95% CI: 3.532–20.446, total years of working;

OR=4.016, 95% CI: 1.318–12.235) while education level (p=0.022), monthly income (p=0.003)

and perceptions on job safety (p=0.008) were the protective factors (OR=0.466, 95%CI=0.242-

0.898; OR=0441, 95%CI=0.256-0.760; OR=0.348, 95%CI=0.16-0.760 respectively). However for

health problem, job category (OR=0.346, 95% CI= 0.118-0.932), perception on job safety

(OR=0.200, 95% CI= 0.040-0.990) and perception on coworkers safety (OR=0.409, 95% CI=

0.192-0.868) were found to be the protective factors.

Conclusions: In conclusion, this study showed that while age was an important risk factor, other

significant factors was also found to play important roles towards safety and health among older

farmers.

Keywords: Perception, Safety, Health, Older Worker, Malaysia

Psychosocial And Behavioral (Session room 5)

OP Room 5B-1

EXPOSURE TO RESPIRABLE DUST (PM10) AND RESPIRATORY HEALTH AMONG

TRAFFIC POLICEMEN IN SELANGOR

Nor Syafarizwa M.1, *Juliana, J.1, Sharmadevan S.1



*[email protected]

Introduction: Exposure to traffic air pollutants has shown a significant health effect on respiratory

systems and decreased in lung function among traffic policemen. Objective: The main objective

of this study is to determine the relationships between personal exposure levels to PM10 and

respiratory health among traffic policemen working at Traffic Police Station at Petaling Jaya,

Selangor and general duty policemen attached to Police Headquarters at Putrajaya.

Methods: A cross sectional comparative study was conducted among 60 traffic policemen

working at Traffic Police Station at Petaling Jaya, Selangor and 57 general duty policemen from

Police Headquarters at Putrajaya as the comparative group. A random sampling method was used

to select on the respondents based on inclusive criteria such as age between 23 to 55 years and not

less than 3 years working as traffic policemen. Questionnaire based on ATS (1978) was used to

collect information on socio-demographic and respiratory symptoms. Spirometer (Spirolab II

Model) was used to perform lung function tests. Personal Air Sampling Pump (Gillian Air Pump)

was used to measure personal exposure level to PM10.

Result: The median personal exposure level of PM10 among the traffic policemen was 208.33 ±

49.02μg/m3 compared to only 49.02 ± 49.01μg/m3among the comparative group. Result from

Mann Whitney U test showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.001) between the two

study groups. There was a significant difference in FVC (liter) with z = -5.218, p < 0.05, FEV1

(liter) with z = -4.987, p < 0.05, FVC% predicted with z = -3.716, p < 0.05, and FEV1% predicted

with z = -2.593, p < 0.05 between exposed group and comparative group. Discussion: Findings

from this study indicated that exposure to elevated concentration level to respirable dust (PM10)

is the risk factor in the development of respiratory diseases as shown by the higher prevalence of

reported respiratory symptoms and the reduction in lung function among traffic policemen.

Conclusion: The result from this research showed that the traffic policemen are at risk of

respiratory disease, as reflected by an increase in the reported respiratory symptoms and the

reduction in lung function.

Keywords: Traffic Air Pollutants, Respirable Particles (PM10), Respiratory Symptoms, Lung

Function


OP Room 5B-2

ROAD TRAFFIC AT NIGHT - A CASE STUDY IN DUNGUN TERENGGANU

*Dian D.I.D.1, Norazmira W.A.1, Baba M.D.1 and Ahmad R.I.1

1UPNM, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Sound produced by the passing traffic resulted as noise pollution which affects the

residents of both city and suburban area. The noise produced not only disturbed the community

live nearby the main road in the afternoon, even worse it disturbed them at night.

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the perception of the residents nearby,

measure the noise level produced at night in the residence area, and to investigate the whole body

vibration caused by the traffic along Jalan Paka, Dungun, Terengganu.

Methods: A subjective assessment was conducted to the residents nearby to find out on their

perception and impacts of the noise faced by them. Questionnaires were developed to carry out the

study. The data of noise level and vibration produced at night in the residence area were taken in

three different locations. A comparison of noise level and vibration value was made based on the

distance and standard as prescribed by WHO and JAS.

Results: This study shows that from 114 respondents who were selected randomly, 61 % feels that

their residence is noisy at night. The noise level inside and outside of the residence exceeds the

noise level permitted by JAS and WHO. The noise level in the residence was 66.4 dBA exceeding

by 16.4 dBA of noise level standards proposed by DOE . While the highest value measured LAeq

in residence is 57.5 dBA which is exceeded by 22.5 dBA of noise levels recommended by the

WHO for the domestic at night . The maximum noise level inside the residence area can reach up

to 85.3 dBA at night during weekend. The furthest residence from the main road, the least of noise

would be produced in the residence and it is reduce noise in the home by 19%. However, whole

body vibration levels measured do not cause disturbance to the residents of the site of less than

0.15m/s.

Keywords: sound level, noise, perception, traffic noise


OP Room 5B-3

ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN LIFESTYLE, CHRONIC DISEASES AND SELF-RATED

HEALTH AMONG MALAYSIAN ADULTS

*Chan, Y.Y1, Teh, C.H1, Lim, K.K1, Lim, K.H1, Yeo, P.S1, Azli, B.1, Chong, Z.L1,

Khoo, Y.Y1, Kee, C.C2, Noor Ani, A.1 and Azahadi, O.1

1Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia

* [email protected]

Background: Studies on associations between lifestyle, chronic diseases and self-rated health

(SRH) have been reported in different populations. However, such studies are limited in

developing countries, particularly in Malaysia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of

poor SRH in Malaysia and its association with lifestyle and chronic diseases among Malaysian

adults.

Methods: This study was based on 18,231 adults aged 18 years and above who participated in the

2011 Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS 2011), a cross-sectional study

with two-stage stratified sampling design. Information on SRH, socio-demographic, lifestyle and

chronic diseases was obtained by trained enumerators via face-to-face interviews. SRH was

dichotomized into “Good” (very good and good) and“Poor” (moderate, not good and very

bad).The associations of lifestyle and chronic diseases with poor SRH were evaluated using

multivariable logistic regression.

Results: Approximately one-fifth of the Malaysian adult population (20.1%) rated their health as

poor, 18.4% in men and 21.7% in women (p<0.001). Multivariable regression analysis revealed

that adults who were underweight (OR=1.29; 95% CI: 1.05-1.57), physically inactive (OR=1.25;

95% CI: 1.11-1.39), former smokers (OR=1.38; 95% CI: 1.12-1.70), former drinkers (OR=1.27;

95% CI: 1.01-1.62) and current drinkers (OR=1.35; 95% CI: 1.08-1.68) were more likely to report

poor SRH. Presence of chronic diseases such as asthma (OR=1.66; 95% CI: 1.36-2.03), arthritis

(OR=1.87; 95% CI: 1.52-2.29), hypertension (OR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.18-1.64),

hypercholesterolemia (OR=1.43; 95% CI: 1.18-1.74) and heart disease (OR=1.85; 95% CI: 1.43-

2.39) were significantly associated with poor SRH.

Conclusion: Our findings could contribute to effective healthy lifestyle promotion and disease

prevention interventions to improve the overall health status of Malaysian population.

Keywords: Self-rated health, lifestyle, chronic diseases, Malaysian adults


OP Room 5B-4

PEN AND PAPER BASED OBSERVATIONAL METHOD TO ASSESS POSTURAL

PROBLEMS: A REVIEW

Sukadarin1, E.H., Deros, B.M1, Nawi, N.S.M.1, Tamrin, S.B.M.2, Bakar, S.A.3 and

Rambely, A.S.4


Environment , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

2Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra

Malaysia

3School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis

4Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti

Kebangsaan Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Posture is one of the most important factor that need to be considered in any postural

analysis. Awkward, extreme, and repetitive postures can increase the risk of musculoskeletal

disorders. As observational methods are more widespread than instrumentation-based methods to

assess postural problems, this study reviews and assesses the scientific literature of observational

methods and focused on pen and paper based specifically.

Methods: In order to identify the published methods, a list of English or Malay articles dating as

far back as 1990 was compiled from PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. The keywords

were ergo*, posture*, method*, observational*, postural problems*, pen and paper*, posture

analysis*, indirect* and macro-ergo*. In addition, a secondary search was also performed using

bibliography of retrieved articles so that additional papers for conducting review and evaluations

ease to be collected.

Results: A total of 121 articles that assessed postural problems in working activities were found.

However after intensive screening process only 6 articles were selected to be further discussed.

Posture of upper arms/shoulder, lower arms/ elbow, wrist , neck, back/trunk and leg were

highlighted in this study. The limitations and the strengths of the published pen and paper based

observational method focusing on those postures were also discussed.

Conclusions: The finding of this review will benefit researchers in the process of understanding

unsafe posture in workplace. Researchers also could have ideas how to improve the current pen

and paper based observational method to assess postural problems.

Keywords: Posture, Observational Method, Pen And Paper Based


OP Room 5B-5


PP Room 5B-6

THE PREVALENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AMONG STAFF AT THE

PRIVATE UNIVERSITY IN SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

*Azizah, A.1, Rozainee, K. 2

1 Department of Community Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

2 Pusat Kembangan Pendidikan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Occupational stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses

that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities’, resources, or need of

workers. The objective of this study was to find the prevalence of occupational stress among staff

at the one of the private university in Malaysia.

Methods: This cross-sectional study is conducted by using Job Content Questionnaires to identify

the occupational stress level between them. This form consists of 4 parts namely decision latitude,

psychological job demand, social support and job security.

Results: This study found that the prevalence of occupational stress among employees was 24.8%.

These findings reveal the stress level among staff at the private university shows similar percentage

with the stress level among staff at public university in previous study.

Keywords: Occupational stress, University staff, JCQ.


PP Room 5B-7

PESTICIDE EXPOSURE AND LEARNING ABILITY OF PRIMARY SCHOOL

CHILDREN IN TANJUNG KARANG, SELANGOR

Nurul Husna Miswon1, Zailina Hashim1, Raihanah Chokeli1, Vivien How1



*[email protected]

Background: The widespread use of organophosphate (OP) pesticide in paddy field has led to

human exposure. These pesticides can be absorbed rapidly via respiratory, gastrointestinal, ocular

and dermal system. The effects are particularly profound in children since their organ and cognitive

systems are developing. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between blood

cholinesterase as indicator of pesticide exposure with the children’s learning ability.

Methods: About 77 primary school children from paddy farm areas were selected as exposed

group and another 62 primary school children from non-agriculture village served as the

unexposed group. A set of self-constructed questionnaire were completed by their parents. The

children’s capillaries blood were collected through finger prick technique and then the

cholinesterase test kit (LOVIBOND AF287) was used to determine the blood cholinesterase level.

The McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities (MSCA) was used to determine the learning ability.

Results: There were significant differences in blood cholinesterase and all scores in MSCA

between the exposed and the unexposed group (p<0.05). There were significant associations

between blood cholinesterase levels with all scores in MSCA (p<0.05). Other variable that

significantly influenced the blood cholinesterase was gender (p=0.008). Blood cholinesterase

significantly influenced the learning ability especially the motor scale (p=0.002).

Conclusion: The exposed children have significantly lower blood cholinesterase level and

learning ability than the exposed children. The blood cholinesterase had significant relationship

with the motor performance.

Keywords: Pesticide, learning ability, blood cholinesterase and paddy farmer

Urban Health And Risk Management (SESSION ROOM 1)

OP Room 1A-1

ORIGIN AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE MISHRIF, YAMAMA AND NAHR UMR

RESERVOIRS, IN NASIRIYA OILFIELD, SOUTHERN IRAQ

*Amer Al-K.1

1Babylon University, Iraq

* [email protected]

Background / Methods: Forty rock samples taken from cores, cuttings, and five oil samples taken

from Mishrif, Nahr Umr and Yamama formations in the Nasiriya oilfield wells.

Results: Three major oil reservoirs in the Nasiriya oilfield:(1) Mishrif Formation with reserved oil

approximately 1009 million ton, show measured porosities up to 40% and the oils are aromatic,

medium gravity, high sulfur content, and interpreted as being sourced from:-Type II/III carbonate

rocks interbedded and deposited in a reducing marine environment with high salinity based on

biomarkers and isotopic analysis. (2) The reservoirs of the Albian Nahr Umr of approximately 68

million ton reserved oil, show measured porosities up to 23%. (3) Late Berriasian- Early

Valanginian Yamama formations of 275 million tons reserved oil, measured porosities up to

28.8%. The Nahr Umr and Yamama reservoirs oils are saturated, light to medium API gravity, low

to medium sulfur content which are usually derived from marine shale and carbonate source rocks

(containing type II-kerogen), Upper Jurassic to Middle Cretaceous age.

Conclusion: Source rock geochemical analysis suggests for all Cretaceous source rocks samples,

immature to mature and show that the Sulaiy and Yamama formations to be a good quality source

rock with high total organic carbon (up to 8-wt% TOC). The Lower Cretaceous source rocks were

deposited in a suboxic-anoxic basin and show good hydrogen indices, and are likely to have

charged the reservoirs with low amounts of hydrocarbons, during the Miocene. The most likely

source rock for the Mishrif, Yamama and Nahr Umr reservoired oils are the Middle -Upper Jurassic

source rock.

Keywords: Mishrif. Yamama. Nahr Umr. Nasiriya oilfield. Oil geochemistry, Mesopotamian

Basin.


OP Room 1A-2

SUSTAINABILITY CONCERN IN VALUE MANAGEMENT:

A STUDY ON GOVERNMENT’S BUILDING PROJECT

*Nuur Fadzilah Md. Noor1, Kamruzzaman, S.N.2, and Norafida Ab. Ghaffar2

1Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur 2Department of Building Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya, 50603

Kuala Lumpur

[email protected]

Background: Active promotions of sustainable development by government and non-

governmental organisations have proved that Malaysia is committed to reduce the nation’s carbon

emission intensity by 40% per GDP by 2020. The building industry was identified as one of the

biggest resource user; therefore sustainable building is seen to be the effective way to reduce it.

To date, only 6 government buildings were certified as ‘Green Building’ which did not reflect to

the initiatives and policies made by the government in sustainable practice although it has al-ready

begun since 1979. Value Management (VM) has been recognized by Malaysian Government as a

strategic planning tool and it has been practice ever since.

Methods: In order to propose the idea of integrating sustainability in VM practice, a field study

was conducted to VM practitioners, which involve in government-building projects. The survey

was to investigate sustainable consideration in the existing practice of VM. The aim of this paper

is to investigate sustainable consideration in the existing practice of VM.

Results: This study found that the sustainable knowledge between VM practitioners and the

attention given to the project sustainability were only at moderate level.

Conclusions: This study provides evidence to suggest that sustainable concern is not one of

project’s priorities, which could prove the need to integrate sustainable concern and VM practice

in buildings project to enable better involvement of sustainability into present governments’

practice.

Keywords: Sustainability, Value Management, Malaysian Government, Building


OP Room 1A-3

HOW SAFE ARE WE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER IN MALAYSIA?

*Haliza Abdul Rahman1

1Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,

Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

* [email protected]

Background: Environmental disasters come in many shapes and sizes. Cameron Highland mud

floods 2013, Hulu Langat landslide 2011, tsunami 2004 and High-land Tower 1993 are some

examples of environmental disaster in Malaysia. An environmental disaster is a disaster to the

natural environment due to human activity because of the negative impact of the over-exploitation

of natural resources and unsustainable development. Human also have capacity in increasing the

impact of natural environmental disaster such as flood to be worsen.

Results: Some of these disasters carry heavy price tags as property and lives are damaged beyond

full compensation and repair. Environmental disasters can have an effect on agriculture,

biodiversity, the economy and human health as well. Nowadays, society becomes ever more

rapidly vulnerable to environmental disasters due to the frequency and se-verity of disaster and

concentration of populations as well. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population

to support or resist the disaster.

Conclusion: The question is how safe are we from this type of disaster? Humankind is capable of

saving their self and Earth as well if they recover the principles of solidarity, complementarity and

harmony with nature in contraposition to the reign of competition, prof-its and rampant

consumption of natural resources. They also must strongly support a sustainable development and

a sustainable land use concept in order to sustain the environment from degrades. In addition,

community-based disaster prepared-ness is essential in preventing and responding to the full array

of environmental disasters in keeping human losses as low as possible.

Keywords: Environmental Disaster, Human Activity, Effect, Saving and Preventing the Public


OP Room 1A-4

DETERMINATION OF DITHIOCARBAMATE FUNGICIDE RESIDUE IN

CUCUMBER, GINGER, AND PEPPER AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT

*Buran Phansawan1, **Tippawan Prapamontol2, Ampica Mangklabruks3, Choochad Santasup4,

Somporn Chantrara5, Prasak Thavornyutikarn5

1Environmental Science PhD Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University

2Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai

University

3Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University

4Department of Plant Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai

University

5Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University

* [email protected]

** [email protected]

Background: Dithiocarbamates (DTCs) are groups of organ sulfur fungicides that have been

extensively used in agriculture. DTCs such as mancozeb, propineb and zineb can be hardly

determined directly because they are strong complexes with metal ions and insoluble in general

polar solvents or water. Meanwhile, they can decompose easily to carbon disulfide (CS2).

Methods: The present study aimed to determine dithiocarbamates (DTCs) in cucumber, ginger,

and pepper using gas chromatograph- flame photometric detector (GC-FPD). Among the DTCs,

mancozeb was employed as a representative for analytical detection standard. Manocozeb in

spiked vegetable matrix and real samples (5 g) was transformed to carbon disulfide (CS2) under

acidic condition and CS2 was then extracted by isooctane. Limit of detection (LOD) of the

developed method is 0.03 mg/kg and limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.10 mg/kg. The samples

collected from five fresh markets in Chiang Mai city.

Results: About 18.5% of 54 samples were determined the DTC range of 0.12-30.64 mg/kg. The

consumption data was collected from 244 consumers living in Suthep subdistrict of Chiang Mai

city.

Conclusion: It was found that calculated daily intake (CDI) of mancozeb from cucumber, ginger,

and pepper consumption were 293.3, 0.0, and 93.3% of acceptable daily intake (ADI) set by

FAO/WHO at 0.03 mg/kg bw/day, respectively.

Keywords: Dithiocarbamates, Carbon Disulfide (CS2), GC-FPD, Consumption, Health Risk

Assessment


OP Room 1A-5

THE STUDY OF FLOCULATION CHARECTERISTICS FOR LAND-FILL LEACHATE

TREATMENT USING STARCH NATURAL BASED FLOCULANT FROM DURIO

ZIBETHINUS SEED

Zamri, M.F.M.A1, *Yusoff, M.S1 & Aziz, H.A1

1School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan,

14300, Nibong Tebal, S.P.S , Pulau Pinang

*[email protected]

Background: Flocculation has been extensively used as a semi-aerobic landfill leachate treatment,

prior to other treatment methods. Although inorganic and synthetic polymers are prominent in

landfill leachate treatment, its application may introduce potentially toxic residual. As alternative

to potential risk, starch-based coagulants had been produced from durian seed waste. Plus, no

attempt has been made to avail abundant waste of Durian Seed Starch (DSS) as a natural floculant

for wastewater and leachate treatment.

Methods: In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the performance of DSS in the

flocculation process.

Results: Jar test results had as certained that optimum pH and dosages values for DSS bulk

coagulation were pH 6 and 4000mg/L with removal of true colour and turbidity were 34% and

36.9% respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show the presence of

contaminated particle layer on top of the DSS after the treatment process. The Fourier transform

infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed DSS was the major constituent of the floc. FTIR

results verified that the agglomeration consist of leachate contaminants.

Conclusion: Therefore, DSS could be a feasible selective floculant in replacing inorganic floculant

for semi-aerobic landfill leachate treatment.

Keywords: Landfill Treatment, Floculation, Natural Polymer, Starch, Durio Zibethinus Seed.


PP Room 1A-6

THE HEALTH CO-BENEFITS OF CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION THROUGH

MASS PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT

*Kwan Soo Chen1 & Jamal Hisham Hashim1

1United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health,

* [email protected]

Background: Transportation is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gases (GHG)

emissions from fuel combustions. In particularly, developing countries in many Asian regions are

going through the urbanization phase. The demand for private motorized transport on the roads is

escalating following the rapid economic growth. Mass public transportation is mentioned in the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) mitigation review as a transport demand

management (TDM) strategy. However, to implement the mass public transport policy will require

huge capital investment, commitment and support from the local government to build extensive

public transport infrastructures and railway transits.

Methods: Therefore, this article explores the many immediate co-benefits that can be gained from

the mass public transportation policy from the local health perspective as part of the win-win

strategy for the climate change mitigation.

Results: Various studies have been conducted on the potential health co-benefits from climate

change mitigation through transportation. Some of them are reduced air pollution, decreased risks

of road traffic injuries and increased physical activities. Besides, effective land use can be

enhanced with more compact public transits and increased green space. Socio-economic and health

equity among the poor and vulnerable groups can also be achieved from increased accessibility

through public transportation.

Conclusion: The mass public transport in the urban environment can act as an important co-factor

in reducing morbidity, disease burden of non-communicable diseases and subsequently

government medical expenditure. As one of the climate change mitigation, it can contribute to

improving the quality of life, health and life expectancy of the urban dwellers.

Keywords: Health, Co-Benefits, Climate Change Mitigation, Transportation, Urban


PP Room 1A-7

*DENGUE FEVER SPATIAL OCCURRENCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH LAND

USE IN SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

*Haidar Rizal Toha1, Jamal Hisham Hashim2, Mazrura Sahani3 & Mohd Shahir Shamsir4

1Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Ya'acob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala

Lumpur

2United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health, Pusat Perubatan Universiti

Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak,, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur

3Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur

4Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310 Johor

* [email protected]

Background: Dengue fever has a huge impact globally. It has a strong potential to spread to new

territories as an effect of human activities that modify the environment. Environmental factors

influence the disease epidemic through the influence on vector’s habitat and propagation. The

economic costs involved were mostly in epidemic identification and vector surveillance. The

relationship between dengue fever and environmental factors namely land use and degree of

urbanization were investigated in the state of Selangor, Malaysia.

Methods: Spatial analysis of serologically confirmed dengue cases using Global Moran I and

Average Nearest Neighbour methods in four districts, namely Hulu Selangor, Klang, Petaling and

Sepang was done to show clustering of cases.

Results: The clusterings of cases were statistically significant at differing range of distances. Maps

of case location, epidemic location, high risk areas and areas that are affected by nearby land uses

were formed. The land use maps were for agriculture, stagnant water bodies, housing, industry,

open land and drainage in all the four districts and the affected areas are shown as hotspots of

dengue cases.

Conclusion: The result of this study is useful for application as a tool to guide health authorities

in dengue fever prevention and control activities.

Keyword: Dengue Fever, Spatial Occurrence, Land Use, Malaysia

Waste Management And Industrial Safety (Session room 5)

OP Room 5B-1

PRODUCTION OF MICROALGAL BIOMASS USING RAW WASTEWATER FROM

INSTANT NODDLE FACTORY.

*Worawit W.1, Wiali C.2 & Sorawit P.3

1Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced and Sustainable Environmental Engineering

(International Program), Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand

2Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Scence, Chulalongkorn

University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

3Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Scence, Chulalongkorn

University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Wastewater treatment using microalgae can be applied for nutrients (N and P)

removal together with carbon dioxide fixation through photosynthesis. Moreover, algal biomass

produced after wastewater treatment can be further uti-lized as fertilizer or biodiesel extraction.

Objectives: The objective of this research is to en-hance microalgae biomass production for

recovering nutrients in wastewater from instant noodle factory.

Methods: The experiment was performed using 2000 ml Duran bot-tle as culture vessel under

laboratory condition. Raw wastewater as mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and effluent after

sedimentation were chosen as the nutrient source for the microalga Scenedesmus sp. cultivation.

Results: It was found that MLSS wastewater and effluent can be used as a sole nutrients source

for Scenedesmus sp. Addition of phosphate significantly promoted growth of the Scenedesmus sp.

Maximum productivity in MLSS with phosphate addition and effluent with phosphate addition

was 234.30 ± 124.39 mg dw-1 L-1 day-1 and 61.31 ± 50.66 mg dw-1 L-1 day-1, respectively,

which were significantly higher than wastewater without phosphate addition. After treatment,

COD was reduced by 85% and 23% for MLSS and effluent, respectively. However, external

carbon di-oxide supplement was not significantly enhanced microalgal growth.

Keywords: Phosphate addition, External carbon dioxide, Microalgae cultivation


OP Room 5B-2

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES IN

ZANZIBAR: HEALTH RISKS AND POLICY IMPLICATION

*Biubwa A.1 and SharifahNorkhadijah S.I.1

1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health,Faculty of Medicine and Health

Sciences,University Putra Malaysia.43400,UPM Serdang,Malaysia.

*[email protected]

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the current status of municipal solid waste

management (MSWM) system in Zanzibar municipality. The study focuses on different aspects of

MSWM such as collection and disposal, identifying the main problems and limitations that hinder

improvement in the current municipal solid waste management practices and suggestion on the

measures to be taken to alleviate these problems.

Methods: For primary data collection, the respondents in the study are Zanzibar Municipal

Council personnel with varying responsibilities within the waste management system; relevant

Stakeholders in this field such as heads of the Department of Environment and Water authority,

administrators and planners from government agencies. Information was collected from municipal

officials and stakeholders regarding MSWM services and practices using a semi–structured

administered questionnaire.For the public, survey was also conducted on the household level in

the selected residential areas. The survey measuredexisting practices of MSW such as frequency

of collection, disposal methods, individual knowledge,and problems regarding MSWM in their

localities. To add the value to the information collected via survey questionnaires, field visit and

direct observation was more emphasized on collection points, transportation equipment, disposal

sites and potential public health and environmental risks. The photographs were taken on each

functional element involved in MSWM. Secondary data relevant to MSWM was derived from vital

statistics, reports, strategic documents, and previous studies. Also, in this study, Geographic

Information System (GIS) was used to indicate the location of the respondents whom potential to

have health problem associated to the contaminated air, water and soil in the vicinity of dumping

sites.

Conclusions: The expected outcome of this study is a comprehensive report that will present as

the baseline information and vital findings on Municipal Solid Waste Management from policy

aspects to operational issues on municipal solid waste management in Zanzibar.

Keywords: municipal solid waste management, health risks, policy, practices, Zanzibar


OP Room 5B-3

FLOATABLE MARINE LITTER MOVEMENT PREDICTED BY TIDAL

CIRCULATION SIMULATION AT SAPHAN HIN, PHUKET, ANDAMAN SEA

Rungtip Junlah1, *Pasinee Worachananant2, Sornthep Vannarat3, & Yoshimura Chihiro4


(International Program), Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand

2Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand

3National Electronic and Computer Technology Center, NSTDA, Pathumthani, Thailand

4Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Saphan Hin is located in the east side of Phuket Island. It serves as recreational site

and ecological services such seagrass for dugong. Many marine animal are currently killed by

ingestion of small piece of plastic bag. Therefore, prediction of light floatable marine litter will

greatly help to understand behavior of marine litter transportation at Saphan Hin. Particle tracking

has been used to predict movement of marine litter under the assumption of solely tidal current.

FVCOM has simulated tide in Andaman Sea, and tidal constituent analysis at Tapao Noi is

verified. It shows that simulation has a good agreement with tidal amplitude and a bit lagged for

tidal phase of approximately 40 minutes. The flood tide moves northeasterly and easterly

according to current ellipse, whereas ebb tide moves controversially. The surface tidal current is

approximately 7-30 cm/s. Actual floatable Styrofoam observation suggested that particle travels

with velocity approximately 30-40 cm/s. This shows that simulation is underestimated. This is

probably because of external factor such wind. However, actual particle movement direction has

agreed well with simulation. Prediction of particle tracking for seven days has shown that tide has

somewhat influence to move particles away from the source even if it is periodically. The

accumulated displacement of tide during flood and ebb tide leads particle to move in land and

seawards. Particle movement caused by tide can move to other side of cape.

Keywords: Marine litter, Tidal circulation, Andaman Sea, Particle tracking


OP Room 5B-4

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF PM10 AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION (ARI)

AMONG CHILDREN IN KLANG VALLEY, 2007 - 2011

*Siti Rahmah A.R.1, Sharifah Norkhadijah S.I.1, Muhammad Firuz R.2, Mohd Talib L.3, Mazrura

S.4


Sciences, UPM

2Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment Studies, UPM

3School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology,

UKM

4Environmental Health and Industrial Safety Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, UKM

*[email protected]

Background: PM10 is suspended particles in atmosphere with aerodynamic diameter of 10

micrometres or less. It can penetrate to the lungs and risks the respiratory system. Acute respiratory

infection (ARI) is one of the respiratory system disease related to PM10 concentration. The

primary sources of PM10 are from traffic road, agriculture area, construction sites and industrial

area. Klang valley is a premier city which holds industrial development, infrastructure housing and

business center.

Objective: This paper highlights the spatial correlation of PM10 and ARI incidence among

children in eight major cities of Klang Valley from 2007 to 2011.

Methodology: Secondary data of PM10 were obtained from eight water quality monitoring

stations, Department of Environment and ARI incidence data were obtained from Malaysian

Ministry of Health. An interpolation method in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software

was used to generate the pattern of PM10 concentration. The map was overlaid to the incidence of

ARI map and was analysed for the correlation.

Results: The highest monthly concentration of PM10, 95.42 ± 17.27μg/m3 was recorded in Klang

in July 2009. The overlaid map has determined a correlation between the ARI incidences with the

PM10 concentration especially in high density population area. An increase number of ARI cases

were determined in Klang Valley area as the PM10 concentration increased.

Keywords: Particulate matter (PM10), acute respiratory infection (ARI), children, GIS, Klang

valley


OP Room 5B-5

AN ASSESSMENT OF OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF INDOOR/OUTDOOR

AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER AT ROADSIDE AND URBAN BACKGROUND

SITES IN LONDON.

*Mohd Shukri M.A.1, Frank K.2 & Benjamin B.2

1International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Malaysia 2King's College London, United Kingdom

*[email protected]

Background: People spend most of their time indoors, in buildings such as schools and offices,

as well as their homes. Recent interest in Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) suggests that the contribution

of outdoor pollutants and indoor airborne particulate may be responsible for the aggregation of a

number of respiratory illnesses. Because of these health implications, it is important to understand

the characteristics of airborne particulate matter inside/outside (I/O) the building and the variables

affecting the degree of exposure to them.

Objectives: This study aims to establish spatial and temporal descriptive analysis of the indoor-

outdoor PM OP long term dataset. The relationship between ascorbate (OPAA), glutathione

(OPGSH) and building occupancy are used to create a basic characterisation of the metrics.

Methods: Indoor and outdoor PM total suspended particle (PMTSP) samples were collected from

two contrasting sites in London using OSIRIS monitor. PM oxidative activity was examined by

quantifying its capacity to deplete antioxidants from the synthetic respiratory tract lining fluid

(RTLF) model.

Results: The novel time series of PM OP dataset established in this study highlighted a clear

difference between the two sites. Indoor OP metrics in the roadside building recorded higher

depletion rates compared to the urban background site. At urban background site, when indoor OP

dataset were categorised and group as building occupancy and seasonal dependent, the indoor PM

OP antioxidants metrics was found to have a higher depletion rate during occupied period and was

observed during winter time, which particularly in particulate mass metric. At roadside site,

interestingly, a significant decrease in PM-induced antioxidant depletion indoors, observed after

the door upgrade.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that oxidative activity in the context of particulate metrics,

from both internal and external sources, is a useful tool to illustrate any source changes in the

transfer of pollutants into buildings. The two sites showed a clear difference in PM TSP OP

antioxidants metrics, particularly the indoor OP metrics in the roadside building. This may explain

the high reactive PM composition attributed from outdoor vehicle combustion.

Keywords: indoor/outdoor (I/O), particulate matter (PM), oxidative potential, building

occupancy


OP Room 5B-6

EVALUATING HUMAN EXPOSURE TO EMISSION FROM INCINERATION PLANT

USING AERMOD DISPERSION MODELING

*Afsaneh A.1, **M. Rashid2, K. Noorhafizah3 & M. Ammar3

1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia

2Air Resources Research Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology,

54100 UTM Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

3AMR Environmental Sdn Bhd Taman Sri Pulai Perdana 81110 Johor Bahru, Malaysia

*[email protected]

**[email protected]

Backgrounds: Air dispersion models are widely used to evaluate and predict the pollutants

emissions from air pollution sources such as incinerators. This study attempts to predict the heavy

metal pollutants dispersion emitted by a schedule waste incineration plant impacting its

surrounding area. Several scenarios of emission rates couple with the meteorological conditions

were investigated using the AERMOD dispersion model.

Results: The results showed that the maximum ground level concentration (GLC) of pollutants

fall within the distance of 1 km from the stack and within the limited of the ambient air quality

guidelines. The pollutant concentration decreases with distances from the schedule waste

incinerator, which does not seem to contribute a significant human exposure problem.

Keywords: Pollution dispersion, AERMOD, Incinerator, heavy metals


OP Room 5B-7

HERBICIDE EXPOSURE AND SKIN SYMPTOMS AMONG PADDY FARMERS IN

TANJUNG KARANG, SELANGOR

C. Raihanah1, V. How1 & *H. Zailina1

1Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,

University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

*[email protected]

Introduction: Skin symptoms due to pesticide exposure among paddy farmers were not

commonly studied in Malaysia. This study has been carried out among 75 paddy farmers in

Tanjung Karang, Selangor where it is the third largest paddy producer after Kedah and Perak. The

common type of pesticides use in Tanjung Karang were 2, 4-D, Paraquat and Glyphosate for

herbicide while Avisect and chlorpyrifos for insecticide.

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between dermal exposure and

skin symptom among paddy farmers in Tanjung Karang.

Methods: Fluorescent Tracer was used to trace the pesticide contaminant on the respondents’

bodies. There are 2 types of scores that have been used to quantify the dermal exposures, namely

the Exposure Evaluation Matrix (EEM) and Determinants of Dermal Exposure Ranking Method

(DERM). A self-constructed questionnaire also used to record the socio-demographic background

and the Modified Contact Dermatitis Questionnaire has been used to record the prevalence of skin

symptoms among the respondents.

Result: The result showed that the prevalence of body part exposed are mostly observed on right

finger (36.6%) and back of thorax (35.2%).There was a significant association between skin

symptoms and dermal exposures among the exposed group (p<0.05). However, there were no

association between skin symptoms with dermal exposures as measured by EEM as (p>0.05) and

DERM (p>0.05). From the 7 skin symptoms reported among the exposed group, only itchiness

(20%) showed the highest prevalence among the respondents followed by skin redness (10.5%)

Conclusion: Multiple Linear Regressions showed that the itchiness, skin redness and rashes were

significantly influenced by the how many hours and days of farmers using the pesticide. The tools

that had been used to measure the dermal exposure such as EEM and DERM may not be reliable

and sensitive for measuring pesticide exposure.

Keywords: Paddy Farmers; Herbicide; Dermal Exposure; Skin Symptoms


OP Room 5B-8

A SURVEY ON SAFETY AWARENESS AMONG QUARRY WORKERS AT EAST

COST MALAYSIA

Siti Hajar A.A.1, *Ahmad Rasdan I.1*,Mohd Rashid A.H.1**

1Faculty of Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Lack of safety awareness among quarry workers caused a number of accidents in

quarry industries.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to reveal the awareness of quarry workers towards safety.

Methods: A survey was distributed randomly among quarry workers at Pahang, Terengganu and

Kelantan. The survey consist 6 questions regarding safety at workplace.

Results: Results revealed that there is 56.9% respondent agree and totally agree that the health

and safety suggestion made was given consideration and used. As many as 79.3% respondent

admitted that they obey all the safety rule stated at the workplace and 86.3% respondent said they

always focus and give full attention during completing their task. 88% respondents agreed that all

accident will be reported to responsible person while 77.6% respondents agree that all personal

protective equipment will be used suitable with the task given and 86.2% respondents said they

doing their task following the safe operation procedure that provided by the company.

Keywords: safety awareness, quarry and mining workers.


OP Room 5B-9

EDUCATIONAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: A PATH TO SCALE UP

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA

*Maryam Ahmadian 1and Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah1


*[email protected]

Background: The development of tourism is seen as an engine for economic growth and the

community infrastructure improvement which captivates other industries. Educational tourism is

one of the leading sections of tourism in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to investigate factors

influencing educational tourism development in the Klang Valley, Malaysia.

Methods: This research was carried out among 700 adults in the Klang Valley. A cross-sectional

survey was performed in six districts in Selangor and in Nilai in the district of Negeri Sembilan

which most of public and private universities and colleges are located. Descriptive and inferential

statistics were used in data analyzing.

Results: The findings of multiple regression analysis indicated that local community attitude

towards international students along with perceived impacts of educational tourism had a

significant relationship with community practice in educational tourism development. Local

residents admitted the positive socio-cultural and economic impacts of educational tourism on the

host community.

Conclusions: The study findings propose that the number of international students in Malaysian

public and private education institutions relies not only on the quality of those institutions, but also

to the impacts of educational tourism on the host community and their quality of life. This study

presents practical information for both Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Education on

educational tourism to prepare policies in consultation with all the stakeholders and to scale up

sustainable development programs in Malaysia.

Keywords: Malaysia, Educational tourism, Sustainable development

Waste Management

OP Room 3A-1

HAZARDOUS EFFECT OF RAW SEWAGE DISPOSAL FROM INDIGENOUS

HOUSING SETTLEMENT ON NATURAL WATER BODIES.

*Navid N.M.1, Rahinah I.1, Azni I.1, & Thamer A.M.1


*[email protected]

Backgrounds: One of the problems that are causing a threat to public health are sanitation system

of indigenous houses built on water .The traditional way of life of indigenous society living in

housing settlements over rivers or the sea is becoming a source of environmental pollution. These

houses do not actually have a proper sanitation system for disposing wastes from toilets. The

sanitation systems for these houses unfortunately dispose wastes directly into natural water bodies.

The centralization of the waste disposal may page problem to the public due to technical and

financial different faced by the authorities.

Methods: This paper surveys the literature on problems that arise from raw sewerage Disposed

into natural water bodies before any sanitation to the problem water proposal. Also the potential

solutions to the problem were discussed too. A sustainable potential solution by using a new

sanitation system for indigenous settlement housing is described.

Results: The results would lead towards the development of affordable waste management

systems thereby benefitting improvement to water quality surrounding the housing settlements

while maintaining the social-culture of indigenous people living in them.

Keywords: housing settlements, wastewater, raw sewerage

Waste Management

OP Room 3A-2

DEVELOPMENT OF SMART SYSTEM FOR REAL TIME OPTIMIZATION OF SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA.

*Mohd Armi A.S.1, Latifah A.M.1, Mohamad Roslan M.1, & Sharifah Norkhadijah S.I.1


*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Urbanization is one of the most evident global changes worldwide. The rapid and

constant growth of urban population has led to a dramatic increase in urban solid waste production,

with a crucial socio-economic and environmental impact. Based on the World Bank Report 2012,

3 billion residents of this earth generate 1.3 billion tones of solid waste per year. Malaysia, with a

population of 28 million, produced 33,000 tonnes of solid waste per day in 2012.

Methods: Thus, study developed a new product smart system to ensure decision making on

reduction and well manage solid waste generation are based on knowledge of its task and logical

rules or procedures. Development of smart system or expert system will help all users to make real

time optimization of solid waste composition generation based on forecasting.

Results: The smart system has provided preliminary modules for the design of recycling process

to optimize and manage waste composition other than send directly to the landfill. It has integrated

a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) that involved with the collection and evaluation of quantitative

and qualitative data on the inputs and outputs of material, energy and waste flows associated with

a product over its entire life cycle. Waste compositions data from Balakong Selangor were used

for validation and verification of the smart system.

Keyword: Smart System, Municipal Solid Waste and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Waste Management

OP Room 3A-3

USING NATURAL NANO MONTMORILLONITES FOR ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL

OF HEAVY METAL ION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS.

*Celalettin Ö.1, Okan D.1,& Muhammed K.Ö.1

1Selcuk University

*[email protected]

Background: Increasing amounts of residues and waste materials coming from industrial

activities in different processes have become an increasingly urgent problem for the future. The

release of large quantities of heavy metals into the environment has resulted in a number of

environmental problems. Clay has been widely used as an adsorbent to remove heavy metal ions

from aqueous solutions. However, the lower heavy metal adsorption capacity of some clay species

limits its practical application. Montmorillonite is a group of clay species.

Methods: Our study, nano montmorillonite which is an economic and naturally abundant material

was investigated in terms of its adsorption capability to remove lead and zinc ions from aqueous

solutions. The effects of contact time, stirring speed, pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and

temperature on lead and zinc ions adsorption by nano montmorillonite were investigated.

Results: According to the results, the highest removal efficiency for lead ions was achieved with

0.25 g nano montmorillonite, 200 rpm stirring speed, pH 5, 200 mg/L initial concentration, 120

minutes and 84% removal efficiency was obtained. For zinc ions, 81% removal efficiency was

obtained with 0.3 g nano montmorillonite, 200 rpm stirring speed, pH 5, 200 mg/L initial

concentration and 180 minutes. We investigated kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic at the same

time in this study. In accordance with the results of this study, it can be concluded that adsorption

capability of nano montmorillonite for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions is quite

high.

Keywords: Adsorption, nano-montmorillonite, Heavy metal ions, Zinc, lead

Waste Management

OP Room 3A-4

A REVIEW OF HEALTH IMPLICATIONS ON CHILDREN LIVING AT THE

VICINITY SOLID WASTE LANDFILL

*Dora E.J.1, Sharifah Norkhadijah S.I.1, Emilia Z.A.1, Praveena S.M.1, Zailina H.1, Hafizan J.1


Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

*[email protected]

Introduction: Children living at the vicinity of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill exposed

to various contaminants from landfill that might produce negative effect to their health. Due to

urbanization process and increasing of land price, residential areas are now built near to the landfill

or on closed landfill. The study on health implication on children is very limited and not widely

explore. This paper provides an overview of health implication on children living near to MSW

landfills. This paper review the current regulations and guideline practiced in the country for the

purpose of landfill siting.

Results: It provides a reference of the current scenario in Malaysia. This input can be used by the

relevant authority to prevent a short term and long term effect to the children.

Keywords: MSW landfill, Children, Health Implication, Regulation and guideline, Landfill sitting

Waste Management

OP Room 3A-5

NUTRIENT AND HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN FOOD WASTE COMPOST WITH

EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISM (EM): A REVIEW

*Siti Aminah A.M.1, & Sharifah Norkhadijah S.I.1



*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Food waste is commonly being dumped in landfills without undergo any treatment.

Food waste is one of the major wastes that contribute to landfills problems as it contains high

organic materials that will be broken down by microorganisms to form a liquid ‘leachate’ which

contains bacteria, rotting matter and maybe chemical contaminants from the landfill. This leachate

can present a serious hazard if it reaches a ground water or surface water. Digesting organic matter

in landfills also generates methane, which is a harmful greenhouse gas, in large quantity. One way

to turn the food waste to be useful and to reduce the volume of food waste in the landfills is through,

composting. However, composting process is generally takes a long time to produce compost and

the composting process also create bad odors. The application of Effective Microorganism (EM)

in composting has been observed to accelerate the process of decomposition.

Results: This paper provides an overview of the effective microorganism (EM) application in food

waste compost. It highlights the properties of EM, the process of EM in food waste composting

and the quality of compost with EM in terms of the nutrient and heavy metals concentration. (High

concentration of heavy metal in compost will be a toxic to soil, plant and will be consumed by

human as food and effect human health. In conclusion, EM has a great potential to be implemented

for food waste treatment as it can easily be produced, accelerate the composting process, and can

reduce the bad odors during decomposition of organic matter.

Keywords: Effective microorganisms, Food Waste, nutrient, heavy metals, composting

Waste Management

OP Room 3A-6

OCCUPATIONAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BURNOUT SUBTYPES AMONG

POLICE OFFICERS IN KANDY POLICE DIVISION, SRI LANKA

*Wickramasinghe, W.A.N.D1, Wijesinghe, P.R2

1Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences,

Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

2Consultant Community Physician, Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, No.231, De Saram

Place, Colombo 10,Sri Lanka

*[email protected]

Abstract: Even though, policing has been identified as an essential human service profession

involving very high levels of occupational stress and burnout, no studies have been conducted to

identify burnout subtypes among police officers globally. The aim of the study was to determine

the occupational factors associated with burnout subtypes among police officers in the Kandy

police division.

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among a randomly selected sample of 495 police

officers in the Kandy police division. A self-administered questionnaire including “Burnout

Clinical Subtype Questionnaire”(BCSQ-36)was used to assess the burnout subtypes. The degree

of association between variables was assessed using adjusted odds ratio obtained from multivariate

logistic regression models.

Results: The response rate was 100%. Gazetted police officers were predisposed(Adjusted Odds

Ratio{AOR}=1.8;95%CI=1.1-3.0;p=0.025)to frenetic subtype as opposed to non-gazetted officers

while, those working in ASP Kandy I district were less likely(AOR=0.6; 95%CI=0.4-

1.0;p=0.034)to have frenetic subtype than those in other police districts. Service experience of less

than 20 years was a significant factor predisposing for underchallenged

subtype(AOR=1.8;95%CI=1.1-2.9;p=0.024).Satisfactory infrastructure

facilities(AOR=0.4;95%CI=0.2-0.6;p<0.001)and overall job satisfaction(AOR=0.4;95%CI=0.2-

0.8;p=0.005) emerged as statistically significant factors that showed negative associations with

underchallenged subtype. Perceived satisfaction on staff adequacy(AOR=0.5;95%CI=0.3-

0.9;p=0.027),more frequent superior guidance(AOR=0.5;95%CI=0.3-0.9;p=0.013) and overall

job satisfaction(AOR=0.5;95%CI=0.3-0.8;p=0.006) were statistically significant factors which

showed lower likelihood for worn-out subtype.

Conclusion: A considerable amount of modifiable occupational factors emerged as significant

predictors for different burnout subtypes. Hence, it is recommended to design a package of

interventions and implement adaptive measures to rectify the problems related to burnout subtypes

among police officers.

Keywords: Burnout subtypes, Policing, Occupational factors, Sri Lanka

Waste Management

OP Room 3A-7

DNA DAMAGE DUE TO INHALATION OF COMPLEX METAL PARTICULATES

AMONG FOUNDRY WORKERS

Zorawar Singh1 and Pooja Chadha1

1Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Workers engaged in iron and copper foundries are exposed to a variety of complex

compounds, gases, fumes, metal particulates including lead, formed as a result of foundry

operation which are known to have mutagenic effects.

Methods: In the present study, twenty one foundry operators and five managers were assessed for

genotoxicity using comet assay. An equal number of subjects, matched with the exposed subjects

with respect to age, sex, alcohol and smoking status, were chosen as controls.

Results: Significantly higher mean values of damaged cell frequency

(DCF: 84.62 ± 1.87 Vs 63.42 ± 2.15; p<0.05) and comet tail length (CTL: 33.40 ±

1.89 Vs 2.37 ± 0.27; p<0.01) were found in foundry operators as compared to the controls.

Significantly higher CTL values were also found in managers than controls

(p<0.01). Blood lead levels (BLL) also showed a positive correlation with

CTL.

Conclusion: The present study reflects an increased genotoxic risk among the workers employed

in foundry industry.

Keywords: Foundry industry, Genotoxicity, Comet assay, DNA damage,

Blood lead levels.

Waste Management

OP Room 3A-8

HOW ERROR CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS CAN IMPACT ON INCIDENT

REPORTING AND ANALYSIS

*Taib, I.A1 and Caponecchia, C.2

1 Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan,

Malaysia

2 School of Aviation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

* [email protected]

Backgrounds: Incident reporting systems often play a critical role in how high-risk organizations

such as aviation, healthcare, and nuclear power generation understand and therefore manage

incidents. Integral to the effectiveness of incident reporting systems are reliable and useful error

classification systems.

Results: In this paper, we dis-cuss how error classification systems can influence the information

that is extracted from medical error reports, particularly information pertaining systemic factors of

patient safety incidents. We also explain the importance of terminology in designing a reliable and

easy to use error classification system.

Keywords: Error

Waste Management

PP Room 3A-9

STUDY ON MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA: CASE

STUDY IN KUCHING, MIRI AND SIBU

*Ling, S.K, 1, Hamidi, A.A2, Suffian, B.Y2

1 Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia

2School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong

Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

* [email protected]

Backgrounds: Malaysia allocates a lot of money, time and space for the waste management

services. However, the recycling programmes has remained unsuccessfull in achieving the set

targets. This study was carried out in Kuching, Sibu and Miri municipalities to evaluate the

communities attitude, suitability of collection services and identifying the problems and

effectiveness of waste management practices and recycling programmes implemented to date. The

waste management practices in three towns were determined. Surveys via questionnaires were

used to determine the public awareness and public perception on recycling. Landfill capping

effects on greenhouses gases emissions were also studied from three landfills in the areas under

study. Standard soil classification was done, in accordance to the American Society of Testing

and Materials (ASTM).The results deduced from the data on waste recycling and composition,

indicated that the composition of solid waste was dominated by food waste. This was followed by

old newspapers, mixed papers, plastics, bottles/ glass and aluminium cans. The moisture content

and energy value of waste was also determined as it influences the disposal option. Average solid

waste generation rate per individual in Sarawak was 0.85 kg/person/day.

Results: The collection time motion study showed that the average weight of solid waste collected

for the three towns was 323 kg/worker/collection hour with an efficiency of 65% of the total

collection time. With this finding, it can be concluded that the efficiency of the collection system

in Sarawak was quite satisfactory. The soil in Sibu had the highest plastic index (PI). The baseline

emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) was determined using the Clean Development Mechanism

Project Design Document Form (CDM-PDD) version 03.1. The GHG in Kuching was 14,114

tonnes in first year while for Sibu and Miri it was 5,383 and 5,379 tonnes, respectively.

Conclusion: Source separation and recycling behaviour was analysed with several parameter

related to public attitudes. This implies that changing public attitude is an important factor towards

improving municipal solid waste management services.

Keywords: Wastes, Household, Recycling, Greenhouse gases

Waste Management

PP Room 3A-10

Waste Management

PP Room 3A-11

Waste Management

Water And Food Safety

OP Room 1B-1

REMOVAL OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING

NATURAL BORON ORE AND LEACH WASTE MATERIAL: ADSORPTION

OPTIMIZATION CRITERIA

*Muhammed Kamil Ö.1, & Celalettin Ö.1

1Selcuk University, Konya/Turkey

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Colored wastewater damages the esthetic nature of water and reduces light

penetration, and also the photosynthetic activity of aquatic organisms. Many industries, such as

plastics, textile, paper and printing use dyes in order to color their products. Most of dye wastes

are toxic and even carcinogenic and this poses a serious hazard to aquatic living organisms.

Methods: There are many types of dyestuff such as direct, azoic, reactive, basic, acid, mordant,

vat, sulfur, disperse, natural, plastic etc. dyes. We used Methylene Blue (MB, Basic Blue 9, C.I.

52015 ) in our study. The studies showed that some natural mine materials have the highest

adsorption capacity for decolorization type of basic dyes compared with other adsorbents. The

effects of contact time, stirring speed, pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and temperature

on the adsorption of methylene blue onto boron was investigated in this study. Natural boron ore

was tested as an adsorbent for the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions

at different operating conditions; initial dye concentration (100 mg/L). The influences of

temperature, stirring speed and solution pH were examined at 25, 35 and 45 ºC,100 to 400 rpm

and in the pH range from 2 to 12. Experiments were carried out by using 200 mL methylene blue

solution.

Conclusions: In accordance with the results of this study, it can be concluded that adsorption

capability of natural boron ore and leach waste for the removal color from aqueous solutions is

quite high.

Keywords: Adsorption, boron leach waste, methylene blue, natural boron ore, color removal


OP Room 1B-2

BIOMARKER OF HEAVY METAL EXPOSURE VIA DRINKING WATER: A

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Ab Razak N.H.1, *Praveena S.M.1, Aris A.Z.1 ,Juahir H.1, & Hashim Z.1


* [email protected]

Background: Toenail is metabolic end product of skin which provides information of heavy metal

accumulation in human cells. Slow growth rates of toenail can represent exposure of heavy metal

from 2 to 12 months before the clipping. Toenail is a non-invasive biomarker which is easy to

collect, storage and stable over time. In this systematic review, suitability of toenail as long term

biomarker, analysis and validation of toenail and confounders to heavy metal in toenail have been

reviewed.

Methods: This systematic review has included 30 articles chosen from a total of 132 articles which

were searched in online electronic databases such as Pubmed, Proquest, Science Direct and

SCOPUS. Keywords used in the search were toenail, biomarker, heavy metal and drinking water.

Results: Heavy metal in toenail can be accurately analysed using ICP-MS techniques. However,

validation of toenail heavy metal concentration data is very crucial although Certified Reference

Material (CRM) for toenail is still unavailable. Usually, CRM for hair is used in toenail studies.

Confounders that play major effect in heavy metal accumulation in toenail are dietary intake of

food and supplement, smoking habit and health condition.

Conclusion: This review has identified advantages and limitations of toenail as a biomarker for

long-term exposure which is useful for future researchers to design study on heavy metal exposure

using toenail.

Keywords: Toenail, heavy metal, confounders, drinking water


OP Room 1B-3

CONCENTRATION EFFECT AND KINETICS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM

REMOVAL USING WATER TREATMENT SLUDGE/NANO ZERO VALENT IRON

COMPOSITE

Anakhaphon P.1, Nutthaporn P.2, *Peerakarn B.3


(International Program), Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University,

Bangkok 10900, Thailand.

2National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development

Agency, Pathumthani 12120 , Thailand.

3Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University,

Bangkok 10900, Thailand.

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Water treatment sludge (WTS) was modified by nano zero valent iron (NZVI) in

order to increase the efficiency to remove hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) from synthesis wastewater.

In characterization part, the morphology of the composite is studied by Scanning Electron

Microscope (SEM).

Methods: The zeta potential (charges around the composite) were analyzed by zeta sizer. In

composites ratio variation part, the composites were synthesized into 4 ratios; WTS:NZVI 1:0

(bare water treatment sludge), 1:1, 3:1, and 6:1 and compared the efficacy to remove Cr6+. The

results indicated that the composite ratio 1:1 is the best ratio in Cr6+

adsorption which can remove 10 mg L-1 Cr6+ up to 99% and ratio 3:1, 6:1, and 1:0, respectively.

The Cr6+ concentration variation was considered to find the removal percentage of Cr6+ by using

WTS/NZVI composite 1:1 ratio and bare sludge following colorimetric method and use UV-VIS

spectrometer to analyze.

Results: The result represented that Cr6+ 10 mg L-1 can be removed up to 99% within an hour

and Cr6+ 20 mg L-1 up to 99% within 2 hours, and 40 mg L-1 up to 90% within 10 hours, but bare

sludge does not available to remove Cr6+ significantly.About kinetic, Langmuir-Henshelwood-

Hougen-Watson kinetic was used to describe the mechanism of the reaction. The results show that

the reaction kinetic was 0.5097 and the adsorption kinetic was 0.0282.

Conclusions: This meant that the mechanism of the reaction depended on reduction reaction of

NZVI more than adsorption.

Keywords: Nano zero valent iron, Water treatment sludge, Adsorption, Hexavalent Chromium


OP Room 1B-4

AMMONIACAL NITROGEN CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER AT TAMAN

BERINGIN EX-LANDFILL SITE: IMPLICATION TO HEALTH AND THE

ENVIRONMENT.

*Mustapha A.1, Wan Zuhairi W.Y.2, Othman J.3, Zaini S.4

1Environmental Management Programme, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities (FSSK),

UKM, Bangi Selangor Malaysia, 2Geology Programme School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, FST, UKM,

Bangi Selangor Malaysia 3Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,

UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia 4Earth Observation Centre, FSSK, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi Selangor

Malaysia, 43600 Bangi Selangor Darul Ehsan

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Ammoniacal Nitrogen make up the frequent contaminant of surface and

groundwater around landfills in Malaysia, exceeding appropriates standards. Leachate and

groundwater samples were collected from an ex-landfill site at Taman Beringin in Malaysia to

investigate the characteristics of the groundwater and possible impacts on the environment.

Methods: Various physico-chemical parameters including: temperature, pH, Color, TDS, TSS,

BOD, COD, phenol, Oil/grease, S2-, F- , Cl-, NH3- N, SO42-, and NO3- and heavy metals were

investigated in six (6) raw surface leachate samples and groundwater samples from four (4)

monitoring wells and are reported.

Results: The results showed considerable impact of leachates on groundwater with high

concentration of most chemical parameters in groundwater samples: COD (101.75±99.42), BOD

(28±30.99), NH3-N (31.10±19.12), F-(0.72±0.32) and heavy metal; Pb (0.042±0.045), Ni

(0.016±0.006), Fe (0.41±0.68) were above the Malaysian National Drinking Water Quality

Standard (NDWQS) and National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) CLASS IIA. In particular,the

levels of NH3-N recorded in all the groundwater wells around BH3, BH5, BH6 and BH7 were far

above the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) CLASS IIA of 0.3mg/L.

Conclusions: Ammoniacal nitrogen and contaminants in high concentration is a potential threat

to public health and the environment.Remedial measures are suggested to prevent further

spreading of leachates into river, drinking water wells and other groundwater resources via

groundwater flow in the surrounding environment at Taman Beringin. In addition a combined

process of routine chemical treatment prior to biological treatment is necessary to improve the

existing leachate quality to minimize the effects on the environment.

Keywords: Ammonia, open landfill, Groundwater contamination, Taman Beringin, Malaysia


OP Room 1B-5

HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT USING IN VITRO DIGESTION MODEL IN ASSESSING

BIOAVAILABILITY OF HEAVY METAL FROM VARIETIES OF COOKED RICE

Omar, N. A.1, *Praveena, S. M.1, Aris, A. Z.2, and Hashim, Z.1

1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty Of Medicine and Health

Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

2Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra

Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

*[email protected]

Background: Rice consumption has found to be a major pathway of heavy metal bioaccumulation

in human. Rice is the main staple food for Malaysian.

Methods: This study has employed an in vitro digestion model to determine non-carcinogenic

health risk assessment (HRA) from bioavailability of heavy metal concentration in varieties of

cooked rice. A total of 22 varieties of cooked rice samples were subjected to assess bioavailability

of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe and Zn) using in vitro digestion model. Heavy metal concentration

in cooked rice sample were analysed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission

Spectrometry (ICP-OES).

Results: Bioavailability of heavy metal concentration in cooked rice samples were decreased in

the general order of Zn > Fe > Cu > Cr > Cd. Zn was found as the most abundant bioavailable

heavy metal concentration in the cooked rice samples and Thai fragrant rice has the highest Zn

content. Hazard Quotient (HQ) values were in the order of Cu>Cd>Zn>Fe >Cr for the adults.

Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for bioavailability of heavy metal studied was less than 1 for all

cooked rice samples indicating that there was no any non-carcinogenic health risk.

Conclusion: All cooked rice samples in this study are safe for consumption with no non-

carcinogenic health risks derived from the bioavailability of heavy metal concentration in varieties

of cooked rice.

Key words: Bioavailability, heavy metal, in vitro digestion, health risk assessment


OP Room 1B-6

POTENTIAL OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AN ANTIBACTERIAL WATER

FILTER: A REVIEW

Mazelan, N. A. M.1 and *Praveena, S. M.1


Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malysia.

*[email protected]

Background: Drinking water and basic sanitation is fundamental needs for the health for all

people. But safe drinking water supply does not reach to everyone. Meanwhile, pollution

worsens the water shortage problem. Various contaminants enter the water resources. Water

treatment is the key to overcome the conflict between people’s high demand for water and the

world-wide water shortage. The fast growth in nanotechnology has increase significant interest

in the environmental applications of nanoparticles. In particular, it’s potential to modify the

conventional water treatment processes have been articulated recently.

Methods: This paper aims to explain the mechanism of silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial,

expand the overview of previous studies on application of silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial

water filter. Also highlight the advantages of silver nanoparticles impregnated in absorbent

blotting paper as an antibacterial water filter.

Results: Mechanism of silver nanoparticles that penetrate into bacteria cells and modifies the

function of bacteria organelles causing it to be bactericide. Tabulated overview of previous

studies on applications of silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial water filter impregnated in

various materials (ceramic, membrane filters, polyurethane foam and absorbent blotting paper).

The advantages of silver nanoparticles impregnated in absorbent blotting paper as an

antibacterial water filter that are light, cheap and easily deployed overcomes other materials

limitation.

Conclusion: The most promising innovation in purification of contaminated with pathogenic

bacteria drinking water, is the absorbent blotting paper impregnated with silver nanoparticles.

Keywords: silver nanoparticles, blotting paper, antibacterial, water filter


OP Room 1B-7

A REVIEW: ASSOCIATION OF NITRATE IN WELL WATER WITH EXCRETORY

OF NITROSAMINES IN URINE AND SALIVA

*Aida Soraya, S.1, Sharifah Norkhadijah, S.I.1, Shaharuddin, M.S.1

1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty of Medicine and Health Science

Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM 43400 Serdang, Selangor.

*[email protected]

Backgrounds: Nitrate contamination in well water is one of the environmental concerns. The

major contribution of nitrate contamination is from the agricultural activities (e.g.; fertilizers and

pesticide), wastewater treatment plant discharge, human or animal discharged in septic systems,

animal yard and manure storage lagoon. Nitrate is harmful to humans as it can form endogenous

nitrosamines which can cause cancer. Biomarkers such as urine and saliva can be used to determine

the occurrence and formation of nitrosamines in human body from nitrate ingestion. However,

limited research found that illustrate the relationship between nitrate and nitrosamine in human

biomarkers.

Results: This paper provides an overview of the nitrate occurrence in well water and the

assessment of nitrosamines excretory in human body using urine and saliva as biomarkers. The

information regarding mechanism of metabolism nitrosamines in human body and suitability of

urine and saliva as biomarker also discussed in this review. This review provides baseline

information of nitrate contaminated drinking water which can affect human health by formation

of carcinogenic compounds, nitrosamines.

Conclusion: This paper may be useful for future studies, especially in those exploring the relation

between exposure of nitrate and adverse health outcomes.

Keywords: Nitrate, Well Water, Nitrosamines, Urine, Saliva


OP Room 1B-8

COMPARISON OF THE HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF DRINKING ARSENIC AND

CADMIUM CONTAMINATED WATER BETWEEN AN URBAN AND RURAL

COMMUNITIES

*Zailina, H1, Najibah, H1, Nadia Aiezzati, A1, Patimah, I1



*[email protected]

Background: A cross sectional study was carried out to determine the arsenic and cadmium

concentrations in drinking water and the health implications on 100 res-idents in an urban and a

rural community. The urban households obtained piped water supply from the Langat River treated

by water treatment plant while the ru-ral community obtained their piped water supply by gravity

feed system (GFS) from the Sempeneh River.

Methods: The blood, urine and water samples were collected and analyzed for cadmium and

arsenic using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Lymphocyte DNA damage (μm)

was analyzed using the Comet as-say, while urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was

determined by using Human NAG ELISA Kit.

Results: Results showed that the blood arsenic, urinary cadmium, DNA damage, water arsenic

and cadmium were significantly (p<0.001) higher in the rural community. Findings also showed

significant (p<0.005) correlations be-tween blood arsenic concentration and DNA damage with

household income, years of residence and total glasses of daily water consumption among the rural

residents. The urinary NAG concentrations, years of residence, milk powder in-take (glass/week)

and seafood intake (per week) were significantly correlated (p<0.005).with urinary cadmium

concentrations among respondents. In addition, urinary cadmium level is significantly influenced

the urinary NAG concentrations (p<0.001).

Conclusion: In conclusion, the rural respondents experienced significantly higher lymphocyte

DNA damage and blood arsenic concentration which were influenced by their years of residence

and water consumption. The cadmium exposure through drinking water also resulted in the rural

respondents having significantly higher urinary NAG which had a significant relationship with

urinary cadmium.

Keywords: Blood arsenic, Urinary cadmium, DNA damage, Urinary NAG


OP Room 1B-9

STUDY OF SOME MACROPHYTES AS BIOINDICATORS TO POLLUTION BY PAHS

IN AL-HILLA RIVER, IRAQ

Atheer Al-Azawey*, Jasim Salman & Fikrat Hassan

1 Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq 1 Babylon University, Iraq

* [email protected]

Background: The present study was conducted on Al-Hilla River about 102 km; before Al-

Hindiya dam to Al-Hashymiya city; for 6 selected sites along the river for the period from March

2010 to February 2011.

Methods: Sixteen Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) that listed by USEPA as priority

pollutants included, Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene,

Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Pyrene, Benzo(a)Anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo(b) Fluoranthene,

Benzo(k) Fluoranthene, Benzo(a) Pyrene, Dibenzo(a,h) Anthracene, Benzo(ghi) Perylene and

Indeno (1,2,3-cd) Pyrene were detected.

Results: The results of present study referred that the PAHs concentration in macrophytes is varied

among their species. In Phragmites australis(0.425-299.424)µg/gDW for B(ghi)P and B(b)F

respectively, in Potamogeton perfoliatus(0.354-235.84)µg/gDW for B(b)F and B(ghi)P

respectively in Ceratophyllum demersum (0.996-162.942) µg/gDW for Ant and B(ghi)P and in

Potamogeton pectinatus(0.383-99.87)µg/gDW for Ant and Nap respectively.

Conclusion: According to the selected molecular ratios values, the origin of PAHs in macrophytes

may have the Pyrogenic origin.The accumulation potential of PAHs in macrophytes were also

investigated by calculating Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and BioSediment Accumulation Factor

(BSAF). The range of the BCF values were (0.05-5334.5),(0.08-1602.5)(0.01-536.6),(0.16-1882)

in P.australis, P.perfoliatus, P.pectinatus and C.demersum, respectively, while the range of BSAF

values were(3.14-1041.6) and (1.5-2920.8) in P.australis and P.perfoliatus respectively.

Keywords: PAHs, Bioindicator, Al Hilla River, Macrophyta, Hydrocarbons

DEPARTMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

MINISTRY OF TOURISM AND CULTUREMALAYSIA

SOCSO

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