LALA-LAMBA

HAND B K

A SHORT INTRODUCTION

TO THE SOUTH-W ESTERN DIVISION OF

THE W ISA-LALA D IALECT

NORTHERN RHODESIA

W ITH STORIES AND VOCABULARY

A. C . MADAN,M.A.

STUDENT OF CHRIST CHURCH , O! FORD

O! FORD

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1908

HENRY FROWDE, M.A.

PUBLISHER 1 0 THE UNIVERSITY OF O! FORD

LONDON, EDINBURGHNEW YORK AND TORONTO

PREFACE

THE Lala and Lamba dialects are so nearly identical, and

both so closely all ied to the W isa, that knowledge of e ither is

a sufficient introduction to the others. A W isa Handbook has

already been publ ished (Clarendon Press, But in view

of the size of the Lala country, and its pos it ion on the d irect

route from the V ictoria Falls to Lake Tanganyika, making itmore accessible than the Wisa, a short supplementary account of

Lala, showing its relation both of l ikeness and unlikeness to

W isa, may be of value for practical purposes of teaching and

administration, as well as to students of Bantu .

Accordingly the following pages include ( I) an outline of

La la Grammar, with notes chiefly on po ints in which it differs

from W isa (z) a co llection of phrases and of Lala and W isa

stories, with translations and notes, supply ing what is perhaps

the most valuable sort of material for a further and more exact

study of both d ialects (3 ) a Lala-English Vocabulary, whichmay also be used to supplement the Engl ish

-W isa Vocabularyin the ‘W isa Handbook

"80273

INTRODUCTION

THE Lala d ialect here means the d ialect spoken with but

small variations over a d istrict of about square miles(three times the s ize ofWales), lying in Northern Rhodes ia and

the intrusive strip of Congo Free State territory south of Lake

Bangweolo. The d istrict is roughly rectangular, and bounded

by a line drawn from the Luapula at its first westward bend ,

along the river Lulimala, just north of Livingstone’s African

grave, and thence north of Mo ir’s Lake to the nearest po int on

the river Luangwa, down the Luangwa to its junction with the

Lukushashi, along the southern and western boundary of the

bas in of the Lunsenfwa tributary (of the Lukushashi) to itssource, thence to the upper Kafuwe river, and so to the Luapula

near its first bend to the north. This d istrict contains ( 1 ) theLala tribe, w ith its loca l d ivisions known to each other as

the Wa Mitunta (or Masaninga) on the north-east, theMaswaka

on the south-west, and the Walala Ukanda on and within the

Congo Free State border (2) the Lamba, on both s ides of theborder from the upper waters of the Lunsenfwa and Kafuwe

rivers to the Luapula and (3) the Wambo Senga, along the

west bank of the Luangwa, d istinct in dialect (whatever theirorigin) from the Senga of the eastern bank.

There is now no clear l ine between the Lala and their W isa

ne ighbours on the north-east, either as to lands or language ,though certain recognized landmarks still remain. But there

is evidence that the Lalas arrived first from the north, and were

pushed south and west by the W isas (themselves under pressurefrom the advance Of the warl ike Wemba (Bemba) tr ibe), ti l lconfronted by the Batonga and kindred tribes on the Zambes i

INTRODUCT ION 5

and lower Kafuwe. But the Lalas, even more than the Wisas,

g ive the impress ion of being a broken and defenceless people,at any rate since the terrible Zulu invasion swept the country

in the last century. And though already showing recoveryunder British protection and good government, they appear to

be even behind their ne ighbours in tr ibal cohes ion and modes

of life. Year after year villages have been tota lly deserted for

months at a time, the inhabitants living in the forest, harvestingand prepar ing new gardens . Even when they return (if they doso) to their old huts, their food is constantly stored away in

d istant hid ing-places known only to themselves, and only visited

as need requires . Iron-work seems to be their one profitable

industry, besides making mats, bark cloth, and earthen pots

but their skill in smelting, tempering, and forging attracts

customers for axes, hoes , and weapons, even from surroundingtr ibes. It has been already stated that the Lala and W isa

d ialects are pract ically one. But to ascertain the fact and the

l imits w ithin which it was true, entailed aquite d isproportionateamount of time and attention, simply from the d ifficulty Of

find ing a Lala acquainted w ith any but his own language. It

would have been more d ifficult still if it had not been for the

kind and efficient help given me by Mr. J. E . Stephenson,

a d istrict Official of the British South Africa Company, whosecareful notes and collections furnished most useful help in

arriving at conclusions both as to grammar and vocabulary .

My fullest acknowledgements are due to him, and also toMessrs.

H . Croad and J. Mofi'

at Thomson, both British South Africa

Company officials, for much kind help and encouragement.

But the general result, after verification in both d ivisions of the

Lala country, be ing as given above, it only remains to make

clear the object of even a small separate account of Lala.

In brief, the peculiarities of La la, though relatively small, are

sufficiently important to call for a supplement to the ‘Wisa

Handbook At the same time, the comparative prominence

6 INTRODUCTION

of the Lala d ialect, as that which most Europeans would first

come in contact w ith, suggests the add ition of an outline of

the grammar, as well as a vocabulary and some Lala stories .

Thus the Lala and W isa Handbooks may be regarded as

mutual ly supplementary.

The total number of people speaking Lala-Lamba-Wisa can

only be guessed, but is probably not less than The

Lala people are called Walala, their language Chilala, and their

countryWilala (wz'

representing the u of many other dialects) .

A. C . MADAN,

MxUSHr, N.W . R.,

july i I9O7

In Part I, GRAMMAR, paragraphs are numbered consecutivelyfor convenience of reference.

References to Lala may be taken as equivalent to Lala

Lamba throughout, and the differences pointed out between

Lala and Wisa are of course more marked among the Lala of

the west (W. Lala, or Maswaka) than on the borderland of the

tribes.

CONTENTS

PART I . GRAMMAR

CHAPTERI. LALA, AS SPOKEN AND WRITTEN

II. NOUNs

List of common Nouns

I I I . ADJECTIVESList OfAdjectives andNumera ls

IV. PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVESTable of Demonstratives

Verbs in general 44

Conspectus of Forms 46

The mod ified Stem 52—5

Person— or Concord— Prefixes 56

Tenses (Indicat ive Mood) 6 1

A. Tense-System, Afii rmative 63

B . Negative Conjugation 69

C . Notes on the Tenses 72

D. Compar ison of Lala andW isa TenseSystems

Imperative Mood 91

Subjunctive Mood 98

Infinitive Mood l o t

Voices Io3-IO4).

Verb Stems 105

Aux i liary and other Verbs 1 15List of Common Verbs

8 CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGEVI . ADVERBS, PREPOS ITIONS, CoNJUNCTIONs, AND

OTHER PARTICLES( I) Dependent Sentences 125 I3x)(2) List ofAdverbs, &c. I33)

PART II

STOR IES, &c ILLUSTRATING LALA, LAMBA, AND W ISA,W ITH NOTESI. Short sentences and phrases

II. Translation (tentative) of the Lord’

s Prayer

and Ten Commandments

III. Twelve Stor ies

PART III

LALA (LAMEA)-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

PART I . GRAMMAR

(Reference may be al lowed once for al l to the W isa Handbook as

containing a somewhat ful ler account of the Grammar common for the

most part to the W isa and Lala dialects . Here an outl ine only is given ,

sufficient for a beginner in either dialect, and showing the chief points Of

difference between them.)

CHAPTER I

LALA, AS SPOKEN AND WRITTEN

1. Lala, l ike W isa , is a Bantu d ialect of the ordinary type . The

pronunciation of its words can be (w ith few exceptions) sufficientlyind icated by the Engl ish alphabet , and the features of its grammar

descr ibed by the usua l Engl ish names . The nouns fal l into classes ,d istinguished by the first sy l lable , and this or a similar syllable is

prefixed to every adjective and verb qual ify ing a noun, forming

the Concord characteristic of Bantu.

2. The following is a typical sentence in Lala : F z'

ntufy a z‘

nfumu

flam eflax/uh , i . e . (fim‘

u) the things (flux) of (z'

nfumu ) the chief

(fy om'e) all (fla y/uh ) are finished . The prefix fi , marking the

p lural of one class of nouns, is repeated with the preposit ion (fi x-a),the adjective (jjf-om e), and the verb (fi

3 . Lala words are here written as simpl y as possible by us ingthe English alphabet, and are pronounced as written, subject tothe fol low ing rules.

I . VOWELS .

a as a infatlzer , orflat.e as a infa te, or e in pet.i as e infeet, or i in pit .o as or in sor t, or 0 infiat.

u as ao in r oot, or u input.

vowels occur together, each is to be pronounced sepa

IO LALA GRAMMAR

4 . 2. CONSONANTS as in English, except thatg is not used forj, as in g in.

s is not used for 2, as in n’

se.

ng’is used for the sound fig followed by a check, separating

it in pronunciat ion from the other letters of the syllable,something like ng in sing

-ar .

3. SPECIAL SOUNDS.One sound, common in Lala, W isa , and other dialects, isnot English, and requires a special sign. It is here calledMod ified 10, and written I?) (in the W isa HandbookIt is a sound approaching 610 or variously pronouncedby natives, and sometimes heard as plain b, v , or 20.

6 . It must also be remembered that

ch is used to represent the sound variously pronounced bynatives as ch, (31, ky , k ; b and by being common among

the Maswaka.

r and 1 are interchangeable in most words . E ither sound

may be clearly heard.

s and s}: are often heard before a vowel as sy , sky .

m, um,mu , mw may be heard, especially at the beg inning

of words, without difference of mean ing, and s imilarly n ,m , ny .

7. The fol low ing contractions of vowels occurr ing together in

the same word or in d ifferent words are commona coalesces w ith an a fol lowing, forms e with an e or i

follow ing , and o with an 0 or 14 following. (When differentwords are united by a contraction, the vowel is writtenbetween hyphens, e. g . anay

-e-nslzz’

ma , apam-o-mwana ,for anay a z

'

nslzz’

ma , apama umwand .)z‘

and u , before vowels, become y and so. And a 3! sound is

often heard before a,e,or i , and a w sound before a and a ,

when a root beg ins with those vowels.

8 . The it sound in combination with others involves severalimportant changes . It is represented by mz

’

, nj, f1g , before vowels,and changes to m before m ,p, 6, 7x, and (sometimes)fl N1becomesmi , and ma becomes m6. (See further

LALA, AS SPOKEN AND WRITTEN I I

9 . The accent in Lala and W isa is usually on the syllable beforethe last, but a stress is also very commonly la id on the last syl lablebut two.

10. Characteristic differences of Lala and W isa pronunciationare as followsIn Lalaf corresponds to v in W isa.

slz s

s, s]: z

ky , kz'

is preferred to dz, cfzz In W isa .

g , gy jin W isa

CHAPTER I I

NOUNS

11. Nouns in Lala, as in W isa, may be arranged in ten classes ,d ist inguished by the pairs Of prefixes which mark the singular and

p lural .

12. The s ingular-prefixes are, in their full forms , umu, z’

cl u'

, aka ,

in, ulu , uzbu, and in the plural , azba , z’

mz‘

, 05, at“ ,ama . To these may be added aka , umu, ape , used mostly in

forming expressions equivalent to nouns, both singular and plural.

13 . Commonly the first vowel of the two-syl lable prefixes is not

d ist inctly heard, and the Classes may be conveniently described as

follows. (Further examples and ful ler descriptions may be readilyfound by reference to the vocabulary under each sing ular

-prefix

and to the W isa Handbook

14 . CLASS I . Sing . A{U (also umu , mm, m).Plur . WA (al so ai m, If}, 6a , a).

Ex. Sing. mzmtu, a person. Plur. cil antu .

mwana, a child.

'

78m m.

mkas/zz’

, a woman. Ibah zslzz'

.

15 . CLASS 2. Sing . MU (also umu , mw ,m) ,

Plur. MI (also z'

mz’

,my ).

Ex. Sing. mutt“

, a tree .

mus/ti, a v illage.

mwz’

lz’

, a body .

12 LALA GRAMMAR

16 . CLASS 3. Sing . CHI (also dz, (y, Ly , b),Plur. F1 (al sofy ).

Ex . Sing. cbz'

ntu, a thing . Plunfintu .

ckum’

, a bird . n flum'

.

17. These prefixes are used before nouns of other classes w ith

an augmentative meaning , i. e. to express size, number, quant ity ,and then sometimes in the forms dza ,jy a .

Ex. Sing . c/zz'

mtmtu, a big man. Plur.fi st/(mm.

clzamunkulu, a big log . fjwm

’

nbulu .

18 . CLASS 4. Sing. KA (often contracting w ith vowel following ).Plur. TU (tw ).

Ex . Sing. katemo, an axe. Plur. tutemo.

19 . These prefixes are used with a diminutive meaning (cf. thos eOf Class

Ex. Sing. kom’

(ka a smal l bird. Plur . tum’

.

kana (kn-and ), a child. twana .

S ing .

20. CLASS 5 .

Plur1N (a , and plur. sometImes sbm or ma) .

Ex . Sing . mmda , a house . Plur. nanda , mammda .

Sing . and plur. nslzz’

éu, day , days.

(For var iations of the 7: sound , cf. 8,

21. CLASS 6. Sing . LU (lw ,ulu),

Plur. 11V (n) .Ex. Sing . luslzz

‘

mu, a bee. Plur. nsl u'

mu .

lushzjba, a blood-vessel .luwafu , a side.

luz'

zfm , a small bell . ndz’

zi‘

zu.

22. CLASS 7. Sing. LU (lw , ulu).Plur. MA (contracting with a vowel following, and

in some words prefixed to s ing . la ) .Ex . Sing. lubwa , bark cloth. Plur. maker/a .

basket . malupe.

lupi , palm Of hand. mapi .lupz

’

l z’

, hill. mapz'

l i, mal ufiz

'

l i.

NOUNS I3

23 . CLASS 8. Sing. WU (also In f/u, rm , u, bu).Plur . MA (as in Class 7, sometimes in).

Ex. Sing. 23mm, bow. Plur. mate , mau l a .

uufi , a lie, evil .us/uléu , night. maus/zz

’

ku .

asftz’

, smoke .

24 . CLASS 9. Sing . I (also lz’

, z’

lz'

,

Plur. MA (as in Classes 6 ,Ex. Sing . z

'

se,hoe . Plur. mase.

lz'

sa eye. mesa, mam a.

z’

na tooth. metro.

z’

sl u’

na, name. masbz'

na .

25 . CLASS 10.

S

ifif’

hw, mauau .

These are the prefixes of (1) a few nouns, w ith plur. ma ; (2) theinfinitive form Of the verb, used regular ly as a noun ; (3) manyexpressions equivalent to nouns, in which ku refers to circumstances generally , ma to interior position,pa to position in space

or t ime.

Ex. ku lu , leg (plur . malu, i . e. maulu).kmbaka, arm (plur. mama/ta).kuana , see ing, sight (Infin. of arm,

mum ma’

a , inside of a house.

kw azt‘

fa, (their) home, country .

26 . Each of the above class-prefixes has a corresponding con

cord-prefix, used before the preposition -a , and every adjective andverb.

These are shown in the fol low ing table

CLASS I . Sing.

Plur.

CLASS 2. Sing.

Plur.

CLASS 3. SingPlur.

CLASS. CONCORD.

mu , with adjectives proper (su or y ,

with pronominal adjectives 35 ,u or a , with verbs ( 526a

, e. g . manta 10:11}q wahpa.

u mus/Ii aka/u ulz'

pa.z w isl a

'

z'

ku lu ihjaa.

all z’

nm all z'

ku lu a]:i l t’

yo.

finl ufiku lufi lzjaa.

4 LALA GRAMMAR

CLASS 4. Sing.

Plur.

CLASS 5 . Sing.

Plnr.

CLASS 6 . Sing .

Plur.

CLASS 7. Sing.

Plur.

CLASS 8. Sing.

Plur. ma

CLASS 9. Sing. i

Plat . ma

CLASS IO. Sing. h e

and ma

Plur. pa

27. A short list Of common nouns is here g iven.

mas:

M 13: h dipa.

muku lu mul ipa.

(For others ,see English-W isa Vocabulary in W isa Handbook Plurals are

ind icated in brackets .)Affair, business, trial , dispute, reason,mulandu (mi

Anger, inkama , alkal i.

Animal , game, inamArm , uku

‘waéo (ma-Sb.

Axe, batema (ta-t)Back (of body) , fmmma (miBasket (one sort ), chi n]: (fiBee, Ins/him“ mfiimu) .Bird , el mni i) .B lood, mulopa (mi-1Body , ma il i (mi-i ) .Bone, ificpa (maBo Is, a! l .Brezgt, a};

a

Bridge, u d o (maCanoe, awata (ma-rm) .Cattle, ng

’amb:

Cattle-pen, el ujaata (fi g ) .Chief, infuomChild , mwana Elana) .Cloth (cal ico) , insah:Cloud, ibmnoi (ma-k .)Cold, impepaCord (bark Iashisfii

Country , 10 (f ale).Day, ins/rib : kasua (tum ) .Dew , mum: (mime) .Drum, ng

’

ama

Egg , isana (maElephant, insqfuEvening, all ingula.

Eye, l imo (memo).Father, taia (awn), w isbi (tile-w .)Fear , imwmsa

Finger, mama:

Fire, mu l ilo (mi-1.Firewood, inhmiFish, isaw i (m a ) .

Foot, Iakasa (ma-A) .Forest, impang

’

a

Fow l , im maiFriend

,abizimza (fi

Garden, munda (mimic ).Goat, imbusli iGod,

flGrass , i: um'

mam‘

, amGun, infuti

3

Hand, ukmbaéo maHead, mutwi (mitw i).Heat, akimaHeart, mutima (mi-L) .Hil l , Iapili (ma-p. m alup .)Hoe, is: (man ).Honey, zone/ii .House,

”y’

anda , nanda (nandamam: a ).

bamaa kebab: kal ipo.

tumaa ni l-uh: tu l ipa.

inanda ik ulu iIipa.

inanda shit al ic ski11100.

las/Iima Iuku lu Ial ipa.

ins/l imit shims!“ slI

lap: [3&q Iu lipa.

malup: 41'q 411250.

wul a fi bula

NOUNS qH yena , iasaatwe, alt imaala.

J ourney, a lwenda (ma-L) .K nife, ha ves/Ii (ma-L) .Leg ,

aka/a (mala ) .L ife , may o (miay a) .L ion, nka lamaLoad (basket) , altar;

(fif e)M aize

,matawa (p

Man (person) , manta (manta)(male) , mwaaalam: (dram).

Mat, mapasa (mi-1L) .Meal , aaga.

Meat , iaama , dziaaa: (ji nn)M ilk

,makaka (mi-L ) .

M il let, ama itaMoney , indalamaMoon, mw :slzi (mi-a ) .

Mortar (wooden) , ifasa (ma-f l) ,z‘wma': (ma-w ).

Mother, mama (ma-m.)ay ina wa n ) .

Mouth, kaawa (Maura) .Mud , matzjaaName

,islziaa (ma-sh ).

Neck makasi (mi-k.)Night, askika (maPath, as}:i la

CHAPTER I I I

ADJECTIVES

28 . Adjectives proper, i. e. words which are adjectives only , arefew in Lala , as in W isa and other Bantu dialects. They followthe noun, and have the concord-prefix required by it, e. g. manta

maka la , a great man ; aamla ika la , a large house ; and so with

other forms, wakala, fibula , sl u‘

ka la , laka la, pakala , al l from-éala, great

29 . The place of adjectives is read ily supplied by ( I) the pre

pos ition -a with a concord-prefix (i. e. ma , y a , aha , fya , ka, Isl/a ,sky a, lwa, ly a, kwa, mwa , to, followed by a noun (e. g . aaada

y a akaa i, a house Of grass, a grass house), or the infinitive mood, as

verbal noun

Pole, akiti (jiti ).Pond , pool , altis}:iwa (fl-sir.)Pot (cookin iaaagaRain, im a

River, m’

ka (ma-1a) .Sal t

,mack: l: .

Skin, impupa all isewa (fiSlee ta la

Smo e, ash:Snake, msaka

Sore, eleilaaa'a (fi -l . )

Spear , itama (magi ) .Stick, insaka kati

(knobbed) iakol iStone, irae, ibw: (math )Stump, afiz

’

sfiiagu (fi-slu) .Sun, kasaa (lama) .Thief,pompw: (Ibo-p.)Thorn, maaga (miagu)Tobacco ,fi aaéa.

Tree, ma ti (miti) , ialziti (fi ti) .Vil lage, maslzi (miski) .Water, ammdaW ind , impqaoWoman, mwaaakaslti (wan ).Work , iaeIIitaYard (measure), laflad: (ma-L) .

(court) , laansa (mama) .

16 LALA GRAMMAR

30. (2) a verb. Any suitable tense of the indicative mood maybe used without change as a relative or adjectively (cf. 125-7)but the most usual in La la is the modified verb-stem (see 73

—7)

with a concord-prefix. Thus , using the mod ified stem O f

the simple-wama (be good), manta aweme, a goodman (somet imesalso maw eme).But other forms are available, e. g. manta awama , manta

wawama , and also (see above) manta ma kawama , and (its con

tracted form) manta w aw ama (for w a-ka-w ama) ; and similar lythe negative verb-forms corresponding , manta takwd : amano, an

ignorant man 60,

81. LIST OF COMMON ADJECTIVES, AND NUMERALS.

(The root is given, and if a verb, v. is added.)

Al l -ons: (sometimes Long,-tal i .

Alone, -:nka (or Mad,-slzila.

Bad, -mi, yi, -mipi l: , v. Male, -lam: , -y ana lam: .Big ,

-ka la . Many , much, o ng'i,-nji .

Both, -aw i la. My , mine, -anji, «mg-i .

Clean, ~ta i l : , v . New ,-a lomba .

Clever , v. Nice, v.

Cold , v.Dirty , -sal i .Eight , sana a: d ata .

Empty ,-a lakasa. (similar)

False, -a mafi .

Female, -kaslri , g randam/Ii .Few,

-a kuah pa, v.

Fierce,-kal i .

First, -tanjil: , -a katanga, v.Five, -sana.

Fool ish, v .

Four, -nn: .

Fresh, -a lamba , -w is i .Good , -in: , -n: , v.Great, -ka la .

Heavy, v. ,-a kafina, v.

His, her, -akw: .

Hot (water) , v.

Last v . ,-a kasl n

’

la , v.

Light (weight) , -pa il: , v.

(colour), -ta i l: , v.

Old, -p:moa .

One, -ma.

Other (different) -mbi,

Poor , -kqfa.

Pretty,-an: ,

Rich. -sambaslri .

Ri e, -pil: , v. (py a).Se f. -in: .

Seven,-sana n: -w il i .

Short, 41m:Sick, J ams/i i.

Six , -sana n: -ma.

Small ,-inini , -elz: .

Strong, v.

Ten, ikami .

Their , -a'wa.

Thick , v.Thin, -alt: .

Three, -tata.True

,-ine.

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18 LALA GRAMMAR

36 . 3 . D:manstratia:s (P ronominal Adjectives).

These fall into three groups, al l formed on the concord-prefixes,

and each group with a simple form and an emphatic made by prefixing n . The three groups denote in general 2

(1) this,’ imply ing nearness (in fact or thought) ,

(2)‘this, that,

’of relative nearness or middle d istance, or of

reference,

(3) that,’of distance or distinction.

37. The demonstratives are common and important, and their

forms are beSt shown in a Table the last column show inga form of demonstrative, which pronounced with stress on the first

sy l lable expresses an emphatic negative, not this (that), no.

’

38 . The same forms are used in W isa, but with the difference,

that in W isa the emphatic (n) forms are the most commonly used,and those in the last column are used without stress as a weak

demonstrative. All (except the last) are commonly used before, aswel l as after, the noun.

39. For Table Of Demonstrat ives, see opposite.

40. The concord-prefixes themselves are also used as weak

demonstratives (this, these), either at the beginning or end of a

noun, and either as g iven in the first column of the Table or combined w ith vowel a, e. g. amanta , mantaa , amanta , mantaa, &c.

And -no is also used as a demonstrative affix, e. g. mantana,

wantano.

E is prefixed, as a particle of emphasis, to demonstratives, aswell as to other words .

4. Interrogation (P ronomina l Naans and Atil/actives).

nani, (it is) who ? wani , who ?

snani , sny ani, how ? what ? what kind ?-a sirani , of what sort (kind , tribe, quality,kwa nani, -a k

'wani , whose ?

-isa , which ? What ?kwisa, ka lipi, kn, where ?

l 'wisa , l isa , when ?

-nda , -nda, what ? Used as an affix Of nouns and verbs, e. g .

amananda,what des ign wafi aay-e-nda,what do youwant ?

t9PRONOUNS

83

33“

S33

SA

SHA

33

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20 LALA GRAMMAR

ninda , ninda, (it is) what, Why Alsofi nda ,fina'a, ou mjindo,

but why ? ng afinda, why , what for ?-ng a , how many ?

(of the above, -a snani , -isa , -nda , -nga take the usualconcord-prefixes of adjectives .)

ng a is Often used to introduce a question, e. g . ng a way a

kw isa , where are you going ?te, is it not (the case that)kn, ma , pa , are also used for , where ?

42. In W isa, onzi often takes the place of -nda , and -ila-i regu

larly the place Of-isa , kw i that of la .

5 Rates-iv : P ronaan.

43 . The reflexive pronoun is i or l i , placed immediately beforethe root of a verb, e. g. l i tema

, cut oneself.

For relative sentences, see 125—7, 30.

CHAPTER V

VERBS

(I) VERBS IN GENERAL.

44 . Verb-forms in Lala, as in Bantu generally, cons ist of a

root w ith various prefixes and affixes , i . e. distinct ive sounds or

sy llables at the beg inning and end of the word. Those a t the end

indicate mostly different modes or aspects of the root-meaning,commonly classed as stems, voices, and moods, those at the

beginning its relation to time and subject, i. e. tenses, numbers ,

persons, classes , and also (affi rmative or negative) conjugation.

4 5 . TO find the root Of a verb-form, it is only necessary to

recognize and remove the prefixes, or to know the imperative form,

which has no prefix.

Taking first the affixes, and using common grammatical terms ,further explained hereafter, the fol lowing Tables will serve as a

key to verb-forms.

VERBS 21

B oot , e . g. TEM cut, 16 416 , bind .

Stems ( 1) Simple e. g. fem-a (cut).Modified -:ne.

(2) Appl ied tem-ena (cut for,Modified

(3) Causal , Intensive tem-cslzy a (make cut , cut

forcibly).Modified

(4) Reciprocal tem-ana (cut each other) .Mod ified

(5 ) Reversive kak-ala (unbind) .Modified aile.

The above stems occur with most roots of suitable meaning.

Less general stems may be called

(6) Stative pot-ama (be crooked).Mod ified -em: .

(7) Extens ive tem-aa la (cut in all dircet ions).

Modified auile.

And to these may be conveniently added

(8) Reduplicated tema-tema (cut aga in and

again).

(9) Reflexive (with prefix ) l i-tema (cut oneself).

48 . 3. Voices (of the simple stem).

(1) Active e. g. tem-a (cut).

(2) Passive tem-ma (be cut).

(3) Neuter tem-eéa (be cut).

49 . 4. Moods (of the S imple stem) .

( I) Indicative e. g.-tem-a, with prefixes.

(2) Imperative tern-a , without prefixes.

3) Subjunctive -tem-e, with prefixes .

(4) Infinitive ka-tema (invariable prefix).

5 . Conjug ations (I) afi rmative, (2) negative (see Tenses,Persons).

5 0. 6. Tenses . Each of the above stems may be preceded by one

of the following tense-signs (see a, la, (a)l i, (a)clri , ka, ka , ng a .

22 LALA GRAMMAR

5 1. 7. P ersons. All verb-forms (in the indicative and sub

junctive moods) begin with a syllable, s ingle or double, which

ind icates the person, number, and Class Of the subject Of the verb,and also conjugation (aflirmative or negative) 56

5 2. The mod ified stem (as it is here called) is only used in the

indicative mood and w ith certain tense-s igns So far as it

is distinguished in meaning from an unmodified stem it appears to

part icularize the root-meaning, referr ing it to a particular subject

or C ircumstances, and in Lala commonly suppliesa verbal adject ive .

(See W isa Handbook

5 3 . Its Characteristic is the use of the sound e, as a rule in the

two final syllables of the verb-form, but always in the last— as

fol lows

5 4 . ( I) -ele, as affix of a root w ith vowel or a (and sometimes

i ) ; e. g . let-ale, w al-ele ; -i le, after a , i , a , e. g. kat-i le, shit-i l : ,

pa l-i le, but -:ne (for -ele), -ine (for -i le) if the preceding consonant

is m or n, herein d iffer ing from W isa ; e. g . f am-ine, pan-ene,

tem-en:,w an-ene.

Revers ive stems (and many verbs ending in -ala , -a la ) drop -lain the mod ified form , e. g. a la i l : (from ala la), tant'wele (tontaele,from tantola ), and Causal stems (in -sny a) change final a only to

e ; e.g . temesliy e (from temeslry a).

5 5 . (2) When the non-modified stern ends with -ana ,-ama ,

-ay a ,-ata,

-a la , both°

vowels are changed to e in the modified form,

even when a root vowel is involved ; e. g. ikala forms ikele, icltele,

Kenna , kene, kata la , katele, panama ,pamme. Wene,from w ana ,

seems exceptional .

(2) PERSON (OR CONCORD PREFI! ES.

5 6 . These prefixes form the first syl lable of almost all verbforms Of the indicative and subjunctive moods. They show the

person (first, second, third), number (singular, plural), and class

( 1-10) of the noun (subject) which the verb qual ifies, and efl’

ect

concord between noun and verb. Inserted before the verb-root,the same prefixes s imilarly indicate the noun (object) which the

VERBS 23

verb governs (except in Class Combined with a negative prefixthey d istinguish the negative from the afl‘irmative conjugat ion,and with a demonstrative the relative or adjectival use of verbs

IZ5-7)

5 7. Hence the importance of familiarity w ith the followingTable of Person-Prefixes .

CLASS 1. Affi rmative. Negative.

Sing . 1 . (I) n . (I not) slzi , ns/zi, tans/i i .2. (you) a , (of object) ka . (you not) taa (to) .

3 . (he, she) a ,a, (of object) (he not , She not) taa (to) ,

ma (him, her) . taa (ta) .

Plur. I . (we, us) ta . (we not) tata .

2. (you) ma . (you not) tama .

3. (they, them) 20a . (they not) tact/a .

Occas ionally -n:,for nema, I, is used as an affix to the first

person sing., and -a i or -eni to the second person plur. (as in the

imperative mood, 91

E may be prefixed, as a particle of emphasis to person-prefixes,as well as other verb-forms

5 8 . The changes (briefly noted in 8) connected with the n

sound are of special importance in the prefix of the first person

sing. (subject or Object) , and in the subjunctive mood, in which the

person-prefix is attached to the verb-root.

The changes (with some exceptions , 71) are as fol lows

( 1) Before the tense-s igns ti and ng a, n is represented by na’

i

(n-l i ), before In by nda (negative siza , nslca) ; e. g. ndil i-temene,

nda latema .

(2) n (with vowels) becomes njbefore i , e. g. nj-ikate; ng before

a , e, o, a , e. g . ng-amine, ng

-eslzy : , ng-ac/le, ng

-ape.

But if a , e, a , are fol lowed by ad, ma, ng'

, then ng is softened to n,

or ny , e . g . n-ende.

It must be remembered also that some verbs beginning w ith e

and a are also pronounced with y or 20, i . e. y e, a m.

(3) n (with consonants) becomes m beforef , m,p, e . g . mpam: ;

ny ,a t (as well as n) before a , e. g. a inine ; nd, combined with l or

r,e. g. adose (n mo, combined with w , e. g. mbon: (n-wane).

24 LALA GRAMMAR

5 9. Moreover, in person-prefixes, a is often to before vowels,

a Often coalesces with an a following, becomes by contract ionwith or i, but is not changed by a or a following (cf.

60. The affirmative concord-prefixes of Classes 2-10 have beenalready given vrz

Sing. a , cl u’

, t a , i , la , a , l i

Plur . i ,f , ta , slri , a

In the negative forms ta is prefixedSing. taa , taciti, taka , tai, tala , tal i

Plur. tai , ta/i , tata , tasli i , taaMk": tam tapa .

(3) TENSES.

61. The tense-system is the grammatical feature in which Bantud ia lects appear to differ most characteristically . Lala and W isatenses are much al ike, but the Lala tenses are here somewhat

d ifferently , and perhaps better , arranged than the W isa (in W isaHandbook and a comparison of them is made below

62. As a rule, the tense-sign immediately follows the person

prefix. But in one tense (T. I) there is no tense-sign, and in two

others the tense-sign comes first (T. 10,

La la Tens: Sy ste m.

A. Ind icat ive, Affirmative.

6 3 . It appears that the meaning Of a tense depends on three

elements

( I) The tense-sign, i. e. a distinctive syllable or letter , immediatelyfollowing the person-prefix .

(2) The form of the verb itself, i . e. whether

(a ) the stem only, e. g.-tema ;

(a) the stem mod ified, e. g.-temen:

(c) the infinitive mood, e . g . ka tema

3) the meaning of the verb, whether imply ing(a) act, or process, e. g. ka tema , to cut ;

(a) state, cond ition, or qual ity, e.g. na taa , to be white.

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26 LALA GRAMMAR

TABLE OF TENSES.

Indicative (Affirmative) .Tense-sign. Example.

1 . Aor ists . (person-prefix only) I . a) ta-tcma .

-ka t:ma .

twa-tema .

(For twa-ka tema ,see T.

3. (a) ta la-tema .

-kat:ma.

4. (a) ta l i-tcma.

(b)

~ka t:ma .

temcnc.

ao (prefixed to T. 1

or 2 or to the root

without person-prefix )

-ka t:ma .

4. Fa ta r:s.

-aku

Nga (prefixed to5 ° Addmm ‘d ‘

one Of the forego( I ) Conditional . ing tenses, e. g .)

6 . (a) tako-tema.

(b)(c)(a) tacki

tw at/z

(b)(0)

8. (a)(b)0)(a) tangw tema .

(b) temcne.

(c) ba tcma.

(c) ka tcma.

12. (a) taka-tema .

b)c) -kat:ma.

I3 . twaéa-tema .

14. (a

)nga

-tzaatema .

(b -twal it:ma.

VERBS 27

Tense-sign.

Ka (prefixed to

( 2) Impersonal . the verb stemwith various ad

ditions) . tcma .

d ata-haw

6 9 . B . The negative conjugation in general merely substitutesthe negative person-prefixes (shi a shi tanshi in the first person

s ing., ta in other persons) for the affi rmative in each tense . An

emphatic direct negative tense is suppl ied by using teti followedby the subjunctive, e. g . teti ta teme, we certainly do not (will not)cut . In the imperative only , i is the sign of negation.

70. Wh ile acquiring fam il iar ity w ith the tense-forms, it is useful

to remember that those most commonly heard are

T. 2, as a general descr iptive tense, in conversation and

narrat ive, and also as a perfect definite, e. g. natema , I cut,

I have cut.T. 5 , as a present indefinite or imperfect , e . g. nda lahatema,

I am cutting .

T. 8, as a past definite, and also perfect, esp. 8 b, e. g . na l i

temene, I cut, I have cut ; and T. 10, as a common narrativetense, e. g. hatema

, (and) he cut.T. 1 1 and 12, as common futures, e. g . takatama, tahatema , we

wi ll cut.

71. The forms Of the prefix of first person Singular are various

(cf. 56 and important. Thusin T. 4, ndi-tema , or ndi

-l i-tema for n-l i n-l i-l i ;

in T. 5 , nda-ha tema , or nda-la-hatema

,for n-la , n

-la-la

in T. 8,nding a

-tema, for n-ng a.

And in the Negat ive Conjugationin T. 5 , sha la-ha tema, or asha la ;in T. 2 and Others, sha , asha , for shi

-a,ashi-a .

A common general negative is suppl ied by using tapal i and theinfinitive mood, e . g , tapa l i ha tema (but cf.

72. C. Notes on the Meaning and Use of the Tenses .

Only a short general descript ion is here attempted . While the

leading idea in each tense is comparat ively Clear , it cannot Often

28 LALA GRAMMAR

be conveyed by a single descriptive name , and only experience can

lead to its correct use, and most fitting translation.

73 . The way Of conceiv ing the verb-idea common to these tenses

is perhaps best shown by the fact that they each supply verb-forms

commonly used as adject ives. They assert something about

another without reference to time, though the context may refer

it to past, present, or future. The assertion, however, has a d ifferentcolour in each tense, assert ing in

T. 1, a standing characteri stic, whether qual ity or actionT. 2, a s implefact ;T. 3, a habit (usual , repeated act or state).

74 . T. 1. (a) ta-tema , (b) ta-temene, (c) ta-hatema .

The idea is a normal actual funct ion, activity , attr ibute, &c. ,

accord ing to the meaning of the verb, and (b) is the form most

commonly used as an adject ive Thus (a) we are cutters

(cutting , we cut) ; (b) we are cutters (here , now , of wood,

(c) we are cutters (cutting, engaged in cutt ing, as occupation).

75 . T. 2. (a) twa-tema, (b) twa-temene, ( (c) twa-hatema , T.

Here the idea is represented as fact, and the tense has three

uses, v iz.

(I) as the common tense of descr iption and narrat ive , withoutdefining time ;

(2) as perfect definite, Of actual accompl ished completed fact

or establ ished state. In this case a stress is Often laid on the

tense-sign , a .

(3) as an adjectiveThus manta wafwa may mean (1) the man died, is dead, his

death has occurred (2) the man is dead and done for, the matteris over ; or (3) a dead man.

76 . But (a) and (b) are also used in contrast as a near and

distant past, e. g. afwa , afraile, may be heard together, he is deadnow (to-day ), he died lately (yesterday): and afi ui l i l i le may be

added to denote a more remote past I he died long ago .

77. As to (C), it is not iceable that while be ing used regularly as

a future, T . 13, the same form is used adject ivally, i. e. is treated

VERBS 29

as consisting of the variable preposition -a , and the infinitive used

as a verbal noun (see below on T. 13) e. g. alaweshi wa hatema ,

the knife wi ll cut, a cutting knife .

78 ° T0 3 (a): (b): (c)'This is the tense of what is habitual, regular, repeated, or con

t inning, and, like T. I and 2, is used adjectivally ; e. g. ta latema

(or we are in the habit Of cutting ; manta a lishi, a

knowing, clever person.

2. Presents .

79 . These do not require much description. T. 4 (a), (b), forma simple present, e . g. nditema, nditemene, I cut, while T. 4 (c)and T. 5 supply forms of the present imperfect or continuative ;e. g. nda laha tema, I am (engaged in) cutting .

80. T. 6 is common (present and future) inW isa, but in Lala ismostly used as a future, and T. 7 appears to differ but l ittle fromT. 4 (cf.

3. Paste.

81. T. 8 (b) is the most definite expression of the past, and mayOften be trans lated as perfect as well as past ; e. g . nal itemene, I

(did) cut , I have cut. T. 8 (c) represents the past imperfect ;e . g. na l iha tema , I was (engaged in) cutting .

82. T. 9 does not appear to be used Often or w ith d istinct ivemeaning, but the negative form is important as supply ing what is

sometimes cal led the deferred (or not-yet) tense, in contrast w ith

W isa, which uses T. 3 in this sense. Thus tatang atema, we havenot yet cut tang azaela, he has not yet returned.

T. 10 is very common, ha being connective, but especially in

narrative, i. e. w ith reference to past time, and is sometimes even

prefixed to a verb-root w ithout person-prefixes.

4. Fu tur es .

83 . T. 11, 12, 13 are all used of the future, but while T. 12 (taha

t:ma) regards the future as a continuation Of the present, i . e . as

immed iately fol low ing and beginning at once, T. I 1 (tahatema ) is

more distant and general in reference, i. e.

‘I am going to cut at

some time hereafter.’

30 LALA GRAMMAR

84 .

-T. 13 (twahatema) may be regarded as properly adject ival

(see and ca lled a future Of mora l certainty , i . e .

‘we are

cutters, of the cutting class , (and so) may be expected to cut, w ill

cut.’

(See 74,

85 . These futures are further supplemented by ( I) the use of thesubjunct ive mood in its proper subjective sense, i . e. tateme, we

intend (propose, hope, wish) to cut, let us cut, we will cut ; and

86 . (2) by the verb isa , come, fol lowed by the infinitive,i . e. tahoisa ha tema

, or taha isa hatema , imply ing a very certain

future, we will certa inly cut, we wil l go at once to cut.’

5 . Additional .

87. 1. ng a is a particle used in several ways (see Part III,Vocabulary), but prefixed to an indicat ive tense-form regularly gives

it a conditional meaning, translatable by may’

, would ,’ ‘should,

’

could,’ might,

’&c. e. g. ng atwatata , we should be pleased .

88 . In cond itional sentences it is often used with the verbs Of

both clauses ; e. g. ng awa lasa inama , ng a'watapela , were you to

(if you were to) k il l game, you would g ive us some

89 . 2. The infinitive form of the verb is very commonly used ,with some variations Of the prefix, in carrying on conversat ion or

narrat ive, when it is sufficient to express the idea w ithout definitionOf person or tense (time). The regular ha , aha , prefix is Often

combined w ith the emphatic initial e, equ ivalent to ‘so

’

,

‘then,

’

and ‘then ;

‘

Or the preposition ma , express ing purpose or occupa

tion, e. g . emahatema , so be (they , &c.) engaged in cutting (or ,started to cut) . Eha la (ehala a lso occurs in the infinitive of

narration.

Supplementary tenses are supplied by forms of l i (be), used as

an aux il iary e. g . ma l i zirajl inta , they had gone (and cf.

la (a la), a, as verb-prefixes, occur (it w ill be noticed) not only

in the present, but sometimes as part of a past tense, and also in

both imperative and infinitive moods .

90. D. The differences Of the Lala and W isa tense-systems areimportant, though not numerous .

VERBS 31

1 . Aor ists .

T. I (b) . Modified stem w ith person-prefixes is the common

adjectival form of the verb in Lala. In W isa it is T. 2 (a), thesimple stem w ith tense-sign -a .

e. g. Lala, nsala shi-fi tile, black cloths .

W isa , nsala s a-fi ta,T. 2 (a) is the common tense Of narrat ive in W isa, but in Lala

al so T. 10, which is not found in W isa .

e. g. Lala, hay a , he went .W isa, way a,

T. 3 (a) in the negative form is used inW isa as the deferred

(not-yet) tense, but in Lala T. 9, negat ive.

e. g. Lala,shing atema

,I have not yet cut.

W isa , silatema ,

2. Pr esents .

T. 5 (a l a ) is not found in W isa. T. 6 (ha), seldom used as

present in Lala, is the commonest in W isa .

e. g. Lala, nda laha tema, I am cutting.

W isa, nhatema,

T. 7(chi ) is not found inW isa, and in Lala is not common, thoughin other dialects it is a marked feature.

3. Paste.

T. 9 (ng a) as a past tense is not found in W isa.

4. Fu tures .

T. 1 1 (ha) is not found in W isa, T. 12 (ha) being the common

tense Of the future. Moreover in W isa , the common auxiliary verbof the future is y a (go) , but in Lala isa (come).

5 Condi tional .

The use of ng a is practically the same in W isa and Lala , thoughin the W isa Handbook it has not been classed as a tense-sign.

6 . Negativ e Conjugation .

The emphatic negative tense used inWisa , of the form (e. g .)nsi-a-chite, I will certainly not do, is not used in Lela. The

3: LALA GRAMMAR

common negative adverb in Lala is y aa, inW isay a i, but tapal iy aa is by no means so common, as a general negative in Lala , astapal i y ai inW isa.

(4) IMPERATIVE MOOD.

91. The verb-stem without prefix suppl ies the simple directimperat ive second person sing. , and with -a i added, second person

plur. If a monosy llable, i is prefixed in the s ing.

e. g . Sing. t:ma , cut. Plur. temani.

{fir/a , die.

92. The verb-stemwith person-prefixes and ha forms an imperat ive of all persons e . g. hantema , letme cut ; hay a (ha-ay a), go.

93 . The subjunctive mood is also often used as a mild o r

courteous imperative, or express ion of request, wish, purposee. g . nhapele, let me give you.

94. And in this case also ha is Often used, before or after, or

before and after the person-prefix,

e. g . hanteme, let me cut.

nj: nhateme, let me go and cut.

hanhateme,

95 .-a i , added to these (subjunct ive) forms, adds force to the

command or appeal , in al l persons ; e. g . mboneni,let me see.

96 . Two verbs Often used , or combined, with an imperative are

zil a la (take), and tay a (for tang a , be first, do first),— saa la havinga kind of explet ive force.

e. g.mba le-njy : orma lenjye, let me take and eat, Of course Imust

(w ill) eat .tay a

-ndale, let me sleep first.

97. The negative imperat ive is formed by inserting i or ila

between the prefix and the stem, for al l persons. The infinitiveform is also used in place Of the stem.

e.g. w i-tema, w ihatema, do not cut.

w ilo-tema, w ilaha tema ,mi ii i/a , w ilaizaa , wz

'

lahzaizoa, do not steal.

(5) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

98 . The subjunctive mood consists of a verb-stem w ith person

prefixes and final for a.

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34 LALA GRAMMAR

107.

'

Stem‘

2. Applied, affix -ela , after e in the rOOt, -il a , after

a (with some exceptions), i , a, but ~ena,

-ina , if the preceding

consonant is m or n, e. g. temena. This stem conveys any of the

meanings usually expressed in Engl ish by placing a prepositionafter the verb, context mainly deciding which meaning is intended ;e. g . temena, cut for (with, at; upon, from,

108 . Stem 3. Causal , Intensive , affix -ishy a (or -eshy a , after a,

and in some verbs a , preceding), sometimes -y a . The afii x impl iesforce, e ither as producing (causal) or Character izing (intens ive) anact or state. As intens ive , it may be general ly translated by an

adverb, e . g. very , much, greatly , severely, strongly , &c. As causal,

it may include any mode Of efl'

ecting a result, including'

suasion,

permission, col lusion, as wel l as compuls ion.

109. Stem 4. Reciprocal , affix -ana . This al so is comprehensivein meaning , including mutual , combined action, as wel l as interaction, reaction, alternation, &c.,

often translatable -by words likeeach other other,

’

mutually ,’to and fro ,

’together.

’

110. Stem 5 . Reversive, aflix -a la . Besides actual reversal Of

an act or state (e. g. haha la , unbind), the afiix may be used Of acts

or states implying change. The stem is sometimes the same in

meaning as the Simple (Cf. Engl ish‘ loose unloose but inmany

words its Characteristic meaning is not discernible.

111. Stem 6 . Stative, affix -ama , implying more or less clearly

a fixed state, pos ition, or; character.

112. Stern 7. Extens ive, affix -aa la ,-ola , w ith the idea of what

is w idespread , sweeping, wholesale, thorough, on a large scale,

promiscuous, but the idea is not always apparent.

113 . Other common stem-affixes, whose d istinctive meaningsseem mostly lost, are -ala , -at a ,

-ng a ,-a l aha,

-maha .

114 . Compound-stems are common, combining the affixes and

meanings of two or more of the above stems, e. g.fwa ,f wila ,fi ail ila,

tema,temana , temanishy a.

‘YERBS 35

(9) AU! ILIARY AND OTHER VERBS.

115 . To be is'

represented by the following verbs—ma, be,become ; ihal a , continue, be constantly, be. These have the usualforms of other verbs .

116 . l i , be, or w ith Class 1 la , used ina'

few indicative tenses only.

Pres. Sing . 1 . ndala , ndil i , ndi, I am. Plur. 1 . ta la , ta l i .

2. a la , a li . 2. main, ma l i.

3. a la , a l i. al i . 3. sizal i .

W ith Classes 2-10, the -l i form is used.

Another form of present is

Sing . 1. nahil i , I am.

2. achil i.

3. achil i .

Past Sing. 1 . nal i , I was.

2. wa l i.

3. w a l i .

Other tense-s igns used are nga , ha, ha.

117. a i , is, are ,— an invar iable form, used

‘

with all persons,

numbers, and classes.

118 . To have is expressed by one of the above forms followedby a i, na, or sometimes na, or by hwata , v. Own, possess

119 . The verb ti is seldom used, except in the forms

Sing. I . nti . Plur. 1. tat i.

2. a ti . 2 mati .

3. ati . 3. wati .and other forms used as conjunctions e. g. ati , ha ti , ehati ,

aakutz’

124. 133)

120. In W isa (I) ndil i, a l i , &c.,is used

,not nda la , a l a ; na is

the prepos ition regularly used to denote having, possess ing and

ti is freely used as a regular verb, w ith moods, tenses, &c.

The verb isa, Come, is used as an aux il iary to form a future tense

86)

36 LALA GRAMMAR

(10) LIST OF COMMON VERBS.

(For further explanation Of verbs , see Part III, Vocabulary .)

Abuse, taha.

Accuse, d epa .

Agree, samina, (be al ike) pa lana ,clana .

A low (permit) ,be Angry , ka lipa.

Annoy, hatashy a.

Answer, y )asaha , apaha.

Arrange , langa .

Arrive f ha.

Ask , (inquire) spas/zy a , (beg) lamba

be Bad , wzpa , ( rotten) wala .

Bear, (carry) pinta , minta , (produceyoung)fya la , (fruit) twala.

Beat, pama .

Beg , lamba senga, papata.

Begin, tatiha, y )amba , (be first)tanga .

Boil , w ild , w il ishy a .

be Born,flatw a.

Break , tawa ,pa ta la .

Brin

g, lcta , wa la , twala.

Bul l imaha , (y )aha.

Burn,acha . (as fire) (y )aha, y a.

Bury, shiha.

Buy, shita.

Cal l , ita .

Care for, take care of,Carry,p inta , minta .

Catch, ihata.

Change, a la la , al aha, sangala.

Cheat, chmjeshy a , tampaiha .

Choose , sala .

be Clean, taa, (make clean) ta ishy a .

Col lect together, longuna , langani

Come, isa ,/iha .

Consent, samina .

Consider , langalaha , lasa.

Convey, twala , pelcha .

Cook, piha .

be Cool , cold ,pala , tantala.

Count, pcnda .

Cover,faniha .

Cross over , M ata, sawaha .

Cut , t:ma ,ch:ha , sesa .

Desire, faray a, hambwa, tashy a .

Destroy , anaa la .

be Difficul t, ajy a , hangu .

Dig, imba, (cul tivate) l ima .

Divide, awa, awany a.

go, chi

(ta.

h ;raw, dra la, water ta

Dress ,fwalg.pa

Drink , area .

be Easy , nahil ila.

Eat , l ia .

Exceed , excel , chi la.

Fail,shy ama .

Fal l ,pana , wa.

Fear, tina .

eel (perceive) , amfwa .

Fetch, d a ta , twa la , Zeta.Fi ll ,fal ishy a .

ind , sangu , (by search)jway a .

inish, shila , mana .

Fol low , hanha , landa .

Forbid, hana , hansa, lehcshy a .

Forget, la rva .

Forgive, l:hela .

Get, am , twala.

be Glad , sangala , scha.

GO, y a , ima . GO after,hanha . GO before, tangila. Godown ika , s: laha ,

tentcmaha . GOin, ingila . GO out, fama . Go11 nina , hw ela.

be (good , wama .

Grow ,hu la

, (as plant) mena .

Guard, pemba ,

sanga .

Guide, nangala .

be Happy , sangala, a ha , tota , tem'ma .

Hate , pata .

Have, (ha ) li na, (ha)wa na , h'wata .

Hear,amfi aa .

Help , afwa .

H inder , hanga ,p inga.

Hoe, l ima .

Ho ld , ihata .

Honour, chindiha ,

VERBS

Hurt, (be painful) romma,(injure) 1a m.

Increase,ku la ,sandika, (act.)kus/ly a.

Inform , ebu la.

K eep, runga , (cattle, &c.) wembela.

K il l , zpay a .

K now , zit/i i , isla'

ma.

Laugh, seka.

Learn. sambz'

la.

Leave, .r/zz'

a, Icka .

Lesser) , ckepedzy a .

Let (al low ), Id a .

Lie, laIa , (tel l l ies) wepa .

Lift, imma,ny amzm a , z

'

my a, Iwz’

ka.

Like,fway a , temwa , konda .

Listen, umfwz’

la,umfwzklly a.

Live (reside), Mala.

Look wona , Zola .

Loose, kaku la. Be loose, ”aka .

Lose , Iujjza , taya.

Love,temwa .

Make, cl u'

ta, Imga , umba .

Marry, upa, h’

ngu la , kwala.

Meet, kumana.

Mend , wamz'

sky a .

Miss , (nothit)para,(long for) tar/9 m.

Move, ( y )enda , tela, sela , (act.)

Open, shinkula .

Order, mus/bra.

Overcome , kanga .

Pass,lpz

'

nta , pita .

Pay, z’

pa,futa , (wages)Play , (aport)fukana , (music) Iz

’

sky a .

Please , temweslzy a , bender/um, totesly /a. Be pleased, fen

'wa ,koadwa ,

Point, some .

Possess , kwata .

Pour , tulu la , (away) itila .

Prepare, tay a .

Prevent,pz'

nga , kanga, lea/ty a.

Pul l , ku la , ( tight) tm tt'

ka .

Put, e a. Put down load, tu la .

Put on clothes, f wa la . Put off

(clothes) ,fwa la ; (defer) IaIika .

beQuick ,wanguflany a,thita wangu,

pu a.

Quie'?feta ; be quiet, tekany a.

Raise, fauna, ny amuna, imy a.

37

Refuse, éana.

Remain, rib/ala , ikala.

Remember, 1angu1aéa , kumbukila

Repeat, wales/l a .

Resist, kanga ,fwa , éana.

Rest, tusky a, Iala .

Return, wela

Rise , inaka , zma , (as sun, river) tula,(from sleep) alaba .

be (go) Round, sl u'

ng uluka , (enfold)pomba , (bend round) peta.

Run, wa tuka , mda Imfiilo,fluka .

be Satisfied , tota , h tta .

I

gfia, cwa , rosa, ti .

arc a a.

See , wona .

y

Seek ,fway ila .

Seize, iéata.

Sel l , slzita .

Send, tum ,il irky a , lay islty a,pd eka .

Set, (place) w iéa , (as sun) wa .

Shoot, (fire gun) [is/ty a infuti , (hit,kil l) Zara .

Shout, IiIa , ama.

Show,Ianga , wmes/zy a.

Shut, isa la , Sh aka .

be Sick , lwala , tenda .

Sit, ika la .

Sleep, Ia la tq.

be Sorry, sorrowful , tumana , sauéa ,

Speak , lamila , a im, shimbula, rosa.

Stand, ima , imakana .

Stay , stop, ikala , sky ala, imim'

na,

imakana .

Struggle, Izod .

Succeed, (prosper) shy uka , (takeplace of) teIa , piana .

Take, rfiula , twa la ,poéa .

Tal k, Iaw ila , sit imika,

Taste sonda.

Teach rambislzy a .

Tell , was/zy a , sitimika.

Think,langu luka , 1a m.

Throw , para, pony a, (away) tay a.

Tie, kaka.

be Tired ”aka , lama .

Turn, alu la , a luka . Turn round

shingu luslcy a. Turn back,

33 LALA GRAMMAR

Uncover ,fnnona .

Understand , nmfwo, ishiwo. Waste, tab l a, tay a.

Undress ,fwu1o . Watch , pemba.

Untie, koh t la . be Wel l , kosa. Get wel l, polo .

W ait, Joy a/a , is wel l , claiwemo.

Wake, (tuba. Wound, Zora .

Want,fway a, knmbwa, (lack) (bo la. be Wrong, wipa .

Be wanting, dwpo .

CHAPTER VI

ADVERBS, PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS,INTERJECTIONS

122. The Lala-English Vocabulary (Part III) contains the pr incipnl adverbs and other part icles , and the l ists and notes given inthe

‘W isa Handbook are appl icable to Lala w ith few exceptions .

Among these some may be noted, as characteristic of Lala.

Adverbs.

Zomba , now, next, then, but (W isa, nomoo ).

pokuti , buti , for, because (rarely cl nfnkw o , as in W isa) .Iokoso

,for nothing, gratis , idly , uselessly , merely (in W isa, woko).

kfwesu, hwenn, bwa ri‘

xo, (at) my (your , his) home (W isa, kumy esu ,

masoslzi , day before yesterday , day after to-morrow (rarely mow,

W isa, mazo).

iny o , ina , yes (W isa, inde,y oo).

tyoo, y oo, no (W isa ,y a i).koni

, karts/ti , kay o, l ino, samba, d opa/e, perhaps, possibly, apparently (W isa, kano, konsi ).

bani , either or (W isa, y ong'

ulo ) .no, ni , as well as no

,used as prep. and conj . (where W isa

uses no).kumfi m

, and, then, so, as a common connective conjunction in

narrative.

bo, as a part icle of emphas is, commonly interrogative at the beginning of a clause (not in W isa).

neli , in negative clause, (not)even, (inW isa, y ang u).

ADVERBS 39

m ain (mw inln, pa t io), above, up (not as in W isa generally ,knmu ln, mamnln, pamulu).

M i randa, outside (as well as bum s ; W isa , bronze).Adverbs are formed from adjective-roots by using the prefixesji

(chiefiy of manner , degree, kind) , kw , mo po (of circumstances,t ime, place) , kw , l i (with numera l s).

e. g .fine,fiweme, wel l, rightly , truly ; bomo, ,

l imo, once.

123 .

The simple prepos itions are as inW isa-o

, of, w ith concord-prefixes.

no , with al so commonly no, ni, which are not so used in W isa.

kn, mu, pa , and (of persons) bu l i , bw o . (See Vocabulary .)Other prepositions are formed by us ing adverbs followed by -o ;

e . g. bwz’

ulu y a , upon.

ponsi pa , under.

pokuzi‘

m lo (followed by noun), without.

124 .

Common connectives arena, and , both of words and clauses ; also no (as in W isa), to, and

not,but not.

lombo , epo, ebuti, bumfwa , banzil i , now, then, presently, next, but,

so,— accord ing to context.

125 . ( r) DEPENDENT SENTENCES may be briefly descr ibed as

follows

(a) Relative (who, which).This , when the subject of the verb is concerned, is represented

by the verb-form 1) unchanged, or (2) for greater distinctness ,w ith the vowel of the concord-syl lable prefixed, (3) with one of the

demonstratives meaning "this that ’ before

'

it ;

e. g. wowene, he saw ,also, (he) who saw.

uwowene, owowene

}(he) who sawuy u (ay o) wawene

128. When the object of the verb is concerned, the proper con

cord-syl lable of the object is prefixed to that of the subject.

e. g . wow‘

w ene, he saw them (the things) .

w’

wawene, those (things) which he saw .

40 LALA GRAMMAR

127. In the case of a m no , Ii no , ikala no , meaning have the

object-concord syl lable w ith its vowel changed to o is also affixed to

no,

‘

e. g.jintafi ol i najj'a, the things which he has.

128 . (b) Temporal, local (when, where).that (aka ), ma (ama) , orpa (opo) is prefixed to the verb, often pre

ceded by aka , mma , mpo (or nko, mmo, mp0, mpo),e . g. nka ak'wa ile

,where he went.

129 . When ’is also commonly expressed by ( t ) o ti followed by

the subjunctive or infinitive ; (2) l i , il i, obi , with the indicative ;(3) a prefixed to the verb ;

e. g . oti ofike, oti aka/Mo, when he arrives.

il i ofika, when he arrives.ao/iba, when (if, in case) he arrives.

130. (c) Conditional (if).

( t ) The future tense with -bo e. g. abaly o , if you eat.

(2) a prefixed to a verb-form e. g. oat/ay o , if they go.

3) ba ti, nti, followed by a verb e. g. ba ti shil i pamo, if theyare together.

(4) ng a , followed by or prefixed to a verb, and sometimes re

peated w ith the principal verb ; e. g. nga wotapobo, ng a twa l iopo,if you g ive us some, we would eat it.

131. (d ) As to other dependent sentences.

ba ti is used for ‘ in order that (also the subjunctive mood), so

that’

, so as to,

’because (al so pobati ),

‘that (of reported

speech.

g/i (qt, ijy o,we), as, l ike as, in the way that.

132. Interjections.

These, as wel l as descr iptive adverbial sy llables similarly used ,are at once one of the most common, character istic, and interest ingfeatures of Lala and other Bantu dialects, and al so the least neces

sary to examine in an e lementary grammar. Some examples w il lbe found in the Vocabulary.

E is common as an interjection, or particl e of emphasis, prefixedto words of al l k inds.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

PART II

MISCELLANEOUS PHRASES AND SENTENCES, ANDSTORIES IN LALA, LAMBA, AND W ISA,

WITH NOTES AND TRANSLATIONS.

This part containsI. M iscellaneous sentences and phrases, English-Lala and Lala

Engl ish.

II. A (tentative) Translation of the Lord’

s Prayer, and the Ten

Commandments.

III. Stories in Lala, Lamba, and W isa, w ith notes and transla

t ions.

Common salutes, usual ly for courtesy in the plural form , are

(I) On meeting : (Address) mwoanebo (lit. Are you to be seen ?)Are you there ? Do I see you ? Is it you ? (Reply) Tmooneba ,

you see me, I am here, it is I. Or (Address) maba lo sby oni ?

How are'

you ? (in the morning) mwaZoZa sby oni ? How did you

sleep ? (Reply) tw oboZo pawama, we are well, ima la lo matende,we slept in peace . Or (Address) mateno

'e ? Are you wel l ? (Reply)

matenda, I am well .

(2) On parting : (go ing) aby al onz'

,sby ol ilenipa, bolasby a le, s t0p

where you are, do not move, I am going ; (remaining) bolw eno’

ebe,

ng a Zabofibe, bow iyeni muteno'e, pass on, arr ive at your journey

’

s

end, a Safe journey to you.

-Terms of address : (respectful) infama , asbiba la ; (fami l iar)wemwome, mar/y anji ; (on entering) boZapinte, may I come in ?

Come here, isa (isoni) bana.

Tel l me, mbaZiZo .

Who are you ? anoni samba .9

W hat is your name ? anoni skino Zy ow e .9

Where do you come from ? waf amo bw ira .9

MISCELLANEOUS PHRASESAND SENTENCES 43

What do you want ? wofwoy endo'What are you say ing ? wolazbilendo .

9 ati sbani .9

How do you sell (it) ? wosbita Mani ?

G ive me food,mpeZo cbobaZya .

Bring me water, adetola amendo .

Cut me some firewood , bantemene nbani.

I do not know, nsbisbi, sl uirbz’

po.

Go away, boy o, bawiya ; (pass on) pintani , y andani

What t ime, At what time ? bosao bol i ShaniHow far (is it far) to Ng a batol i bufibo .

9

Where does be (you, they) l ive ? ma webolo .9 w alobnicbele

kw isa .9

When w il l they come back ? wobawelo Ziso .9

Do not do that, mw ioltite-fy a.

I w ill come presently, nbeso Zomba .

Tel l them to stop, Wowasby o ba ti mw iminine.

Wait t ill I come,pambaloni (sbo oni) , noba isa.Come and sit down here, ban/isa bo le-mpo.

Pronounce distinctly, shimbulo poobo-pocbe.Thank you, no toto (I am pleased) ; .

notemwa (I like it) nobata

(I have enough).Abase, nboiso bamleta , if he comes, I w ill bring him.

M baZiZani aboa‘

zo cbonse, tell me al l about it.Kata ima botapitobo bapay a bofando bowama botemba bajibo

bamasbi omosbibn, we started and went there and k il led (game)and skinned (it) and divided (it) and carried it (on poles) and gotto the vil lage at night.Ey e w omjj/ele, that is my (real) father (mother).Tabepay e inoma , let us ki ll game (go hunting).Teti ndy apo, I wil l not eat it.

Utal i mapal a , he is not a hunter.

UZi manondo .9 is he indoors ?

Iy oa, w oy a , no, he has gone away .

M a l i wani mwezbo .9 who are you ?

Fwefoo taZi Walala seine none, we are true Lalas.

Wazoo zool i sbona zoo alone, they are strangers, they belong to

others.

44 LALA GRAMMAR

Uboiso noni .’ ni nerbo, who is that coming ? It is I.

Manta oboimabo (ao aboimo abo), the man who is stand ingthere.

Wanta toanoanopanama , the men I saw behind.

Cbiti cbenbeabo abapan-a-bo, that very tree fell (or, which fell)there.

Twobatal o ba iebele, we are t ired ofwa iting.Womposelo ma mendo , he threw me into the water.Mwesbesby ofintajy onfi , g ive me back my things.Wantamfi o .rboni .

9 why do you drive me away ?Unbonbelendo .

9 why are you following me ?Windebo (w i-n-Zebo ) do not leave me.

K afwata barf/e bandalesby o nozbo, your idle talking sends me to

s leep .

Wong amfwo do you understand me ?

Womfwo .9 do you hear ? (understand).

Ponong o pano ng a) napana , I almost fell .

Panang o two/ibo bwesa , we have nearly reached home.

Mw i laba lozbi lo , do not be tal king.

M abopa lasby afi nta , you w ill scare things away.

Ulya w anabo , nd ing owa tabo nezbo, that man is weak, I can run.

Nda l i ni nonda slziw il i , I have two houses .

Tair/ti le bano ni (or, neZi ) bomo, he never once came here .

Ul i mataZi pomo (or, oti ) ni ne'a‘

zo, he is as tall as I am.

UZi ma taZi a i (or, baa/l i lo) nevi/o, he is taller than I.M anomo mboy a l ira when w ill you go after game (go

hunting)Ta ipasby epo lobasa, we are only asking.

Mw aloba lod'ilo oti taboy o mo ilo, you were say ing to us that‘we w ill go to-morrow

Nebitay onji ni basambi lo abi lo la , my bus iness is to learn Lala.

Toma labamfloapo fi ta laba loa‘zi lo, you do not understand what

we are say ing.

K a ti/apo Zaboso, a downr ight lie.

Kw ine nene, quite true.

MISCELLANEOUS PHRASES AND SENTENCES 45

II.

THE LORD’

S PRAYER (tentative translation).

Watata Wesu, muli kwiulu,Ishina lyona lituike,Ufumu wenu w ise,

Amano yenu achitike

pans i nga peulu,Mutupele lelo chakulya ebesu icha lelo,Mutulekele fitut

’

vifya fweWo,nga nafwe tuwal ekela awatuwifya,

Mwitutwale apakuyeshya ,Mutupokeshye apaWipa.

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS (shortened).

I . Netiro ndi Shikulu Lesa wowo, wiwa na Lesa umbi, net‘

vo

nenka.

2. W il ichitila chintu chonse cha kupapatila , cha kulambila.

3. W ilawila ishina lyakwe Shikulu Lesa wovve pa lokoso.

4. Kumbukila ushiku ya kasano na kawili, iwika pa yeka.

5 . Chindikishya wawiso ne Wanoko.

6 . W iipaya.

7. W iichita uchende.

8. W iitva .

9. W iWepeshya muvyowe pa mulandu.

IO. Wikumbwa fintu fyonse ifyal i nafyo muvyowe.

III.

STORIES.

These stories were taken down from dictation, and the meaningobtained for the most part w ithout an interpreter . Perfect accuracy

in transliterat ion or translation cannot therefore be expected.

Story-tellers ar e not al l equal lyQualified, and (what appear to be)

confus ions, repetitions, and inaccuracies occur. But they are fair

average samples Of d ialect and sty le, and may be used not only for

Obtaining fam il iarity w ith grammatical forms and vocabulary, butalso, if read over to natives, for getting a right pronunciation of

sounds, and detecting local and dialectic d ifferences.

46 LALA GRAMMAR

One piece (NO. 6, Walala), due to Mr. J. E . Stevenson, appearsto be a graphic reminiscence of a bit of trad itional history , mostcareful ly taken down and certainly intel l igible to natives, but itsful l translation has to be left largely to a future student.

The first stories are rather more fully annotated than the

remainder . Lala (1 Lamba (7 and W isa (9—12) are repro

sented. Two fully-parsed W isa stor ies will be found in the W isa

Handbook ’.

In the notes references are given to the paragraphs, numbered

consecutively, Of the Grammar.

1 . (LALA.) KALULU NE NKALAMU.

(I) Kalulu ekuimaka nanda pa mpanga. (2) Wankalamu ne

wakashi ekulokwiya, wasanga ui nanda yakwe kalulu, (3) Mwinewaya mu mpanga kalulu. (4) Akasua ichingulo ati

‘

avvele, asanga

mul i nkalamu mu nanda yakwe. . (5 ) Shikulu, wafuma kw isa

(6) Twafuma mwenka mu chalo chesu.

’

(7) Kawafuma luchelo

Wankalamu emukuipay-e-namal (8) Ati awele ichingulo ne finane

ne kuipika chinongo chikulu, Wakalulu chinongo chinini . (9) Chinongo chikulu achilunga kumwichele,Wakululu fyantonto, fyakufirulamwichele .

( Io) U lucbelo kalulu ati, Twendeni kampele ichipa.

’

( I I) W aya

mu mpanga wow ilo, Wankalamu na Wakalulu. Wafika mu lupil i .

( 12) Ati, Shikulu, ichipa chanji, kamwiya peulu pa lupil i, ukuukulushye chibwe chise chipule .

’

( 13) Ati kifuma ku lupil i , k ilesa ne

mafingwa, kalulu chenama . (14) Lomba chilokwisa chibwe, kalulu

kashyeta mavula, kapala mavula ku ibwe. ( I5 ) Hi nkalamu afumine

ku lupil i, a ti, Isani kuno.

’

Kawesa. (16) Ati, Kamwichenama,

chipale mmala.

’

( I7) Efyangapalako fyankamfi, Wankalamu ati,

Mmala chapula mwa kalulu.

’

( 18) Na nkalamu chenama.

(19) Ati nkalamu chenama,ichibwe chifuma ku lupil i, chilesa na

mafingwa nkulu-nkulu, ekupama apa pa meno a nkalamu , ameno

ne kukulauka . (20) Um-m-m l nafwa , kalulu. Kanshi wantum

paika .

’

(21) Ati, Tamwichenamishye.

’

(22) Ameno onse ashila.

(23) Katuyeni kumushi, kamukande pa menda .

’

(24) Na kumushi,ne finane fya mchele. (25) Ati,

‘Tul iepo.

’ Kafilukuwawa . Ati,Pele fyakuv

’

irula mwichele.

’

(26) Kalulu ne kumupa fya muchele.

(27) Penkapo muluchelo Wankalamu nekufwa. (28) Kaw inda.

STORIES IN LALA‘

, LAMBA, AND WISA 47

THE RABBIT AND THE LION.

( 1) The rabbit built (imoba, v. infinitive of narrative, 89) ahouse in the forest.

(2) The l ion (nba loma 18 here used in the plural, Of courtesy , ofClass I , the l ion be ing regarded in the story as a person. Other~

wise nbal oma is a noun of Class 5 , which does not change in the

plural) and (his) w ife were passing (y o , iyo , v. go, the infinitivebay o , bw iya , w ith prefixes used in narrative ebalo-bw iyo, 68,

and came upon (sang o , v.) the rabbit’s house (lit. they found , it ishis house the rabbit ).

(3) The owner was away in the forest, i. e . the rabbit.

(4) In the evening (l it. sun (being) evening) when he came back ,he found there was (mul i is idiomat ic for i l i ma) a l ion in hishouse.

(5 ) Sir (sa id the rabbit), where do you come from ? ’

(6 ) W e come just from our country (was the reply) .

(7) The lions went out in the morning to k il l game (ipay a, v. kill .

Emabu indicates occupation or object. [pay o inomo is pronounced

ipay enoma ).

(8) When they came back in the evening w ith meat they cooked

pibo , v. cook), (the lion) a large pot, the rabbit a smal l pot.

(9) (The l ion) seasoned (his) large pot with salt , the rabbit (had)plain food without (zba lo, v. be without, fy a , of, agreeing w ith

fi antonto, ba zba lo , infinitive mood) sa lt (mw iebele is al so pro

nounced macbele, amebele) .

(10) In the morning the rabbit said, Come a long (endo, v . go,

ta-eno'e-ni , l it. let us go, you, i . e. suppose we go) and let me Show

you (l it. give,pa , v. bompele, for bo-n-pele, -peZe being the appl ied

s tem ofpo , give to, subjunctive mood) a trick .

( 1 1) They went into the forest together (lit. the two Of them), thel ion and the rabbit (the plural here of one individua l). They cameto a hil l .

(12) Sa id (the rabbit), Sir, my tr ick (is this), go up the hill , (and)rol l down a big stone, (so that) it may come (and) pass into (my

(Isa, v. come,pa lo , v. pass in.)( 13) (The lion did so and) when the stone starts, it comes on and

on with stones— and earth— and rubbish (bi losa , for bi-Zo-iso , of

48 LALA GRAMMAR

regular continuous movement. Mafingwo, of any worthless

mater ial), (while) the rabbit (stood) w ith his mouth open (cbenama ,agape , a descriptive adverb used as verb).( 14) Now the stone is coming. (Meanwhile) the rabbit chewed

(aby eto , v. chew) some leaves, and spat out the leaves on the stone

(when it stopped) (ebibw e,ibwe, may also be wr itten obisbo, irbe,

but the b sound is usually d istinguishable).

( 15 ) When the lion came (famine, modified stem fromfamo, v.)from the hill , (the rabbit) said, Come here.

’He came (boa/era for

bo-wa-isa).

(I6) Said (the rabbit), Now you stand with your mouth w ideOpen, so that (the stone) may pass into your stomach .

’

17) (Seeing) the chewed stuff which (the rabbit) had Spat there

(efyang opolabo, includes at, the very (things) which, ang apala,

past tense Ofpol o , v. spit out, ba, adverbial aniz of place) the l ionthought,

‘

(The stone certainly) went'

into the rabbit’s stomach.

’

(Mmal a, or mama lo , for ma molo , is treated as itself a noun, and

the prepos ition fol low ing is therefore mwa , not a .)(18) So the l ion stood with mouth open.

( 19) As the l ion stood Open-mouthed, the big stone Starts from

the hill , comes rubbish and al l with a rush, and struck ful l on the

teeth of the l ion, and the teeth were shattered .

(20)‘Um-m-m (mumbled the l ion), I am dead, rabbit. I see you

have made a fool of me.

’

(K onslzi includes various degrees of

certainty , I know, I see, I think , I dare say, I fancy , &c.l

(21) Sa id (the rabbit) ,‘You did not open your mouth w ide

enough ( isby e, the intensive stem of obonoma , open very w ide) .

(22) All the (l ion’

s) teeth were gone.

(23) Let us go to the vil lage and you can bathe them with water ’

(bondo , v .

,knead, foment).

(24) So they went (the verb of motion is Often thus omitted) to

the v illage (taking) with (them) the dish of meat which had sal t.

(25 ) Said (the rabbit) , Let us have a meal.’ (The meat) makes

(the l ion’

s gums) smart . Sa id (the l ion), ‘G ive me some w ithout

salt.’

(26) And he gave the rabbit the salted meat.

(27) And as soon as it was morning the l ion d ied (penbopo,i . e . po-enba pa, just there, on the spot, at the very t ime).

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50 LALA GRAMMAR

(6 ) (Then the night-bird appeared and) said, ‘Look ! Iwas in the

pot of pumpkins , but not a bit burnt there (nel i , not in the least).

Do not you see the trick, Mr . Cock, my clever trick ? (toawene,negative form of modified stem of w ono

,v. see). I was not burnt

among those pumpkins (abipile, negat . ofpy a, v . be cooked, burnt,

modified stem).

(7) In the morning (the cock) said, I am go ing.

’ And the cock

went home.

(8) The night-bird said ,‘And I the night-bird will make a call .

So prepare for me (tey o , v. prepare for). They went and slept.

(9) In the morning he made his call . The cock’

s w ife was busygathering pumpkins (mbarma , for ma baswo , infinitive Of moo , v .

break Off, gather).

( 10) When she had brought them (wolete for awolete), she first

put the cock (in the pot) at the bottom and (then) the pumpkins at

the top.

(1 1) And the night-bird arrived. Where is Mr. Cock ?’The

cock’

s w ife repl ied (bamfwo , used as connective only, here), Hehas gone (u l ile, past tense of y a , v . go) to a dance.

’

( 12) Now (the pumpk ins) were cooking (1? is used as class-prefix

of a. quantity of things , even when referring to a noun of another

class, as here fooabz'

pasbi . Cf. fiebipasbi , below). When theywere cooked, she uncovered them. W ill the cock come out, or is

be burnt ?

( 13) Now she dished up (bawepa lo , for bo-w a-ipa la ) the pumpk ins, say ing , Now we have dished them up.

’ They were al l

d ished (sizi lo , v. finish).

( 14) She found the cock burnt. The cock ’s w ife said, You made

a fool of my husband.

’Said the night-bird ,

‘Oh ! Oh ! he went

(himself) to the bottom (of the pot). Of course he was a fool’

(w a l ile, past tense Ofy o, v. go ; aZz'

tampiZe from tampo,

(1 5 ) And the night-bird went home again. The cock died on

the spot (fa/o , v. die).

3. (LALA.) SHIKIWANGWE NE NKENSE .

(1 )Washik iwangwe ekw iya kul i kalulu, ati,‘Wemwame, nkense

nshiishipo, umtwale nkaishiwe.

’Kalulu ati,

‘Ndiishi. Twende

nkakuwule.

’

(2) Ekufika ku nika ikulu,kasanga ikiti kilile pa

menda. Ati,‘N ina uku kwiulu. Naya.

’

(3) Kakaya kalulu kul i

STORIES IN LALA, LAMBA, AND WISA 5 !

nkense . Ati, Newo, Shikulu, nawonapo inama.

’ Wankense ati,Ishina nindo Kalulu ati, K iwawala (imbi ati ui shikiwangwe).Kawaya. (4) Kalulu ati, W oneni.

’ Ichinshingwa chaya pa

menda, umw ine uli kwiulu ku ch iti chikontamine pa menda.

Kalulu ati, Tamuwene ?’ —ukusonta ichinshingwa cha shikiwangwe,

chil i pa menda. W ankense kawewila . 5 ) Kalulu ati,‘Towene,

shik iwangwe, nkense iwipushya ?’Shikiwangwe ati

, Shimwishi.’

(6 ) W ankense kawatumpuka. Wamtumpaika, kalulu.

’Kalulu

ati, Ngilya nama epoile mwaishyapo pa menda.

’ Wankense

kaweWila. (7) Kalulu ati,‘Tomuwene, shikiwangwe, ngu uli pa

menda ? ’ W ankense kawatumpuka, ati,‘Taipo.

’

Kalulu ati,Epoile, mwaishyapo. Tuchewepo , Wankense) (8) Wasanga

epoile kanshi chinshingwa, inama ili kwiulu. Kawalema, Wahaasaati, Yakanga. NaWelela. Nga lukafike, kalulu.

’ Kawaya kwaWowankense.

(9) Kalulu ati, Seluka, shikiwangwe, ngilya nkense. Toiwene

ngilya yaya ? Twende, nawe waishiwa.

’ Na kumushi. Shikiwangweati, Naishiwa lelo nkense ituikata.

’Penkapo chapela.

THE BUSHBUCK AND THE LEOPARD.

(1) The bushbuck went to the rabbit, and said, My friend, I donot know the leopard (by sight). Bring him that I may know

The rabbit said,‘I know him, come along and let me

Show you.

’

(Is/Ii , isbiwa,v. know ; {tr/a la , convey informat ion, tel l .)

(2) They arr ived at a large river, and found a tree, which spread

over the water. Said (the rabbit) , Cl imb up there. I’

m Off.’

v. come upon, find. K o is used as a connective in narrativew ithout person-prefixes . Yo , v. go, past tense, J i le for Zi-y ile.)3) The rabbit went to the leopard, and said,

‘I, sir, have seen

game.

’The leopard said, What is its name ?

’The rabbit said,

Kiwawala (another name for bushbuck). They went off.(4) The rabbit said, Look .

’The reflection of the bushbuck fel l

on the water, he himself was up in the tree which bent over thewater. (Iclzinrlzing 'wa , shadow, picture, here reflected image.

K antomo, v . crouch over.) The rabbit sa id, Don’

t you see him

pointing to the reflection of the bushbuck in the water. The

leopard dived in. (Santa , v. point, infinitive used as present

participle ; ia‘xilo, v. dive, bo-wa-i zbilo .)

gz'

LALA GRAMMAR

5 ) The rabbit Said, Don’

t you see him, Bushbuck, the leopard

you asked about ?’

(Towene, for to-a-soene, from wane, wono ,

v . see. Iw z'

parby o, i-a-zpasby o , which you asked about.) The

bushbuck sa id,‘ I don

’

t know

(6 ) The leopard came to the surface. You have made a fool ofme, Rabbi t.

’ The rabbit said , That’

s the animal , there’

s where he

went, you have left h im there in the water .

’

(EpoiZe, for apo, it is

the re ; zy ile, he went , from y a , v. go. Sby o , for rbia , leave.) The

leopard dived (again) .

(7) The rabbit said , Don’

t you sec'

him,Bushbuck ? that

’

s him

in the water .

’ The leopard came up again, say ing, He is not

there.

’The rabbit said , That ’s where he went, you have left him

there. Let us look careful ly , Leopard.

’

(8) They found where he went was really a reflection, the animal

was up above. The leopard was tired and said,‘It is too much

(for me) . I am going back . Good-bye, Rabbit.’ And the leopard

went Off home. (K ong o , v. baffle, overcome. Ng a Zabofibe, a

common form of leave-taking.

‘I hope your journey (a lwendo.

understood) may end well .’

fibo , v . arrive).(9) The rabbit said, Come down, Bushbuck . That ’

s the

leopard. Don’

t you see it ? That ’s it, going away . Come along ,

and (now) you know So they came to the v illage, and the

bushbuck said,‘ I know now (lelo, tod ay) the leopard which

catches us.’

That is the end .

WANGUNI NA wANRWASHI.

( 1) Wangna i ekuikatana ichiWuza na Wankwashi. Kasosa

ekwiya kul i wankwashi, ati,‘Wanguni Walukumtukeni, ati, Mush

ipwa nkwashi. Nel i kundetelapo Isaw i , woyu . Ati, Efyalukun

tuka , ati fyenkefyo .

’Ka ima kasosa, kaya ku l i wanguni, kafika .

Ati Mwev’

vo viralukumtuka Wankwashi,ati, Mushipwa nguni, nel i

kundetelapo Wuchi, woyu

(2)Wanguni kav’

vapinta m itondo ingi itata ya v’

vuchi, kawatwala

kwa wankwashi, kav’

irapika .

‘Wawoneka , wanguni.’ Nawo ati

,

Twawoneka .

’

Kaweka la, nesaw i kawatev

’

veta, v’

vakalya . Nguniati

,Mwemwa

‘

me v’

vankwashi, nindo mwalukuntukila Ati, Mbo

wal aw ile .

’Sosa ati,

‘Nane,ui sosa

,shambul ile.

’Ati

,

‘Wufi.

Nowo shyakutuk ilepo .

’ Wanguni kawelela nesawi kwaWo.

STORIES IN‘

LALA, LAMBA; AND W ISA

(3) Kakafika kasosa kwa wanguni, ati,‘Wanguni, mwana ~wa

wankwashi wafwa ku luwola lwa lushimu. Wankwashi Walokwisa

mkukwipaya.

’Kakafumako kasosa, kakafika kwa wankwashi, ati,Ati, Uwo ’

. Ati,‘Wanguni, mwana wao wafwa

kumunga w-e-saw i. Walokw isa ukumwipayeniwankwashi.’ Wank

washi kav‘

vema na wautu wawo , awengi kwakuti , wanguni kav‘

vema,

av‘

vengi kwakut i. (4) Kasosa kakaya mu~

nshila kaiocha kisompeno mul ilo

,kakafika kul i wanguni, ati, Tamuweneko mul ilo

Ekulanga Wangnai. Ati,‘Ni ‘

Wankwashi, eWaocha. Walukwisa

aWengi wene nene kukuipaya Wanguni.’Kakaya kul i wankwashi;

mu nshila kakocha kisompe, kuwalukutul ila Wanguni. Kakay a

kakafika panshila kakakumana na wankwashi. Ati, Tamweneko

mul ilo ? Waocha Wanguni, walokwisa ukumw ipaya, Wankwashi.’

5 ) Kafikumana,na Wanguni na Wankwashi, walukulasana, wa ln

kuipayana, walukuipayana . Umuntu wa kwa Wanguni kafwa,muntu wa Wankwashi kafwa . Ne lwine uluwo ku ishililo, kav

’

ia

chileka ukulwa ne kutula amata pansi.

(6 Wankwashi ati, W e chiwuza wanjI, wengunr, nmdo yatalefi

Wanguni ati, Chambula ni v’

vasosa, ewambulane.

’ Ati, Nane nonkwashi, sosa wa isa kwanji, ati, Mwana wa ngun i ulifw ile, wafwa ku

munga w-e-saw i. ’ Ati, Nane ewambula u i sosa, ati, Mwana wa

nkwashi waiwa ku luwola lwa lushimu. Walokwisa v‘

vankwashi

Wamwipayenimwev’

vanguni.’Ati, Nane nenkwashi nane efyambula .

Ati,wa lokwisa kuipaya.

’

(7) KaWamw ikata kasosa , kawamw ipaya . Ati,Ewa wafirepa .

’

THE HONEY-BIRD AND THE STORK .

( I) The honey-bird and the stork were great friends. The tel lL

tale (basasa , a smal l bird) went to the stork and said,‘The h oney

bird keeps on abus ing you . He say s, The stork is a brute ! Not

to br ing me a single fish ! The wretch !”

(says be). That ’S theway he abuses you, just l ike that.

’ Of? goes the tel l-tale, and went

to the honey-bird, and arr ived and said

,

‘You,the Stork keeps on

abus ing you . He says, The honey-bird is a brute ! Not to br ing

me a scrap of honey , the wretch (Taba , v . abuse , w ith afiix -enz‘

,

of second person plur . as well as m,ma

,of the object of the verb.

A‘

andetelapo, for ba-n-letela-po, from lel o, bring . Way a , an

explet ive form of demonstrative.)The honey-bird took a number of pots (three) of honey , and

54 LALA GRAMMAR

carried them to the stork, and arr ived. Is that you, Honey-bird

He answered,‘Yes, here I am.

’ They sat down, and he made

him a present of fish, and they had a meal. The honey-bird said,

My friend Stork, why do you keep abus ing me ?’Said he ,

That ’s the fellow who told The tell-tale sa id, What, me !

I’m Tel l-tale, I did not tell him.

’Said the stork,

‘It’

s a l ie. I

never abused you.

’So the honey

-bird went back home w ith the

fish.

(3) The tell-tale came to the honey-bird’s house, and sa id ,

Honey-bird, the stork’s child has d ied by the sting of a bee. The

stork is coming to kill you.

’ Then the tell-tale went off and came

to the stork’s house

,and sa id, Stork.

’ ‘This is he ’

(said the

stork). The honey-bird , his child has died by the prick le of a

fish. He is coming to k ill you, Stork .

’ The Stork started off and

his people, a great many . And the honey-bird started off (w ith)a great many people. (Kori/m a

, for ba'zba-ima .)

(4) The tel l-tale went along the road, and burnt some grass withfire. And he came to the honey

-bird and sa id, Don’t you see the

fire there ! ’ And he showed the honey-bird, and sa id,

‘It is the

stork , be burnt (the grass). They are coming , a great lot of them ,

to kill the honey-birds.

’ And he went to the stork, and on the

road he set fire to the grass (near) where the honey-birds werecamping. And he went and arr ived, and on the road met the

storks , and sa id, Do you not see fire there ? The honey-birds

lighted (the grass). They are com ing to k ill you storks.

’

(K a ri /a

labata l ilo, from tal o, v. lay down a load, rest, camp—present tense

of the appl ied stem, with ba as relative prefix .)5 ) They met, the honey-birds and the storks, and set to

wound ing each other, and fighting and fighting. A man on the

honey-birds’side was killed, and a man of the storks was k il led .

And (it was) a real hard struggle to the end, and at last they leftofi‘struggl ing and laid down their bows and arrows. (K ofibamona ,bamana

,v. meet together . F i is used of things large or numerous

,

referr ing to nouns of any class. Leba, v. leave ofi

‘

. Wata , u . how,

plur. moato , or moto. )(6) The stork said, My friend Honey-bird, what is the cause of

all this ?’The honey

-bird said, He who told me is the tell-tale,it was he who told me.

’Said (the other), And I too, I the stork,

STORIES IN LALA, LAMBA, AND W ISA 5 5

the tell-tale came to my house and sa id, The honey-bird’

s child

is dead, he d ied by the prickle of a fish. Said the honey-bird,

And I too, he who told me was the tel l-tale, he said, The stork

’s

child has d ied by the sting of a bee. The storks are coming to kill

you honey-birds.

”Said the stork , And I the stork, I too, that

’

s

what he said to me. He said,“ They are coming to kill

( Yotal e/i, for y a-taZa-ifi , tala , v . make, cause. ( if, these things.

Ew omba lane, from dad o,v. inform,

w ith e prefix of emphasis,

and -ne (if rightly wr it ten) for newo, I. Thus e-w a-n-f a a-ne,

-ne repeating and emphas izing the n person-prefix of object.)

(7) And they seized the tell-tale and k il led him. They said,

You are a liar .

’

(Ewa, perhaps e of emphas is ; zoo , v . be ; i. e. you

are indeed. Wa zbepo , he l ies, he who lies, a l iar .)

5 . (LALA.) INFUMU NA KALULU.

(I) Infumu ekukumb-o-walwa. Kakalulu kakal i kwahwe. Infumu

ati, Keteni wakalulu wese Wanwe uwalwa.

’KaWesa Wakalulu

kaWafika kunfumu. Ati Wafike, infumu ati,Mul i Wanga ?

’ Kaluluati,

‘Tul i wasano.

’Infumu ati

,

‘N i wani mul i nawo ? ’ Kalulu

ati, Na wanne, ne wachilulu ishilu.

’ Infumu ati, Kalulu, kamwiya

ku muko wanji, mkampokele ng’

ombe.’

Kawanany—e-nshima , ati,

Mpinte ne finane.

’

(2) Na Wachilulu ishilu na kakalulu kachenjele kaWafika ku nikaikulu. Ka lulu ati, Mwewame, na tuposepo inshima pa menda .

’

Kakalulu kawawula ichifwasa kakaposa pa menda . Wachilulu

ishilu kaWula inshima kawaposa pa menda, ne kinane kaposapo .

Kafiralokw iya, kaWasanga inkomfwa (fisepo) mu chulu, fyankomfwa

fimbi filipile. Kakalulu ati, Mwewame, koswa fiswetele,ifi fifitile

te fiweme.

’Kamtumpaika kakalokuswa fifitile, wachilulu ishilu

kawalokuswa fiswetele. Kawapinta , kakekala ka lulu, ati, Kuifu

kuta lya mukulu,takowula kamba nkokoto.

’ Wachilulu ishilu ati,

Watumpaika , naposapo pa menda no chilulu ishilu, napos

-e

nshima pa menda .

’Kalulu ati, Ulitumpile.

’Kawapako kanini

kakalulu kachenjele ku chilulu chishilu.

3) Kawapinta, kalulu ati, Nga tuikal e, tutushyepo, tangendyepo

inkomfwa Shyanji.’Kakawula ishifitile ishipile,wachilulu fiswetele

fiwisi. Chilulu ishilu ati Watumpaika’.

‘Kanshi ulitumpile .

’

Kawapinta kasanga ichani. Kalulu ati, MweWame, kani watu

56 LALA GRAMMAR

tewete muninga, w ise upokeko ichani tuwawishye muninga tul ie .

’

Wakapinta. Kanshi ko kakalulu kapintapo ichani kaw ika kuifu

kuta . Kawasanga inchoncho (impampa). Kakaw'ulako kakaluln

ati, Chikulu ishilu, wise upokeko, kani watutewete inyangu, twise

tul ieko. Towene inchoncho (impampa)wune

(4) KaWafika kumushi ku chilukwa chamuninga. Kalulu ati, Ka

poke chani chilya chitwaona .

’ Wachilulu ishilu kawaya mukupoka.

Kakashyala kalulu, kakawawa ichani icho chali kuifukuta . Kalulu

ati, Palya tupapwa, pa lya tupapwa, pel ya, kukumanya yonse

ng’

anda.

’KaWafikaWachilulu ishilu. Kalulu ati, Mwewame, aWOne

wa muninga walya. Towene mulya mouse ? tolamo toto tuninga,tuwashyamo awene.

’ Wekala , Wawona k inongo cha nyangu .

Kalulu ati, MweWame, kapoke mpampa kulya kutwaona , ia

choncho shyesu.

’Kawaya wachilulu ishilu, wakashyala kakalulu .

Kakal ia, palya tunini, palya kakaponyeshapm yonse ng’

anda.

Ukufika wachilulu ishilu. Kalulu ati, Mwev‘

vame, towene ? Walya

aWene washiko nyangu. Shyashila nyangu.

’

5) Ati Wekaleko ,kawachipuma chishima ne finane. Kakawula lusanso, kalulu ati,‘Katapo amenda , twise tusambe.

’ Kachiya chikulu ishilu, kaka

shyala kakalulukakal ia inshima. Palya akakusu,palya napo akakusu

youse ng’

anda , kakakumanya. Kachifika chilulu ishilu, ati, Ntape

amenda (ku Ka ituluka . Kachiwe la chilulu ishilu, ati,‘Mweoame, wantana inshima penkapo.

’Kalulu ati, Wal ia

aweno.

’

(6) Kaw ila no mushiku,no mbushi kawepaya kenka kakalulu .

Chilulu ishilu al ilele,kakawula amala a mbushikakawikamumukoshi

mwa chilulu ishilu. Kawucha ushiku, ne finane ka l ia kakalulu fya

mbushi,kakafundumuka uluv

’

vilo. Kalulu ati, Wal ia mbushi yaku wuko

, taluwa , ul i ne mala pa mukoshi Wachilulu ishilu.

’ Ati

wafume ne mala , kawekatana awamushi. Kakalulu kakainjilaumo mwalile mbushi. Wachilulu ishilu kaWangila pa w ina,kawawatula kaWaWepaya.

(7) Kakalulu kakaya ku nfumu iyakumbile uwalwa,ati, Chilulu

ishilu wal iiWile mbushi ya Wene, Wa limwipeye . Kawandasa ifumoawaiWile mbushi yaw/03 Infumu kawakapa fituntulu Wanne, ati,Koya.

’

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58 LALA GRAMMAR

passed on. Really that rabbit carried off some grass and put it in

his bag. Then they came upon some (st icks used as) spoons. The

rabbit took some , saying, March Hare, you come and get some,

if the people give us beans, and come and eat them. Don’

t you

see the beautiful spoons ?’

(M aning a and iny ang a are common

articles of food, here cal led nuts and beans. Tawaw isby e, intensivestem from w ast/a , v.)(4) They arrived at a village and (received) a basket (ebil abwo ,

properly a piece of bark, used to carry things on) of nuts. The

rabbit said, Go and get that grass which we saw.

’ The March

hare went to get it. The rabbit rema ined behind, and kindled the

grass which was in his bag. And the rabbit sa id,‘There some

scraps , there some more,and there, al l about the house.

’

The

March hare arr ived , and the rabbit said, My friend , the owners

of the nuts have eaten them. Don’t you see yonder everywhere

Pick up the l ittle scraps, which the owners left there.

’ They waitedand (presently) saw a pot of beans (presented to them). The

rabbit said, My friend , go and get the sticks where we saw them,

our spoons.

’Ofi

'

went the March hare, and the rabbit was left

behind . And he ate, and threw here a l ittle, and there, al l about

the house. When the March hare arrived the rabbit sa id,‘My

fr iend, don’t you see ? the owners of the beans have eaten (them).

The beans are finished.

”(Both art/one, plur. of mw ine, and

morbibo, appear to mean owners

5 ) While they were s itting there they cooked some porr idge and

meat. And the rabbit took a strainer and said,‘CO and draw

water, and we w ill wash ’

(lit. that we may come that we may

wash). Away went the March hare, and the rabbit remainedbehind, and ate up the rice. Here he put a mouthful, and there

he put a mouthful , all about the house, and it was everywhere.

The March hare arrived (at the well) , say ing,‘Let me draw the

water (in the And it ran out. So the March hare came

back , and said, My friend , you have just kept all the rice for

yourself.’The rabbit said, The people have eaten it.

’

(6) It grew dark and night came on them (l it. ma asbzba‘

,

i. e . (they were) in the night), and the rabbit k illed a goat all byh imself. The March hare was asleep, and (the rabbit) took the

goat’

s entrails and put them on the neck of the March hare. The

STORIES IN LALA, LAMBA, AND W ISA 59

night came to an end (barbaebo , from ebo, v. become dawn) , andthe rabbit ate up the goat

’s fiesh,and rushed 011

“

at ful l speed shouting,He has eaten the goat of the (chief

’

s) brother-in-law, (but) hehas not escaped (l it. is not lost, lawa , he has the entra ils on

his neck, the March hare .

’ When he came out, there were the

entrails (round his neck), and the people of the v illage all jo ined

together, and the rabbit ran into the house where he had eaten the

goat (mwal i lo, for ma-al ile, from l io , v. eat ), and the March hare

ran into a hole, and they dug him out and kil led him.

(7) The rabbit went Oh“

to the chief, who had brewed the beer,and said , The March hare stole some one

’

s goat, and they kil ledhim. And the people whose goat he stole wounded me w ith a

spear.

’The chief made (the rabbit) a present of four slave-women,

and said, Go away.

’

6 . (LALA.) WALALA.

(1) Luchele ewalengele awantu, ukuwashya pano pesonde.

E lomba ekusandika , lomba ekukumana chalo. Lombwa kafwa,

katelapo Nkankomba. Lomba fyalo na fyalo kaw'akomana

Ukankomba. Na wafwa, washyala. Kawili awa nawo kaWate

lapo. Lomba tushi na tushi. Ati wawe tushi na tushi, lombano ng

’

onkwa watelapo. Lomba ne ng’onkwa yati telapo, lomba

echipyano.

(2) Kumfwa wat i ,‘pa mipando ya ku lesa.

’ Kumfwa wati,‘

pano nfumu shyakomana.

’Kumfwa

, Fwayeni mpemba shya

ku Kankomba.

’Kumfwa wati,

‘Wakalama wa ku Kankomba.

’

Kumfwa wambi wati,‘Wachishwila wa ku Kankomba, na mute

mela na wachishika mul ilo,na wachishiswa vira ku Kankomba.

’

(3) Wati,‘Pano tufwaye wamwene masala, Kamwiya mukan

kaulepo. Konkeni Wavyenu, mukasanse mukaposeko.

’

Ba muliweneshye ? N ingati kuli ukuwela.

’

Iyoo, kuweme.

’

N ingati takulalwaIyoo, kulekal ikwa.

’

Mwemwame, ningati ui mpanga ifi

Iyoo, ingele-ngele.

’

‘Pakulala tulo ? ’ ‘Alaa !’

Ningat i yatuchenjeleka Um-m-m

Ningati il itufisamile ‘A-a, ui kwambuya.

’

60 LALA GRAMMAR

Ningati ni ku wana niuWela ? Ningati takulimwa

Leken i ukusala.

’

Mwiwushya mpanga. A-a, walukwenda ifiwi, mwiwushya

mpanga, kuti kamul ikwenda awatekanishye. N i pekotelo. Twa l i

fumine polokoso. Tapal i nangu nkankoweshya. Kukana uko

twile, twashililapo . Tul iwoleleko ne Wana mumala. Kulya kupu

puntika . Kulya ui kwikulwe. Tapawoneka no kutomboka .

Tulimanine .

Um-m-m. W ilukulasa . (Kumfwa kawil i ati) W ilukulanguluka ,we

‘

mwaniche . Yatusesela, shyatunukula nsuka. Um-m-m. Bo

mwaniche, ifwe Wantu kawili ukulunduluka . Mapindo kokwete,

haw i l i Wapoka . Mbawe watupaula. A-a , kamul il ishya ukufwa

kwa kale. Wachishile wakulu, ne wakufyalwa mailo. Waku

chisanga, tachili cha lelo, chishawa mpeeka .

’

‘Pano apo twaishile, tapali bwino, pawrpile. Ifwe Wantu kulya

na ngufwa . Echikulu pano, esondo. Pantu pal i ukwefira ifiwi .

A ! kalya kanwa takafya ku Wautu. Tamukufyambaika . Waku

fifushyapo lokoso. Fisalaulwa . Ni nkunimwakufushya ku chipiko .

Tapali fiweme . Te pa luansa ? Be ku Wana mubwelela . Ameso

akokola pa mutwe. Be ili yawa ne uluwo. Ii kanshi mamanga wal inshikile. Tul ipelelwe pano, tukopauka lokoso. Wakulu

shyakulawila , mwafushya . Mwakupompapo no kwapa. Mushi

mene wando ? Mukokung’owila . Bo ku mu landu ? U-u, namuka

mulandu omfwe . Mwakulema ui mponwa. Mwakupona lukoso,mwakupolomoka .

’

Ekupeshya.

A LALA CHRONICLE.

This cur ious example of Lala has already been noticed (p. It

appears to conta in a trad itional summary of tr iba l history , remin~

iscences of a great chief, Kankomba, and of a cr itical moment ofadvance into new terr itory , perhaps when the tr ibe was pushed

southward by the W isas, and occupied the Maswaka forests. It

begins w ith narrative and changes into d ialogue, this last endingwith a kind of duel, in which it is d ifficult to d istinguish the corn

batants,and eas ier to see the litera l meaning of the figurative

expressions used, than their actua l point. No complete or con

nected translation is here offered , but notes and suggestions on

some words and Sentences may be of use to any who may (rare

STORIES IN LALA, LAMBA, AND W ISA 6 1

hereafter to study the text further. It was careful ly taken down

from dictation by Mr. Stevenson, but may of course conta in errors

in writing and d ivision of clauses.

In ( I) chronological s tages are marked by the connective lomba ,‘then

,next

,after thiS.

’In (2) various speakers are distinguished

by bamfw a ,‘then, upon thiS

,

’

bamfw o w ati,

‘ then people said,’

bamfwa wambi w ati,then others said .

’But in (3) the d ivisions

have to be guessed.

( I) Lac/tale seems to mean the First Cause, vaguely conceiveda s (I) the Dawn (cf. cha , v. dawn, Inebelo, morning) (2) first chief,so named ; (3) the Supreme Being , Creator .

Ew a leng ele, &c.,created people (mankind) , and scattered them

about here in the (outs ide) world (pesonde, pa isonde,outside a

house).E basantl iba

,&c. Then they multipl ied and filled the earth

(country , d istrict).K afwo , &c. He died , and Kankomba succeeded him .

Fy alo, &c. , (people filled) country after Country and together

formed Kankomba’s k ingdom.

Wafw a , &c.,on his death (others) rema ined al ive, and in time

these too succeeded.

Ta r/ti , l it. smal l v il lages ’

(bar/ti, dim. of mas/ti), perhaps used

of a shrinking of population.

Ati ‘z’ba fwe, &c. At the period of smal l villages , an infant wa s

Successor,and when this happened a (nex t) heir (was chief) .

(2) This seems to contain a prOposal to set up a paramount chief

again w ith all the state and power of the great Kankomba .

P a mzpando, &c.

‘Let us return to (restore ) the throne of

God’

(or a paramount chief. Lesa is used of thunder, l ightning,Providence, a great chief).

P ano nfumu , &c. Now (here) chiefs are everywhere.

’

Fw ay eni , &c. Seek out’

(al l the attendants and various Officialsof Kankomba

’s court, including) mpemba , councillors, head men,

sbabolama, bodyguard , attendants , sbacbisw ilo door-openers ,

porter, mutemela , wood-cutter , s’bacbis/ziba mul ilo, fire

-l ighters ,

aboabisbzkwo

(3) The rest of the piece seems to describe graphical ly the

despatch of a pioneer party to find and report on ground for new

62 LALA GRAMMAR

settlements, and the d iscussion on its return, ending with an

exchange of l ively (and no doubt forcible, but not very intell igible)repartees.

Pano tufway e, now let us search for (masa la , ?marby alo ,deserted plantations) .K amw iya , &c. G0 and make a clearing.

’

K anbani, &c. Fol low your friends, and lop trees, and make an

offering there.

’

(Then follows a cross-questioning of the pioneer party on its

return.)B a mal iwenesby e, &c. ,

‘But did you look at it carefully ? Perhapsit is (only a matter of see ing and) com ing back.

’

Ly oo baweme, N0, it is a good country .

’

Ning ati taba lalwa , Perhaps it is not a place to sleep(La lw a

, lit. he slept

Iy oo, ba leba l ibw a, No, it is regularly inhabited (ba-Za-ibaZ-ib

too , from iba la , dwell ) .Mwemwame

, &c., My fr iend, perhaps it is just jungle.

’

Iy oo, a i ng ele-ng ele, N0, it is quite hea lthy.

’

Paba lala ta la, a place to sleep in

A la I Of cour se — express ing surprise.

Ning ati y ataebenjeleba , Perhaps it is delud ing.

’

Um-m-m I Oh, no !

Ning ati iZi lafisomiZe ? Perhaps it is bid from us difficult tofind)Ao I a i bwambay e, No, it is excellent.

’

Ning ati ni ba abana , &c.,Perhaps it is for your children you

come back (i. e. why did you come back, then Perhaps it is not

(fit to be) cultivated.

’

Lebeni abasolo , Stop your insul ting questions.

’

The rest may be left to a future translator. Many of the words

will be found in the Lala-Engl ish Vocabulary , but it is often

difficult to gather the metaphorical from the literal meaning .)

7. (LAMBA.)

( I) Akantu kakaya no muvyakwe mumpanga, ne kuli-o-uchiwowilo. Ati WaWele, nekusanga twenda mwifwasa. Ati kumfwa

STORIES IN LALA, LAMBA, AND W ISA 63

muvyakwe, Mwemwame, nwapo amenda .

’Ati kumfwa muvyakwe,

Kani nwepo, ndukushila amenda.

’

Uyo muvyakwe nekunwapo.

Ati anwepo, ichiso kal ishyala pa menda . (2) Ne kumushi nekufika .

Awakumushi katvema wonso, Tukalipile ichiso, tuliikate.

’

Ati

Waye, wasanga chishiwa no chiso pakati . E li wangawelako.

Ati,‘Weleko enka .

’ Asanga twaWela mwifwasa utwenda. El i

angayapo, nakuinamapo, no kuWela mumutwi chiso.

Chapwa.

Translation .

( 1 ) A man (obanta , d imin. for manta ) went with a companioninto the forest, and they ate honey together. As they came back ,they came upon a t iny pool of water formed on a smal l ant-hill .And his companion sa id

,My fr iend, take a drink of water ’

; said

the other ,‘If I dr ink, I finish the water.

’ And the man drank it.

When he had drunk, one of his eyes rema ined in the water.

(2) They went on to the village, and got there. All the peopleof the village started off (saying), Let us pay for his eye, and get

it.’ When they had gone they found a lake of water and the eye

in the middle of it. Then they went back aga in, and said, Go

back by yourself.’He found the water had shrunk up ( into a tiny

pool) on the ant-hill. Then he went up to it, and bent down, andhis eye went back into his head .

That is the end .

(Iebz'

sa,so here wr itten, represents a pronunciation of the word

for eye also heard as l iso, l insa, il isa, diso, a’

y isa,jiso, ia’

y iso.)

8. (LAMBA.)

(I) Ikanga kalifyala masana . Ati alifyele, no lusato. Kamfwa

ikanga ati, Tamwenda Wautu muno.

’Kuli (vansofu kaWesa, ati,

N indo kul ila ? Ati,‘Wana wanj i ndukulila. Sombanki ichi

chapoka wana.

’Kumfwa (vansofu waloleshye ati, Kanshi ekiki.’

Pakufulumuka uluWilo. E li wanges-e-nkalamu, ati, N indo kul ila,

muntu wewo ? Ndukul ila wana.

’ Wemuntu, nindo Som

banki ikilipo.

’

Epakufulumuka uluWilo .

(2) Ekushyala kul i (vampashi,‘N indo kulila ? ’ Ati,

‘Wana

wanji.’ N indo ikakatishye Sombanki ik il ipo chalusato.

’

Mpashi pal i walusato na minwe, ekuikata. Ukufungauka, ekufu

64 LALA GRAMMAR

mapo pa masana. Na ikanga kalisotwa pa masana, aliko. Ati,Towene finachita , na kulwila wana wowe

Chapwa.

( I) A gu inea-fowl laid eggs. When she had la id them, there

was a python ! Then the guinea-fowl thought, People do not

pass th is way .

’

(Tomwenda , this seems a case of idiomatic changeof subject-prefix to object, i. e. tamaendo mano, for ta-wa-enda-ma

mana.) An elephant came up, and said,‘What are you cry ing

for ? ’ She said , My children I am crying for . I think this thinghere gets my children.

’ Then the elephant looked hard and said ,‘Sure enough, that

’

s it.’ And he went off at ful l speed . Then

a l ion came and said, What are you cry ing for, woman ?’ ‘I am

cry lng for my children.

’ Woman, what is it‘I think it is this

thing here.

’ Away he went at full speed .

(2) There remained the ant. He said,

‘What are you cryingfor ? ’ Said she, My children.

’ W hat w il l get hold of them ?’

I th ink that big python there’

(ohm , prefix of size). The ant

went at the py thon w ith his hands and grabbed it. It uncoileditself, and went away from the eggs . And the guinea-fow l flewdown to where the eggs were . Said the ant

,Don

’

t you see what

I did , and how I fought for your children ?’

That is the end .

9. (W ISA.) NSIAwUEI.

( I) Muntu waupile mizi iwili. Nomba wautu tawal ikwenda ;

wal ikuikalamwil inga . Mbu usiku Nsiawufi ati, Nkoya nje kuwonamukashi wanjt.

’ Ngo NsiaWufi waima. Pa kati pa nzila waku

mana na njove nkalamu, a it i, W ewo,nga wafumakwi Ati, Ni

kumuzi nafuma .

’ ‘Tantina neWo ? ’ Ndatina .

’ Nkalamu ati,

‘ Isa nkuno,nkulye.

’ Muntu ati,‘Yai

,l inda. Awalinda

,nje ku

wona mukashi wanji,anaw'ela , elyo ukoiza kundya .

’ Nkalamu at i.

Yai, wachenjela , wemunanji. TawaWele.

’ Muntu ati,Yai. Nowo

ine Nsiawufi. Ukoisa kun‘

dya .

’ Nkal amu ati,Chawama . Kaiye

iye kuwona mukashi wowo. Nga nkoikalila kw i ?’ Muntu ati,

‘W ikale mwisamba lya ichiti muli amenai ayatalala , emu nku

sange .

’

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66 LALA GRAMMAR

l inga.

’ AWantu a siko ikumi Wakoyenda kunze y-e-l inga. Infumu

ati, Muntu wa bwino Nsiawufi.

’ Nokuula nzovu ziwil i, ati, NSia

Wufi, uli muntu wa bwino . Watamfya nkalamu. AWantumba nga

Wapwa kul injo nkalamu. Nomba wachita bw ino. Wakoyenda

ichende-ende.

’

Chapwa.

Translation.

( 1) A man marr ied into two villages . At that time the people

did not go outside the village, they stayed within the stockade .

One night Nsiaa‘

zafi (meaning Truthful thought, I w il l go and

see my (other) w ife.

’So Truthful started . On the road he met

the very lion (the terror of the village), (and the l ion) said, Hul lo

where do you come from ?’Said the man,

‘It ’s the village I come

from .

’ Aren’

t you afraid of me ? ’Yes

,I am afraid .

’ The l ionsaid

, Come here and let me eat you .

’The man said, No wa it .

If you wa it, while I go to see my w ife, when I come back, then youshal l eat me .

’ The l ion said, N0 ! you are play ing a tr ick, myfriend . You w ill not come back .

’Sa id the man ,

No I am

Truthful , I am. You shal l eat me.

’ Very wel l,’

said the l ion, go

along and go and see your w ife . Where . shall I wait for you ?’

The man said,

‘Wait at the foot of the tree by the pool of cold

water . There let me find you.

’

(2) So the man went on to the vil lage (and said),‘Let me in.

’

They said,Which way did you pass by ?

’ How did you get by ?’

He said,

‘I have just come along the road.

’ They let him in and

he went to his w ife, and Said ,‘I don

’

t want to s leep (here) . Cook

me some porr idge to take w ith me. I have promised the lion. It

said,

“ I’l l come and eat you,

”so I remonstrated and said,

“ You

shal l eat me when I come back .

”And I told him my name, too ; I

said , I amTruthful .” His w ife k il led two fow ls andmade porr idgetoo , and gave them to her husband

,and said, O , my husband, you

w ill be sure to meet your death . Stop here to-night. You shall go

to-morrow.

’ No,

’said her husband

,I am Truthful . I refuse to

deceive the l ion.

’

(3) SO he took the porr idge and went along the road . Lion,

’

said he, here I am,I have come . Come and eat me

,I’m Truthful . ’

The l ion came and said, Sure enough, it is you, Truthful. I recog

STORIES IN LALA, LAMBA, AND W ISA 67

nize you .

’ So the man came to the foot of the tree by the water

and sat down. The l ion said, Now let me eat you.

’NO

,

’

said

the man,‘let me first eat my porr idge, and then you can eat me .

’

Said the l ion, Very good. Eat your porr idge.

’

So the man took

his porridge and ate it and finished and drank some water after it.

Then he said , Now come and eat me.

’

So the lion took the manand ate him .

(4) After that he said, Let me wash down that fel low Truthfulw ith a l ittle water.

’ W hen he had drunk the water, he said, Let

me wait a m inute .

’ He heard a bang ! There sat the man

Truthful on the ground , say ing, Come back and eat me . It is I,

Truthful .’

Said the lion, Let me have a look,

’

and he found i t

was Truthful , the very same man over again just where he was . He

ate him (again), and said, I’l l just go back and take a drink of

water .

’ He drank some water,and said

,Now I am going .

’ And

again a bang (There was the man) saying , Come back and eat

me,it is I, Truthful ,’ and aga in, Come back and eat me.

’ When

the l ion had looked, fear came over the l ion,and he said

,Never

yet have I seen (one of) al l the people I have finished and eaten .

But to-day you make me afraid ; I have eaten you tw ice,and

I don’t want to eat you any more. I will run and go away .

’

Said

the man,N0

,I’m Truthful , take and eat me aga in.

’

But when

the l ion saw him,he sa id

,This fel low w il l kill me .

’

And the lion

set ofl'

running. And that man Truthful set ofl'

after the l ion,

cry ing , Stop and eat me . I’

m Truthful .’ Then that l ion ran as

hard as he could six whole days, and he was counting the seventh,when the lion said, Please forgive me , I wil l never go back to the

v illages in your country . No,Iwill never go back there any more .

I am going a long way Off.’

5 ) The man went back to his vil lage. The people sa id, Why ,

what are you so thin for ? Have you been to other vil lages ? ’‘No,

’said he,

‘ I was dr iving away the l ion.

’ The people said,

It’s false; You are lying. Why did it not eat you ?

’ ‘Verywel l ,

’sa id be

,

‘ if you catchme ly ing , go along outside the stockade .

’

For ten nights people went Outside the stockade . Then the chief

said, A good man is Truthful .’ And he took two tusks of ivory ,and said

,Truthful

, you are a good man. You have driven away

the l ion. These people here would a l l have come to an end by

E 2

68 LALA GRAMMAR

that lion. You have done a good deed. Now they can walk about

a s they please .

’

That is the end.

10. (W ISA.) ZYAMBARALE.

( I) Umuntu n-o-mkazi wakwe na wany ina-vyalaWatatuWafumilemu muzi mu Wanawo nokuya kolmaka ng

’anda pa chonde. Mpo

Wa ikala , ngove mwezi wany ina-vyala nokufwa . Ngo muntu ati ,

Yenda, tukafwaye umunda .

’ Mkazi ati, Endeni.’ Nokupita

uWule muchisele, nokuya ku munda wawo. Wati (vafike ku munda ,

nokukawila nwale mu munda wa t’

velela ku muzi,nokuya kulala .

(2) Ma ilo mukazi wasyala ku muzi , umwana lume waya enka,

wasanga ku munda uwule wapya isiku l imo mbo uwule. NOkuputula nokukakammutolo. Pakuwela ku munda pa nzila nokukumana

na awena msumba . Awena msumba awati, Wev’

vo wafuma kw i

lakwi lelo ? ’ Ngo muntu ati, Nafuma ku munda wanji, mweWananji. Newo nal imile mmunda mailo imbuto zyonse, lelo njokonasanga imbuto zyapya, nefiro epo nakaka mmutolo.

’Awena

msumba ati, Ukovvepave.

’

Ati,‘Yai, chine kantu.

’Awena

msumba a ti, Kakula tuono.

’ Nkukakula iv ikungo n-e-nsa lu.

Awena msumba ati,‘Waiwa iv intu vy a mukazi wa nfumu.

’ Ngo

muntu ati,Yai, nine Zyambakale, nal imile imbuto , akazua kamo

nokupya zyonse. MweWo tamulaona mv i ya i.’

Ati, Kuwepa .

’

(3) Nokumkata n-o-mutolo,Wapita Wakoti kumuzi, ar’

vati , Twakaka muntu wait

’

vile iv intu .

’Infumu a iti, MkoWepave. Kaleten i

mutolo tuone.

’ Wal iletele mutol o, wasanga uwule n-e-mbuto

zyonse. Infumu aiti, Oneni nomba mulandu woyo umwaleta .

’

Infumu nokukaka mbo wanta wamwikete ngo muntu, infumu

nokuula aw'antu Wawil i, umwanalume n-o-mwanakay i, n-o-mtumba

umo nokumfuta ngo muntu uwaikete, ichifukwa wamwikete utaiv‘

va .

Nomba waimaka umuzi nkulu Zyambakale woyo. Chapwa.

Translation .

(1) A man and his w ife and his mother-In-law , three (al together) ,left the v illage of their people and went to build a house in the

forest . There they stayed , and the same month the mother-ih-law

died . Then the man said,‘Come , let us make our way to our

field.

’ His wife consented, and they took some m illet in a basket

STORIES IN LALA, LAMBA, AND W ISA 69

and went to their field. When they arr ived at the field, they sowedthe mil let in the field, and went back to the v illage and went to

s leep .

(2) Next day the woman stayed in the vil lage. Her husband

went by h imself, and found the m il let in his field r ipe in one day ,

that m illet (he had sown). He gathered some cluster s and tiedthem up in a bundle. As he was returning from his field along the

road he fell in w ith some of the ch ief’ s men. The men said, Say ,

where do you come from to-day Said the man,‘I have come

from my field, my friends . I planted my field yesterday with a ll

the seed I had ; to-day when I came I found the seed had r ipened ,

and_so I fastened some up in my bundle.

’The men said, That ’s

just a l ie .

’ No,

’sa id be,

‘it is quite true.’ The men sa id , Undo

your bundle and let us see.

’He undid the string and cloth. The

chief’

s men sa id, You have stolen the property of the chief’s wife .

’

No,

’said the man, I am Zyambakal e, I planted my seed , and in

one day it was al l ripe. You never yet saw anything l ike it.’ They

said, Lies !’

(3) So they seized him and his bundle, and went and got to the

village, and sa id, W e have caught this man, he has stolen th ings.

’

The chief sa id , You are just tell ing l ies. Bring the bundle and let

us see.

’ They brought the bundle, and found the millet was al l

seed . The chief, Look now,that

’s the bus iness you have brought.

’

And the chief tied up the men who had seized the man, and the

chief took two (Slaves), a man and a woman,and a bale of cal ico ,

and gave them in payment to the man they had seized, becausethey had seized a man who was not a thief.Afterwards this Zyambakale built a large village (of his own).That is the end.

1 1. (W ISA.) INSIMA.

(1) Iuzala yaponele pa cha lo chonse. Nomba umuntu ati, Nayaukuwamba muchonde .

’ Nko uku waya wasanga insima nomunane ,

zil i zinjr zine,zil i mulongo, zikoenda munzila ummozipita. Al i

nowuta wakwe nemimvwi. W awula wuta, wafisa. Ati,

‘Napapata, ndi nenzala, nkofwaya mumvwe v inkososa.

’Umuntu waya

kachelela pansi ati, Napapat'

a,imilileni.

’Insima ekulu ati, MweWo

70 LALA GRAMMAR

mwensima zinan11, imil ileni. Umuntu al i nenzala.

’Zyafumapo zinne ,

insima nendilo zya munane zinne, zyaya pal ingo muntu. Ngomuntu wawula insima akol ia. Nzi zyasyalako, wasia zitatu. Ati,

Nkopita ntwale av‘

vana nomkazi wanji Waye kuliako. Wakaka

nokupita kumuzi.

(2) Ku mbal i ya muzi wakumana nomunakwe umwanalume .

Wewo, ngezi insima wafumyakwi Kunzila ukuwaila.

’

Zikochita

s iani? ’ ‘Zikoyenda.

’ Ngo uli nensima walifikile kumuzi.‘Wemwana

wanjr na wemkazi wanj i, lieniko insima.

’

3) Ngo awakumene na munakwe ati, Nowo eko nkoya nkulya

uku waile.

’

Tawizizye munakwe. Wapita nowuta wakwe, waziSanga ins ima zikopita munzila ummozipita. Ali nomvwi nofiruta

wakwe ati,‘Ndase iasima.

’Insima zyavulumuka uluwilo. Umumvwi

walasa pansi. M imvwi yal i iinji ine. Wakotamfya ulut'

vilo ia s ima .

Mimvw i yapwa youse. Ati,Nga nchite siani Iasima zyawela

pepi, aziti,

‘Nomba tapal i mimvwi, yasile mimvwi.

’ Mpa pepi

zyawela, ati,

‘Mwule Wuta, mpume ins ima .

’Uv

’

iruta wavunika,

wasyalave mv ino . Insima zyaya pepi, ati, Njrkate.

’ Insima zyato

woka ulus’

vilo . Ngo muntu usiku waila, walala . Insima zyaiza

pepi . Awikile m inwe pa ns ima. Muwav’

vuka, insima yafirutuka.

Ngo muntu tapal i kut‘

vuka akazua.

(4) Ngo wawene nzo ns ima,mwine waziwene, uwaziwene nzo

nsima ati, Kanje nje kuwambankulya nko nawene insima.

’ Wasanga

ngo munakwe ul ilele. Nga wachitile siani Nal ikufwaya ukuzi

lasa insima . Insima zyal ikene nkuzilasa .

’ Ngo munakwe ati,

W a lipus ile, nga wal itekenye. Ukul ia insima kunakilila.

’

5) Munakwe ngo mwine wa ins ima waziweue wafisa uwuta

nem imvw i yakwe. Ati, Napapata, mwenfumu zyanji, ndi nenzala .

’

Ins ima zyawela izinji zine namenzi pamo . Wafirula menzi wasamba .

Munakwe ati, Wuka,wechipua cha muntu

, nlanzi insima izy o ziwa

l iv‘

vutuzya nazyo.

’

Munakwe wawuka . Insima waya kanya , ati,VVula , nane nzino zyanji, nawe insima zyowe. Ukul ia insima kuna

kilila .

’ Mbo wautu v’

val iako insima, ngo muntu na munakwe .

Mntima waikala, wat'

irulamenzi wanwelapo. Munakwe ati, Yendakumuzi. Nomba tapal i kuwelezyapo .

’ Waya kumuzi. Awatiukufika

, nenzala yaya . Munakwe ati,‘Wona ! nga wal ifwile.

’

Chapwa.

STORIES IN LALA, LAMBA, AND WISA 71

PORRIDGE .

( I) A famine fel l upon the whole country . A man said,‘I am

ofi'

to hunt in the forest.’

He went and there (lit. there where hewent) he came upon porridge (in pots) and seasoning (Side dishes),in great quantities, quite a mass , passing along the path whichwas their regular track. (Porridge is often in stifl

’

lumps for hand

l ing and carry ing . Here pots’is used in translation. ) He had

his bow and arrows, but he took his bow and hid it,and said, I beg

pardon, I am hungry , I want you to l isten to what I say .

’ The

man went down humbly on his knees and said, I beg you kindly

to stop.

’The chief porr idge

-pot said, Fel low porridge

-pots there,

s top. The man is hungry .

’Four porridge

-pots came forward, and

four dishes of seasoning, and went to the man. And the man took

porridge and ate it. Of those that remained,he left three . And

he said, I will carry off (these) and take them (to) my children and

w ife , that they may eat them.

’ He tied them up and carried

(them) to the vil lage.

(2) Outs ide the vil lage he met a man he knew . This man sard‘I say , where did you get that porr idge from ?

’ On the road

(that he went along).‘What are they doing there ?

’ ‘They are

walking along.

’The man with the porridge came to the vil lage

and said, Children and wife, come and eat porr idge .

’

(3) The friend who had met him thought , I will go to the place

he went to yonder .

’ He did not tel l the other man. He took his

bow ,and found the porridge

-pots going along their usual track . He

had his arrow and bow and thought , Let me shoot a porr idge-pot.’

The porr idge-pots rushed off at ful l speed . The arrow hit the

ground. There were a great many arrows . He kept running

after the porr idge-pots , (til l) al l the .

arrows were finished . Thenhe thought,

‘What am I to do ?’The porridge came back close

to him,say ing, Now there are no arrows, the arrows are al l gone .

’

When they came back close, he thought, Let me take my bow ,

and str ike a porr idge-pot .’The bow broke in two, and there he

(or, it) was left. The porridge-pots came near again, and he thought,Let me seize one.

’Away hopped the porridge

-pots at ful l speed .

N ight came and the man lay down. The porridge-pots came near .

72 LALA GRAMMAR

He laid his hand on one,but as he woke up, the pot ran away . The

man did not wake a (whole) day .

(4) The man who found the porridge-pots, the one who found

them himself, who actual ly found the porridge-pots , thought, Let

me go and hunt yonder where I found the porri dge.

’ And he

found his friend asleep. Well , what did you do to them‘I tr ied

to shoot . a porridge-pot. But they refused to be hit.’Said the

other , You were a fool. You should have been gentle. To get

porridge to eat is quite easy .

’

(5 ) His friend , that is the man who got the porridge-pots, who

found them , hid away his bow and arrows , and said,‘I beg your

pardon, my masters, I am hungry .

’

The porridge-pots came back,

great numbers of them,and water too. The man took the water

and washed . Then the first one said,

‘Wake up, you fool of a

fel low ,here they are , these are the very porridge-pots you chased

away .

’The other woke up. His friend went and d ivided the

pots, say ing, Take them,I take these as mine, and you (take)

your pots. To get porridge to eat is quite easy .

’

So the men ate

the ir porr idge, the man and his fr iend. The ir appe tites were

satisfied, and they took water and drank it. Then his fr iend sa id

Come to the vil lage . Now we need not come back here again.

They went to the vil lage. When they arr ived, the famine came toan end . Said his fr iend, See you would have died.

’

That is the end.

12. (WISA.) KALONGA KALULU.

(I) Kalulu nenama zyonse amenzi al iavizye, inama tapali kunywamenzi yai. Nomba nkalamu yaikole pa menzi pa mumana. Nombankalamu inama zyal ikutina pamenzi. Nomba kalulu ati

,Mwev

mwenama, nindo pakuti tapal i kunywa menzi Nomba inama

aziti, Kalonga kalulu, fweWo tatunwa menzi yai, chifukwa nkalamu

yaikala pa menzi .’ Nomba kalulu ati

,Lelo wonsomwenama kaw i

yeni mwiyo munwe amenzi.’ Nomba inama aziti

, Kal onga kalulu,tukotina ukunwa amenzi.

’

(2) Nomba kalulu ati, Kawiyeni kumumana. Amwafika kumu

mana, mwiyokuti, Katunwepo amenzi, infumu italaiza.

’ Inama

zyonse nokwiya kumumana, zyal rrsang ile nkalamu mpove pa mu

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74 LALA GRAMMAR

comes along and says , Have your drinks there. I am the chief.’

Then the l ion sa id, Rabbit,are you a bigger chief than I Now

this water here , you just stop by it yourself, Rabbit. I refuse

a ltogether to stop here, because yoiI, Rabbit, say ,“ It is I who am

k ing ,”and I, the lion, am not king. Stop here I w ill not, there !

Rabbit, if you come and l ive at another place where I am going , if

you come there (I tell you), I sha ll kill you, because you haveinsulted me. Now I am going away .

’

(4) Away went the lion, and left the place where the water was .

Now al l the animals have water to drink, and are not afra id. The

rabbit drove the l ion away.

That is the end.

PART I I I

LALA (LAMBA)-ENGL ISH VOCABULARY

PREFACE

THE general arrangement of words in this Vocabulary is as

followsNouns are given in alphabetical order under the singular prefix

of the class to which they belong, and the prefix in the shorter

(monosyllabic) form,v iz. M n (mw ), Cbi (Cb), K a (K ), In, 1m ,

La (Zzo), If (so), 1, K a (bro). The plural forms are indicated inbrackets.

Adfletiz'es and Verbs (simple stem) are given under the first

letter of the root . Derived stems are occasiona l ly given, but ingeneral can be readily supplied by the rules given in the Grammar(Part I).If a word is not found under any given letter , reference should

be made to the note on the letter itself.

W ith few exceptions (perhaps 10 per cent.) the La la and W isa

tr ibes use the same or very similar words , the difi’

erences natural ly

being greater in the d istricts most distant from each other , e. g .

the W isas east of the Luangwa and the Lalas (Maswaka) on the

Lunsenfwa, in North-W esternRhodesia , from whose information thisVocabulary was mostly compiled . Some words which seem speci

a l ly to belong to this district are marked (W . i . e . West Lala .

Thus this Vocabulary may be useful ly regarded as supplementingand supplemented by the lists of words given in the W isa Handbook

’

(Oxford, Clarendon Press , Frowde, But it should be

remembered that in W isa

(1 ) Z ,211, Zby a very commonly represent S , Sb, Sby n in Lala ,

and F the V sound in Lala.

(2) The longer (d issyl labic) forms of the noun-prefixes are still

more commonly heard, i . e. Uma , Azba , c i,Iv i, Ama

, &c.

76 LALA GRAMMAR

(3) The adject ival form of the verb is supplied by the s imple ,rather than the modified, stem e . g. W isa y fta , black , Lala -jfti le.

(4) The applied stem a lways ends in -la,and the mod ified in

la,even when in Lala -na, -ne.

5) Some important common words are different ; e . g .

Lala . W isa.

Forest MpangaRiver Iuika

Water Amenda

Fow l Insumbi

Egg Isana

Mil let AmaweMaize Matawa

Thirs t ChilakaDoor Chiwi

Rel ish WuchisaFor nothing , gratis Lokoso

Where l Kw isa lYes Inya

No Iyoo

My friend , fel lowAn old man

Fol low

Be white, clean

Consent

ABBREVIATIONSconj. conjunction.

singular .

plural .

prefix .

compare, refer to .

the words fol lowing.

Various Verb stems are indicated byS.

‘ Sim lo. Ap. Appl ied .

Md . Mo.

ihod. Cs. Causative.

Ps. Passrve. Int. a : Intensive.

Act. Active. Rp. Reciprocal .Nt. a Neuter. Rv . Reversive.

E.L . East Lala, near the W isa Country .

W .L. West Lala , the Maswaka Country .

Swa. Swahil i.For. Foreign, not Bantu.

Nata — After many words a reference is given in brackets to other words,

Il lustrating or connected with them in form or meaning .

LALA (LAMBA)-ENGL ISH VOCABULARY

-a , prp. Oi,— always with a

concord-prefix , and so in one of theforms zoo , y o , ebo , fi o , ba, two,sba , o (for o-a) , lw a,ly a , bwa ,mwa,pa .

A-a, int. Expresses assent, Yes,’

‘It is so.

’

(Cf. iny o .)M w e , Afy a, v. See Avwa,

Av y a.

Aka The longer form of theclass-prefix K o used frequentlybefore some nouns .

Aka, Y aka , v. ( I ) build (house ,but) . Md.

-abile. (Cf. imoba . )(a) be kindled, blaze, burn. Cs.osby a . (Cf. bosby o .)-akw o, a . HIS

,her, its .

A-l aa , int.’ Of surprise, dis

pleasure , disgust.Al uka , v. See Al ul a .

Al u l a,v. Change. al ter , make

different, put differently , turn aside

(round, back), overturn, correct,convert, translate. Md .

-o la i le,

Nt. o labo , change, be changed ,chu ge into , become (somethingel se) . Ap. o lubila , CS. ala s/zy a ,Rv . ola la lo , ( I ) turn over , upset,

( a) let off, pardon, w ith Nt. alu lubo ,be pardoned , acquitted, Ap. ala la

bi lo . Ala lu lo mulandu , hear (judge,settle) a case. (Cf. songa lo .)Amn, v . Cry out, shout, Md.

-ine, Ap.-ino . Amino fy uni,

shout at (scare away) birds .

Am». The longer form of the

pl . class-prefix Mo used frequently

with some words.Ameno , Mano , 11. Pl . (no

s.) ( I ) Sense , intel lect, ability ,wisdom ; (a) plan, system, method,

ANA

design ; (3 ) purpose , resolve, wil l ,orders, directions ; (4) advice , warning , counsel . Manta wo mono

(ubwot-a-mana, a l i no omono) , asensible, capable man“ Tab-weteamano

,he is a fool . Wa lo amano

,

advise , warn. Cbito amano, forma plan, give directions. Sangoamano, attend to orders. (Cf.ma long

rwe, balonga.)Amnw o , M aw o , n (S. l wa)

Mil let (plant and gram) . Wiala

(minsa ) amawa, plant millet. Gbasoomozoo, cut (the ripe) ears of mil let .Amba , Y amba , v. Begin ,make

a beginning of. Md.-i le, Ap .

-ila .

(Not W .L . Cf. tendebo, totiba,tangi la , tango , wolo, tula . )Ambakana , v. Be (come) in

contact, form contact, stick to ,adhere, be joined, clasp. Also

Ambobony o . Md.-ene,

-eny e.

(Cf. fol low ing verbs and bumo ,

bambotono .)Ambal a, v. Come close to

,

associate w ith. (Cf. ombou lo .)Ambana, v. Come into co l l ision

,

quarrel , contend together, fight.

(Cf. bamana , lwano .)Ambau la , v. Associate w ith

,

visit,converse with, talk together .

Cs. Int. ombow isby o, have a longtalk.

Ambika , v. Be in contact w ith,touch, graze .

Ambuk i shy a, v. Infect (ofdisease) , be contagious.

Amenda ,Amen shi , al soM anda ,K anshi , u . (no S.) Water. Topomenda , draw water.

Ana , v. Ana auto,string a

-ANAK ABHI AW A

bow . Ana ngana , make a (grass)pad . Md.

-ine, Ap.-ina, Cs .

-isby o .

-anak aah i , a . Femal e. (Cf. basbi ,mwana-bosbi , Jy obasbi .)-ana1ume , a. Male. (Cf. J ame ,

mwana-lame, -ly olume.)Andamuk a , v. Get up and start

off, start up, wake up . Also

Andika , v. Be (come) near,

draw close to, sit by . Md .-ile. Cs .

isby o . Andibo no , andibana , show

sympathy (pity , fel low-feel ing ) for.

Ange , v . Shine, gl itter , gleam.

(Cf. wolo .)Ang e la ,

al so Anca, v. Be

happy (playful , cheerful , in good

spirits ) , play games . M

(Cf. sangalo , songolo lo , seba .)Ang ama, W angama ,

v. Be hot

(of water). Md.-ongeme, Cs. ongo

mislzy o . (Cf. w ila, bowo , selobo . )Angufya, W angufy a ,

v. Makehaste, hasten, do quickly , be in a

hurry. Cs . Int . zfisby a , make greathaste. Al so Angufi 'ony o . (Cf.wanga , endesby o , bu lumisby o . )Anguk a, v. Be l ight (in weight,

substance, worth) , be of poor ual ity

(worthless, trifling, mean, despieable) . (Cf. fol lowing and poo.)Angu l a, v. Treat l ightl y, dis

parage, despise, be disrespectful to ,abuse, scorn.

An ik a , Y an ika, v. Put out in

the air or sun, expose, dry, air

(clothes, Rv . onuna , Nt.onabo. (See below, and cf. toniba .)-a.nji , -ang i , a . My, mine.

Anna , v. Lay out, put evenly,

spread flat, lay down (e. g . grain

stalks , grass, thatch). (Cf. fol lg .

and sonomo .)Anauma , v. Be flat, extended ,

l ie even. Md.-anseme

,and as a.

broad , flat,

outspread, extensive(e. g . pl ain, river) .An sh ik a, v. Spread out , lay out

flat. extend e. mat . Cf. ansa

tondiba .)g

An shu l a , v . Fold up (e. g . mat) .(Cf. onso .)Ants , v. Anta ntaja , play at

bal l (throwing and catching) .Anuha , v. ( I) Mention, speak

about ; (a) be excited , show strongfeel ing (word or act ) , (3) be ex

posed ,,gget

)

dry , be aired . (Cf. aniba ,and fol

Anun a, v. Get dry (by sun or

air). (C f. aniba, anuba .)Ape , Ap o , adv. Here, now,

this (time, place) , there, then, that .Penbapa, now , at once, on the spot.

(Cf. mpo , ebo.)Apuk a, v . Answer, reply . Md .

-ile. (Cf. asuba, ipusby a . )Get on credit, get

an advance (of goods in trad ing),borrow , Md .

-opzvile, CS. apw isby o ,advance (goods, money ), give on

credit, lend . (Cf. asbima , bongola . )(2) Draw out of danger, rescue, save .

A sh ima , v. Borrow , lend,

(of something to be itself returned .

Swa. , and cf.

A sh y a , v. C ause to burn, l ight

(fire) , kindle . (Cf. bo'

sby o , abo .

Aso ka , Y as irka, v. Answer ,reply. M . a le.

Atata, s tats , Father . (SeeTate .)Ati , a subordinate conjunction

of very general meaning , (saying ,thinking) that, as (that) , as if, like,so (that , as) , when. Ati n i, as if

(it were) , l ike, as though. (Cf. ti ,ba ti

,bawat i,pobat i .)

A t imuna , v. Sneeze. Md.

-otimwine. (Cf. laot i .)Aul a , v. Yawn. (Cf. mwoa . )Avw a , Afw a , v. Hel p, assist,

aid , succour. Ngo‘

oweni,Muba

ngozrwe, help me.

Avy s , Afy a , v . Be hard (diflicul t , puzzl ing , a problem, a fix ) , behardto get (settle, find, do), be lost,be scarce, be dear . Md .

-av ile, Cs.Int. ov isbyo . (Cf. umo, bongo . )Aw e, (w )aw a, v. Al lot, dis

tribute , divide . Nt. aw ibo, Ap.

AWIKA

ozvilo , Rp. owono , amany a . (Cf.bawo , bony o .)Awik a, v. Soak , souse in water,

dipAw ishi , Waw i shi , n. Father.

(See W i shi , and cf. atota .)-a.w0, a. Their, theirs. (Cf.

bw oz’

rla.)Awuk a, also Sawok o , v. Pass

across (river), cross over , get across.Cs. owusby o , take across , put across.

(Cf. fol lg.)Awul a , v. Save from drowning.

(Cf.pobesby o , pu lumasby o .)

Nate. Words not found under B

may be looked for under W . (Cf.Part 5B a , 0. particle of emphasis,

commonly introducing a question,translatable by How about , but as

to’. Often combined w ith word

fol lowing , a being dropped before

a vowel or contracted with it , e. g.

bobul ilo for ba ubu l ila , bec/Io for

bo iebo, bzfi for ba ifi , bubamfwo or

bobamfwa . (Cf. fo l lg.)B akumn, B ukumn , adv. At

once, soon, quickly .

B a p an o , adv . Together .

Bwato , Bw el a, Bw ino . Seeunder W .

0h i is here used for the

sound of the class-prefix of nouns

which (without involving differenceof meaning ) is al so heard in some

nouns regularly as ielzi , and also as

tab, ty ,and as iby , by , and bi ,

especially in W .L.

Char , used as augmentative prefix(s.) of Size, quantity ; pl . fy a ; e. g .

ebal ijo lo , ebomnbu la .

Oha, v. Dawn, rise (of the sun) ,bring morning. Md.

-ebele, Ap.

ebelo , ebelela, Cs. ebesby a . (See

011019. and Ohelw a , Luehe l o,K umaoha .)Oha, prp. Of. (See -a.)Ohaka , n. (jyobo). Year. (Cf.

OHEKA

Chakata , Chaikata, n. (fya-b.)Fruit. (Cf. iboto , ebotzoa la . )Chakul y a ,n. (fy a-b. ) (Lit. a thing

of eating , i . e.) anything eaten, food

(in general ) . (Cf. l ia ,ly a .)

Chal a , n. (fy alo). Nail (offinger or too) , claw . (Cf. ia la ,ebaly o lo .)Chal o , n. (fyalo) . District,

region, land, country , the earth,worl d. (Cf. muto lo ,

mu landu .)Che l y al a , n. (flomo lo ). Large

claw (e. g . of beasts of prey) , talon.

Cf. ebola, eba

Chambo, n. (jy-o .) Bait.

Chambw a , n. (fi r-a .) Cake (oftobacco) .Chamund a, n. Col ic. (Cf. la

wanda .)Ghandw o , n. (fy-a .) ( 1) fish

dam, weir ; (a) a kind ofqparrot.(Cf. cbanso .)Chan i , iohani , n . (fyoni ) . Grass

( in general ) . (Cf. chisampa, ebipiya ,malanji, mopelele .)Chankamfl, n. (fya-n . ) Any

thing chewed and spat out.

Chance, n. (fl-o . ) Fish-dam,

weir. (Cf. ebondwe.)Ghantonto , n. (fya-n .) Food

eaten plain, without seasoning or

rel ish.

Chap ew a, 11. (European) hat .(For.

°

Cf. ebisoti , ebombo.)Ghatw ala , n. (fy a-t. ) Fruit ( in

general ) , produce of tree. (Cf.two/o , ebabato .)Chew-u, n. (fyazbu) . Landing

place (of canoe) , place of crossinga river ; (hence, place of) ford, ferry ,

-oho, a . Little,

smal l , weak ,feeble, thin, few , insufficient . (Cf.cbepa , aebe, boabe, abisko, mwanibe,-nini . )Oheohl , Cheoh o , Int. Used

interrogatively , asking leave to enter

or approach, May I come in ? The

answer is, Ingi lo , come in. (NotW .L.)Cheka , v. Cut up, chop up.

C HEM

Also Cbeboa lo. (Cf. temo for

synonyms .)Ch el a , n. (jyelo) . Piece of iron,

iron.

Chel a, v. Ap. from ebo,v ., dawn

(cf. ebo, ebelwo) . Also , Cbelelo .

( 1) Rise early , be in good time

(quick , too soon). Cbelelo bole ,

get up very early . ( 2) Pay a

morning visit , make a ca l l . Cbelela

pansi, salute humbly (prostrate) .

(Cf. elm /ly a . )Ohelw a , v . Be late (too late,

slow,behindhand ) , not arrive in

time . (Cf. eba , bobalo.)Chembel a , n. (fi -e.) Herdsman,

keeper of cattle, goats, &c. (Cf.embelo ,

mwembesbi . )Chena

,v. File the teeth.

Ghana , 11. Place of

abode.

Chenama , v. Gape, grin, standwith mouth wide open, Show the

teeth. Md.-ebeneme , Ap. ebeno

mino , Cs.-isby a . Also used as

adv ., open-mouthed

,agape. (Cf.

fol lg . )Chonaw il a , v. Gasp for breath

(as in drowning) . (Cf. chenama . )Chenoh omosi , 11. Sexual sin,

adul tery. (Cf. ubunasbi , uebende.)Chenohenta, v. Peep about , look

here and there, glance around, he

inquisitive (curious, prying) . (Cf.ebewo

,loleshy a, Zengelelo , Zangou la.)

Ch anda , Chi n da, v. Comm it

adul tery , rape. (Cf. banana, pom

Ch end e-ende , n. Going as you

please, acting as you l ike, freedom .

(Cf. endo .

Chenjs la , v. ( I ) Be (speak, actas) clever, shrewd

, sensible , Wise ;

(2) be cunning (crafty , deceitful ,unscrupulous) , cheat, delude ; (3) behappy , pleased , contented) . Nt.ebenjelebo, Cs. ebenjesby o (as above,a lso ) , punish, correct.

c h enjel e , a. C lever, deceitful ,&c. (See above. )Cheny a , v. Make a large plau

OHIPUA

tation, hoe much ground. Cs .

Ohepa, v Be few (l ittle, scanty ,Short, sma ll ), be insufficient, be

wanting , fail , run short , be less.

C .s ebefyo . Al so Cs. and Int .

drapes/ly a , e . g . ( 1) be very de

ficient ; (a) lessen, diminish , makesmal ler . (Cf. pungula , m a ,-ebe.)Chess , v Cut off (ears of

sorghum ), clrp , reap. (Cf. temo .)Cheshy a , vv. Pay a visit to , cal l

upon, appeal to. (Cf. ebo , circle/a .)Oheahy o , rI. (jy-e.) (Act or

means of) trying, testing , measuring ,measure, gauge. (Cf. esby o .)Ohoso, n. (jy-e.) Gourd divided

lengthways, used as a ladle or spoon.

(Cf. lueboneba. )Oh ew a, v. Fix eyes on, look

careful ly at, look for, search after .

(Cf. loleshy a , client /unto ,jway a .)Chowo , Ex

pression, saying , word ; (a) subjectof talk, affair, matter, business

(3) cause, reason, argument. (Cf.mu landu , moo .)Chow u l a

,v. Beckon, make

signs, cal l (recal l by gestures.

Also Cberaou lo, an Cs. d reams/zy a .

(Cf. lawola , lembo .

0h ibw e, n11. See Ohiwo .

Ch iobo, n. (fiebe) . A l ittle

thing, a smal l piece, a bit. (Cf.boo/re, -ebe, ebepo .)Oh iohil a , v ( 1) Stop, obstruct,

block the way , make obstacles

(a) stop a blow , ward off, guard

onesel f. (Cf. chil iba, toma lo ,

sbinba , ley a .

Ch iengo , K iong e , n. (fi-e.)Lighted stick , firebrand , torch.

Chiflso , n. (fi f ) ( 1 ) Place or

means of concealing, case, cover ;( a) secret, mystery . (Cf. mw ibo,fi sa .)Ch ifu

,Ioh ifu , n. ( I ) Stomach

(a) lump of earth (cf. bojju , ebifzoasa) ; (3) (kind of) fal l ing trap .

Oh ifua, 11. Off .) Chest, breast,

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CH IKUNKU

Ch ikunk u , n. (fi b.) Mist. (Cf.fajuta , fuwe, kamfwa .

Oh ik up a-lrup a, 11. (fi k. Tick

(animal ) .Ohikw el el o, n. (fi-é.) Ladder.

Chi l a, v. Be above (over , higher ,longer, more), overtop, project , exceed , excel , surpass , overcome. Ps.

cl ulwa .

Dance. (Cf.Shana .)Ch i l aka, n. Thirst. (Cf. mulaka,

Chi l al a , n. (fi-I. ) ( I) Desertedplantation (cf. lala) g ( 2) the Lalalanguage (cf. mu lala ).Chi l alo , n . (fi -I. ) Case, cover ,

sheath. (Cf. [a la , clrifisa, chituwu .)Oh i l ambu ,

n. (ff Wages, pay,hire. (Cf. lamba la .)011116 16 , n. (fi -l . ( I) Reel ing ,

staggering , unsteady gait , (2) clusterof bees (swarm) . (Cf. Ida .)Chi l el u, Ohi l elw i , n. (fi -I. )

Shade, shadow. (Cf. banta, cl u'

m l u'

ng'wa . )Chi l ema , n. (fi-I.) A lame

person, cripple.

Chi l r l a, v. B lock the way , oh

struct , oppose , hinder . Nt .Cs. (Cf. shi

nkz’

la . )Chi l i l o , 11. (17I. Fire, blaze,

l ight (candle, lamp) . (Cf. mu l ilo,mum

'

éa

Ch i l ind i , n. (fi-I.) Deep place,hol e, pit , chasm , ditch.

Chi l indo,n. (fi -l . ) Watchman’s

shel ter (poles ahd thatch) .Ch i l o l a , n. (fi -I. ) Looking-glass,

gl ass article, glass . (Cf. lola . )Ch i l ol o , n (fi-I. ) Skil led work

man. mechanic. (Cf. maslzir z'

, cit i

patiéo, cl mlumana.

Ohi l onda , n. (fi -1. Sore, ulcer,wound.

Chi l a ka, Chu l uk a , v. Jump(over) , leap, spring .

Chi lukw a , n. (fi-I.) (Kind of)basket. (Cf. d upe, Iuéwamrwzkwa.)

CH INDIKA

Oh i lufi i ,‘

n. (fl-l .) Blockhead ,simpleton, dunce , fool . (Cf. lw a . )Oh iman to , n. (fi -m. ) (Smith

’

s)pincer

-s, tongs .

Ohimas imasi, n. (fi-m.) Spider

’

s

egg-hag.

Chimbal a, n. (flown) Food put

away after a meal . (Cf. mula la ,air/zyala .)Ch imbol o , .n. (fi -m. ) Hyena.

(Cf. inmntwe. )Ohimbw ete , n. (achi-m.) Zebra .

(Cf.Chime , n. (fi rm ) . Dew. (Cf.

mums . )Ohimok o , n. (fi-m .) Showing

ofl'

, conceit , vanity, boastfulness,arrogance. (Cf. meka )Chimonda ,Oh imensh im. (fi-m ,

fy -m. ) Water in abundance, water

added, e . g . flood, food boiled with

water. (Cf. menda ,enda . )

Chimt‘

unsh im. (fi -m. ) Knuck les,clenched fist. Puma f l u , stnke with

fist .

Chimina , n. (fi-m.) Mucus of

nostrils. (Cf. mind , w ona.)Ch imo , adv. Alike, same . (Cf.

-m0, f amo, palatal . )Ch impe l oshy a , n. em.) Deep

hole, recess.

Chimpolwe , n. Cooked (dishof) beans , eaten as seasoning with

other food .

Oh imuntu,n. (fizbantu) . A big

man. (Cf. manta . )Ohimu t i , n. A big

tree . (Cf. mu l i .)Chimw al a , n. (fimy ala) . Large

rock ,big stone. (Cf.Ohin anda , n (f f-n . ) Ornament

worn on upper l ip. (Cf. utzmdu . )Chinane , n. (fi -n ) Rel ish eaten

w ith other food, (especial ly) meat.(Cf. mac/d ra ,

Ch inangw a , n. (fi -n . ) Rubbish,sweepings , anything useless or

thrown away. (Cf. cl uk/ry ala ,

ifingw a .)Chindi k a , v. Honour , show

respect (for), be civil (courteous,

CH INDO

respectful ) , compl iment , praise. Int.-z

'

sky a . (Cf.muckz'

mkz’

,u leme,1emy a .)

Ch indo , Chindu , interrog .

What ? why ? (Cf. -ndu ,mdo. )

Chi no, 11. (fine). Truth, fact,real ity. (Cf. m e.)Chi nga, v. Stop the way , bar ,

hinder. Cs . ckim ky a . (Cf. ckz’

ckz'

la ,ckil ikzkky a .)Oh inga ,

n. (fingwa) . Broken

piece of pottery, sherd .

Ch ingul o , n. Evening .

Ch ingw al i , n. Smal lpox. (Cf.r’

ukanga, z'

ntomba .)Chin ywa, n. (fingwe) . Cord

,

string. (Cf. mwamlo,ckikanga.)Ch ink a, n . (finka) . Goat-house,

or pen. (Cf. ckz'

pata .)Chi nkaw al a, n. (ji-n .) Edible

(kind of) caterpil lar. Papa fiukawa la , gather caterpillars.Chink ol i , n. (fi-n .) Heavy

knobbed stick , club. (Cf. z'

nkolz’

,

kakalz'

,kati

, lusako. )Ch ink u l i , n. (fi-n .) Gourd or

calabash used for drinking, water

bottle . (Cf. cksanda .)Chinku nda , n. (fi-n .) Pigeon

:

house. (Cf. t’

nkunda .)Chinone , n. (fi-n . ) Whetstone ,

grindstone. (Cf. m wa, mupelo. )Ch insa , Iky insa, n. (fi-n .)

Bird'

s-nest.

Chinsal a, n. (ff-n. ) A (kind of)trap. (Cf. cs u ,

ckitembo.)Chinsengwe , n. (fi-n. ) Present

given to dancers .

0h inehi ngw a ,n. (fi n .) ( r)Shade ,shadow ; (2) l ikeness (picture) ,image, statue ; (3) ghost, spirit

(gobl in, fairy) ; (4) dizziness, giddiness, daze. (Cf. skz

'

ngw a,muskz

'

mu,

mupw kz'

, rkz'

wanda ckinto , ckilelu .)Ch inehoto , n. (fi-n . ) Pinch (W i th

fingers , nail s) . (Cf. skata . )Ch inso , Iebinao , and Sh iso , n.

(fimo) . Face. (Cf. ckiso, l imo.)Chi ntantu , Oh intantw e , n.

(fi-n . ) Step of ladder. (Cf. ckz'

tan

filo, ck{kwalelo.)

CH IP ] !

Ch into, n. (fin/o) Shadow ,

shade. (Cf. kanto,Ch intu , n. (fintu ) . Thing , ar

ticle, object. (Cf. ckz'

ko, manta .)Chinw a , n. (finwa ) . Jibe , sneer,

insult. (Cf. kanwa , ckzpwata , z'

mele,

t p a , n. (fipa) . C lever plan,trick, dodge , dev1oe, novel ty ,marvel ,wonder .

Oh ip al a , n. (ff

patch. (Cf.apex/a . )

Chi pa le , a v. Perhaps, possibly ,it may be, or else, or. (Cf. kani ,kam ki,Ch ip and a , n. (fi p. ) ( r) Gourd

or calabash used for drink ing (bow l ,cup) ; ( 3 ) fish-weir. (Cf. ckz

'

nku l z'

,

inkomko.)Chipande , n. (ff-p .) ( I) Piece

(split or cut oil) , part , fragment , bit(cf.panda ckicke

,kacke) ; (2) oblong

piece of bark used for carrying (cf.mak'wa ).Ch ipango, n. (fi-p . ) Fence, of

enclosure. (Cf. Imkz’

to, ckz'

skz'

pa ,ickecke. )Ohip anta , n. (ft-p.)

hand . (Cf. ckisasatz'

lo. )Chip ap a. Chi papw a , n. (fi -p .)

Outer integument , skin, shel l , rind ,bark . (Cf. z

'

mpapa .)Ch ip apo , n. (fli t ) Skin or

cl oth used for slinging a child on

the back . (C f. papa . )

Ohip apul w a , n. (fi -p.) Part of

the head shaved bare. (Cf. ekimay a,

Bare rock or

Palm, of

Oh ip apw a, Chipapa , n. (fi

Skin, bark , rind, shel l .

Chip ata , n. (fi -p .) Cattl e-pen .

(Cf. ckinka . )Ch ip atano , n. (fi -p .) Mutual

hatred, feud . (C f.para , ckzpafo.)Oh ip at ik o ,

n . (fi -p. ) Skil led

workman, mechanic. (Cf. ckz’

lolo,

Ohip ato , n (fi -p.) Hatred . (Cf.

pata , ckipatano.)Chi p s , n. pa) . ( 1) A (kind of)

basket . O thers are known as u lupe

CH IPELA

(ckz'

lupc, ka lupc) , ckz'

w ia

ckz'

ttmdu (katzmdu ) , ckzlukw a ( kalukw a) kas

'

,muscle (ckz

'

sclc, ka

scle) , luangv , msam o, imako, kasa

nkawa la, musantu , & c. Also ( 3 )used general ly of a load carried in

basket or otherw ise.

Chi pe l a, n. (fi -p .) Charm hungon a house, to keep off wild animals,rain, & c. (Cf. ckzputa , ckzpupo.)Ch ipembel a, n . (fi-p. ) One who

watches , guards, pnes about , keeps

an eye on ; watchman, guard, spy .

(Cf. pemba .)Chi p embel e , n. Rhi

noceros. (Cf. aka/i .)Ch ip embw a, n. (fi-p.) Vil lage

in which chiefs or ancestors died.

(C f. karbzmgo.)Ch ip em pe , n. Des ire for indu l

gence (e . g. beer , tobacco) , lust .Chipeni , n. (fi-p .) Eyebrow.

Ch ip epe, n. Fin.

Ch ip as i , n. (fi -p .) Light hole,window,

fissure, crack . (Cf. mbclo,ckz

’

punda , pand a . )Chip osa , n. (fi -p .) Reed-mat.

See M unasa .

Oh ip eew a, n. (fi -p. ) Bit broken

off, scrap , chi fragment. (Cf.

pam ka, ckz'

pcmz. )Ch ip oto , n . (fi-p .) Fold, crease,

w rinkle . (Cf. pcta .)Oh ip iano ,

n. (fi -p.) Heir , suc

cessor , inheritor. (Cf. pz'

ana . )Chip ik i t i , n. (fi-p .) Shoulder.

(Cf. ckg'

fmki . )Chip ik o , n . (fi-p .) ( 1) Cooking

vessel (cf. pika , im age) ; ( a) lefthand direction, e. g . kn ckzpz

'

ko, to

the left (cf. Iu ly o) .Oh ip i l i , n. (fi -p. ) Angry word

or act , anger , i rritation, resentment.

(Cf. ckikaka ,Chip in i , n. (fi-p. ) Nose-ring or

stud.

Chip inik o , n. (ff-p.)boar. (Cf. ing il i . )Ch ip i shva-menda , u . ( 1) Water

bo iler , i . e. maid-oi-al l-work (2)ch ief

’

s youngest w ife.

OH IB AM BW E

Ch ip oko l o , n. (fi-p. ) Pouch (onbel t) .Chip o l o , Chip ol op o l o , n. (fi -

p .)Bullet. (Cf.Chip o ly ong o , n. (fi-p .) Hole,

pit. (Cf. cki l indi . )Ohipomo , n . (sea-ck.) C l ip

springer (buck) .Ohi p cms e , Chip onie , n (fl-F )

Loop, noose. (Cf. mapanje. )Oh ipu , n. (fipu ) . Bug . (Cf.

ckisumi .)Chi puk utn , n. (fi-p . ) Core of

maize-cob.

Chi p umbu , n. (fi-p.) C luster

forming the ear of m i l let or sor

ghum .

Chip una, n. (fi-p .) Stool , seat

(chair) . (Cf. kandela . )Chipunda . n . (fi -p .) Hole (in

general ) , aperture (w indow) , fissure ,rent , tear. (Cf. ckzpcsi, z

'

mbcla,

Chipup a , n. 19p ) Angry out

burst (word or deed) , retort , rebuke.

(Cf. ckzkaka , ckz'

kam'

, ckzpzh . )Oh ip up o , n. (fi -p. ) Ceremonial

offering (commonly meal or grain,for rain, (Cf. pupa .)Chi pupu , n. (fi-p. ) ( 1 ) Ghost,

spiri t , rush (or sound) of w ind

passing ; ( 2) cluster (e. g . flowers),bunch. (Cf. pu la , pu lzda . )Ch ip u sh i , n. (a-ck . ) A (kind of)

gourd, calabash. (Cf. mungu .)Chip u ta , n. (fi-p .) Bit of horn,

worn as charm (t ied to head or arm )against sickness, enemies, &c. (Cf.ckz

'

pcla kapa l a .)Chi pu t i , n. (fi-p.) Plantation

of ground-nuts nut

patch.

Chipw ata, n. (fi-p.) Violent

( insul ting) word or act, injury ,oppression, insul t. (Cf. ckz

'

kaka,

ckzpz'

lz'

, ckz'

nwa . )Chipy an go , n . (fi-p .) Broom,

brush . (Cf. py anga .)Chi p y ap y a , n. (fi-p. ) A new

thing , novel ty . (Cf. ~py a .)Ch i t umbw e , n. (fi-r .) Swamp.

UH ISA

Ch isa ,n. K indness, l ibera lity,

sympathy . (Cf. ujj/clc,Oh iaakul o ,

n. (fi-r.) Comb.

(Cf. saku la .)Chiaal o , n. (fi -s.) Hot season.

Ch isangal a, n. (fi -s . ) Open

w icker basket, or cage, for fowls .

(Cf ckz'

pc.)Ohi sank unta , n. (fi -s .) C luster

or ear of sorghum (Cf.cktpumbu , masonic.)Chi sansa, n. (

“fl-s .) A cloth (of

any k ind) . (Cf. z'

nguo, z'

m a lu . )Chi sap a, n. (fi-s. ) River, poo l .

Chi sasa , n. (fi-s .) A thing o l d ,w orn out , useless , decayed (e. g .

cloth, basket, mat) .Chi sasati l o , n. (fi -s .) Palm of

hand . (C f. ckz'

pcmta . )C h isuw i , n. (fi -s.) Large fish.

(Cf.Chi sawo , n. (fi-s . ) Edible w il d

vegetable, or fru1t, used in fam1ne .

(Cf. ckisepo, scpa .)Ch i sel s , n. (ff-s .) Large basket.

(See Ch ip s .)Ch isengu ,

n. (fi -s .) Pit,chasm

,

rav ine . (C f.Chi sense , n . (ji-s . ) Source of

stream . (C f. ckz'

sombolc, ckz

'

rcwelcla,

Iuscnsa , z'

nl nlo. )Ch i sep o , n. (fi-s . ) Edible wild

herb, fruit. (Cf. ckz'

sazbo,scpa . )

Ch iss so , n . (fi -s .) Cutting or

saw ing instrument . (Cf. sesa . )Oh i ssw a , n. (ff-s . ) Skin, hide.

(Cf. ckz'

papa ,impapa . )

Chisaw a-aswa, n. (ff-s .) Bare

open space in forest.

Ohi ssw s l s l a, n. (fi-s.) Sourceof stream . (Cf. ckz

'

senra . )Ch i sh i t a, n. (fi -s. ) Ck . mu l ilo

,

l ighter of fires , i . e . house servant(cf. fo l lg . and skz

'

kaM Ck. mat'

,

a deaf person (cf.Ch i sh ik o , n. (fi-s . ) Stick used

for making fire by friction, fire

stick . (Cf. rkz'

ka . )Chi ehima, n. (fi-r . ) Wel l , water

hole. (Cf. muka lo, muskz'

ma .)Chish im i lro , Chi shimik ish y o ,

CH ISUILA

n. (ff-s .) Story , narrative, account,report . (Cf. ski/nika . )Ch i sh impw i l o , n . (fi-s .) A (kind

of ) cooking-pot. (Cf. z'

nongo, skz°

m

Chi shimu, n. (fi -s. ) Rainbow .

(Cf. kangolo.)Chishi na , n. (ji-s .) Root (of tree)

(Cf. musky a . )Ch i sh inga , n. (ff-s .) ( I) Stump

of tree ; ( 2) stamp o f leg , arm,& c

(3 ) stick al ight, firebrand . (Cf.ckz

'

cngc.)Chi sh ipa , n. (fi -s .) Fence, fo r

catching game. (Cf. luskz'

to,ckz

'

Chi sh iw a. n. (fi -r .) Pool , pond,lake. (Cf. ckz

'

sapa , ckz'

r amkwe

Ch ish iw i l o , n. (fi-s. ) Mark ,sign, token, proof, ind i cation, ia

formation. (Cf.Ch ish y a , n. (fisky a ) . Flame

,

blaze , blazing fire . (Cf. mu l i lo. )Ch ish y a l a, n . (fi -s .) Something

left, remnant, remainder . (Cf. skya la ,

z'

rkyala , ckz'

mka la .)Ch ino , Ich iao , n. (fi re) . Limb,

member, (esp. ) upper part of leg .

Fz'

so, physica l strength, force , power .

(Cf. inkasa .)Ch i sok oso , n . (fi -s .) No ise , up

roar, shouting . (Cf. ckz’

waw a,sa la . )

Ch i se l s , n. (ff-s .) Game played

w ith holes and counters .

Ch isombol s , n. (fi-r .) Source

of stream . (Cf. ckz'

scm a,ckz

'

scwclcla .)Ch isomp s , n. (fi-s . ) Long

standing-grass. (Cf.

Ch i song o , n. (fi -s .) Gun , rifle.

(For the usual word see

Ch isong ol a , n . (fi -s . ) Bare

patch on head, hair cut short (notshaved) . (C f. ckzpapu lwa .)Ch i songw s l o

,n . (1? s . ) Sharp

stake for digg ing holes . (Cf. im

puku . )Ch iaoti , n. (fi -s.) Head-covering ,

cap. (Cf. ckapcwa .)Ch isu i l a , n. (fi-s .) House

servant (of chief) , door-opener,

porter. (Cf. t’

sa la .)

OH IBUM I

Oh isum i , n. (fi-s .) Bug . (Cf.mwa , ckz

'

pa . )Ch i sunga , n. (fi-s . ) Grown-up

girl , adul t. (Cf. mumoy c, kamwa lz’

and for younger girl , mw imbi , ma

lz'

ndn ,

Ch ita , v. ( I ) Do , make ; (a) (offeel ings) show in act, exhibit, dis

play ; (3) cause pain, hurt . Ck .

mufwz’

, aim an arrow . Md .

Ap.-z

'

la , Nt. -z'

ka , Ps.-z

'

1wa , Cs.

and int. -z'

sky a . (Cf.panga , Icnga ,wala . )Chi ta , n. (fi la) . War. (Cf.

z'

nkondo, and Swa . v ita . )Ch i tal a , n. (fi-t . ) Insul t, de

rision, mockery , importunity , annoyancs . (Cf. ckikaka , ckz

'

pwaca,ckz

'

nwa .)Ch ital o , n. (fi-t . ) A (kind of)

cooking-pot . (C f. z

'

nongv.)Ohi tan t il o, n. (fi-t . ) Step of a

ladder , rung . (Cf. ckz'

tanl ‘wc, ckz'

kwclelo.)Ch itembo , n. (fi-t .) A (kind of)

noose trap , snare , g in.

Ch i tsndw s , n. (fi-t .) ( I ) Sol itary , deserted condition, lonel iness ;

( a) id leness , doing nothing.

Chi teng o , Chi tsnjs , n . (fi-t. )Open shel ter, roof on poles only.

(Cf. nm lcnjc.)Ch itev a, n. Raised plat

form for watching crops , stage,scaffold. (Cf.Chi ti , Ichi ti , 11 . (fits) . Tree,

wood (substance ), beam , pole , post,

plank . (Cf. mu l i , kati . )Ch i t imbo , n. (fi -t . ) Burial

place of chiefs or ancestors. (Cf.mi ly aski , kart ungv.)Chi tow s l o , n. (fi -t .) Seasoning ,

rel ish for food. (Cf. ckinanc,tawela .)Ch i tun, n. (fi-t .) Dung , ordure ,

excrement. (Cf. il ufi . )Ch itumbi , n. (fi-t . ) Dead

creature. (Cf. z'

nfwa .)Ch i tund u , n. (fi -t .) Large

basket. (C f. katundu , ckz'

pc.)Ch i tup o, n. (fi-t.) Place for

CH IW I

keeping fowls, pigeons , &c. (Cf.ckinkuna’a

,ckinkuh

'

rnba. )Oni rusu ,

n. (fi -t . ) Airs, affec

tation, conceit. (Cf. ckz’

mcko.)Ch ituwu

,0h i tufy u , n. Sheath ,

case , cover. (Cf. ck(fire, ckz'

la lo,ickmfio.)Oh itw i , Ich i tw i , n.

Angle, corner , projection, peak, t ip.

(Cf. mutwc, cs unta .)Ch iw a , Ich iw a , n. (wackz

'

wa)Dove.

Chiw alw a , n.-w . ) Big drink

of beer. (Cf. u rva lw a .)Ch iw amb i , Ch u amb i , n. (fi-w .)

Patch, to repair a rent or tear. (Cf.wamba . )Ch iw and a, n. Ghost ,

goblin, demon. f. ckz'

nsingw a,

muskz'

mu ,

Ch iw aw a , n. (fi-w .) Uproar,noise, brawl , shoutmg. (Cf. chi ro

Oh iwaw al a , n. (fi-fi .) Bush

buck. (Al so z'

mba'wala , rkikz'

wangwe, ckiwosa .)Oh iw s , Ich iws , n. (fiwc).

( r ) Sweat (cf. watakaia) ; (a)warmth, heat (of fire or sun ) .

curs e , Ich ibw s ,n. (fi zbc) .

Large stone, rock, boulder . (Cf.t'

we, karfle.)Chiw s la, n. (ff-w .) Garden

plot, patch. (Cf.Ch iw s l s , n. (fi-w . ) ( 1 ) Loud

shouting , cry (cf. kawclc) ; (a) largeudder (cf. z

'

wclc).Ch iw s l o, n. (fi-w .) Upper part

of leg, thigh. (Cf. ckz'

sa. )Ch iw sms , v. It is wel l , very

wel l. (Cf. pawcmc, fiwcmc ; and

see W ama. )Ch iw snga , n. (fi-w .) Sore place,

ulcer , wound . (Cf. ckilonda . )Chi w s sh i , n. (fi-w .) Large

knife . (Cf. luwcskz’

,

Ch iw ey o , n. (fi -w .) Bare

(shaved ) patch on the head. (Cf.wcya , ckipala , ckisongvla , ckipa

pulwa . )Chiw i , Ich iw i , 11. ( 1)

OH IW IA.

Door (cf. mulz'

ango) ; (a) a crime ,evi l deed (cf.Ch iw ia, 11. See Ch iwy a.

Ch iw i la , n . (fi -w . ) Coney.

Chiw inda , n. (ff-w . ) Hunter.

(Cf. z'

nkomka lumc, mapo/u . )Chiw emba , n. (fi -w . ) Inner

bark of tree, used for cord. (Cf.

Ch iw ow o , 11, (fi-w . ) Insult ,rudeness , discourtesy. (Cf. cki

Oh iwu ,Liver.

Oh iwul u , n . (fi A deaf

person. (Cf.Ch iwul u -wu l u ,

n. (ff-w. ) Anything rounded 05 ,round lump, knob, protuberance.

Ch iwamba , n. (fi-zb. ) ( r ) Mud

wal l of but ; ( 2) high river-bank.

(Cf. uzfiumba ,mumka . )

Oh iwu za, n. (fi-riv. ) ( 1 ) Fri end ,companion, comrade ; (a) friendship,acquaintance.

Ohiwy a, Ik iwy a , n. (fi( I ) Basket ; (2) load. (Cf. ckz

'

pc.)Ch och o , n. (fi r-o.) Spike at butt

end of spear.

Ch oko l o , n. (fi-k. ) Belongings

of person deceased (w ife , goods ,& c., passing to the heir) . (Cf.

pz'

ana .)Oh ombw s , n . (fy -o.) Forest,

jungle, w ilderness. (Cf. z’

mpanga ,may amka. Ckondc is also used byE.L.)Ch ono, n. (fir-o.) Large (kind

of) fish-trap. (Cf. mwono. )Ch osh i , n. (fi -o. ) Dream . (Cf.

Iota ckz'

lota .)Chu l o , n. (fi r-u . ) See 010.

Ch u l u , n. (fy-u .) Ant-heap.

Ohu l umano , n. (fr-cd . ) Skil ledworkman, mechanic ( i . e. ckirfiu la

mono) . ( Cf. ckz'

lolo. )Chums , n. Personal property,

wealth. (Cf. ma lz'

,

Ch umbw s , ra

d/film . ) Grave.

Chungw a,n. y

-u . ) Simpleton,blockhead , dunce, foo l . (Cf. mum

pu lu , ck

ENDA

D is sometimes used for L ,

especial ly at the beginning of nouns

of the class,e. g. dango, for

E Often prefixed as a particle of

emphasis to verbs and other words .

E fy s fy o , E fy o , adv. Just so ,

thus , exactly, that is the way . (Cf.

-sk a, -snk a, a. ( 1) Alone , only,by itsel f, unique , singular , this and

nothing else ; ( 2) bare, plain, simple ,unadorned. Often w ith ndololo or

lokoso fol low ing , emphasizing the

idea ; or -mo preceding , e. g . z'

mo

y cnka , just one,only one.

E k o , E lm , adv . There,then.

Emphatic form of nko, nku . (Cf.emu , cmo, epo , ely o,E ku ti , conj. (common connective

in narrative) . And so, so, then,

thereupon, and then. (Cf. epo, lomba ,kawz

'

lz,kamfwa , na .)

I lla , v. Separate husks from

grain, winnow . Ap. clcla .

E 16 10, v. Float , on water. (Cf.

E l ushy a , v. Explain , make

clear , settle a dispute , decide a law

suit (mu landu) . (Cf. pind'u la , a lu

Iu la, which are more used in W .L .)E l y o , adv . emphat. Then, it

was then. (Cf. cko, il i , t'

ly o, u lo ,

Emba, v. Watch, keep an eye

on. Ap. cmkcla , esp. tend cattle ,act as herdman, goatherd , & c. Cs .

Int . embcsky a . (Cf. mwcmbcrkz'

,

and E.L. Wcta . )E nd s , Y end a , v. Go , move ,

pass, depart, wal k.

.

Ap. endola ,

e. g. pay court to , vis1t, woo. Nt .

Chun i , n. (fy-u . ) Bird . (Cf.kom

'

,

Ghush i,

n. (fl-u. ) Steam ,

smoke , vapour. (Cf.Ch um , n. (rim-ck.) W a erbuck.

Chuwo , n. (fi t-u . ) Case, sheath .

(Cf. ckz'

tnzbo. )

ENDELA

cndcka , e. g. be fit for walking on,

be passable, be a good road. Cs.

Int. cndcsky a, cmky a , e.g. ( I ) hasten,move ; (2) go fast , hurry . c nda

mutcndc (amino) , l ive in peace

(happiness) . (Cf. mulwcndo, Incndo,y a, ima ,pinta .)End s l a. v. Taste, take a taste

of. (Cf. sonda , Iafi u la, tepela . )Enga, v. Make smooth on sur

face, rub smooth. (Cf. fel lg. )E ngu l a , v. Skim a l iquid (beer,

make smooth.

-snk a, a. See -eka.

-snu , a. Your (pL) , yours.E p sp i , adv. (for cpa-ipi ). Just

here , close by , quite near. (Cf.

E p o , adv. emphat. Here, there,now, then. Often as connective,and so

,and then. (Cf. apo , eko

,

mpano.)E ah y a , Y eahy a, v. ( I) Try ,

endeavour, attempt , make an effort ;

( 2) test, prove , examine ; (3)

measure, weigh, estimate. (Cf.p ima, pcnda , mwcsky o. )$

31 , a . (

g

ur ,

lqurs.

alk AE a,v . , say , t p.

cwcla . (Cf. Bka

nbo, kcfi o,sosa , ti .)

-fl, a. Bad , false, counterfeit.

Usual ly of moral badness , i. e. of

persons, and then commonly-a

zbuji , seldom of things. (Cf. rfmfi ,

mbifi ,-mi

,w ipa, w ik. )

F ik a , v. ( 1 ) Arrive, reach, getto (a place) . Cs. fikisky a , fi rky a ;( a) place (a thing) across (another,crossw ise) , put right , adjust .P i lw a, v. Be overcome (de

feated,baffled , beaten, exhausted ).

(Cf. kanga , and per. ckila .cki1wa . )F imba, v. Put thatch on (hut) ,

thatch ; (2) swel l , swell up . (Cf.follg .)F imba l a , v. Rv. offimka , take

thatch ofl'

(hut).F ina, v. See F iny a.

F inds , P indu, inter-10g . What

why ? how ? (Cf. melee and

ckindo. )F in s

, adv. and n. (sing . ckine) .In truth, real ly, truth, fact, real ity .

Fine none, quite true , the real thing ,

absolutely right. (Cf. -ne,-ine

,

bwino, une, ckine.)F inga, v. Check , threaten, rc

buke. (Cf.pinga .)F ingu la, v. Cut up (esp. of

firewood) . See Tsma , Tsw a.

F iny a , F ina, v. ( 1 ) Pinch ,

squeeze, press hard ; (2) be narrow

( tight, heavy , oppressive) ; (3) causepain, hurt, be painful , ache. Md .

P inn ing-wi l e , v. Squeeze out ,

rub out, e. g . of something in the

eye. Also Fi langul a.

F ipaik a , v . Beat, give a heatingto . (Cf. pama. )F i sa , v. Hide, conceal , cover .

(Cf. ckifiso and fol lg. )P l asma

,v. Be in hiding , hide

onesel f, l ie'

in ambush. Ap.fi ramina ,hide from , l ie in wait for .

-flsh i , a. Of dark colour , black ,handsome. (Cf. fi ta , imfinski ,ufi ski , i1a.

F ishy a, v. ( 1 ) Accuse, bringcharge against ; (2) make proposal(to parents) of marriage, i . e. fi t

-kye [aski (fi sky a i .{ya ri) (Cf. fi ka ,fikisky a. )P isanca, n. pl . ( 1) A thin

k ind of porridge, gruel ; (a) a l ightsweet kind of beer. (Cf. uwalw a .

P i ta , n. (sing . okita ) . War,

fighting , battle. (Cf. Swa. v ita ,inkanda. )P i ta , v. Be (become) black

(dark , dirty, soiled) . C s. fi tisky a,Md.

-i le. (Cf. fol lg .)-nti le , a. Black , dark, d irty.

cf. fi ski . )adv. Wel l , rightly :

(Cf. wama , -weme, pamen e.)F iw i , adv . Badly , wrongly .

(Cf: “W t , fi r (fiwz )F otola

, v. Rub skin off, chafe.

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FUNUNUNA

F unununs , v. (Of l iquid in

motion) bubble up, pour forth,ripple along . Ps. f anunw ina.

F upa , v. Make an offering or

present. See P up s .

F upu l a , v. Jerk (a fish out ofthe water).F uss , v. Eject from mouth, spit

out. (Cf.pata . )P ushy a, v. See Eu la, F u l ishy a.

F u ta , v. Pay a firie , give com

pensation, settle a claim, e. g . futamu landu ; ( z) i for field, be

abundant

F uw s , n . Drizzle, l ight rain.

(Cf. i ,flgfu la mu locki . )

Fw a , v. ( 1 ) Die, be finished,be disused (worn out , useless) . Md .

f zoile, Cs fwzirky a , k il l ; ( 2) strain,filter , Cs . fw isky a . (Cf. Swa.

Inmm o.)F wak a , n (fi af ) Tobacco.

(Cf. kanskaz, tongwe, intekzoe,ckambwa .)Fw s l s , v. Put on clothes , wear ,

dress (onese l f) . Md . tfivite, fi va li le,be dressed up (smart , in fine clothes).Ap.fwal i la , dress up. Nt.fwa l ika ,al so Act. dress (a person) . (Cf.

fi oika , fw a la .)Fw an du l s , v. Seize with claws

(fw . mala), scratch, tear. (Cf. tina ,fwend. )P w ata , v. Babble, chatter, talk

nonsense .

F w ay s , Ewas , v. ( 1 ) Want,

l ike , desire , w ish for , intend ; ( 2)seek, search for , l ook for ; (3) find

(after search) , get. Md .-ile, C s .

Int. -i.rky a .

F w s -fw s , pr . We,-used as

prefix and afli x .

p(Cf. fi vefi o.)

Fw smp a , v. (Used of a Springy,up and down, bending movement ,as of hammock-pole, dancing , & c.)Bend , rebound, be springy . Rv .

fwempu la , Md .of cvcmpw i le, bend,

mak e bend (something springy ,e lastic) . (Cf. fol lg. )F w smunuk s , v. Be elastic,

springy .

Fw sns , v. Scratch (for rel ief) .Also Fw sny s . (Cf. fwandula .)Fw s nfw snts l a , v. ( 1 ) Sweep

up, clear up, make tidy ; (a) stal kgame.

F w snk ul s , v. F110. 16t draw

a bow.

Fw swo , pr. We. (Cf.fwe -cru .)F w s l ik a , v. Put clothes

on, dress (another). (Cf. fwala .)F w impa , v. Be short ( low ,

sha llow ). (Cf. -ipi ,fmnpa , talimpa . )q l a, v. Undress (onesel f) ,

take off clothes. Md.-fi cile. (C f.

f'wa la . )F y a Used as a plural prefix

to express quantity , numbers, size,e. g . fyanika, a number of rivers ;flancapete, many creases (fo lds ,w rinkles). (Cf. cka

P y al a , v. Produce (offspring) ,bear (fruit) , beget. Ps. fy a lwa ,Nt. fyal ika , Md . fi elc. Ap . fya l i1a ,

e. g . be a native of, be born a t.

(Cf. twala , kata , sema .)F y snk s fy o, adv. Just so

, ex

act ly thus ( i . e. jj/enka ijj'o). (Cf.-cka . )F y omp a, v. Suck, suck up, l ick

up. (Cf. onka .)F y ona, v . Blow the nose. (Cf.

mona . )F yu ka , v. Run ofi

'

,run away,

fly , escape. (Cf. «butt/kn, luwilo. )

Gw sp i , int. of incredul ity or

contempt. Nonsense ! rubbish !

Words not found under I may be

looked for under IN or N or L I .

L ,L i Il i class-prefix (sing . )

of nouns w ith plur . prefix Ma . See

L i .

Is ls , L i al s , n. (ma la ) . C law,

talon. (Cf. cka la,cka/y ala . )

Iamba , L iamba , n . (mambo) .Scale (of fish).Iebach e , n. (ma-ck .) Fence (of

enclosure) . (Cf. ckzpango. )m , adv. Thus, so . (Cf. ijj'o,

IF INA

Iflns,n. Usu . in pl . i. e. mafina,

matter, pus. (Cf. ckifina ,finy a .)

Iflngw s , I l iflngwa, Maflngw s

n. Anything thrown, rolling ,fal l ing , e. g. stones, sticks, earth,rubbish.Iflw i

,n. (plun) Crime

,evfl

doing. (Cf. ckiw i,

I fuk u ta,n. (ma-f .) Bag , pocket.

(Cf. itumba ,fuku ta .)Ifumbi , Ivumb i , n. (ma-f )

Size, dimensions , length, thickness,

girth, height. (Cf. mutambo. )Ifumo , Ivum o , n. (ma-j. ) ( 1)

W omb, bel ly , pregnancy. (Cf.

Ifumu , n. (maf ) Spear. (Cf.infama nfumu . )

-jl) Bag ,bundle. (Cf.fanga , ifukuta. )Ifanga ,

Iv ungu , n. (magi ) ( 1)Empty Space under bed , stool , &c.

(z) coil , rol l , fol d (e. g. of snake) .

(Cf.funga .)Ifup a, P up s , n. (ma-f .) Bone.

It‘uau , n. (ma-fl ) Woodenmortar

forpounding grain,&c . (Cf.manrki ,two , iwende. )Ifwaas , Ifwaza, n. (ma-f .) Stone

used for fire-place, three supportinga cooking

-pot . (Cf. irkiko, ckif

I fy o , Ify i fy o, adv. Thus,just so,exactly , truly, indeed. (Cf. ifi , ejj'a. )Ika , v. Come (get, go) down,

descend (e. g . from hi l l , tree) . . (Cf.tantamuko , seluka .)Ik s ls , K al a, v. Be, continue

,

remain, dwel l , stop, sit. 115. ma

landu , hear a dispute , decide a case.

Md.-ickele, Ap. kal i la, Nt. ka l ika,

e. g . be inhabited, be inhabitable ;alsoCs .makesit down. Int.ka l i rky a ,sit quite on ground .

Ikanga, Bianca, n. (ma-k.)Guinea-fowl .Ikah i , n. (ma-k.) Usual ly in the

plur. makani, talk , news, gossip,conversation, argument . (Cf. il iarkz.)Ik ata, K ata , v. ( 1 ) Hold , seize,

catch hold of, grasp ; (a) bear

(fruit) , todnes. (Cf. twala,fy ala .)Md.

-i te, Cs. ikatisky a , ikasky a ,Rv . katana , e .g. katana ckizfinza ,form friendship.

Ik ok o , n. (ma-k.) Stalk (ofsorghum) .Ik ombo , n. (ma-k.) Navel .(Cf. mukowa .)Ikonde , n. (ma-k .) ( 1 ) Marks

tatooed on side of face (cf. nomba) ;(a) banana (plant and fruit.)Ik onk o , n. (ma-k.) Fruit (edi

ble) of the mukonko (tree) .Ik osa , Ikos a, n. (ma-k.) Ivory

ring , worn as bracelet.

Ikoshi,Ik os i

,n. (ma-k.) Napc

of neck . (Cf. mukoski . )Ik ow s , n. (ma-k. ) Oar. (Cf.

kowa .)Ikow s l o , n. (ma-k.) Usual ly in

plur ., stockade (of vi l lage) , pal isading, fence. (Cf. il inga . )I kufl, Likufl,

n . (ma-k.) Knee.

Ikumbi , n. (ma-k.) Cloud.

Ikum i,n. (ma-k.) Ten.

Ikundw s , n. A preparation of

bark used in dressing the hair.

I la , Lil a, n. (mala ) . Usual ly in

plur . , contents of abdomen, bowel s,

fint

g‘

ails. (Cf. ifumo, iqn,oki

n .

Il a,v. Get dark , dusky , gloomy

(of twil ight) . (Cf. ma ilo, lelo.)I la la , W i l al a , n. The Lala

country , i. e. of the Lala people.

(Cf. ma la/a , cki la la , w ilala .)I l amba , n. (ma-l . ) ( 1) Usual ly

in plur. , iron ore, for smel ting (cf.lustre) ; ( z) bel t (but W .L. com

mouly use mnkwandala) ; (3) theLamba country , also Wi lamba .

I langaluk o , n. (ma-l .) Thought,remembrance, care, anx iety. (Cf.langaluka .)I l ango , (al so) Dango ,

n. (ma-l .)( I) Direction, advice , order ; (a)plan, scheme. (Cf. langa , kalango,mu langwe.)I li

,L i , conj. When. (Cf. l ira ,

l ino,i ly o.) Also class-prefix sing.

(Cf. i li

IL IASH I

I l iash i , n. (ma-l .) Talk, con

versation, gossip, rumour, news.

(Cf. makani . )I l i l i , n11 . See Mal i l i .

I l i l i l a ,v. Go on business (errand ,

engagement ), be sent away , be gone

away (for something) . (Cf. i l isky aand perh. y a , v. go . Ap. (y )i l i la ,(y )i l i l ika . Also il isky aI l i l e , n. (ma-l . ) ( 1 ) Usual ly in

plur .,mourning for dead, lamenta

tion (cf. l ila ) ; (2) something burning , candle , lamp (cf. mu l i lo) .I l i lw a , v. Be employed, be on

service, be engaged. (Cf. i l il ila . )I l im a

, n. (ma-l . ) File, rasp .

Il ing a , n. (ma-l . ) Stockade,vil lage fence. (Cf. iko

'melo.)Il ino

,L ino

, D ino , n. (mono) .Tooth.

I l in so , L ise , D iso , n. (menso,mesa) . Eye . (Cf. ckinso. )I l ir i , n . (mal ir i ) . See M s l i l i .

I l i shy a, v. Send, employ , cause

to go (on errand , business). (Cf.i l il ila

,and fo l lg . )

I l ombe,n . (ma 1. Chil d (male

or female) . (Cf. mw ana .)I l ow a , L i l ow a , n So il , earth.

Il ua,n. (ma 1. Flower

,blossom .

I lund o,n . (ma 1. Joint

, joining , knot ( in tree or reed) . (Cf.

I l ungu ,n. (ma-l .) Treeless ,

grassy depression in forest w ith a

stream through i t . (Cf. lusenso .

Il y o ,adv . Then . (Cf. il z, ely o,

u lo , ndulo.)Im W ords not found under IH

may be l ooked for under M .

Ima,v Rise up, get up, stand,

be erect (upright, steep) ; (2) makea start, go 06 , go away , depart ; (3)stand stil l

,stop. Md .

-imine, a lsoas a. upright , steep. Ap. imina ,imin ina , Nt . (and Cs. ) imm ika ,

e.g . set up, fix upright, Cs . imzy a ,i

,my a e. g . raise up, l ift , take up,a lso imisky a, make upright make

80 away , send off. (Cf. zwaka,

zmakana .)

[MBU BA

Adze.

Jigger.

(Cf.

Imak a, v. Build (a hut, house) .(Cf. aka.)Im ak ans , v. Stand stil l

,stop .

(Cf. ima . )Imb s , v. ( I ) Dig (cf. ckimbo)

( z) sing . (cf. l u imko) .Imbak o, n. Snuff-box .

(Cf. intekwe.)Imbal s , n. (ma-m . ) Bul let. (Cf.

ckzpolo.)Imbul al s , n . Leopard.

(Cf. z'

nkense, skiluwe. )Imbal iw al i , 11.

Also Iwu ndu .

Im baso , n.

w asa .)Imbs t s , n. (ma-m.) Duck .

Imbaw s l s , n. Bushbuck .

Also Ch iw aw s l a , Sh ik iw s ngw s .

Imbs l s l s , n. Sheep.

Imbs l o, n. Light-hole

,

w indow . (Cf. ckipcsi , ckzpunda .)Imbs shi , n. Herdsman (of

cattle, goats, (Cf. cmbela

,

mwemkeski .)Imbsw s , n. Field-rat .

Imb ia , n . Earthen cookingvessel . (Cf. inongo.)Imb ifl

,n. A bad man

,

rascal,rogue. (Cf. -fi .)

Imb i l i , n. Rumour, news ,fame, renown .

Imbi l o,n. (sing. luzbilo) . Used

as adv ., running ,w ith speed , quickly ,

hastily. (Cf. lusfiilo.)Imb i shi , n . Zebra. Also

Chimbw eta.

Imbok oma,n. Tobacco

pipe. (Cf. kawokoma , intuntn . )Imboni , n . ( ( 1) Pupil of eye ;(2) eyewitness, evidence, proof.

(Cf. w ona , (a) not W .L.)Imbono , 11. Castor-oil .

(Cf. mbono, mawono.

Imbots ,n. A sweet beer,

fermented honey . (Cf. uwa lwa. )Imbu l i , n. Young girl (not

adu lt) . (Cf. ckisnng‘u . )

Imba sa,n. Infant, baby .

Also mwana,mbnsa . (C£ ng

’

o

nkwa .)

IMBUSH I

Imbu sh i , n. Goat.Imbuw u , n. Buflalo . (Also

Imba y a, Mbuy a , n. (wa-m.)Grandmother. (Also Mukuku .)Imbw a, n. Domest ic dog .

Im chs l w a, n. Fireplace of

smel ting-fumace. (Cf. iny nmbi.)

Imflnsh i , n. Darkness,blackness , gloom. (Cf.fita , zfiski .)Imfu l s

,n. Rain. (Cf.

ma inska , mu locki , loka .)Im fumu , n. See Infama ,

chief.

Im fungaushi , M fung osh i , a .

Cluster of bees . (Cf. ckilela .)Imfu ti , n. See Infu ti , gun.

Imfw i , 11. See L umfw i, grey

hairs .

Im i s , n. Obstinacy , stubborn

ness, sel f-wil l . (Cf. ima .)Im ind s , n. (ma-m . ) Rising

ground between streams, water

shed.

Im in ina , Im inika . See Ima .

Im ita, v. Be heavy (w ith child,pregnant) . (Cf. ifumo, ipafu . )Imk op s , n. Wal let (of skin) ,

satchel , pouch. (Cf. inkomwe.)Imp sfw a , n. Lung.

Imp aka , n. A (kind of)w ild cat.

Imp am p a , n. Stick,used

as ladle or spoon, for stirring . (Cf.luckoncko.)Imp snd s , n. Shel l used as

ornament .

Imp anga , n. Forest,jungle,bush. (Cf. iy amba , may amba .)Imp sp a , Imp apw a , n .

Skin, hide. (Cf. ckipapa , ckisczva .)Imp ashi , n. A (kind of)

ant. (Cf. muszoa .)Imp s lo, n . Sores, skin

eruption.

Im p s l smbs , Sable

(buck ) .Imp s l o , n. Grinding-stone(for grain). (Cf.pela , andImp epo , n. A smal l (kind

of bat. (Cf. mnl imo.)

IMUNA

Impep o , n. and ma-p .) ( 1)Air (inmotion) , wind , cold, draught ;(2) spirit (disembodied). (Cf. muskimu

,mupaski , and pepa .)

Imp s ts , n. Ring. (Cf.peta .)Imp iano , n . Inheritance,

estate of deceased person. (Cf.

piana .)Imp indi , n . (sing. lupind i ) .

Period of time, occasion. Skinompina

'i,now, on this occasion.

Imp ings , n. A (magic)charm, worn for security , defence.

(Cf. inskita , pinga, ckipela .)Imp ini , n. Adder .

Impoy o, n. Reed-buck .

Impuk u , n. Sharp stake

for digging holes. (Cf. ck

Impu l u , n. (ma-m.) Sil lym istake, blunder, fo l ly . (Cf. pusa ,pua , and fol lg . )Impum fy a , n. Fool ish

pride , conceit , impudence, rudeness,insult. (Cf. impula .)Impum i , n. Forehead .

Impundu , n. (ma-m.) Twins of

the same sex. Also M cpuna'

u .

(Cf. mapasa.)Impang a, n. Rice (grain

and plant) .Impw ish i , n. Cow. (Cf.

ingdombe.)Im si tu ,

n. Thicket, under

wood, bush.

Im toto , n. Col ouringmatter (earth, plaster , paint) , colour .

Im tu l s sua, n . K u mtu lesua , (to)sun-1i sing , east, eastward. (Cf.tu la , kasua . )Im tung u , n. Cattle-disease.

Imuk a , v. Come out, be drawn

out (of hole) . (C f. imuna. )Imumba , n. Steep, river

bank (of clay , earth) . (Cf. cki

zirumka .)Imuna , v. Open (a hole, a sr

ture , gap) , unstop , take out p ug.

(Cf. skinku la , imuka .)

IMUNIK O

Imunik o , 11. SeeM a nik o.

IN Words not found under In

may be looked for under N or I .

Ina, Iny s , adv. Yes, very wel l ,it is so.

Ina , v. Be (get) fat, be sleek .

Md .-inine , used as a.

,fat, plump,

in good condition.

Inama , v. Bend down, st00p,slope down, bow down. (Cf. inuka ,Md .

-inemc, Cs. inamisky a .)

Inama , n. ( 1 ) Animal ,brute, beast ; ( a) game, buck ; (3)flesh, meat. (Cf. munefu , ckinane.)Inand s , Ing

’anda , Nanda

,n.

andma-n .) Native hut, cottage,house.

Inch snss , n. Leopard.

(Cf. inkense. )Inch i ss , n. Kindness , l iberal ity ,

pity ; also other strong feel ings , e .g.

anger . (Cf. ckifuna’

o, ckisa . )Inchiw s , n . Dove. Al so

Inehoneho , n. plur. of luckoncko,.v .qInda, n . Louse.

Ind s l a , n. Eye-glass, field

glass . (Cf. wala , ? l it. somethingshining .)Inds l ama, n. Coin, cash,

shil ling.

Inds l aw a , n. Rust .

Indal i l a, n. Brass anklet,bracelet. (Cf. zontule.)Ind sw s l sw s , n. Ear orna

ment .Indoshi , n. W izard

, wi tch.

(Cf. Iowa , mu loski , infi w'

ti .)Iu d ow o , n. Fish-hook.

(Cf. insanta, Iowa .)Indum s , n. (ska-n .) Brother

,

son (in relation to sister or mother) .(Cf. inkaski .)Induwu lu l s , n. Bird-cal l

made with a pieceofhorn (musembe) .(Cf. lusang

'wa . )Induwu lw a , n. Rescuer,

preserver, ransomer. (Cf. luzi‘

mla .)-ins , vns , a. Good ( in any sense)

( 1 ) pleasing , nice, pretty, fine,

INGUMBA

and ma-n .)

sweet ; (2) right, true, honest , kind ,just ; 3) rea l , genuine, actual ; also

(4) self, the very one, the particular

one, by oneself (itself) . (Cf.mw ine,sbano, zi wnino. )Infu ti

, n. Gun. (Cf. ckisongo. )I ufw a , n. A dead thing.

(Cf.fwa, ckitumbi .)Iu tw i , n. plur. See Lum fwi .Infwi t i , n. W izard, w itch,(Cf. ufwiti , indoski . )Ing a-1s , n. (ma-n . ) Feather.Ingam i , n . Innocent party

(in a case of witchcraft).Insane , n. Pad (of grass

for carrying load on head or

shoulder) . (Cf. inkata .)Ing

’ands , n.

House. See Insnda .

Ing’

anga , n. Doctor ,med icine -man, (Cf. mung

’

anga ,sking

’

anga .)Ing

’

anss , n. Piece of barkcloth. Also Insansa. (Cf. lukwa .)Ing sw a, n. (ma-n .) Debt.Ing aw o , n. Shield.

Inge , n. Scorpion.

Ing el s-nge l s , n. Heal th,

eal thy condition, a good cl imate ,a healthy spot .-ing i , -inji , 11. Many , much,

enough, plenty , too many , too

much.

Ing i l s , Inji l a , v. Come (go )in

, enter , pass into. Md.-ing ile,

Ap. ing il ila , Cs. Int . -isky a , e . g . put

(take, place, force) in, admit ; (a) interfere, intrude.

Ins o lw a , n. Horn used as

wind-instrument. (Cf. lusengo.)Ing

’

om s , n. Drum.

Ing’

ombs , n. Ox , cow,

cattle. (Cf. impzviski , muckeno'e.)

Ing’

ondo , n. Bark cloth,

(Cf. lukwa .)Ing

’onkw a, n. See In

k onkw a .

Ingu l uw e, n. Bush pig.

Insumba, n. Barrenwoman.

INGUNI

Iu gu ni , n. Honey-bird .

(Cf. ckuni . )Ingu o , N

’

s-no , n. Any

material for clothing , bark cloth,cloth, cal ico. (Cf. insalu .)Ingw sna

,n. Crocodile.

Ini k s , Nike , 11. (ma-n ., fya-n .)River , stream .

-inji , a . See o ingi .

Iniil i , Ing il i , n. Wart

hog .

Inkak ashi , n. Acidity, sourness,bitter ta ste.

Ink s l smba , n. Messenger,one sent w ith a summons or invitation. (Cf. iskingoski .)Inkalamu , n. Lion . Also

Skumbwe. (Cf. skumfwa .)Ink sns , n. Share, portion,

part . (Cf. kany a .)Int ends , n. Skin, hide,

leather , strap, bark. (Cf. impupa,ckise'wa .)Inks ngs , n. Smal l-pox .

Also Cking'wal i .

Iuk suea , n. (sing. lukansa ) .Anger, fury , cruelty , passionate acts

or words. (Cf. ukal z, u lu lu .)Inkasal o , n. Sweat . Also

Ckiwe, Matukuta .

Ink ash i , n. (zoo-n .) Sister ,daughter in relation to brother,father) . f. indume.)Ink ash y a , n. Unseasoned

(tasteless , insipid) food , lack of

rel ish (flavour) . (Cf. ckontonto.)Inkasu , n. Niggard l iness ,

greed , meanness, selfishness. (Cf.utani .)Ink s ts ,

n. (w ) Grass pad (forcarrying load on head or shoulder).(Cf. ingana .)Ink ense , Ineh snss , n. Leopard.

(Cf. imba lale, skiluwe.)Iuk ok a , n. ( 1 ) Bunch,

knot, protuberance (cf. ck ikokolwa )(2) cluster of bees (cf. cki lela ) .Ink ol s

, n. Captive in war,prisoner.Ink eIi , n. Knobbed stick,

club. Also Ckinkol i, Kankol i .

INONDO

Ink ombalums , n. (rba -n . )Hunter of elephant. (Cf. ckiw inda,mupalu .)Inkombo , n. Dry shel l of

gourd, calabash. (Cf. ckrpanda ,ckinkul i .)Inkomw e , n. Wal let

,

bag, satchel , pocket. (Cf. mukopa .)Ink onds , n. Cry , note ,

voice (of man, animal , bird . E .L.

iskiw i ) .Ink ond o , n. War, fighting ,

battle . (Cf. ckita ,fi ta.)Inkons , n. Fist, knuckle.

(Cf. ckimfunski .)Ink onkw s , Ing

’

onkw a , n.

Sucking clu'

ld. (Cf. konka , ouka .)Ink onsh i , n . Hartebeest.

Inkontw s , n. A (kind of)monkey .

Ink op e , n ( 1) Eyelash.

In plur. (I

l

l

) appearance , look ;

(2) modesty , shame, discomposure .

(Cf. i lnsonz )Inhoan, n. Physical strength,

force, vigour , heal th, power . (Cf.

Inku l imbs , n. A (kind of)pigeon. (Cf. inkunda.)Ink u l unkul u

,adv . Violently ,

hastily , w ith a rush.

Inkum ba , n . Domestic pig .

(Cf. ingu luwe.)Inkumbu , n. (w ) ( 1) Consider

ation , attention, care, compassion

(a) pity, sympathy. (Cf. kumlmka ,icki .sa )Inkunda, 11. Pigeon.

Iuk und e, n. A (kind of)

bean.

Inkuni , n. Firewood. SeeLukuni

Ink unk s , n. Hut, hovel(poles resting on the ground and

meeting overhead) .Inkunk i l s , n. A (kind of)

monkey.

Inkw ash i , n. A (kind of)hawk.

Inondo , n. Anv il , icon of

iron set upright. (Cf. ckifu o.)

INONGO

Inongo , n. Earthen vessel,for water and cooking. &c. (Foro ther vessel s, cf. ckzpiko, ckita lo,ckisimpw ilo, ckikarango, imbia , cki

pikilo , lul ilo, mnakomko, mntondo,mw i ipika . )Insak s , n. Open shed

(circular roof, no wal ls) , used as

common resort for talking, hearingcases, & c. (Cf. ckitery

'

e. )Insak o

,n. A (kind of)

basket. (Cf. ckipe.)Insa l a, n. Hunger, fam ine,

scarcity of food .

Iusa in , n . Any wovenmaterial , cal ico, cloth, clothes. (Cf.inguo ckisaura . )Ina

’

amba, n. Otter. (Cf.samba . )Iu sambo , n. Brass wire.

Insamu , n. Old (torn, wornout ) clothes, rags , tatters.Inssnzuni , n. A water

snake.

Insansa , n. Bark cloth.

Fish-hook.

(Cf. ckisansa , lukwa .)Insan i a ,

n.

(Cf. indozvo.)Iusese , n. Rays of l ight,

dazzl ing light, gl itter, radiance .

In saw i , Isaw i , n. Fish (ofany kind) .Inssk o, n. Laughter , smile,

joy , mirth, happiness. (Cf. scka,sangala .)Ins s l s

,n. Tassel (of cap) .

Insol e , n. Used of anyforc1ble, pointed, tel ling utterance,

o r expression, e . g . argument, re

proof, retort, remonstrance, sarcasm ,

&c. Al so [solsIns s l el o , n. Kn nsclelo, down

stream. (Cf. kn ny anski .)Inssmbs ,n. ( Husk (ofgrain) .Ins sngw s , Inssng u , 11. Open

space, outside a house. Pa nscngwe,out of doors , outside, in the Open.

(Cf. isondc, lusenso .)Inss nse l o

,n. Bel l , worn

on leg, or for hunting-dogs. Cf.

lu iziin. )

INSUMB I

Insongo , n. Eland .

Insoni , n. Shyness , modesty ,shame ; (a) depression, wretched

ness ; (3) compassion, pity . (Cf.ckifnndo . )

Inm a te , n. Poles used as

raft‘

ers . See Lu sonta , s i

Insnks , n. Tail

n

gof bird) .(Cf. muckila .)Iuaumbi , n. Fowl .

Inseu l a, n. Pookoo (buck ).Inshaw a

,Nshy sw a , n.

Ground-nut. (Cf. ckzpnt i . )Inah ensh i , n. Cane-rat.Iushik u

, Neiku , n. Day ,period of twenty-four hours , be

ginning at sunset. Inskikn sky onse,every day, always. M kikn skino,these days , nowadays. Nskikusky a kale, o ld times, long ago. (Cf.uskikn, kasna , lnsna .)Insh il s , n. Path, road, way .

(Cf. musen, mukwakzoa .)Iush ima

,n. Porridge .

(Cf. ckiskima, a large plate of

porridge.)Inshimba, n. A (kind of)

wild cat.

Inshimu, n. Bees (sing . lnskimn) .

Inshink o , n .

’

Stopper

(cork , bung) , anything to fil l a hole.

(Cf. skinkila, skinknla .)Insh iso, Inohiso, n. Sse Ohins o .

Inabi ta , n. A (magic)charm , worn for security . (Cf.impinga.)In shy s , n. Locust. Al so

Inse i'

n, n. Elephant, ivory ,tusk (as art icle of trade) . E lephantsare also cal led , micki la kaw il i

,

big males) inkungn ln , imgole, (young male) cki luw amupalu , (female) nina njovu , (tuskless) mung

'wa .

Inset s , u. A snake (of anykind) .Insok i , 111800111, 11. Prickles

(from grass,Insombs

, n. Locust. Also

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IBAK O

Issko , n. (ma-s. ) Feather , fur

(animal) , hair, wool. (Cf.mus/riski ,ingala .)Iss l s , v. Shut, close (entrance ,

door) . Md .-isele. (Cf. isu la.)

Issmbs , n. (ma-s .) Lower part,foot, bottom (of tree, hil l .Issm iko , n. (ma-s.) Ornament,

decoration, fittings , furniture. (Cf.sama.)Isamp i , n. (ma-s.) Branch (of

tree) , bough.

Isan s, L inens , n. (ma-s.) Egg .

Isan shi , n. (ma-s .) Child’s toy

house.

Isaw i , n (ma-s .) A large fish.

(Cf. ins-um .)

Isat i , n. (ma-s.) Stalk (of maize,mil let, sorghum). (Cf. ikoka.)Isauk o , n . (ma-s . ) Hardship,

suffering, misery . (Cf. Janka.)Iss , 11. (muse) . Hoe.

l as t s , 11. (ma-s. )joke. (Cf. seka .)Iss l s

, n. (ma-s.) See Insole .

Isombe , 11. (Large) axe. (Cf.

Ish i , v. (1 ) Know, be acquaintedwith, have in mind ; (a) know how,

understand, be able. Md.-iskile.

Cs. and Int. iskisky a , isky a , e. g .

remind, remember, know wel l . (Cf.iskiwa

, iskiw ila , nirki , ul iski .)Wiski , Ul iski, one (who) knows ,a clever (expert , wel l-informed)person.

Iahiko , n. (ma-s .) Cookingplace, kitchen. Peskiko (pa iskiko)cooking

-place . (Cf. skika.)

Ishi l i l o, n. (ma-s. ) Ending, end(Cf. ski/a, mnskilo.)Ishil u , n. (ma-s .) A madman

(Cf. ski/n, nskilu , fnnta.)Ish i l y a, n. (ma-s.) Side (of

river , i. e. one of two sides, andusual ly) farther side

,other side,

i . e. p-e-skilya. Lino iskily a , thisside. (Cf. luwali , itala.)Ish imba, n. (ma-s.) Foot of

elephant, hippopotamus, or rhinoceros .

ISUK’

U’

Ish ina, n. (ma-s.) (1) Name ;

(a)

root (of tree, above ground) .f. mnsky u.)Ishing osh i , h u ng

-sushi, n.

(ma-s.) Messenger, one sent about

on errands . (Cf. skinga, inka

Iahiw s , n. (ma-s.) Pool in river ,broad sheet ofwater. (Cf. ckiskiwa .

f

Ish iw e , v. (1) Know ,know

f, be acquainted with, understand ;(2 know how, be able (to) . Ap.

-i a, Cs. -isky a. (Cf. iski and fel lg.)Ish iw i , 11. Sound , utterance,

voice, cry (of any kind) . (NotW .L. Cf. iski .)Ish iw i l e , v. Be accustomed to,

famil iar with, used to , tamed,domesticated. (Cf. iskiwa .)

. Ishiw i lo , Ishiw i shy o , u. (ma-s.)Sign, mark, token, indication, ihformation, advice, hint, warning ,direction, order . (Cf. iski , iski

‘wa )(ma s.) Rubbish

heap. Usual ly in plur. leavings ,remains, scraps, rubbish. (Cf.sky ala, skid .)Ish y smo, n. (ma-s.) Disaster,

failure, i l l-luck,

no

misfortune, accident ,loss in trade . (Cf. sky ama and

fol lg.)Ishy uk o n. (ma-s.) Advantage,

success, good luck, gain, prosperi ty.

b ands , 11. Outside. Kw isona'e.

pesonde, outside, inside out, upside

down. (Cf. insengwe, pause.)Isong e , n. (ma-s.) Sharp point,

tip (off ,tool weapon, & (Cf.songa .)Isono , 13 111111, 11. (ma-s.) A

helping of food , mouthful , bite ,morsel taken in the fingers. (Cf.suna , tanta, knsa, mukusu .)Isula (sometimes i ,nla) v. (1) Be

full , be fil led up (of a river) , be inflood ; (a) n (door, box ,

-isuile,

0

88. isns‘ky a , isnAp. isnila . (Cf. ( 1) ficla, knla,(a) isala .)Isunu

, 11. See Isono.

I ts , v. Cal l , summon, invite .

(Cf. itawa .)Itako , n. (ma-t.) Buttock, haunch,

ham.

Itel s , n. (ma-t.) Side, (of positiou) far side, other side . Adv

kw ita la, peter/a . (Cf. iskily a ,

Itswa , n. (ma-t.) Indian corn,

maize.

Itew a, v. Answer a cal l , re

spond, reply. (Cf. ita .)Its nga , n. (ma-t.) River-pool .(Cf. ckiskiwa . l

Its ts , n. (ma-t.) A (kind of)reed . (Cf. itowo.)It i l e , v. Pour out , pour away .

(Cf. tnlu la .)It ip a, 11. Usual ly in plur. matipa ,

mud .

Itongw e , n. (zba-t .) Tobacco

(plant and leaf) . (Cf. fi uaka,

kanskai .)Itow o , n. (ma-t .) ( 1 ) Check (cf.

lutowo ; (a) a (kind of) reed (cf.

Itoy i , n. (ma-t. ) Ash (of fire) ,ashes. (Cf. mu la lo. )Itun,

n. (ma-t. ) Dung , ex

crement. (Cf. ckitufi. )Ituk a , n. (ma t. ) Abuse, bad

language, insul t. Usual ly in plur .

(Cf. matnski , tnka .)Itumba, n. (ma-t.) Bag , bale,

bundle, sack. (Cf. zfnkuta, lu

fiafl )Itush i , n. (ma-t. ) Abusive ex

pression, insul t. (Cf. tuka , itnka.)Upper part (region,

port ion, side, tep). (Usua l ly w ith

prep. kw i ulu, peulu ,

mw iu lu . Cf.

mnln .)Ivumbi , 11. See Ifi imb i .Ivum o , 11. See Ifumo .

l wa , v. Steal . Md.-izbile. (Cf.

pompwe, mungo.)Iw e l e

,n. (ma-w .) ( 1) Spot,

band of colour) , stripe -a mawala ,

stripe speckled, spotted. (Cf.iwanga .)s l l e

,n. (ma-w .) Plantation,

K AOHE

cultivated field, gard (Cf.munch . )s ng a , n. (ma-w .) Spot ,

streak (of colour) , band , stripe.

(Cf. iwala .)s , Ibw e , n. (mastic, mab'we) .

A stone. (Cf. ckirfre, kasbc, lurbe. )s l e , L iw el s , I l iw s l s

,n.

(ma-w .) Breast (of a female),udder.

s nds , n. (ma-w .) Woodenmortar for pounding grain, &c.

(Cf. ificsn.)Iw i l o , 11. Usual ly in plur., Ma

w ilo, meeting-place of ri vers , paths ,& c.

Iwo , pron. person. They, them.

Iw o , 11. Usual ly in plur. , Mawo,amawo, mil let .Iw endo, n. (ma-w . ) Foot (01

animals), hoof. (Cf. lnkasa,

iskimba .)Iwu eh i shy a, Iwuk i shy a , v.emind. (Cf. wnskisky a , Cs . of

zfiu la zfiusky a , lz'

Iwu le , n. (ma Leaf.Iw'

ul u , n. (ma-sir.)House of

chief’

s first wife. A so Mwizfiu ln

(i. e. muIwumba , n. (ma-w.) ( 1) C lay ,

used for pottery , plaster ; (a) groucrowd, throng, company, herd , fl

(Cf. ckizbnmba, imumba .)Iwundu , n. (ma Jigger.

Also Mbaliwa li .Iy smbe , 11. Usual ly in plur.,

may amba , forest, jungle, bush. (Cf.

Iy s , Y e, pron. person. He, she.

Iy oo ,adv . No

,not so , by no

means . (Other negatives are : cka,my a , py a , tan, ka-ka , ko

-ko,mo-mo,

pct-pa, wa-wa .)

K e C lass-prefix of nouns, often

also Aka and often used with s

diminutive sense before other class

prefixes.K soh s , n. (tucke) . A very smal l

thing , a l ittle bit, morsel , atom ,

(Cf. -cke.)

K ACHE CHE

K s eh s ch s , n. (tn-ck.) Little

child. (Cf. kana , imbnsa . )K s eh ekul u ,

n. (tu-ck .) A veryo ld man or woman.

K ach ete , n. (tu-ck.) ( 1 ) Boyslave of chief (cf. muckete) ; ( a) a

(kind of) monkey .

R ach it i , n. (tnfi ti ) ( 1) A smal ltree

,shrub, bush ; ( 2) smal l pole,

stick , switch. (Cf. kati , ckiti, muti,

K efl, n. (ri m-k.) Cobra.

s u, n. (tnfn) . A grain of soil ,

atom . (Cf. cs u . )-k efu , a . Poor, destitute . (Cf.

kawa , sanka .)K efungo , n . (tu-f . ) Bad smel l

,

stink . (Cf. fnka . )K aiche , K aik s

,n. (twa icke) .

See R an ich o.

K ak a, v. Tie,fasten, bind.

,Ap .

kaki la , e. g . tied up, kakil ila , tie al l

round ; Cs. and Int. kakisky a ,kasky a ,ti e tight, make fast ; Rp. kakana,e . g . be in a tangle ; Rv. kaknla ,untie .

Bis-k s , int. of denia l , contempt,or rejection. No, not a bit , rubbish !

(Cf. iy oo.)K ak okolw a

,n. (tn-k.) Shoot

,

bud , sprout. (Cf. musonga .)K ak ol i , n. (tn-k.) Rafter-pole,

one of those first placed and secured

in position to carry roof. (Cf.lnsonta , mupanda .)K s ku l e

,n. Rv . of kaka (which

see) , untie, unloose.

K akum o , n. (tu-k . ) Toe. (Cf.ckiknmo.)K al a

,v. See Ik ale .

K al am s , n. (ska-k.) Attendant ,

page. (Cf. lama .)K e l sngo , n. (tn-l .) ( 1) Plan,

system, direction, order ; (2) sense ,intel l igence. (Cf. ilango, mnlang

'we,

lungs , amano.)K al e , n. and adv. Past t ime,

( 1) long ago, old times ; (a) lately ,already , some time ago.

-a kale,o l d , ancient

, past. (Cf. -a mwa

RAMB ILA.

K el s ful s , K ans ful a , n. (tu-l .)Chin.

K al s nd s,n. (tn-l .) A (kind of)

pig . (Cf. ingu lnwc. )K a l end swul s , n. ( tu A

large (kind of) axe . (Cf. isemke,katemo.)-k el i , a . Unkind

, cruel , severestrict, il l-tempered , cross, sava e.

(Cf. nka l i , lukansa , nluln , ka leper?)K al imba , n. (tu-l .) Musical ia

strument (metal tong ues mounted on

gourd ).K al ip a , v. ( 1) Be unkind ( in

word or act) , angry, threatening ,

fierce, severe ; (s ) be painful , ache ,hurt. Ap.

-ila, e . g . scold , reprove ;Cs . and Int. -isky a , offend, provoke,exasperate, be very angry. (Cf.lnla , inkansa . )K e l ol a , n. (tn-l .) Looking

-glass,

glass. (Cf. loIa . )K al ombe-l ombe , n . (tn-l .) A

dandy, one who makes a display of

finery or appearance. (Cf. nlombe

lomba.)K al omo, n. (tn-l . ) Sharp end ,

point, edge . (Cf. mnlomo, isonga . )K al u l u

, n. (ska-k. or tu-l .)Rabbit.

K al um s,n. (dict-k .) Male slave .

(Cf. mus/zy a . )K al uw u l s , n. (tn-l .) Bl ood,

gore, bloodstain. (Cf. mu lopa.)K am a

, 11. Press , squeeze , wring ,milk (a cow) . Ap . kamina , Cs .

kamisky a .

K sm be , K ambs s , n. Kamba

nkokoto, kambala (tu dry , hard

remainder of food , put away over

night. (Cf. ckimba la .)K smbetsna, v. Embrace, clasp

each other, stick (hold) together.

(Cf. knmbata , ambakona .)K smbs l sk e, n. (tu-m.) Light

hole,w indow. (Cf. mbelo.)

K ambi , adv . Another time,

again, besides , also , and farther .

(Cf. -mbi .)K ambi l a, L ambi l a , v .

L amba.

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K ANTU

K entu, adv. Especial ly , par

ticularly , very. (Cf. kuntu .)K enw s , n. (tnnwa

). ( 1 ) Mouth

(or anything similar ) , orifice ; (z)quarrelsomeness, abusive language,bragging . (Cf. nwa . )K anw e,n Little finger .

(Cf. munwe, intengn lnsky a .)K eny a , v. ( i ) Cs. of kana ,

oppose, contradict, refuse ; (a) dividei

cportions, al lot, distribute, share.

inkana,awa . )(

K eny ambi , n . (tn Special

drinking-vessel of chief. (Cf. muny amki . )K eny ense , n. (wa-k.) A (kind

of) bean.

K eny eny eni , n. (tu-n . ) A (kindof) ant.K sp afu , n. (tu-p Bel ly, womb,

pregnancy (Cf zpczfu ,l amu ,

ifumo. )K ap spul w e , n. (tn-p Hurri

cane . (Cf. kanknnkn . )p

K apapw e , n. (tn-p.) Outer bark,shell , envelope. (Cf im ap .a )K ap i l i , n. (tu-p)

mal l hil l ,mound, heap .

K ap ingo ,

1

11. (tn-p.) Cross

piece, cross-pole (strut , thwart , rung

of ladder) . (Cf. pinga ,impinga .

K sp ingw es , n. (tn-p.) Hut or

shelter raised on a platform for

watching crops . Al so Lup ingw s .

(Cf. ckitewa , ckil ina'o.)

K sp i shy a, v . W ink (as a sign),give a wink (to) .K ap ok o l o , n. (tn-p .) Pouch,

purse .

K s p okoso, n. (tn-p .) Ankle,wrist .

K ep ende ,n. (tu-p .) Murderer ,

outlaw , brigand .

K apu t s , n. (wa-k.) See Ch i

pu ta.

K apu ti , n. (tn-k .) Double lengthof cloth (cal ico) , four yards. (Cf.lupando.

K s sek o , n. (tu-s . ) Smal l stick.

(Cf. mnsako lnsako.

K asango , n. (tu-s.) ( 1) A grass

K ATEMO

yiel ding salt ; ( a) a reed holder for

smoking tobacco .

K esaw e , n. (tu-s.) Chief’

s spare

house, not l ived in, used for sittingand talking in. (Cf. ipanga .)K ssawe , u . (tn-s .) A fishing net .

(Cf. kombe.)K asel s , n” (tn-s A smal l (kind

of) basket..

(Cf. ckipe.)K ssemba , n. ( tn-s .) Spot, speck,

mark. (Cf. iwanga , iwala .)K asembe, n . (tn-s.) (

1) Tsetsefly ; (2) smal l axe . (C iscmke

,

K assngo , u. (tu-s.) Smal l horn.

(Cf. lnsengo.)K ashew e , n. (tn-s .) A smal l

yel low bean or pea. (Cf. in

skawa .)K sshi

,n . (tuski ) . Smal l vil lage,

hamlet. (Cf. muski .)-k sshi , a . Female. Al so Ans

kaah i .

K s sh ik s , v. Be of a red colour.

Md .-kaskikile.

K ash inga , n. (tu-s .) ( 1) Stumpof tree ; (a) a broken-off part, e.g .

stump o f arm or leg, a disablement ,infirmity (3) a niggardly

kclose

fisted ,selfish person. (Cf. cki ks inga .)K s shi ng e , K ashi nje , n. (tn s . )

Smal l (kind of) ant-hil l . (Cf. cki

fwasa , cknln.)K s shi shi lo , n“ (tn-s ) Heel .

K asok oso , 11. (tn-s .) Noise,hubbub, uproar. (Cf. ckizoawa .)K asus , n . (tnsna) . Sun, sunl ight ,

day, daytime, dayl ight, time of day .

Kasua kal i skani , what time is it ?

Kasua kesa, which day ? (Cf. lusuainskiku .)K ata, v. See Ik ate .

K ats l s , v. Be tired (weary ,exhausted , bored) . Md.

-katele,

y a, katesky a ,tire , annoy , harass , bore, worry .

Also Int . kataskisky a .

K s tand el s , n. (tu-t. ) Star . (Cf.intanda . )K atemo, n. (tn-t .) Axe. (Cf.

isemke,tema . )

K ATENDE

K s tends , n. (tu-t.) A bit of dry

grass, a dry stalk .

K s ts te, n. A strong , bitter

(kind of) beer. (Cf. uwalwa ,

K ati , n. ( 1) Middle , centre ,inside. Usual ly with prep. knka ti ka ,mukuti ka

,inside, among , between ;

(a) smal l tree. (Cf. muti .)K e tiw i , n (tn-t . ) Breast, chest.

(Cf. ckifna , zntizoi .)K atu l e , n . (kn-t. ) Short sleep,

nap. (Cf. tnlo, skipula .)s e, n. ( 1) Be hot, boil (of

water) . (Cf. w ild . ) Md.-kaw ile,

Ap. kaw i la , Cs. kaw il isky a (2) bepoor, destitute, miserable, sad . (Cf.

s alw s , n. (tn-w . ) Smal ldrink (draught, al lowance) of beer .

(Cf. uwalwa , ckiwalwa . )K aw anga-w sngs , n . (tn-w .)

Star. (Cf. intandwa .)K aw en l s , K aw u l s , v. Inp wit h

the tongue, drink with the hand

s swi , n. (tuna) Mosqui to.

K awe, K abw s , n. (tune, tukwe) .Smal l stone. (Cf. irbe, muwala . )K ew s s , adv . Sideways.

s s l s , n. (tu-w .) Cry, shout ,noise, uproar . (Cf. kapokoso, cki

wawa.)K aw onga, n. (tn-w . ) Smal l sore

ulcer. (Cf. ckiwenga .)K ew engel e , n. (tn-w .) Smal l

heap. (Cf. intunta , kapil i . )s esh i , n. ( tu-w . ) Smal l

knife. (Cf. lnweski . )K ew eshy s , n. (tn-w .) W ind,

breeze . (Cf. impepo. )K ew i l i , adv. Twice

,a second

time, again, besides, next, further.

Kasai/i kawi l i, again and again,repeatedly , often. (Cf. -w il i .)K ew il ishy e , K ew ishy a , v.

Heat , make hot, boil . Cs . of kawa .

s ind e , n. (tn-w .) ( 1) Lastborn child ; (2) the last, the end.

(Cf. muwele. )K ewowoto, n. (tn-w.) Ankle

joint, projecting bone of ankle.

K OMONONA

K awungo , n. Place in whichchief or notable ancestor died and

was buried, a grave. (Cf. ( Ii i

K ewo , n. (M afia) . Word , ex

pression. (Cf. M a, ch alo.)

K ing ik a , v. Partly close (door ,passage, Also Clzinjz

'

ka.

K ok a , v. Pul l,drag , haul .

K ok o, K ok u , adv . negat. No,

not so . (Cf. z'

y oo. )-k o After a verb, often repre

sents i ts object, e. g . it, some of it ,them, thus. Nz

'

mpako, give me

some of it.

K ok ola , v ( r) Loiter, l inger ,delay , be behmd time , be late ; (a)last a long time, be durable, wearwel l . Md. néok'wd e.

K ok ol a , v. Lop, chop. SeeK onkola .

K ol a, v. ( 1 ) Keep off (rain, &c.)by charms (cf. (a) intoxicate, make drunk ; (3) also

koala , cough (cf. kosoka,Ps . kolwa , Md.

-k01ele. Cs. kalesky a ,make drunk, be very drunk.

K o l eka , v. Set fire to grass,stubble, &c.

K ol oma, v . Snore. (Cf. mun

K olwa,v. Be drunk, intoxicated .

See K ol a.

K o lw e , n. (zfia-k.) Baboon.

K ama, v. Knock , hit , hammer,strike in fighting . Md.

~korm°

m ,

Rp . komana , fight .

K omba , v. Scrape out, clean

out, e. g . contents of a vessel .K ombe

,u . (ma-k.) Fishing-net

also smal l net, spider’s web, &c. ,

and then. plur . tombe. (Cf. karma .)K ombolw e , n. (ma-k. ) Cock .

(Cf. rumba/a .)K omak a , v. Threaten, menace ,

frighten.

K omek el a , v. Fasten together ,

join, sew .

K omena, v . Sow , plant ( inseparate holes) . (Cf. wz

'

al a, mz'

ma .

K omonona, v. Break oti (maize

K ONAIKA.

cobs) , gather, g lean. (Cf. konona,konoa , and follg .)R ouaiha , v . Be broken off,

snapped off, gathered . (Cf. banana .)K onda, v . Please , satisfy , con

tent, suit. Md .-.éondele,Ap. kandela ,

Cs . kondes/zy a , Ps. kand'wa , be

pleased (w ith), be fond (of) , l ike,be satisfied . Md .

-kondelwe ; and

as a ., be loved , dear . (Cf. tawwa. )K ond ol ok a ,

v. Look about,look here and there, peer about.

(Cf. client /2mm.)K onek e lw a , v. Be bereaved,

deserted , w ithout parents. (Cf.shi'wa . )K ongo la, v. (1 ) Borrow , get

an advance ; (a) give security for.

(Cf. apu la .)K ongo l o , n . Rainbow. Al so

Cit is}:in:u

K on i , n. (tum) . (Any) sma l l

bird . (Cf.K onka , v. ( 1 ) Fol low , go be

hind, keep the direction of, accom

pany , be guided by . Md .-konke1e,

Ap. konkcma (cf. Ionda ) ; ( 2) suck( the breast) . Also Onka .

K onk ol a, v . Lop away, chopofi

'

. (Cf. kunku la, kankaa la . )K onk ol eka , v. Walk with a

stick (as an o ld man) .K onoa , K onona, v. Break 06

,

snap ofi'

, gather (maize CObS) . (Cf.komonona éozzaz

'

ka . )K on ta , v. Si t by fire , bask in

the sun, warm oneself. Ap. kontela

(mul i lo, karm a) . (Cf. onta .)K ontama

,v. Bend down, bend

over. Ap. kantamz'

na . (Cf. konta ,

K op o la, v. Cut across, cut

through (by drawing knife, &c.,

across) . (Cf. sesa .)K osa , v. ( I ) Be wel l (strong in

health, vigorous) ; ( a) have strength(for) , be able (to) ; (3) be firm

(brave , determined, capable). (Cf.z'

nkosa, g

'

fiso. )K osau l a, K osol a ,

v. Break intwo

, snap ofi . (Cf.

K ULI

K oshy a, v. Cause to burn,kind le (fire) .K osoka, v. ( I) Cough (cf. kola) ;(2) break off, break in two .

K oso l a,v. See K osau l a,

K otol a .

K oswe , n. (ma-k. ) House-rat.

K ota, v. Become (get) old .

Ap. kotela. (Cf. mapemba .)K oto l a , v. Break off, snap ofi

'

.

(Cf. kosola , patula. )K ow a , v. Propel (a canoe).

(Cf. z'

kowa. )K owsk a

,v. Hang, hang up (on

wal l , round the neck, on arm) . (Cf.fol lg . )K owe l a , v. Unhang , take down

(off, of something hanging) . (Cf.

K ow ol o la , v. Unravel , dis

entangle, undo.

E u, prep. of comprehensive

meaning, defining place , time or

circumstances general ly, e .g . at , to ,

from, in, with, by . Used w ith

nouns to form many adverbial ex

pressions . (Cf. mu, pa , ku l i .)

K u,interrog . Where ? (Cf.

s'

m ,

K ucha, Ukucha , n. Dawn.

(Infin. of d ra . )K uchip ik o , adv . To the left

(left hand ), on the left hand. (Cf.ku lzdy o, kulw z

'

m .)K uk a, v. Move house , migrate ,

change place ofabode. Md.-kukz

'

1e.

(Cf. sela .)K u-ku , adv . of negation. No ,

not so . (Cf. z'

y oo, ko-ko

,ka-ka. )

K uk ul a, v. Give a kick (cuff,

blow) to .

K u l a,v. ( 1) Grow , increase ,

get big (bigger, more) , becomeadul t, grow ol d. Md.

-ku1z'

le, C s.kushy a , makemore, add to, increase ;

(a) draw, drag, pul l (cf. koka) ( 3)cultivate

,dig , hoe (cf. l ima ) .

K u l ank a, v . Be broken, knocked

about , smashed.

K u l i, used as ( I ) prep. l ike ku ,

esp. of persons , to , from, w ith ; ( 2)

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K unee , adv. Outside. (Cf.more common kw isande.)K unsel el o , adv. Down-stream.

( Cf. kmmd u, kany am‘ki.)

K un sh i , adv .Down. See P anehi .

K un ta, v. ( 1) Shake out, shakeabout ; ( a) tap, rap , knock gently .

(Cf. kankunta . )

K untanje , K untanji le , K un

tanshi , adv . Forward, on, in front,before. (Cf. tangi la. )K untu , adv . Only, just, just so,

excepting .

K unuma , adv. After, behind,back. (Cf. imama ,panama .)K ununa , v. Commit adul tery .

(Cf. Manda , parabola .)K uny an shi , adv . Downwards ,

down-stream. (Cf. kaw alala.)K uea , v. ( r) Munch, chew (cf.

mukm‘

u) ; (2) mb smooth, file,

pol ish.

K ushy a, v. Cs. of ku la , make

more, add to, increase.

K usul a, v. Pound (sorghum) .(Cf. lwa, kapa la .)K u ta, v. Have enough , be

satisfied , be content. Cs. and Int.

kutiskya .

K utal a, K uts a la,v. ( 1 ) Eat

food plain (w ithout rel ish or seasoning , cf. z

'

nkarkya) ; (a) rub, smear,anoint (one

’

s body, oneself) (cf. m a ,

nam‘

ka).K u tali , adv. Far , far off, distant.

As n., distance, a longway. (Cf. tal i . )K u tanji l e, K u tande, adv. Be

fore, in front , forward. (Cf. tanga,kuntange.)K u t i , conj. That, so that, in

order that. (Cf. ta'

, ati . )K u tik a

,v. Be silent

,keep quiet,

be on the alert, l isten.

K utw i , n . Ear (ofbody ) . (Cf. mut

'

,

K uwa , v. Scream, cry , bawl .

(Cf. l ila , ama .)K uwati , conj. As, as if

,as

though. (Cf. kuti . )K uwoko , Ukuwoko , n.

waka) . Arm (of body).

LAMBA,

K uv‘

irula, v. Ford a river. (Cf.azimka . )K wa , prep. To, from,

at (of

persons). (Cf. kn ,-a , ku l i .)

K w aku t i , adv . Much, very.

(Cf. kw ina.)Kw ata, v. ( r ) Have, possess ,

own. Md.-kwete, -k-watila ; (z)

marry . (Cf. upa , lmgu la .)K w ap a, nkw ana , n. (mapa ,

makwapa) Armpit.

Kwawo (i .e. b e awa). At their

home (village, country) . Also used

as a noun. (Cf. kwem ,kwmu .)

K w el a , v. Go up, ascend ,cl imb. (Cf. m

'

na .)Kw iha , v. Fix tight (as hoe in

handle, spearhead on shaft) .K w ine, adv. Wel l, truly, real ly ,

rightly, much, very . Kw ina new ,

very wel l , quite right. (Cf.K w inji , adv. Much, very . (Cf.

K w isa , interrog. Where ? (Cf.ku lz

'

pz'

, kn .

K w isonde , adv. Outside . (Cf.karate,pesonde.)K v i ts le , adv. At (to, from

the side (far side, other side). (Cz’

tala , iskily a.)K w iu l u , adv. Above, on the

top, up. Kw . (ya , prep. on, upon,&c. (Cf. z

'

ulu . )

L and B being mostly con

vertible sounds, L is chiefly used

in this vocabulary .

Lai sha, v. See Lay s , Lay isha .

Lal a , v. (r) Lie, l ie down, sleep,rest. Lo la tu la, go to sleep. Md.

dale, Ap. Ial r'

la ,e.g. put aside, put off, adjourn, letrest ; Cs. Int. Ia lisky a , [ales/ly a (cf.u lala, mu lala , mulale)abundant, plentiful . Also 4 :

(Cf.fu la .)Lama, v. Take care of

,keep

watch; guard , tend. Md . J an ine.

(Cf. ma lama ,pemba, embela , sanga .)Lam ba , v. Approach humbly ,

grovel before, ( I) beg , appeal ; (a)

LAMBATILA.

flatter , praise. Usual ly in Ap.

lambi la,lambi lila . (Cf. kambila,

lamba la , kamba.)Lambati l a , v. Stick to, be

sticky . (Cf. kumbatila.)Lambul a , v. Pay wages. (Cf.

ckilambu , Iamba .

Lamut a, v. Open the eyes,wake up. (Cf. wuka , shiwaka .)Lamuna, v . Take in the hand,

receive.

Landamika , v. Set in l ine, putin row . (Cf. Ianga, mulanga.)L ang a, v. ( 1) Show, point out

( a) arrange, direct, manage, com

mand, instruct ; (3) punish, correct .App.

-ila , Cs.-isky a. (Cf. ilanga,

kalanga, mulangwe.)Langal uka ,

v. ( I) Think, bethoughtful , have in mind, remember,expect, wish, bel ieve (cf.buka) ; (2) look thoughtful , be sad

(melancholy , anxious, perplexed).(Cf. tumana .

Langaul a , v. Look about, peer

about. (Cf. dram /m ite .)Lapa, vv. Swear, take an oath.

Cs. lapisky a , e. g. cause to swear,

put on oath ; Ap. Iapila . (Cf.

zoum , malapa.)Lap uka , v. Burst out (w ith

cries, abuse, anger) , cackle, scold ,storm. Ap.

-Ia'

e.1

Lana , v. '

(r Wound, damage ,hurt ; (a) g1

'

ve pain, be painful , ache,hurt ; (3) think, reflect, be perplexed(anxious, thoughtful ) ; (4) go in thedirection of, lead towards ; (5 ) placeon the fire, cook . Ap. las ila,

pRp.

lasana, e. gg. ht. Lasany a , be

thoughtful . p zrf at a loss. (Cf.

L ankil a , v. Find (a thing lost,unexpectedly) , l ight upon after

search. (Cf. fway a , sanga . )Law il a, v. Speak, talk, say .

Md.-lami la, Ap. law ilila ,

mu landu , ( 1) bring to trial , charge,accuse (a) decide settle, judge) acase. (Cf. M a, an E.L. sosa . )L awuka

,v. Forget. (Cf. Iuwa . )

L l isA.

L aw'ul a, v. ) Untie, release,

take out of a tra

(p(;

go

I

(a) taste (( .food)ood-bye to, send

05 , let go , part with, let depart .Cs. Iay iska ,

I)

send away, dispatch

(cf. tun a) . Rp. lay ana , bid good

bye to each other, take leave.

Leka , v. ( 1) Let, al low , permit,give leave (a) let a lone , leave,leave oti , stop (doing) , abandon,desert, part from. Ap. lakela , lakelela , e. g. let ofi, acquit, pardon,remit. Cs. Int. lakes/zy a , larky a ,cause to leave ofi

'

, e.. .g forbid, pre

vent, stop. Lila /zy a , refrain from,

absta in. Rp. lekana, e. g . partcompany , diverge, be different, godiflerent ways, be contrary (contradictory ). Cs. lakany a, put apart ,

part , separate.Le la ,

pv. ( 1) Nurse (a child) ,

rear, bring up ; ((a) form a clusteror swarm (as( bees

g. (Cf. ckik la .)

n. and This day , today , the present time, now . (Cf.ila , mai .la )Lama , v. Be heavy, feel heavy ,

be weary (tired, exhausted) . Ap .

lama/a , Cs. lama /zy a. (Cf. fina ,karala , waka . )Lamba, v. Make marks (signs,

fi

gures) : ( 1) carve , cut, tattoo ;draw, write, sketch (3) make

s1gn (with head, hand, eye), beckon,give a hint. (Cf. rumba.)

facture, cause, create. Al so of

feel ings , e. g. Imga mwana, feel fear.

(Cf. ckita, pangu , umba , wa la .)Leng el el a, v . Peep, peer about,

pry , spy . (Cf. ckmckenta.)L eng ulu la, v . Slander, accuse

falsely , use an

gry (abusive, violent)f.language to . rfiepa .)

Less , 11. (ma-l .) God, thunder.

providence, chance, accident. Lesa

infim m, paramount chief, absolute

ruler .

LEBHYA

Leshy a ,v . Cs . of[aka (which see) .Leta , v. Bring , fetch. (Ap .

Leya , v. Avoid a blow , get out

of the way . (Cf. akia/rila .)Li al so i i1i di C lass

prefix of nouns (sing .) here givenunder I with plural Ma Also

( 1 ) reflexive particle, sel f, selves ,with verbs , e. g. l ipama , strike one

self ; (2) of time, times, e. g . l imo,one time ; Iikumi , ten times ; l ira ,which time ? when ?

L i , v . (defective) Be. (Cf. wa ,ika la , u i .)L ia, Ly a ,

v. Eat, consume, use

up . Md .-l ila, Ap. l i la , e . g . eat

with (as rel ish) ; [il i/a , eat up, eat

al l . Cs. Int. [is/ly a , eat greedily ,cause to eat, feed . Luwaka makul ila , right hand (cf. lu ly a, aka

kulya) . Nt . l ika,Ps. l ikwa , be

eaten, fit to eat ; Ap . Iiki la , Ps.

l ikilwa , be eaten up, devoured bodily(as by l ion) .L ial a , I l y ala , L iamba , 11. See

Iala ,Iamba .

L i la , v. ( 1) Sound, give a sound ,make a noise ; (a) cry , shout, scream ,

exclaim ; (3) cry , shed tears, mourn,lament. Cs. [is/ly a, e. g. play on

an instrument, beat a drum. Lis/ly a

u lu i (mapi ) , clap the hands. Lis/13min ut i

, fire a gun. Lis/zy a mum /m,whistle. (Cf. i l ila.)L i la , 11. Usual ly in plur. mala,

bowel s , entrail s, intestines .

L ima, v. Cultivate, dig , hoe.

(Cf. mu l ima, mu l im i , kula . )L imba , v. ( 1 ) Be strong (firm,

energetic, hard-working , brave) ,make an effort, apply strength ;

(2) plant (seed) . (Cf. kasa .)L imbi , adv. At another time,

on a different occasion. (Cf. -mai . )L imeka

,v. Show pride , show

off, swagger, brag . See M eka , and

L i reflexive .

L inga , adv . How many times ,how often. (Cf. -nga .)L ing a , v. ( 1) Be l ike , be equal ,

-LOM BE

match, suit, fit ; (a) do l ike, copyimitate. Rp. l ingana , be al ike

Cs . l ingany a , match, compare. (Cf,

mu linga, palana .

L ingul a , v. Marry . (Cf. upa,kwata .)L ino, il ino , n. (mma, i. e. ma

ina) . Tooth.

L ino , adv. Perhaps , possibly , itmay be so. (Cf. -na, kani .)L inso , L i so ,

Il iac ,D iso , n.

(mam a, i. e. ma ima

,mesa) . Eye.

(Cf. ckima, iskisa.)L ip a , v. Pay . Ap. l ipila, Cs.

l ipisky a . (Cf. futa .)L isa , Lw isa, interr. When ?(Cf. -isa ,

kwisa .)L ishy a, v . Cs. of ( 1) l ila ,

( 2) l ia , lya .

Liw i l i , n. A second time, again.

(Cf. -w il i , kamil i .Liwuk i sh y a, L iwu chi shy a , v.

Remind oneself, recal l to mind, remember

,recol lect. (Cf. izbuaki

shy a .)L ok a , v. ( 1 ) Rain, fal l as rain

(2) leak, drip, let rain through. Ps .

lakwa, be rained on ; Md. J akalwa.

(Cf. mulacki , ny a .

L ok oso, adv . ( I) Merely, only,just ; (2) for nothing , gratis, in vain,

idly , uselessly ; (3) anyhow, unin

tentionall y , by chance (accident) ,(4) without use (reason, occupation) .Often w ith -a forming an adj. as

above, e. g .-a lakasa, idle, useless,

empty , 850. (Cf. mialala.)Lol a, v. Look, gaze, fix eyes on.

Cs. Int. [alas/zy a , e. g . look careful ly ,observe , examine. (C f. wona .)L omba, v. Beg , ask (for) , pray .

Ap. lambala , Cs . [amber/zy a . (Cf.mu lambaski . )L omba , adv . ( 1 ) Now , at once ,

soon, in these days, as it is ; ( a) but,stil l , nevertheless ; (3) as connective,so , then, next, al though ; lambapana,at once, on the sp .ot

-l ombo, aa. Good looking , handsome, pretty, wel l dressed . (Cf.ulamba

,kalambalamba.)

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LUKW AW ILO

Lukw aw ilo, n. (ia-k.) Sandal

(shoe).Lukwe lol o , n. (ma-k . ) Ladder

(steps, stairs). (Cf. kwala .)Luk w iso, n. (ia-k.) Mole (animal ) .Lu la, v. Be angry. (Cf. ka l ipa ,

[a la , lakama .)Lu lembo, n. (adamaa, rumba) .

Marks cut or drawn, carving, writ

ing , drawing, tattoo marks . (Cf.lomba .)L u l i lo , n . (ndiIa) . Smal l earthen

dish or bow l . (Cf. inanga. )Lu lu , Ul u lu , n. Anger (word ,

act or feel ing) . (Cf. Ia la .)-lu lu , 11. Angry, fierce, brutal .

(Cf. IaIa.)Lu l y o , 11. Right hand (direction) ,

the right. (Cf. Zia (ly a) , la ina.)Luma, v. Bite, sting, hurt. Md.

J amiaa. (Cf. sama and fol lg.)Lumana , Lumany a, v. Grip

each other , grapple, fight. AlsoLumany a , Cs. make hold together,rop, support . (Cf. lama and

ol lg .)Lumata , v. Bite hard, grip, be

shar (e. g. a tool ) . (Cf. lama ,lwa .

Lumba, v . ( 1) praise, flatter

(cf. lomba ) ; (a) divide up, distribute

Lumbu la , v. Speak of, mention,al lude to. (Cf. skimba la .)-l ume, a. Male. (Cf. ma lama,

mwa/am ,-Iy alama.)

Lum fwi , n. (mfwi) . Grey hair.L umfi vi l a , u . (no plur .) Keen

hearing, sharp ear. (Cf. amfwa .

)Lumi k a , v. Bleed (surgica ly,'

by cupping) , let blood . (Cf. samika ,masaka .)L umi n i , n. (imim

’

, mmini forn Tongue. (Cf. ma laka .)Lumpundu , n. ( impuada ) .

Tril led cry or scream (of joy or

welcome) .Lunda

,v. Join, make a joining,

fasten together. Rp . landana , Cs.-any a . (Cf. ilzmda.)L undu l u la, v . Pass word along.

LUPUTI

Lunga, v. Season, add rel ish

to (food) , e. g . ckimma, ckitawala,

ckirawa.

Lungama, v. Be even, straight,flat, smooth, level . Cs.

-ika, make

even, &c. (Cf. fol lg.)Lungika, v. Make even, level.

L . infi di , level (aim) a gun. (Cf.

Lunshi, U lunsh i , n. (sea

Common fly .

Lu o la, n. (alaala) . Sting , e. g .

of bee.

Lup afu, n. (mpafu) . Bag (ofbark cloth, for carrying grain) .(Cf. zpafa ,

kapafic, itamba , ifuka ta . )Lupako, n. (mpaka) . Cavity ,

hol low, hole.-a lapaka, hol low .

Lup and a , n. (mpamia and ma-p.)Fork of tree or post. (Cf. panda ,mapandwa, mapanda .)Lupande, n. (ma-lap. ) One

yard of cal ico . (Cf.panda , ckzpanda,makwamaa,kaputi. )Lup augo , n. (mpanga) . Ransom,

redemption, payment, bail . (Cf.

Lup apatal a, n. (ma-p.) Flat

(side) of knife, board, &c.

Lup e , U lupe , n. (ma-Iapa) . A

(kind of ) basket. (Cf. chipa).Lup i , Ul up i , 11. (maps, amapi ) .

Palm, whole inner side of hand.

Lislcy a mapi , clap the hands.Lup in, n. (ma-p . and ma-lap .)

Hill ,mountain. (Cf. mapi l i , kapil i .)Lupingw e

, n. (m-p.) Watchman’s

stage, platform with shel ter hut.

(Cf. ckztm a, cki l inda. )Lup op o , 11. (mp . and map .)

Wooden peg, nail . (Cf. papa .)Lupoto , 11. (mp.) Crest , tuft ,

topknot.

Lupu l a, v. ( 1) Pound (sorghum),(cf. twa , kam la) (a) wash clothes

(by beating) : (3) make a great

catch of fish.

Lupump u , 11. (mp.) Upright

pole, carrying roof. (Cf. laranM .)Lup ut i , 11. (mp.) ( 1 ) Mound

,

hil lock , raised bed (for seed in

LUBAFU

garilen) , grave-mound ; (2) swel l ing,

boi

Lusefa , n. (m a) Calf (of leg) .Lusak o , n (ma-s .) Stick . (Cf.

kati , imaka, mkal i .)Lu sal e , n. (m .) A long , thin,

cord-l ike snake.

Lusambo , n. (m .) Brass-anklet ,bracelet. (Cf. imamba.)Lusangw e

,n. Seed-shel l or

husk used to make a bird-cal l .

(Cf. masaméa, indamda la .

Lusanso , n. (ma) Strainer,fil ter, colander. (Cf. m a,fwa.)Lusatu , n. (ma) Python.

Luse , n. (ma m) Hoe. (NotW .L. Cf. isa.)Lusengo , n. (ma Horn.

Lu sensa , n. (ma) Grassy , tree~less depression in forest, with a

stream. (Cf. ckisam a, ikanga .)Lushimu , n Bee.

La shing s , u. (a sk . ( 1) Bloodvessel , vein ; (2) string of bow (3)trigger of gun. (Cf. kashinga, andfol lg.)L ush ipam Blood-vessel,

vein.

Lu shl shi , n. (mkiskz) . Bark

in strips used for rope, cord,string . (Cf. mwanda, impupa , akimombwa , ckikanga.)Lush i to , n. Fence, for

catching game.

Lu sonta , n Leaning roof

poles, rafters . (Cf. mpampa, ma

panda .)Lu sota, 11. (mn) Nipple of

breast.Lusua, 11. Sunshine, sun

’

s l ight

(heat, power). (Cf. kasaa .)Lu tengo, 11. (ar.) Bit of dry

grass. (Cf. katmda.)Lu towa, n. (fi -t. ) Hol low

(middle) of check . (Cf. i .tawa )Luwa , v. ( I ) Be at a loss , ,stray

wander, be lost ; (a) forget. Ap.

lamila , e.g. mkila, lose the road ;Md . J ami/a, Cs. 1afi ra

,lose, was

ée,

throw away (cf. papana, Iza ; C

lajjarky a, -i.rkiskya , Rp. a y any a,

LW ALA

e.

fg . mix up, confuse , make ajumble

o

L aw atu , n. (mbafu ) . Rib.

Luw ak a,n. (ngaka) . See Luak a.

Luw al a , n. ( filawala) . A kind

of (human) tick.

Luw al i , n. (mka li ). Side, side

part , side portion. Mbal i sky ama,

on al l sides, al l round.

Luw al i-w al i , n . (mbal i-wal i ) .Flea. (Cf. lawala . )Luw al o , n. (mbala) . Cross-piece,

lath carrying thatch on rafters .

Luw amba, 11. Film over the eye,dim l ight, stupidity . (Cf. wamba,ckiwambi . )Luw anga, n. (ma-w .) A (kind

of) fish-trap. (Cf. maa na.)Luwangul a , 11. Indian hemp ,

bhang.

Luw ao , n. (mbaa. ) Fence for

catching game. (Cf. laskita. )Luwe, Lubw e, n. Ironstone.

(Cf. i'wa. )

Luw emba , n. Brass. (Cf.z'

m amba, makawa .)Luw engw a, n. (ma-w .) Powder

horn.

Luw eshi , n. (ma-I.) Knire.

(Cf. ckiwaski , way a. )Luw'i l o , 11. Act of running,

speed, quick motion. As adv. ,

quick ly , speedily, in haste. (Cf.imbila, zilataka , wangu .)L uw o , u l uw o ,

n. Quarrel ,struggle, debate. (Cf. lwa, ma

lama, mu landu .)Luw ol a , 11. See Lu ol e.

Luw omba-nongo ,n. Giraffe.

Luwuk o,n. (ma-w. ) Doctor

’

s

art , detection and treatment of il l

ness. (Cf. waka . )Luh ku

,n. (ma-l . and maaka),

High river-bank.

Luwul a, v. Ransom, redeem,

buy back . (Cf. lapanga.)Luwunda , n. (manda , mala tb.)

Hip, loin.

Lwa, v. W restle, struggle ,quarrel , fight. (Cf. lwana

,lawa.)

Lwala , v. Be (become) il l , be

o LW ELE

sick , be ail in

g. Md .

-Izaala. (Cf.tanda , and fo lg .)-lw el e, -lw eshi , -lw ash.i

,a.

Sick, il l . (Cf. IwaIa , a lwala. )Lw iny angu ,

n. (iny anga ) . A

(kind of) bean.

L y a, v. See Lia .

-l y a, a. demonstr. That, that

yonder . (Cf. ona. )-l y ak ash i , a. Female. (Cf.

nkaski , -anakaski .)-ly alume , a . Male. (Cf. J ame,

and lama.)

Ma Class-prefix plur. of manynouns w ith I , In , 11

,as prefix in

sing . Under this are given a numberof words used only or mainly in

plur .

Maflna , n. Matter, pus . (Cf.

Maflngw a,n. Things thrown

down, rol l ing, fal ling, &c. , e.g. rub

bish, stones, earth on hil lside.

M afuta, 11. Fat, oil , grease,ointment.Mai l o, n. To-morrow , yesterday .

(Cf. ila , Iala.)M ainsh a, n. Rainy season

(November to March) .Makup a, 11. (Human) milk .

(Cf. makaka .)Makw ewo , n . Goods for sale,

merchandise. (S. Iakwawa.)Mal a , n . Bowels , entrail s.

M al amba , 11. Iron ore for smel t

ing. (Cf. matapa, lacti c.)Malape ,

n. Oath (of asseveration) . (Cf. lapa , mapanda.)Mal ek ano, n. Parting, division,

going different ways, difference,contradiction. (Cf. Iaka , mampandwa .)Mal engany a, n. Lizard.

Al so K amal engany a

Mal enji , 11. Long , high grass.

(Cf. ckan i.)M al i , amal i , 11 . Personal pro

perty , weal th. (Swa. Cf. ckama .)Mal i r i , n. Bed-frame, bedstead.

Also Il ir i .

MASO

Mal o, 11. Place. Pa mala -a ,

in place of, instead of. (Cf. aim/a.)Maluko , n. Vomit. (Cf. laka .)Ma luk u , n. Mal icious slanderer

,

backbiter, deceiver, l iar .

Mama , v. Cry out , exclaim (at,against, Ap . mamila , Cs .

mama'

s/ly a . (Cf. ama .)Mama, n. ( “ma-m.) Mother. M .

maka la , mother’

s elder sister. Mmwaika

,mother

'

s younger sister .

M .fy a la ,mother-in-law . M wa ma

waka la , step-mother. (Cf. ny ina . )

M ambi r ima , n. Fal ls (of a

river) . (Cf. mapata .)Mampanda, n. Fork of road .

(Cf. panda , and fol lg .)M p andw a , n. Fork of tree .

(Cf. panda , lapanda .)Maria , v. Come to an end

,be

finished , completed . Al so Act ., i . e.

bring to an end , finish, complete.

Md .-iaa. (Cf. pala , ski la .)

Manata , n. Leprosy, leper.

Manika, Manioba , Marik a, v.

Grip, hold tight, seize w ith fingers.Rp . maa (i)kana , Cs. mankany a

(used of fourth day’s beer-brewing .

Cf. kamba ) .Manko lw e

,n. Fence or screen

of veranda (ma lakala) .m p anda, 11. See Mampanda.

m p asa , n. (M mapasa) . Twins

of difierent sex . (Cf. mapunda .)Map ota , n. Rapids (of river).(Cf. mambir ima .)Mesa , Mata , v. Apply mud

plaster (of first rough coat) , plaster(a hut). Nt . marika , be plastered,covered with mud. (Cf. skinga .)M ak e , 11. Sorghum,

Katfir

corn.

Mm a la, Mashy ala , 11. Land

gone out of cu ltivation, abandonedplantation. (Cf. matanga, isky ala . )Machir i , Mi sbi l l , n. (wa-m. )

Skil led workman , mechanic, usual l ysmith. (Cf. cki lala, mafaski . )Mashy ala , 11. See Masal a .

Mano, 11. Hair of pudenda. (Cf.fol lg . )

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MUCHINDA.

member of a vil lage, free man.

(Cf. kaakela.)Mu ch i la , n. (mi-ck .) Tail (of

animal ). (Cf. im aka . )M uchinda , n. (mi-ck.) Stem of

pipe. (Cf. intanta , imbakama . )Muohinz i , n. (mi-ck .) Honour ,

respect, compl iment, present, civil ity ,attention. (Cf. ckina

'ika . )

Muchombo, n. (ma-ck .) Whitecal ico worked (Swahili) cap. (Cf.

ckisati, ckapawa . )Muemt‘u , 11. See Mwemfu .

Mu enshi , n. (mi-a.) A (kind of)ant. (Cf. mam a . )Mufll a

,n. (aid-ji) An idler , one

who neglects to hoe his garden.

(Cf. ufi la .)M unto, n. (mif ) Soot, grime

( on cooking-pot, roof, (Cf.

mmkita,ma lala.)

Mufulw a , n. (mif ) Furrow ,

groove , trench.

Mu tundw a , n. (mi-f ) A sweet,rather l ight beer . (Cf. uwalwa,

M ufungom. mi-f . ) Ceremonial

offering . (Cf. ckzpapa, pupa . )Mufimbi , n. (“ma-f ) Worker in

metal , smith. (Cf.ficla . )Murwi , n. (mi-f . Arrow .

Mufy al a , 11. (way ) Cousin.

(Cf. jj'ala .)Mufy ash i , n. (abaf ) Parent.

(Cf. fyala . )M ui l i , n. (miil i). (1) Body ;

(2) substance, bulk , bigness .

Mu i l ima, n. (mi-i .) A (kind of)bat. (Cf. impepa.)Mu ip i , 11. See M uw ip i .

Muk a, umk a, n. (fi aka) . W ife .

Mka wa wane, another man's w ife.

Mka ma-fi lwa, mka kasky ala, a

widow . (Cf. makaski. )Muk ak a, n. (mi-k.) Milk (of

animals) . (Cf. makapa. )Muk al o , n. (mi-k .) Water-hole,

wel l . (Cf. murkima. )Muk amata , n. (ma-m.) Person

(w ife or slave) inherited. (Cf.akokola

, impiaaa.)

MUK ULU

Mukanca, Mukansa, n. (mi-k . )Wrinkle (on face) .Mukashi , n. (ma-k. ) W ife , wo

man. (Cf. mwanakarki .)Mukatamw ene , n. (ri1a-k .) Per

sonal servant in chief’

s household .

Mul ati , adv. Meanwhile, inside ,in the middle. (Cf. kati , paka ti .)Muk o, Umuk o

,n. (waka ,

awaka) . Son-in law . Also Mw ika.

Muk ofu, n. (mi-k. ) Scar .

Mukoka m, Fetish (distingu ishing a family or clan in a tribe) ,family , clan. (Cf. makawa .)Muk ol o , n . (ma-k .) ( 1) F irsthead) wife of a chief ; (z) (mi-k.)cep water-channel , gul ly , ravine .

Al so Makalwa . (Cf. makaakala . )Muk oma, 11. (mi-k.) Hammer

for smith’

s work . (Cf. kama .

Muk ondo , n. (mi-k . ) ( 1 ) rack

of game, 5 oor, trail ; (2) war Spear

(cf. inkMukonka, Munk onk a ,n. (mi-k.)

Bracelet, anklet, ofbrass wire . (Cf.Zarambo, watala.)Muk onk o , n. (mi-k.) Tree with

edible fruit (ikanka, pl . maMuk onkol a , n. (mi-k.) Water

channel , drain, ditch. (Cf. ma

Muk onkoto, n. (mi-k. ) Old

man’s staff, walking

o stick .

Mukonono, n.

g

(mi-k .) Snore,snoring . (Cf. kalama .)

n. (mi-k .) Wal let,satchel . (Cf. inkamwa. )Mukoehi

,n. (mi-k.) Neck ,

thr oat (external ). (Cf. ikaski .)Muk ow a, n. (mi-k. ) ( 1 ) Navel ;(a) family , clan. (Cf. makaka .)Muk uku

,11. (mi k .) ( I ) Current

(ofwater) , draft (of (eta-k ) ,grandmother (cf. imbay aMukul a , n. (mi-k.) Track of

something on the ground.

(Cf. ka la ,m .)Muku l ama , n. (ma k.) Guard,

attendant (Cf. lama .)Mukul u , n. (ma-k.

)( 1) A great

person (cf. -ka la ) ; ( 2 elder brother,

MUKUNUBHI

e . g . maka la aata (in eneral ) ;maka l a wan/ z, my elder rother .

Mukunushl , n. (sea-k.) Adulterer . (C f. kamma , mackanda. )M ukup a, 11. Nativebeer (uwa lwa )

in the second stage ofmaking . (Cf.kamba. )Muk u shi ta

,n. (ma-k.) Trader ,

one who buys or sel ls , customer ,sel ler. (Cf. skifa .)Mukusu ,

n. (mi-k. ) Helping ,bite

,mouthful , morsel of food taken

in the fingers. (Cf. mma, isana,kasa . )Mukuw a

,n. Cepper .

Mukw a , Mw ikw a , n. (mikwa) .Piece of bark used for carrying .

(Cf. lakwa . )Mukw akw a , n. (mi-k.) Path,

road . (Cf. im‘kila , masaa . )

Mukw al a , n. (mi-k .) Track ,footstep (of man or animal ) . (Cf.makanda, lakasa .)Mukw amba ,

n. (mi-k. ) One

fathom of cloth. (Cf. lapanda.)Mukw an dal a, n. (mi-k.) Bel t,

girdle . (Cf. intandwa.)Mukw awo, n. (ma-k.) One of

their village, neighbour. Swasa (makwana ) , my (your) neighbour. (Cf. -a.m ,

-amc, a rea. )Mul aka , n. (mi-l .) ( 1 ) Tongue

(cf. lamini , a laka) ; (a) language,speech.

Mu l al a , n. (ma ( 1) A personof the Lala tribe (cf. ckila la ,mila la) ;( z) (mi remainder of food, food

put away, reserve (cf. ckimaala ) ;( 3) crack , fissure , crevice .

Mu l al e , n. (mi-l . ) Soot (fromsmoke, on roof), ashes (of burnedgrass) . (Cf. itay i .)Mul amu

, n. (zf'

za-l . ) Brother or

sister-in-law .

Mul anda, n. (ma-l . ) Dependantof a chief, one of a vil lage. (Cf.mackata.)Mu lando, n. (mi-l .) i Dead ,

fal len tree.

Mul andu , n. (mi-I.) ( I ) Affair,case, matter, subject of debate,

MULONDA

business ; ( 2) difficul ty , question ,

quarrel , discussion, argument ,reason

,cause.

M ul ang we , n. (mi-l.) ( 1 ) Sense,intel lect, understanding ; (a) cleverword or act

, device, trick , argument ,jibe ; (3) advice, warning , instruction . (Cf. langa , ilanga, kalanga.)Mu l an shi , n. (mi-l .) Barrel of

gun. (Cf. ma la l i .)Mu l ay o, n. (ma-l .) Doctor, me.

dioine-man. (Cf. inganga .)M u l embe, n. (zila-l .) Trunk of

elephant. (Cf. maang'

a, mampa .)M ul iango . See Mul y ang o .

Mu l i lo, n. (mi-l .) Fire , blaze,heat. (Cf. ckiwa, kawa. )Mul im i , n. (ala-I.) One who

cul tivates the soil , peasant. (Cf.l ima and fol lg .)Mul im o , n. (mi-l .) ( t ) Hoeing ,

digging , cul tivation ; ( a) labour,work , occupation. (Cf. lima , iackita.)Mu l imw a , n. (mi-l .) A (kind

of bean. (Cf. inkanda, Iw inyangu .)Mu l inda , n. (rim-l . ) Young

girl , not adult. (Cf. ckisanga . )Mul ing o , n. (mi-l . ) Pattern

,

measure , copy . (Cf. l ingu .)Mu l iwo, n. (mi-l . ) Shoot,

sucker, tendril of creeping plant.

Mu l och i , n. (mi-l . ) Fal l ingrain, shower . (Cf. imp a la , Iaka .)Mul okash i , 11. (cm Daughter

ih-law . (Cf. muko. )Ma l ek ol o , n. (mi-l .) Space

under projectin eaves of house,often support by poles , and

enclosed with screen, verandah.

Mul ombe , n. (ma-l . ) A fine

looking , handsome, wel l-dressed

person. (Cf. a lamba, kalamba. )Mul ombesh i , n. (sea-l .) A

beggar , suppl iant . (Cf. lomba .)Mul omo , n. (mi

-I.) ( 1 ) Lip ,beak ; (a) projection, edge, brim ;

(3) insult, provocation, quarrel .(Cf. kalama. )Mul onda , n. (mi Fol low

MULON'

GA

ing , tracking, search for game. (Cf.londa. )Mul onza, n. ( r) (mi-I.) Current,

rush of water (cf. makaka ) ; ( a)(zba-k.) chief

’

s overseer (cf. Ioaga) .Mu l ong o, n. (mi-l . ) A row or

l ine of things, and so a number or

quantity , crowd, group, herd , flock,gang (cf. Ionga) ; ( z) (dra -l . ) one ofthe same vil lage , neighbour (cf.makwazbo).Mu l opa, 11. Blood. (Cf. kala

wa la.)Mu l oshi , n. (1) (sea-l .) W itch

doctor (cf. indoski , infw iti , Iowa)(a) (mi-I.) whistling , whistle (cf.mam a , maska) .Mu l u

,11. Upp

er part of river or

stream. So amala , up-stream .

(Cf. insalalo, iu lzc.)Mu luko , n. Vomiting. (Cf.

laka,malako.)

Mu lu l i , n. (mi-I.) Barrel of gun.

Mulumbwana , n. (zoo-l .) Youth,lad , attendant.Ma l umo, n. (ma-I. Male, man,

husband. (Cf. J ame.

Mu lumu , n. (mi-I.) Cuppinginstrument, usual ly horn. (Cf. lumika , mw aka .)Mul unda , n. (mi-I.) Heap, pi le.

(Cf. mavumba.)Mul undu , n. (mi-l .) Land,

country , dry land . (Cf. ck a.)Mu langani , n. (ma-l .) A pro

fligate, adul terer. (Cf. mackmda,makanaski .)Mu lw ashi , Ma lw el e , 11. (10a-l .)

Sick person, inval id . (Cf. Iwala .)Mulw end o , n. (rba-l .)

'

l‘

ravel ler,

passer-by , stranger , guest. (Cf.

anda , lwamlo. )Mu ly ango, n. (mi-l .) Hole,

aperture , doorway , entrance . (Cf.mapal a ,

ckzpanda .)Mambo, n. Purpose, intention.

As adv . on purpose , intentional ly .

Ta mambo, accidental ly.

Mumbu,n. (mi-a .) Potato-l ike

vegetable.

MUNKONKA

Mumbw e , n. (ma-t u.) A (k indof wild dog , fox (Cf. imbwa.)Mum s , n. (mama) . Dew . Also

Ckima.

Mumena, n. (mi-m .) Plant, herb .

(Cf. maaa .)Mumi no, n. (mi-m.) Throat

(internal ) . (Cf. mina ,makoski .)

Hamoy e, n. (ma-m .) Young

girl , adul t. (Cf. ckisunga .)Mump a, n. (mimpa) . Trunk of

elephant. (Cf. ma lamba.)Mumpund i , n LaIa m. , be

gorged , glutted w1th food.

Mumpu lu , n. (sea-m.) F001,idiot, simpleton. (Cf. para , ckangwa .)M unasara, n. (rim-a . ) A Swahil i

man, Mahommedan.

Ma nda, n. (mimia. ) Cultivatedland, plantation , garden. (Cf.

Mundonda , n. (mi-a .) A drop(of l iquid) . (Cf. Iomia .)Muneta , n. (mi-n .) Fleehy part

of meat, flesh (not bone) . (Cf.inama , ckim ma.)Munga , n. (minga) . Thorn

,

prickle.

Mung ang a, n. (ma-n.) See In

sanga .

Mung’o , n. (aziango) . Thief.

(Cf. pompwa.)Mungu , Maungu ,

n. (mi-anga) .Pumpkin. (Cf. ckipmki .)Mungw e , n. (wangwa) . A single,

unmarried person. (Cf. mas/l ike.)Mun i , n. (mint) . Anus , vent.

Mun i lna, v. Give l ight , l ight up ,show by l ight. (Cf. masky a, and

fol lg .)Maniko

,n. Something

that gives (artificial) l ight , torch,fire, candle, &c. Al so Ckimaniko.

(Cf. mam‘

ka . )Mun ing a, n.

rmi-n .) Groundnut. Also Imkawa .

M ank ombe , n. (mi-n .) Earthen

vessel , for water or cooking. (C f.ik anga.)Munk onlra, 11. See Mukonka .

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MUPUTU

combry ; (z) (aid-p.) a sil ly , vain ,

overdressed person. (Cf. para,aw . )Map utu , n. (mi-p .) Name of a

tree.

Mu safu,n. (mi-s.) Sharp, bitter

speech, taunt, rebuke. (Cf. isala.)Musak o , n. (mi-s .) Wooden

shaft of Spear (ifumo). (Cf. Iasako.)M u sal e , n. (mi-s.) Sugar

-cane.

M u sambo , n . (mi-s. ) A tree

fromwhich bark-cloth is made. (Cf.lakwa .)Musamp al a , n. (mi-s .) Rel ish,

seasoning for food. (C f. zba ckisa,

ckitazbalo, langa.)Mu samp i , n. (mi-s .) Bough,

branch (of tree) .Musana , n. (mi-s .) Back (of

body) . (Cf. inama . )Musankw a

,n. (war-s.) Young

boy . (Cf. mwanicka. )Musan tu , n. (mi-s .) Grass used

as a wrapper or cover for carryingnuts, &c.

Musasa , n . (mi-s .) Shed, shel ter

(of boughs, grass, (Cf. matanda ; not W .L .)Mu sav

‘

vo , n. (mi-s .) W ooden

rest for head, pillow . Also Ma ta

mino.

Muse , n (misc)(Cf. tapala, sosa . )Musem be

, n. (mi-s .) Piece of

horn used as a bird-cal l . (Cf.

Sweet taste.

M usenga , n. (mi-s .) Sand .

M usep o , n. (mi Edible forestfruit or herb. (Cf. sapa .)Mu seshy a , n. (mi-s. ) River

channel .

Mu sh ang al al a , n. (mi-s.) Char

coal . (Cf. muskimkil i li .)Mushi

,n. (miski) . Vil lage. (Cf.

kaski .)Mu sh i lre

,n. (ska-r.) Unmarried

person.

Mu sh i l i,n. Ground

, earth.

Ma sh i l e , n . (mi-s .) Ending,end. (Cf. ski/a , mapalo, iski l i la.)

MUSONGA

M ush ishi , Mu sici,

n. (miHair of head (human). (Cf. mwafic,isako. )Mush ito , n. (mi-r .) Soot, grime.

Mushi lu , n. (f l it Madman .

(Cf. «ski/cc,-m kila .

Mush ima,

n. (mi-s. Wel l ,water-hole. (Cf. makalo.)M ush imb i , Mus imbi

,n. (ri m-s .)

Growing girl , not adult. (Cf. cki

sanga .)Mu shi mbil il i , n . (mi-s.) Char

coal . Also M uskangalala .

‘Mush impu l o ,11. Beer in the

first stage of mak ing . (Cf. kamba ,

uwalwa, skimpu la .)

Mushimu,

n . (mi-s. ) Disembodied spirit, soul , ghost . (Cf.mapaski, ckiwanda ckimkingwa )Mushinku

,11. (mi-s.) (1) Size,

stature, bulk, volume ; (a) kind , sort.(Cf. mu l andu . )Mushinso , n. (mi-s ) Long

journey, long way , great d1stance.

Mush in ti l il o , n. (mi-s .) Blood

vessel ,Lvein, artery. (C f. lurkinga ,

Mu sh iw a , n. (ma-s.) A person

bereaved , orphan, widow . (Cf.skia , sky ala, ma sky ala . )M ushy a , n. (ma-s.) Slave (male

or female) . (Cf. kaluma.)Mush y a, v. Give l ight , make

light, l ight up. (Cf. manika .)M ushy al a, n. (ma-s .) One de

set ted, derelict, w idow ,orphan, cast

away . (Ci . mnskiwa , sky ala .)M ush y el e , n. (mi-s .) Foot.

(Cf. lakasa .)Mu sh y u , 11. (mi-s .) Root (of

tree, &c.,

underground) . (Cf.irkina . )M u si , 11. See M un sh i , Mu shi .

Musolrolw e , n. (mi-s . ) New

place of abode, new settlement.Muson o , n. (mi-s. ) Skewer ,

spit.

M us onga , n. (mi-s. ) ( 1 ) Sharpend , tip, point (of stake) , tooth (ofcomb, &c .) (cf. sangola, ironga) ;

0

MUSONTE

( a) bud, shoot, sprout (cf. kaka

M us on te, n. (mi-s.) Ear (of

grain). (Cf. ckisankunta .)M usop e l o , n. (mi-s .) Ramrod.

(Cf. sopala . )M u sosh i , M u shoshi

,n. (mi-s.)

Tear (of the eye) .M usow a, n. (mi-s.) Wail ing,

lamentation. (Cf. l ila . )M usuk a, n. (mi-s . ) Iron shaft

of spearhead , spike-end (of axe-head,

of hoe-blade) . (Cf. ckacko, im uka . )M usuku ,n. (mi-s .) ( I )Horn used

as on ping instrument (cf. mnlama ,

lumi a) ; ( 2) tree with a sweet

edibl e fruit (ma mku ) .M usuma, n. Wholeness, sound

ness , entirety , completeness .-a

marama , and mamma , whole, nu

broken, perfect.

M usumbo , n . (mi-s. ) Nativeboring tool , awl . (Cf. mondo .)M usumbu ,

n. (mi-s .) A fish

spear. (Cf. samba .)Mucundo , n. (mi-s.) Punting

pole.

M usung il o , n. (mi-s .) Notdoing as asked , contrariness, il l

nature.

M usungu ,n. (rim-s.) European ,

white man.

M ususu , n . (mi-s .) Mode of

wearing hair (Cf.nzwa la . )M u swa, n. (miswa). White ant.M u tal a , n. (mi-t . ) District under

one chief.

M u tambo ,n. (mi-t .) Large size,

bulk, stature, fine physique. (Cf.

ifumbi .)M u tam ino , n. (mi-t. ) Wooden

head-rest, pil low . (Cf. masazbo,

taamina .)M utanda , n. (mi-t .) Shed,

shel ter of boughs, grass, and leaves .

(Cf. ma rasa .)Mu tand e , n. (mi-t .) Line, row

(of things side by side) . (Cf.mu longo, row in file .)Mutang ik o, n. (mi-t .) Begin

MUTONDO

Mu tond o ,n . (mi-t. ) Earthen

(cooking or water) pot.

inongo. )(Cf.

ning , leading off, guiding. (Cf.

fol lg . )M u tanji l i shi , n . (zifa-t. ) One

who goes in front , leader , guide.

(Cf. tangi la , kanongola . )M u tano , n. (mi-t .) Large l imb

of tree, main fork or branch. Cf.

ma rampi , a smal ler bough .)M u tant i

,n. (mi-t .) Cross-po le

(resting on forked poles) ; cross

p iece, e. g . of bed-frame.

M utap o , n. (mi -t.) Iron ore for

smel ting. (Cf. lnzba, malamba .)M u tat ik o, n. (mi-t .) Beginning .

(Cf. ta l iko, y amba , mutang ika. )M u tatu ishi , n. (zba-t .) Leader

in singing , conductor .

M u tefu , n. (mi-t. ) Hoop (e. g .

round top of a basket. (Cf. ckisala. )M u tembo, n. (mi-t . ) Pole for

carry ing a load between two men.

(Cf. tamba .)M u tem el a , n. (zba-t.) Wood

cutter, in chief’s household. (Cf.

l ama .)M u tende , n. (mi-t .) Peace,

quiet settled state or condition, used

as common salute.

Mutenza, n. (zila-t.) Messenger,carrier .

Mutenje ,Mu teng e ,n. (mi-t .) ( 1 )Roof of native hut (round, conical )(2) 0 en shed (roof on poleswithoutwal ls (Cf. ckitanja. )Mu t i , umu t i , n. (miti , imiti ) .

( 1 ) Tree (cf. rkiti,kati) ; (2)medicine

(cf. may anda ) .Mu tik a , n . Thickness, stoutness,

firm texture, strength, substance.

(Cf. tika . )Mutima, n. (mi-t.) ( 1) Heart

( a) feel ing, desire,

appetite ; (3)disposition, character .

Mu to,n. (mita) . Gravy, soup,

sauce.

Mu tol e, n. (mi-t .) Bird-cal l,made of horn. (Cf. mmcmba,

MUTULO

Mutul o, n. (mi-t .) Customary

present to chief. tribute . (Cf.ta la .)Mutumba, n. (mi-t .) Bale of

cal ico. (Cf. itamba .)Mu tumw a, n. (rba-t .) Messenger.

(Cf. l ama.)Mu tundu , n. (mi-t .) Size, kind ,

sort, qual ity (cf. maskinka ) . Mama , alike. kl . ambi , different.Mu tunta, n. (mi-t.) Hil l , undula

tion, rising ground.

Mutw i,n. (milw i) . Head, tep,

peak. (Cf. cki l'wi , katw i .)

Muungu , 11. See Mungu .

Munw a,n. (miawa) . Smith

’s

bel lows, with handles (a lapa , plur .

clay stand ckitapi ) , pipe tonozzle (kawamba la nozzle ( inckalo) ,clay fireplace into which nozzle

passes (mackala). Cf. faka ta .)Muv i , n.

(an d Friend, s e

quaintance, fel ow , neighbour onlyused in combination with a posses

sive adj. , e.g . mavy anji , zbaay ana ,

&c. (Cf. «oi , ckizbaza, mak‘wazba,

mwama, and E .L. mananji .)Mum mba , n. (mi-v.) Hea

ppil e, ful l measure. (Cf. afambzMuw el e , n. (zba-w .) First-born

child . (Cf. kaw inda , iwaIa.)Muw era, n. Cold season (SE.

w inds, June to dry season.

(Cf. mains/1a .)Muw i , 11. See Muv i .

Muw ip i , 11. W idth, breadth.

(Cf. api .)Muw ono , 11.mm .) Castor-oil

plant. (Cf. imMuwan, n. A l iar , Scoundrel .

(Cf. son/i , y‘i. )

Muwun do , n. (mi Beginningof rainy season, first rain. (Cf.mainska .)Muwungo , n. (mi India

rubber tree. (Cf. zntafa .)Muwuy u, n . (mi-w.) Baobab

tree ; irbay a (ma-m), its fruit.Muy ambo , n. (mi-y . ) Beginning ,

commencement , start. Cf. y amba ,tatika

,tango . Not W . la.)

MW APO

Mw epo, 11. (miborrowed, advance got or given oncredit. (Cf. apula. )

Something

Muyanda, n. (mi-y .) Drug ,medicine, porson.

H uy endo , n. (ma-y . ) Travel ler ,stranger , guest. (Cf. enda , mu l

menda.)Mw aoheso , n Past time, old

time , long ago-a mwackeso, old ,

antiquated ; mwezi (mwaka) a m171 .

last month (year) . (Cf. kale.)Mw afl, n. Poison

,used as

ordeal .

Mw aful i , n. (mi-a .) Umbrel la .

(Swa.)Mw aiohe Mw aik e , n

Child, young boy or g i rl . Also

Mw aniohe . (Cf. mwana , wile .)Mw aka , n. (miaka) . Year .

Mamb o-no (mwaka am ) , this year ;mwaka 10a mac/m o, last year . (Cf.ckaka .)Mw al a, n. (mid la) . ( 1 ) Rock ,

boulder , stone , cl ifl'

; (a) way of

wearing hair band from

front to back. (Cf. mum . )Mw amba , n. (mi-a .) Cross

pole, ridge-pole of roof. (Cf.

Mw ame, n. (warm ) . Friend ,companion. (Cf. mum

'

,ckid uza . )

Mwana, n. 10am ) . ( 1 ) Child,son, daughter ; a)

Efrson. Mwana

wa kusanga , step—c

'

ld . (Cf. mwaunlame komwana, kana , mwa

nika.)Mwanakashi ,n. (zba-n.)Woman,

female. (Cf. $0 5 12)Mw anal ume , n . (ma-n .) Man,

male. (Cf. J ame.)Mw andi , interj. Al l right, that

’s

enough , I see, I understand , thank

you . Often, ea mwandi.

Mwando, n. (mi-a.) String (oftwisted fibre) . (Cf. lax/1:35 :21Mw angal o , n. (mi-a .) appl

ness, joy , merriment , sport , fun,

play . (Cf. angala .)Mw anika , Mw aniche, n. See

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NANGU

lazy, be behindhand ; (3) be gentle,easy, affable, kind. rVaka ! Konaka /

be quiet ! gently ! take it easy !

Ap.-i la , Cs. Int. nakz

'

sfiy a ,nus/zy a , e .g . relax , loosen, weary,tire out , soften.

Nangu ,adv. Not even , not at

al l , by no means. (Cf.Nan i , interrog . Who ? Ndam

'

,

who is it ? -a nanz'

,-a kwanz

'

, whose ?

Nan ik a , v. A ply (as oil ,r ub on. (Cf. m a .)Nay a , Nany a , v. Stir about

(porridge, while cooking) .Nd o l o

, Nd ol o-nd ol o , Nd ol ol o ,adv . (Oftenafter-enka , i .e. ) quite,just,entirely, nothing bu t. (Cf. lokoso. )-ndu ,

-nd o, a . What ? (Cf.n lm,

skani, c/zz'

ndn, findn .)

Ndul o, adv . (It is) then, when.

(Cf. nlo, z‘

ly o, 15 , i ii , lomba .)Ndum e

,n. See Indume .

Nduno , adv. (It is) now, at

once , on the spot. (Cf. -no.)Ne , prep. conj. And, w ith.

(Cf. na .)m e

, a. See o ine,m e .

Ne -ne, pron . , I. Nane, and I,

with me. Nemwz'

ne,I mysel f.

(Cf. newo. )Nel i , adv . (before noun, adj. or

infin. mood) . Not even, by no

means, not a bit. (Cf. nangu .)Nembo ,

Ndembo ,n . (S. Inlernbo) .

Tattoo-markings, carving , writing ,sketches . (C f. lemba .)No-na

,adv . Very , truly, real ly ,

only after -z’

ne (w e) . (Cf. kwakuti .)Newo , nebo , nefo , pron. , I,

me. (Cf. naNga . Has various uses, ( 1 ) like,

as, in comparisons , e.g . nmku ln nga

newo,as big as me ; (a) introducing

a question, e .g . nga nc/zz’

na'o what

is it ? (3) in conditional clauses , if,would , nga afi ka ,

if he comes , (or)he would come ; pano-nga , a lmost ,e . g .pano-nga napana , I almost fel l .-ng a , a . interrog . How many ?Ngu , a . demonst. (It is) he,

she, this person.

NYANSHI

Nguo, n. C loth, clothing. SeeIng uo.

Ni,v. Is, are (COpula). Some

times prep . by , with— after a passive

verb.

Nina , v.cl imb, ascend .

Go up, mount up ,Ind. (Cf.

Nina , 0. See Ny ina .

Nindo , interrog . What ( is it) ?why, what for ? (Cf. -ndn. )N ing ati , Ni ngati , adv . Itmay

be, perhaps, possibly , I dare say .

(Cf. kani , l ino. )-nin i , a. Little, smal l , few .

Panz'

m'

, a l ittle, in a smal l degree .

(Cf. -clce. )Nku , Nkuno ,

adv. (It is) here ,now . (Cf. mma, mpa , pano.)-nne , a. Four .

-no,

a. demonst . This, that.

(Cf. nga ,-ly a .)

Nona, v. ( I ) Be (get) fat , stout,plump, sleek

(of. z

’

na ,-nono) ; ( a)

sharpen (meta on stone) , whet ,

grind . (Cf.none. )Nongol a , v. Lead the way ,

show the road, act as guide. (Cf.tangi la , kanongvla .)Nonk a, v. Make ga in, profit ,

earn by trading .

-nono , a. Fat,sleek

, plump .

(Cf. nona , ind .)N ti , conj. Like

,as , if. (Cf. ti ,

kuti,

Nuku l a ,v. Pluck. pul l up (out,

e. g . grass, post, feathers) . Md.

m ukfwz’

le. (Cf. tupnla.)Nunk a ,

v. Smel l , (Nt. ) have a

smel l , esp . of a bad smel l (cf.fuka ).Cs. nnnr lzy a .

Nw a , v. Drink , absorb, drink

up . Md .-nwene , Nt. nweka , be

drinkable,fit to drink Cs. macs/zy a .

(Cf. kanwa , cl u’

nwa,ny a . )

Ny a, v. Pass excreta (dung ,urine) . (Cf. snnda .)Ny amuna

,v. Raise, l ift. (Cf.

r'

nana ,

Ny an sh i , K uny anshi n Down

NYANTA

(a river) , down-stream. (Cf. kunselelo, kumnlu , pans/t i . )Ny anta , v. Tread, trample,

stamp. (Cf. ny antz’

la .)Ny emuna

,v. Let out, unloose ,

release, take out (of hole, bag , re

ceptacle) . (Cf. inznna .)Ny ina , Nina, n. (rad -n .) Usual ly

in plur. (of respect) , mother, mymother . Ny z

'

na flala , mother-ia

law . (Cf. mama ,and the fol l

nnoko, your mother ; nnz’

na,his

mother ; any z'

nefwe, our mother .)Ny ong

’

ona, v. Twist . (Cf.

Ny uk ieh y a, Nyu ch i shy a , v .

Dress a skin (by rubbing) , rub soft ,bray .

Ocha , v. Apply fire to , burn,roast, bake. (Cf. mod ulo.)Ol a

,W ol a, v. Decay , go bad ,

be rotten, putrid , decomposed . Md .

O l ok a, v. Be straight , even,level . (Cf. lungama , and fol lg. )O l ola , v. Make straight, even,

level , stretch out.

Omba, v. Cause to sound, e. g .

0. ngoma , beat a drum . 0. ulupz’

,

clap the hands. Cs . and Int. om

bar/zy a .

Ombola , v. Redeem, ransom,

buy back. (Cf.Ona , v. See W ona .

-ouane , a . Four together , four

at once. (Cf. -nne, -otatn .)Onanl a , v. Destroy, spoil , ru in,

ravage, devastate. Md .-onawz

'

le.

Ond a, v. Be (get) thin, emaciated, lean, starved. Cs. onslzy a .

Onek a, v. See W ona .

Onk a, k onk a , v . Suck , as child .

Cs . ans/ty a . (Cf.fy ompa, ban/5a. )-onse (sometimes -ense) , a . Al l

,

the whole.

Onta,K onta, O ta , v. Sit by

fire, bask in sun. (Cf. konta .)Opa , v. Fear , be afraid. Cs.

o/jta , Rp. opana. Cs. af any a ,

PALAMA

terrify. (Cf. tz‘

na,

frighten,mwenso.)-ow e, a. (i. e.

-a mac). Your

yours. (Cf. wowo, -enn . )-otatu -ow i l o) , a. Three to

gether, (two together) . (Cf.-onane. )Oy u , oy o , a. demonst. (emphatic) .

He , she. (Cf. nga , njo, iy e. )

P a , v. Give, present, offer, e. g .

nz’

mpalwo, give me some. Pa menso ,cause fear, frighten. Ap. polo , Cs .

Int. peshy a , poles/zy a, e. g . give

freely , be l iberal .

P a, prep. At, to, from ,in (of

place or time), as to , concerning ,about (of. kn, mu) . Also adverbialprefix as in fol lg.

P a p enka , adv . In a uniqueway or degree, most, very much ,

ex traordinarily . (Cf. -enka .)P aoh e , adv . In a smal l way or

degree , a l ittle , sl ightly . Pad re

padre, little by l ittle , by slow

degrees, gradual ly . (Cf.P afw e

, 11. See Impafw a .

P ak at i , adv. In the midst, be

tween, among , through the middle.

(Cf. kati .)P ak i l a, v. Place food on platter

ready for eating, dish up.

P aka lu , adv. On a large scale,

greatly , much. (Cf. uku lu .)P aku t i , conj. Because, in that ,

for that, seeing that. (Cf. pa , kuti . )P akufi'

ul a ,used as prep. W ith

out, not hav ing , in lack of. (Cf.sou/a

,kun

‘

m la . )P a l a , v. ( i )]

Scrape, grate ,scratch up (eart scrape clean

(e. g . scales off a fish) , scrape to a

point, sharpen ; (z) spit out ; (3)palampaf'we, inflate the lungs , draw in

breath. (Cf. pa lay a , palankany a .)P al a l a , v. Fly (w ith wings , as

bird) . (Cf.P al am a, v. Be come) close to ,

sit by, be in atten ance on. Ap .

-mma.

PAL-ANA

Palana, v. Be al ike (equal ,similar), match, corres ond , re

semble, agree. Md.-pa ene. (Cf.

P alangany a , v. ( I ) Spread

about everywhere , set down here

and there ; (2) throw about, mix

up , make a jumble of. (Cf. pikonkany a ,pulo, pa lay a. )P al au la . v. Hoe the second

time (between growing plants) . (Cf.polo tz

’

mpnla .)P al ay a , v. ( i ) Scrn hard ,

scrape everywhere, scratc about ;

( a) spread about. (Cf. polo, polonkony a .)P atna , v. Beat, strike, knock.

Md.-pomz

'

ne, Ap. pamz'

no, pont i

m'

na, Cs. Int. pond s/zy a . (Cf

fol lg. and pamana . Other words

for striking are : tonona,f ula,puma ,

P amank any a, v. Beat up to

gether , unite by force, stick together.

(Cf. pomo, and fol lg. )F amanl a , v. Beat about every

where, lay about one, give a generalbeating . (Cf. porno ,pnmanlo .)P ambana, v. Pass by each

other , miss each other , fail to find.

P amb i , adv . ( 1 ) Elsewhere, to,(from , at) another place (or time) ;(2) otherwise, or. (Cf. -mo£, ku

moi . )P ambuk a , v. Be separate (separ

ated ) from ,be parted, be apart,

branch off, come off (as p laster) .(Not W .L. in this sense . Cf. ponduéo, potnko .)

-p amfl, a. Fat, stout, plump.

(Cf. z'

no .)P amo

,adv . ( 1 ) At one (same)

place or time ; ( 2) together , al ike,equal (cf. pelano pamo, be of the

same length, size, & c.) (3) in addi

tion, as wel l , too . (Cf. -mo. )P amp a, v. Cut (rip, sl ice) meat

off bones. (Cf. rem , woila . )P amp ala , n. (mo-p.) Track (of

an anima l ) , footmarks, spoor. (Cf.

PAPAUKA

Pampants , v. Grope (as a bl indman), feel about.P amuna , v. Strike off, knock

off, part (sunder) by a blow , heat

into pieces. (Rv. o

yf poma .)

P anda, v. Spl it, crack, part

asunder , cleave. Ria pandnla , spl it

(. C .f fol lg. andmnponde, lupondo ,? z’ponde , mampondwa , muposa .

P andauk a, v. Spl it (divide,ch0p up) in pieces (al l to pieces)

(Cf. panda and fol lg .)P anduk a, v. Be spl it off, parted ,

branch off, separate from . (Cf.

panda , pombnka .)P anza, v. Construct, make ,

carry into effect, use . (Not W .L .

Cf. Milo ,lenga , zoo/a .)

P anga la , v. Be happy , joyful .Al so Ango la , Songulo (which see) ,and Pangomo .

P ano. adv. Here, now , there,then. (Cf. ~no, knno. )P anouse , adv. (panopom e) . Al l

about, everywhere.

P anse, adv . Outside . (Usual ly

pesonde in W .L. Cf. h eme. )P anshi , adv. Down, below, be

neath, at the bottom,on the ground ,

under. Also as n. bottom,and a .

deep, e. g . mus/umo u lz m i n, the

wel l is deep. (C .f h ens z, peulu .)

P anuha, v. Make room ,spread

out, scatter about.P anuma , adv . ( 1 ) Back , back

wards,at the back , behind , at the

rear ; (2) after, afterwards ; (3) later ,presently , soon, hereafter . (Cf.e’

nama , knnuma . )P a-p a , adv . negat. No , not so .

(Cf. z’

y oo, ko-ko. )P ap a , v. Carry child on the

back (in a sl ing, cloth,or skin).

(Cf. el n'

popo.)P ap ata, v. Salute with gentle

hand-cla ping, i . e. beg pardon,appeal umbly , apologize, makerequest. (Cf. lomba. )P ap auka , v. Be excited , eager ,

ravenous, expectant, ambitious, in a

panic, horror-struck ,&c. (Cf. fol lg .)

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PEPE

smoke (tobacco) (3) col lect (caterpil lars) for food (cf. rainbo

wala) .P ep e , n. (silo-p.) He-goat. (Cf.

im[ms/ri .P ep ek a , v. Sniff, smel l about,

get scent (in hunting) .P ep e ta , v. Sift (by tossing),

wmnow .

P ep i , adv . (pa cpi ). Near , close ,soon (cf. -ipi, M al i ). Pano pepi,soon, almost.P ena. v. Part , divide asunder,

cut in two. Ps .perwa , Md .-pe.rwi le,

Nt.pe.mka, Rv .pe.m1a . (Cf. mupem ,

mnpeso, para/o , patnka .)P esh y a, v. Cs. ofpelo .

Pesonde , adv . Outside.

pome, isonde, maisonde.)P eta , v. Bend round

bend, fold, make curved or round .

Md.-petele, Nt. -e,éa ,

Rp .-ano

,Cs.

-e.rlzy o . (Cf. fol lg . and impete,

P etama , v. Be curved , bent,rounded

, circular. Md. and a.

-peteme. (Cf. peta, and pol omo .)P etauk a

,v. Be curved (crooked,

w inding) . Md . and a.opetw i le,

coiled, &c. (Cf. peto, and fol lg .)P etelul a, v. Unfold, unrol l ,

straighten, flatten. (Cf. pata .)P eu l u , adv. (pa-inlet) . Above,

on, up, at the top . (Cf. inln, kw iu lu ,

P iana , v. Be heir, inherit, suc

ceed to, claim inheritance, cal l at

dead man’

s house , visit scene ofdeath. Nt. pianiéo , be heir ; Cs.

pianir/zy o , make heir. (Cf. impiano,cbzpian i .)P ika , v . Cook, make hot, boil

(water) . Cs. piray a .

P ikank any a, v. Mix up, mix

together, make ajumble of, confuse.

(Cf. luflany o .)P ik il a , v. Stick in the waist

band (bel t, gird le). Rv . pikulnlo,take out, pul l out .P i k ishy a , v. Taunt, reproach,

scold.

POKA

P ik uka, P iku luka , v. Return

to old home.

P i la, v. Bale out (water) .-p i le , a. Ri e . Md . ofpy a.

P ima, v. easure, weigh, esti

mate , calculate. Md .-ine. (Cf.

penda .)P imps , P emp a , v. Offend

people’

s feelings , disgust, shock ,e. g . by indecency. (Cf. follg .)P impuk a , Pempuk a, v. Be

offended , scandal ized , disappointed ,disgusted . Ap.

-ila , e. g . turn awayin disgust, give up (a search).P inda

,v. ( 1 ) C laim as a right,

demand ; ( a) accuse, bring a char

against ; ( 3) decide a case, adju i

cate ; (4) close‘

and fasten, bar (adoor) .P indi

,11. See Imxrindi .

P indo , n . (mo-p.) W ing (ofbird , insect, (Cf. ipopiéo.)P indu l u la , v. Turn about, turn

round and round. (Cf. pinda . )P inga , v. ( 1 ) Oppose , obstruct,

hinder , put in the way ; (2) argue ,debate, contradict . P . mokani,argue, tal k, discuss . P inga mulandu ,

settle a dispute. adjudicate . (Cf.

pinda .)P inik a

,v . Cut . Ap. piniki lo ,

take by surprise, l ie in wait for.

(Cf. tema .)P inta , v. ( 1 ) Al so minta, carry(as a load

,on head or shoulder) ;

( 3 ) al so pita , pass (cf. pita) .Pipa , v. W ipe clean (after

stool ) . Ap . pzpz'

lo .

P ir iw ul a , v. Overturn, turn

on one side, upset. (Cf. pindu

P ita , P into , v. Pass, pass on

(by , along, off) , go , flow (as water),blow (as w ind), pass away (astime).-p ofu , a . Blind. (Cf. fol lg .)P of'u la , v. Bl ind, make blind.

Nt . pofnka , be bl ind, blinded. (Cf.sokowolo , tiwnko .)P oka , v. ( 1 ) Take, receive,

accept ; ( a) take by force or fraud,

POI-A

steal , rob, plunder ; 3) rescue, save .

C s . pokeslzyo , rescue ; Ap. pakela,poéelela .

P ol a , v. Be (get, become) cool ,get wel l (after illness) . Cs . pas/ly a ,make wel l , cure . (Cf. talola , ton

Pol ongw e l a, v. Fal l into a

hole. (Cf.P omba , v. ( I ) Put round, en

circle, gird ; (2) fold round , wrapround, rol l up, encircle, coil round .

Rp.pambana.

P ombo la,v. Have sexual inter

course. (Cf. lomba . )P ompw e, n. (zoo-p. ) Thief.

(Cf. mang’o. )

P ona, v. ( I) Fal l , fal l down,drop (down) ; ( 2) happen, come topass, fal l out , occur, take place.

Ap.ponelo , Cs .para ,pas/1a ,poser/zy a ,e. g . let fal l , thrown down

,throw .

(Cf. para .)P onda, v . Crush, pound , break

in pieces. (Cf. mapono’o, two .)P op a, v. Knock , hammer (wood) ,

drive (a stake, peg). (Cf. fol lg.,

and' lupopo.)P op o la , v. Give a knocking

(hammering , chopping) , knock at,

knock to bits. (Cf. papa . )P osa, v. ( I ) Cs. of pano (which

see) , throw , cast, hurl , throw down,throw away , throw aside, get rid of,sendaway. P .majwi , shootanarrow .

P . nnga ,make a meal-offering . P .

elril i , fel l a tree. P . mul ilo, set

fire to (grass , & c .,cf. koleka) . P .

menda , urinate. P . mwonokarlzi ,send away , divorce a woman. (2)also polo , rol l , twist, plait, e. g.

string , by rol ling on leg .

P ota,v. ( i ) Twist , twirl , rol l

round, e. g . fibre in making string ;( 2) twirl writhe, e. g. in

travail . (Cf. para and fol lg.)P ota, n. See Map ota .

P otoma , v . Be (become) twisted,crooked, wai

t

'

ped, awry. Md . 8: a .

-pateme. (C pata .)P ua , v. ( 1 ) Be l ight (in weight) ,

PUMAULA.

easy , trifling (2) be poor (in qualityor condition) , thin, flimsy, nusubstantial, worthless ; (3) despicable,destitute, badly off, in a w retched

(miserable , mean) state. Md .-pwzi ,1a

Cs. Int.pus/to, pas/zy a , pre/fya . (C f.angako , para , and foll g .)-pua ,

-pw i l e, a . ( 1 ) Light ;(a) poor, mean. (Cf. pna . )Fury s , v Make l ight of, treat

l ightly, despise ; (2) do in a careless

ofi'

hand way , be quick, hasty , in a

hurry . So pufy any a , prefix/to . (Cf.wang

'u .)

Pu k a, v. Shake to and fro. P .

mnlw i, shake the head.

Puk umuna, v. Shake to bits ,crumble. (Cf. puka .)P ulm ta , v ( I ) Clean a house ,

dust, sweep play (as children).(Cf.fukono .)Pul a, v. ( 1) Pass, make a pas

sage (hole) , make a way (into,through, out of, by), escape, dis

appear , pass by, sl ip away, appear.

K am a kapa la , the sun came out .

Md.-pnlile, Ap.pnl i1a , Cs .pa l isby o,

par/zy a , e. g. cause to disap ear ,

remove, destroy . Chiwanda c ika

pu l isfiy e / the devi l fly away with

you ! Puslzy a misongo, put out

shoots , (2) beg , ask (for) ; ( 3)snort. (Cf. fol lPu l uk a , v. 0 out, emerge , get

out , escape. Cs. p alm /y a , take

out, save, scare away , drive away.

(Cf. pula and fol lg.

Pul umuk a, v. Burst out, dis

charge, with violence, pour out ,rush (dart , dash) off. Cs. pa lamasliy a , e. g . of uring out abuse,of emptying the

Ibowels , of an ava

lanchepof stones, &c., of a premature

birth ; (also) effect a rescue, savefrom danger.

P uma , v. ( 1) Beat , strike, (or

heart) throb cf. pamo) ; (2) cook

(porridge, in: imo ) . (Cf.Pumau l a , v. Give a thorough

heating (to) , lay about on al l sides .

(Cf.puma.)

PUM BA

P umba,v. Go and get food

elsewhere in time of famine, bybargain, working , &c.

P um una, v. Rest , stop on a

journey , encamp. (Not W .L. Cf.

tashy a . )P unama , P anama, v. Be a

fool , stupid, sil ly . Md. and a.

-paneme. (Cf. pao , pw a.)P un ga, v. Sift, by shaking

round in basket. (Cf. pepeta .)P un gama , v. Be out of place,

on one side , awry , slanting.crooked,&c. (Cf. fol lg. )P unguka. Set sideways, tip up,

make slant.

P ungul a, v. Get less, diminish,decrease, lessen. Cf. ekepo. )Pupa, v. ( r) M e a (ceremonial )

offering , sacrifice. Ap. papila ,

papil ila (cf. ell ipapo) ; (a) blow in

puffs (gusts, of wind) (cf.Pupul u, v. Shake off (as dew

from grass) .P ush a, P usa , v. ( 1 ) Be fool ish,

silly, fi'ivolous, trifiin mischievous ;

( z) fail , miss (a ot) , make a

blunder. Rp. parana , e . g. miss

each other , pass and not meet .

(Cf. pao , panama. )P ush y a , v. Cs . ofpa la, put out,

e. g . put out buds, s rout.

P usu l a, v. C can grain (ofhusks).Pusum uk a, v. Slip away , es

cape. (Cf. pa lamaéo .)Thick , stout . (Cf.

Pu tu l a, v. Break off, snap off,cut (pul l) in two, bring to an end.

(Cf. konona , tema .)Pw a, v . ( 1 ) Dry up, evaporate,

be drunk up, absorbed ; ( a) cease,fail , come to an end . (E .L. C f.

sizih , pela .)P y a, adv . negat.

(Cf. iyoo, my o. )y a , v. Be ri cooked (boiled,

heated,dressed , one) , be ready , fit

for use (cf. Md . and a.

p ile, ripe.

No, not so .

SANGALA

“

DY“ : 8 .

modern.

Py anca, P iang a , v.(house, floor, (Cf. elripy ongoP y ats , v . Twist, spin, rol l up ,

make by rol ling , e. g . string (mwando) . (Cf. posa ,poto , and fol lg.)Py atau l a ,

v. Shake off, rub ofi'

.

P y atuw l l a, v. Untwist , unravel .

(Cf. py ata .)

B . For words beginning with B

see under L .

New , fresh, recent ,

Sakama , v. ( i ) Crouch down,conceal oneself, move stealthily (cf.

faéoma ) ; (a) tremble, shake (withcold, fear,Saku l a , v. Comb, comb out.

Ap. soka i la . (Cf. elzisaka lo. )Se la , v. ( 1) Make a noise,

shout ; (2) disturb, insul t , tease,annoy ; choose, select , prefer ;

(4) tap, beat (e . g . bark in makingcloth) ; ( 5 ) see Isal a.

«al l , a. Unclean, dirty, foul ,filthy . (Cf. mal i .)Balul a, v. Cook in fat, fry .

Gama, v. ( i ) Adorn. decorate,furnish, e nip. Nt. romika, e. g .

wear fine c othes, also Act. (cf.fwal ila) ; ( a) cut in strips, smal l pieces

(cf. tanta) .Samba, v. Wash (body , clothes,

vessels) , bathe , swim. Cs. samfla ,

sombir lzy o , e. g . ( 1) cause to wash

(bathe, swim) ; (a) teach, show how ,

instruct, direct .

Sambal a, v. Be rich. (Cf.follg .)«ambashi , a. Rich, weal thy.

(Cf. w amoaslzi.)Sampa, v. Have several wives,

practise polygamy .

Sandik a, v. Spread about, in

crease , mul tiply . (Cf.fa lo , ba ld . )Sang a , v. Find, come upon ,

fal l in w ith, meet. Rp. sanguna

cf. bamano ) . Mwana otota ) wosanga, stepchild (fatherBangal a, Bangal ala, v .

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SENGA

thin dead, find a dead thing . AlsoSe wo .

Senga, v. ( t ) Rub, rub hard ,rub soft (e. g . of a hide) , file

(cf.

ta la) ; ( s ) beg , importune cf.

lomba) .Senk el i , n. (silo-r.) A deaf

person.

S en sa , v. Speak against, tel l

l ies of, slander (cf. wepo , servo,

songelo ) . Ap. saarela . ( 1 ) Tripalongg, take smal l steps , go little byl ittle (2) scatter about. (Cf.major/ly a, poloy o .)Sep a, v. ( 1 ) Make raised beds

( lapa ti ) for potatoes, pumpkins , &c. ;

( a) gather (cut off) ears of millet

(amowo) ; (3) eat ( l ive on) forestroots and fruits (as in famine) .Sepa la , v. Graze (skin), rub

the skin ofl'

.

Sesa, v. Cut (by draw ing a sharpedge across

,and so) sl it, sl ice, saw .

Hence of cutting grass

hair (mirlzifi i i ) , bark ( lax/l isai ,lakwo ), the throat (mamino) . Also

of ambush ; Ap. reselo , cut off,l ie

in wait for (cf. pinikila ) . Cs.

Se sau la , v. Cut up in pieces

(al l about, everywhere). (Cf. sesa.)Sesema, v. Tremble, shake,

quiver , shiver, throb. Also Tetema .

(Cf. ta tamo .)Sew a , v. ( 1 ) Cut grass w ith

axe ; (2) separate husks, sift, win

now ; (3) slander, disparage. (Cf.

S ewany a, v. S . am , aim an

arrow .

Bow ank a , v. Walk about,

gossip, pass time away. (Cf. tonda lo , omooa lo .)Sh . W ords not found under Sh

may be looked for under Sh y , or 8 .

Shal a , Sham s , v. See Shy a l a,Shy ama .

Shambol ol o , n. K oodoo (buck) .Shambu la

,v. Walk up in a

defiant way , provoke, attack , showdefiance . (Cf. toes/zy a .)

. SH ILU

Shana , Shy ana, v. Dance.

(Cf. clzilo .)Shang a. v. Sow (seed) . (Cf.

w iala , d ika .)Shan i , Shy ani , interr. How ?

how much ? what sort ? -o .r/zon i ,of what kind, what sort of l of what

tribe ? for what use ? Was/l il o

shy ani , how do you sell ? what isthe price !

Sheta , Shy eta , v . Crush with

teeth, chew, masticate.

Shi ( r ) A pl ot . (concord) prefixof adjectives and verbs ; ( a) thecommon negative prefix of verb

forms in first person sing . (Cf. taShi a, v. Leave

,abandon, desert ,

l eave behind. Ap. slzilo , leave to(for, at, Cs. skis/ly a , .rlzil is/iy a ,Ps . slziwo , e. g . be bereaved (asorphan, w idow ) . See a lso Shi la ,

Shy ala . (Cf. leko .)Sh ika , v. ( I ) Sweep, clean (by

sweeping) , clear of dirt (rubbish ;cf.py ongo ) (a) make fire by friction

(two firesticks) ; (3) bury, cover up ,e.g . in grave, in hot ashes.

Shik ishi l a , v. Rub away , rub

out, e .g . something in the eye.

Shik iw angwe , n. Bush buck.

Sh ik u , n . Day . See In shiku .

Shi hnl u , n. Usual ly in plur. (ofrespect) . Aslzikula , grandfather .

Also used in addressing a chief or

any superior.

Sh i l a, v. ( 1 ) End , come to an

end , cease, stop, l eave off be finished(completed, done) ; (2) end, bringto an end

,finish, put an end to.

Sir. ma londa , settle , decide, adjudicate a case. Sb. wantu , kil l people.

Nos-hil o nza rlzy o , i . e. no s/l i lo

(ka )m-a sky o , I have al ready told

him . Ap . shil ilo , Cs. sli il is/iy o ,shi l il islzy o . (Cf. sl u

'

o, sfiy o lo , polo ,mono .)Sh i li k a, v. Slzz

'

l iko ! be quiet !silence ! no noise !-sh i1u , a . Mad

, not in rightmind, indecent. (Cf. askila .)

SH ILUW E

Shil uw e , n. Leopard. Al so

l nkense.

Shim s,v. Extinguish , put out

(fire , l ight) . Also Shimaa i/o .

Ap. sl u'

mino, Nt. slzimika,be

extinguished .

Shimbu l a, v. Mention , refer to ,speak of

,use an expression, pro

nounce.

Shim fy a , v. Amaze, surprise ,astonish, confound. Ps. skimpwo ,Cs. Int. .rlzimjiJ/zy o .

Sh imik s . v. Give an account,narrate, relate, report, make a state

ment, tel l a story, give an answer.

(Cf. cil ia/zimikishy o. )Sh im ina , v. Make a (mud)

floor (of hut).Shimpul a , v Used of part of

process of brewmg (kamba) nativebeer (awolw o) .Shimy a, v. K il l

,massacre,

slaughter . (Cf. ipay a . )Shins , v. Be blunt (not sharp) .

Md . and A.-.rlrinine, blunt ; Cs.

shinoas/zy o , utterly blunt, ruin the

edge of. (Cf. slzinolo . )Sh inaika , v. Bebroken (smashed,

pounded) to pieces .

Sh inds ik a , Shinds i shy a , Sh in

dai l a , Shindi k s , v . Apply pressureto , press , push , ram, force down.

Sh indik ish y a, v. Accompany onthe road , go a short way with (inrespectful leave-taking. (Cf.peleka .)Sh inzanga, n. See Ingang s .

Shingano , n. Needle ( foreign) .

Shingu l a , v. Apply1(the final

coat of) laster (mud, clay , paint,to a hutj

)

, finish 03 . (Cf. mo m,sli izfia la lo .)Shi ng u luk a, v. ( I) Be round

,

rounded , circular ; (2) be around,surround , encircle, go round ; (3)go round , revolve

, turn round.

Md. and a .-.rlzinga laki le, Cs . rain

ga ins/zy a, put round , encircle (gird ,surround) w ith, make go round.

Also Sizingoako. (Cf. pela . )Shingw e, v. Be perplexed, con

SHULA.

fused , dazed, depressed , troubled .

(Cf. kaniko , tamono . )Shinka ,

v. Block, close , shut,

stop up (ho le, passage, path) , cork ,e . g . S . nslzilo , close a path by a

l ine or stick across it. S . konwo ,

keep silence , S. mot , be deaf.Ap. slzinéilo Rv . slzmka lo , unstop,open, clear the way , uncork , open.

(Cf. imano , i .mako )Shi nol a, v. Make blunt , i. e.

rhinaa lo . (Cf. Mina .)Shi nes , v. Dandle a child in

arms , fondle, nurse, caress .

Sh insh i l s , v . Be sleepy, doze .

(Cf. shipa la , ta lo .)Sh in tul s , v. Exchange, give (or

take) in exchange. (Cf. slzito .

Ship a , v . Spit, expectorate. (Cf.mote, polo .)Sh ipu l a , Sipul a, v . Doze

,have

a nap . (Cf. .r/i iwota , .rlzi,

n.ra lo ta lo.

Shi shim i i k a, vv. Wake up sud

deal y, revive, recover consciousness,come to life again.

Sh i ta , S i ta, v. Buy , sel l , barter ,exchange, engage in trade (business ,commerce) . Rp. slzjtono . (Cf.makaslrito , sainta .)Shi ti la, v. Make a game fence.

(Cf. lax/l ira, mama.)Shiw a, v. See Sh in. a .

bereaved, deserted , orphan, widow .

Shiw s t s , v. Close the eyes ,doze , go to sleep. (Cf. shins/zilo ,

skifi aka, ta lo.)

Sh iwiik s , v. Open the eyes ,wake up . (Cf. waéa , lomaéa

,

skis/rimako, shiwata .)

Sh iwul a, v. Rub the eye. Rv .

.rlzi,

zba la lo rub smooth mud-wal l ,floor , & c.Sh ol al ok a , v. Move to one side,

draw aside. Cs . .rlzoloarky a , shift,

(put, push) aside.

Sh ol ol a, v. Stir up (food in

cooking) (Cf nay a )Shot s , v. p (w ith nail s),

pinch. (Cf.Shu l a, vv. Cut away, cut al l

round , e. g. root of a tree.

SHULUKA.

Shul u t a , v. Be drawn out,

l ifted out (as post in hole) .Shumbw e , n. (zoo-s. ) Lion .

(Cf. inkoloma , also saamf'wo . )Shungu l uk a , v . Be mel ted ,

mel t . Al so Saanga l iéo , San

gmmka .

-shw esh i , a. Light-coloured ,

bright (in hue) , fair-complexioned .

Shw eta , Sw et s , v. ( i ) Be

(become) bright, l ight (in hue) ;(a) be li hted up, l ight, ful l of

l ight ; ( 3 be open, clear, bare ,exposed to view , empty . Md. and

a -rwete,-.rwetele, Cs. m eterlzy a,

Shy ala ,v. Be left, remainbehind ,

stop at a place. stay , wait. Ap.

slry o l i lo, e . g. stop for, wait at . In

taking leave, .rlry ol i len tpo, i . e .

remain where you are , I am going,

good-bye. Also K o lm lzy a le. Cs.

shy ol ishy o . (Cf. .r/rio, Milo .)

Shy ama , v. Fai l, be unlucky ,

have a disaster , not succeed , havelosses. (Cf. say ako , isby omo.)Shy eta, v. Chew . See Shots .

Shy uk a , v. Succeed , be lucky ,

gain, prosper , get, profit. (C f.say omo , islry ako. )Sok a , v. Sprout, put out shoot

(bud , blossom, (Cf. taro ,masonga.)Sok ow ola , Shongow ol a

,v.

Bore out the eye, make blind. (Cf.

Somb i, Somba ,

adv . Perhaps ,

possibly , it may be. (Cf. kani ,chipa/e.)S omena , v. Ache, hurt, be

painful . (Cf. fi ny a , ka l ipa , al sosomo . )Somp a, v. Fix post in hole .

Also Sampa.

Somp ol a , v. Snatch, catch at,seize hastily .

Sond a, v. Taste , take a taste of.

Sonde la , v. Glance at , peer at,cast eye on.

Song s , v. Attack (hurt, gore)w ith horn

, e. g. an ox .

SUM INA

Songany a, v.quarrel .

Fight , argue ,

Songel a , v. Tel l stories about ,accuse , slander . Cs. ranges/ly a

Songo l a, v. Cut to a point,

point, sharpen. (Cf. ironga . )Sonk a, v. Bring tribute (con

tribution, tax ) . Cs. rankeshy a , Rp.

sanéano , gather together , co l lect,assemble. (Not L. Cf. tula . )Sonk el s , v. Make up fire, add

fuel . (Cf. oar/zy a. )Sonkw el a

, v. Dig hole (forpost) .Sonta, Tonta , v. Point with

finger, point out, show , indicate.

(Cf. tanaka . )Sontsms , v. Squat on heel s.Sep al s , v. Ram charge in (gun) ,

load. (Cf. mm opelo. )Bop oka, v. Escape, get away ,

get out of trouble. (Cf. pu lumuka .)Sosa , Shosha, v. Speak , say ,

talk, argue, reply . Ap. sore/o, Cs.

.rosy o , rarer/ry a , Rp. rosana . (Lorailois commonly used in W .L. )Sua , v. Anoint, rub with oil .

Cs. Int . .rajjra .

Suk ul a , v. Tug at, pul l off

(e. g. bark from tree). Cs. Jaka

l is/zy o , pul l hard at, c . g. launch (acanoe) .Sul a, v. ( 1 ) Show disdain (dis

l ike, resentment) , reject, refuse ;

(2) pound (sorghum) .Sum s , v. Bite, grip, nip, sting ,

hurt. (Cf. lama .)Sum aul a, v. Grip tight (with

teeth, vice,Sumbs , v. Spear (fish). (Cf.

masamba .)Sumbul a , v. Lift up, raise ,

hoist. (Cf. ny amana , imy a ,

inano .)Sum ik s , v. Let blood, bleed ,

cup. See Lum ik a.

Sumina, v. ( 1) Agree, assent,acquiesce, al low , grant ; ( 2) s e

know ledge, confess, bel ieve ; (3)promise, undertake, come to terms ,

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TANTA

Tanta, v. ( 1 ) Dip (food) ing ravy or rel ish (cf. towelo) ; (a) cutflesh in pieces (off bone of a dead

animal ) (cf. woilo) ; (3) be painful ,be chil l y , cold (cf. tontolo).Tantamuk a, Tentemuk s , v.

Descend a hil l , go down. (Cf. ika ,

Tsnt ik a,v . ( I ) Weave, plait

(cf. Iako) ; (z) unwrap , unro l l ,spread out. (Cf.fanga la lo , tondo . )Tami k a, v. ( t ) Point out, show

(cf. santo) ; (a) cl imb, about (e. g .

on rafters in building roof).Tao

, Tau , negat. No, not so.

(Cf. iy oo.)Tap s , v. Take a piece, take

part , take in parts or portions , layhold of, take, seize. T. menda,draw water (by dipping up) . So

a lso topa la menda. (Cf. tw olo,ikata.)

Tapal i , v. There is not (no one,

none, nothing), no. (Cf. toka l i ,tama l i .)Tap ul a , v. Dip up, dip out,

take l ittle by l ittle. (Cf. topo .)Tash y a, v. Set heart on

, ( r)desire, admire

, praise , long for ;

( z) feel loss of, regret, miss. T.

kwena , be homesick ; Iitosky a , be

proud (boastful ) , think too much of

onesel f.

Tats , n. Usual ly in pl . of re

spect , ototo, zilotato , wota , father.

A. zoo kansonga , step-father ; A.

fy alo ,father-ln-law ; A. nkaslri ,

father’

s sister, aunt (Cf. ow is/zi .)Tat ik a , v. Beg in, make a begin

ning , start . (Cf. tango , y omoo,

-tat.u ,a. Three.

Ts tu l a, v Lead off (in singing) .(Cf. matataml i. )Tani a

,v. Scrub (a person clean),

rub , wash. (Cf. samba .)Tsw a , v. Creep (of a plant) .

T awo-ta'wa , pound grain (c£ two ).Tay a , v. Part w ith, g ive away ,

put ( throw) away , lose, sacrifice.

Ap

.,

t oy i lo , e. g. make an offering

TENTEMUKA.

( to, for) (cf.papa ) ; Nt. tay iko , Cs.toy irfiy a .

'I'e , negat. Not (in connexion

with aword fol lowing ,but not prefix ,a i ni , it is

Tefyo, not

Toka,v. ( I ) Calm, pacify ,make

quiet, comfort ; (2) domesticate ,tame ; (3) plunder , carry of? (goods ,and persons by violence) , take captive ; (4) aim (a gun , arrow ) ; ( 5 )put down, put by the fire. (Cf.fol lg.)Tek sny a, v. Be quiet , calm.

composed , pacified , contented.mild .

Cs . teéanir lzy o . (Cf. teko.)Tel s , v. Al so Sel a, which see.

Tel el s , v. Sl ip, sl ide, gl ide.

Cs. teleslzy o , tee/zy a . (Cf. tel-ai

muko .)Toma , v. Cut, cut down, cut

off. (For various kinds of cuttingcf. tewa, tezba lo

, raeka , pinika ,

pata la , sero , sewo , teta ,pono’o , tonta

waila , fi nga lo , timba lo , temo lo ,temoa lo .)Tem s l s , Temsul s , v. Cut on

al l sides , make a large clearing .

Tombs, v. Carry on a pole

(between two men) . (Cf. matemoo.)Temw a , v. Like, be pleased

with, fond of, love , be contented,

satisfied . Md .-temenwe, Rp. te

mwona , Cs . Int. tem'weslzy a . (Cf.

Ten d s , v. Groan, be il l . (Cf.

Tendeka , v. Be aggressive,start upon, provoke, annoy , meddlew ith. Ap. tendekela .

Tenenk s , v. Be sore

Spainful) ,

hurt. (Cf. someno , ka l ipa .

Tong s , v. Decl ine, refuse . (Cf.

Tenk ans , v. Shake to and fro ,tremble, wave about. Cs. tenkanya ,shake about (e. g . vessel , so as to

spil l contents) .Tentemuka, v. See Tanta

muko.

TENTULA.

Tontu l a, v. Knock, hammer.

(Cf. [a la , poma . )Top ol s , v. Taste nice , be sweet

(savoury, taste) . (Cf. mare.)Toss , v. Throb, quiver , palpi

tate. (Cf. tetemo .)Tosh imuk s , v. Sl ip, slide.

Al so Tex/l imo . (Cf. telelo .)Tots

,v. Cut, cut down. Te

taa la, cut on al l sides (widely ,general ly). (Cf. temo

,sosa

,.te

Totol s , v. Cackle. (Cf. lapaka .)Tou l s ,

v. Take (a pot) off ( thefire) . (Cf. ipa la. )Tew s , v. Cut up, cut firewood .

(Cf. temo. )Towots , v. Make a present of

food.

Towu l s , v. Cut (stalks of grain).

Toy s , v. ( 1) Get ready beforehand

, prepare, provide, put ready ,supply ; ( a) set trap, trap.

Ti , v. Say , think , do . Used

chiefly in conj. k ati , oti , ngoti , &c.Tih ama , v. Be thick, firm ,

stout, substantial , of good qual iMd . and a.

-tikeme. (Cf. matikof)Timbul a , v . ( 1 ) Sl ice flesh ofl

'

bones (cf. tonto , waila) ; (a) hoe a

second time (between plants (cf.

pa loa la) ; 3) hel p to food.

Tin s , v. ( 1) Be afraid , fear

(cf. apo , mwenso) ; (a) seize w ith

claws (or nails) scratch, nip. Cs .

tiny a . (Cf. skata. )Tinonga, v. Feel with fingers ,

press.

Tints , v. Draw tight, pul l .

stretch . Nt. tintiko,Md .

-tintile,

Cs. Int. tintislzy a.

Tiu l a , Tynl s , Tu la , v. Bore a

hole, pierce ; (z) stri p flesh off dead

anima l . Also Tima la . (Cf. fol lg.

and ta lo. )Tiw s u lrs , v. Have cracked

(sore, chafed) feet.Tiv

’

h i k s , v. Bl ind, make bl ind,be bl inded . (Cf. pofuko , tiala ,

-TU IBE I

Tols , v. ( 1) Pick up, take up,in the fingers, find by accident, get ,acquire ; ( 2) fasten , tie (cf. éoko ,

fanga , sanga).To l s la , To l su l s ,

v. Pick upal l about

,find everywhere, get

quickly (easily ) . (Cf. tala .)Tol oka , To l oka , v. Run away,

play truant, desert , leave a master.

Ap . toleéelo , Cs. toler/ry o .

Tombs , v. Have sexual intern

course .

Tompw e , u . (mo-t .) Brain (substance), contents of sku ll .Tongol a , v. Remove the grain

from a cob of maize.

Tonons,v. Beat, strike. (Cf.

Toshy s , v. Argue, quarrel .(Cf. sosa , sar/ly a .)Tots , v. Be contented (pleased ,

happy , satisfied, grateful ) , be glad .

Cs. totes/zy a. (Cf. kando, temma,

Tow n, v. ( I ) Break (in general ).Md.

-towele,Nt . toweka ,Ap. towelo ,

Cs . towerlzy o (cf. swo , fana ika, and

(a) T. ma lawa, flower,blossom . Md.

-towele.

Tow ai k a ,v. Break , be broken,

e. g . have a spl itting headache, be

in violent pain.

Tow a la , v. Break all to pieces,smash up. (Cf. towa .)Tow el s

,v . Dip (morsel , mouth

ful ) of food in rel ish (gravy , seasoning , dish) . (Cf. tori/o , elzitowelo,

Tow ok s , Tow auk s , v. Hop

(as frog) , jump.

Tus , Tuw s , v . ( 1 ) Be (become)white

,l ight coloured , clean, pure,

innocent ; (2) pound (grain ; see

Tw a). Md.-tw ile, -taw i le. Cs .

Int . taw irlzy a, Nt. ta il 'o . (Cf.fol lg .)-tu l ab i ,

-tv ishi,a . White, clean,

pure. (Cf. tao .)

TUKA.

Tuk s ,v. Use abusive language ,

abuse. Md.o takile. Cs . taMya,

takiMy o , Rp. takana . (Cf. itaka ,itaM i .)Tuk ura , v. Perspire, sweat.

(Cf. itaba ta , Miwe.)Tul s , v. ( I ) Begin, have its

source or or igin, rise (of river , sun) ,appear ; ( a) pay tribute (usualresent , tax to chief) ; 3) put downoad, rest ; (4) also tin/a , bore a

hole, pierce ; ( 5 ) also taa lo , rub,

pol ish, file. Nt. ta l iko , be wel l

known , famous .

Tul o , n. Pl . sleep. Lola ta lo,

go to sleep , sleep. (Cf. Min Mi la ,s a la, Miwoto , a lo.)Tul ul a, v. Pour (into a vessel ),

pour out. (Cf. iti la .)Tum s , v . Send , dispatch, em

ploy (as messenger) . Nt . tumCs . tamiMy o , tamikrklzy o . (Cf.lay iMy a , i l iMy a .)Tumans , v. Be sad, sorrowful ,

depressed , silent , melancholy . Md .

-tamene, Cs.-i My a , harass , brow

beat , persecute, op ress, treat badly .

(Cf. kotoMy a, soar y o , saaéa , [ongo

Tumbu l s , v . Cut open, rip up.

Tump s , v. Be a fool , stupid ,sil ly . Md .

-ile. (Cf. pa Ma , panama , and fol lg .)Tum p aika , Tump s i la , v. Make

a fool of, deceive, cheat. (Cf.tampo , Menjela .)Tumpuka , v. Flounder, gasp

(as in drowning ).Tun ds , v . Also Sunds

,urinate.

(Cf. ny a , mikaMi .)Tung s , v. Insert , pass (string ,

thread , needle, skewer) through,e . g . thread needle, string beads.

Tungu lu la, n. Long narrow

mat of split reeds. (Cf. ma

para .)Tungum ish y s , v. Bewail ,

mourn, lament. (Cf. l i lo , tasaka . )Tunk s

, v. Prick , stab. Ap .

tankelo . Also Tantra /a.

Tunt ik s , v. Make heaps, piles,

UCHISA.

pile up, heap. (Cf. matanta , andol lg.)Tuntulrs , v. Ascend. go up.

slope upwards . (Cf. matanto.)Tup u l s , v. Pluck (e. g . feathers

from fowl ). (Cf. maka la. )Tupush y s , v. Dism iss . send

away , drive away . (Cf. pa lm /zy a ,

Tushy s , v. Cs. of ta lo, e. g .

encamp, rest.

Tu sulrs,v. ( r ) Bewail , mourn,

lament (cf. l ilo) ; (a) (of birds) riseand fly away .

Tu tu, v . Sprout, put out leaves ,buds . (Cf. soko . )Tu to , n. (zoo-t.) Cassava (plant

and root) .Tu tu l s , v. Stumble, trip . Md .

-tatw ile, Cs. tatw iMy o, trip up,make stumble.

Tutum s , v. Tremble , shiver,

palpitate, throb. (Cf. tetemo .)Tuw a . See Tun and Tw s .

Tuw ama, v. Lie on the face,face downwards . (Cf. fanamo . )Tw a , Tri s , v. ( 1 ) Pound (as

grain with pestle ; cf. i m a ) ; (2)be sharp (edged , pointed ; cf. la

mata) . Cs. tw iMy o , sharpen.

Tw s ls , v. Take, bring, convey ,conduct ; (a) bear fruit

,w ith

irreg . Md .-tw ite, in ast tense only .

(Cf. Matwola, fimlo .)

Tw i k s , v. Put load on shoulder ,l ift up . (Cf. ta lo.)

U . Words not found under U

may be looked for under W , W u,

Uw .

U sng s , n. See Uw sng s .

U oho , n. Smal lness , thinness,feebleness. (Cf. -Me.)U oh onde

,n. Adultery. (Cf.

Mane/l ew d,akana Mi , Manda . )

Uoh enjoshi , n. Deceit,cheating,

fraud . (Cf.Menjelo . )Uoh ings , n. (ma-M.) Pitfal l

(for game) .Uchisa

,Wi ich iss , n. (Any)

seasoning , rel ish, eatenwith porridge

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ULULU

Ul ul u , n. (Cf. [a la ,Anger.

U luma , v. Rumble, growl , roar

(as thunder, lion).U lumbw ana, n. Youthful age,

youth. (Cf. mulumbwana .)U

'

l um e , n. Manhood, courage.

(Cf. J ame.)Ul und a, n. Friendship. (Cf.

ckirtvuza . )U l ungu ,

Wul ung'

u, n. Bead,beads, necklace of beads.

U lw ash i , U’

lwel e , n. (ma-l .)Sickness, il l-health. (Cf. Iwala .)Uma, v. ( 1) Be (become) dry ,

hard, tough ; (a) dry up, decay ,

wither, die ; (3) be a hard bargain,expensive, dear.

Work inUmba , umba, v.clay , do pottery work , form, fashion,mould. (Cf. M amba , chishaw a.)Umfwa, v. ( r) Perceive, be

sensible of (by any organ or facul ty ,but especial ly by the ear) , hear ; ( a)l isten, attend, heed ; (3) understand.

Nt . umfwz‘

ka , be heard, he audible,intel ligible ; Md . mm z

'

le, Ap.

umflvz‘

la , Cs. Int. um air/zy a , and

e.g. l isten attentively ,Rp . amfwana , e . g. feel for, pity ,sympathize.

Um ovo , M oy o, n. Life, vital ity,health, consciousness, vigour.Um-um,

negat. No, not so.

(Cf. flu-kw, mic-ma , zjyoo.)Undamuk a , v. Rise (from lying

down) , get up. (Cf. z'

ma ,mafia .)U ne , une

,n. Goodness (in

general , but special ly of appearance ,

i . e . beauty . See -ine , -no. Used

al so as a. w ithout prefixes, beautiful ,

pretty .

Un ga, v. Gather, col lect, put in

groups (heaps). Rp. ungana , form

a group, gather together , assemble ;Cs . ungan{sly /a. (Cf. Ionga , zilumba . )Unga , W unga , n. Flour

,meal ,

powder . U. wa nfltz'

, gunpowder .

Unina , n. H is (her) mother ;unoko, your mother. (Cf. fly imz,mama .)

U aambashi , n. Riches , wealth ,

luxuries. (Cf.Usaneme , adv. On the back ,

supine (position) . Lala a .,l ie on

the back. (Cf. mfurmm ,

sanama .)U sh i , n

(Cf. char/l a.)U shiku , n. (m a rk . and ma-slz. )

Night, night-time. Adv. at night.

(Cf. z’

mhzku .)Heb il u , n. Madness. (Cf.

junta. )Uaoohi , Usosi

,n . Talking ,

conversation. (Cf. sosa ,

U ta, n. Bow . See u ta .

U tal i , n. Distance, length,height . (Cf. J al i .)U tall a, n. (ma-t.)angums, n. Meanness, selfishness,

niggardl iness. (Cf. tana .)U teahi

,n. Sl ipper iness. (Cf.

Smoke, steam , vapour .

Storehouse ,

U tufi , Dung , excre

ment . (Cf. ny a , mz’

kosfzi . )U tqa, n. SeeWu tuka .

U tundu ,n. (ma-t.) Lip oma

ment. l ip-ring. (Cf. ckinanda .)

U tuw eme, adv. On the face,

prone (position) . (Cf. nsanama

,

tuwama.

Uuoh i,Wuch i ,n. Honey .

U uoh isa , 11. SeeWuch ien.

U nn, n. See Ufl.

Uwa l l a, n. (ma-w .) Cul tivatedplot , plantation, garden. (Cf.munda .)Uw alw a, W alw a, Uw al a,

Native beer. See W alw a.

Una , v. Marry (of the man) .(L -upz

'

le, Ps. mpz'

lwa , be married

(of the woman) . Md mpz'

lwe, Cs.

ajj/a , give in mam age, arrange

marriage . (Cf. kwa ta , Iingu la . )U aak ula, n. Nudity , nakedness.

(Cf.qunwa .)U sal i , n. Dirt

,fil th, unclean

ness. (Cf.U sal u, n. Thread. (Cf. ia

UW ANGA.

Uw anza, W ang a , n. (manga ).Poison (for man, given in food or

drink ). Lowa wanga , poison bymagic, w itchcraft. (Cf. ulemée,mwa/i , mbmba .)Uw ina , U ina , n. (mawz

’

na,

mena ) . Hole, pit. (Cf. mulz’

angv.)Uwino , n. Goodness, excel lence.

(Cf. zbz’

no, bwino, wunz'

no,um .)

Uwow°n i , n. Property , goods,wealth. (Cf.Uwumba, n. Group, company ,

crowd , mass, col lection. (Cf. ma

Uwuwa , n. Poison (for fish) .(Cf. uwanga .)Uwuy a, n. Good (fine, artistic)

work , finish, art.

U y u, Uy o, a. This (person).(Cf. emo, ulya .)

V . Words not found under V

may be looked for under F .

V i plur. pref. of nouns havingGbi as prefix in sing. (F i inW . L .)-vy akw e,

-vy awo, a. Other

(of same sort), i. e. its fel low , their

ellow. (Cf. ombi, mum'

,muvyakwe,friend, companion. )V y ata, Evets , v. Flash, dazzle

(as l ightning).

W . Words not found under Wmay be looked for under U , Uw .

W a s e a . Plur . prefix of one

class of nouns, having Ma as prefix

in sing .

Wa , W a, prp. Of. (See -a.)W a, v. ( 1 ) Be, exist, become,

take place, occur. Md.-w £1e ; (a)

be let be, remain, be l et alone (putaside, put off, deferred) (cf. [a la ,

(3) go down, fal l , sink

down, set (of sun) . Insom’

sky awa ,shame was fel t. U'wal 'wa kauwe,let the beer alone , let it wait.

Ka ma kawa,sunset . Cs. wislzy a,

cause to fal l, fel l , cut down.

W ai l a,v. Cut (rip) flesh (off

bones of dead animal ). (Cf. tanta ,re m.)

W ANGAMA.

W alrama , v. Shine , be bright

(e . g . of bright pol ished surface) .

(Cf wala, wemba .)Wakambw a Senga, n. Lala

speaking tribe on West side of the

Luangwa river . Also Wa-ambo,Wambo-Sa ga .

W al e , v. ( I ) Make, produce,do

, cause, bring about, e. g . war ,

theft,quarrel , (not so often ofmate

rial objects ; cf. d u’

ta, lenga , ta la ) ;

(2) be beforehand , be first, be in

time (not W . L . Cf. tangu) ; (3)be bright, shine (as sun, moon)(cf. wakama ) .W alw a, n. Native beer , taking

five days to prepare. (Cf. kamba ,

and for various kinds and stages,

fi runga , katele, z'

mbote, mafundwa ,mu lala , mus/i impu lo, mukupa , makumba, also ckz

’

walwa, kawalwa. )W ama, v. Be good ( in general ,

i.e. nice, suitable, pleasing, excel lent ,fine, right, wholesome, profitable,

Md. and a.oweme, Ap.

wamz'

na , e. g . be good for (to) , fit,suit, please, Ps.

-z'

nwa, Cs. and

Int. wamz’

slzy a , mamy a, wan ds-he

'

s lcy a, e .g . set right , improve, correct ,adjust,arrange instruct , educate,& e.

e.g . pawamzsfiz’

rlzy a , it is very goodindeed. (Cf. -weme, paweme, fiweme, J ere.)W amba , v. Stretch (spread)

tight (covering) over (some thing) ,e.g. I'V. ngvma , cover a drum with

hide . W. ehilz’

ndi , cover a pitfal l

w ith sticks , earth,& c. Rv .wambz'

d a ,

uncover, slacken,loosen. (Cf. dri

‘warzebz'

, luwamba .) A

W ambo , n. Al so WamboSenga .

SeeWakambw a-Senga.

W and afuw e , also Tandafuwe,n. A (kind of) spider.W anga, n. ( I ) See Uw anga ;

(2) a (kind of) fish-trap.

W anga, v. Fasten crossw ise,e. g . W. mbula, fix cross-laths on

rafters .

W angama , v. Be hot (ofl iquids) . Md .

owangeme, Nt. wa

W ANGU

ngamika, make hot, be hot. Cs.

isby a. (Cf. kaw i la, w ila .)W angu , adv. Quick ly , hastily,

fast, speedily . (Cf. lee-mile, and

fol lg .)W angul a, v. Extract (e. g.

thorn, jigger) .W angu l uka, W angufy any a, v .

Make haste, do (act) quickly, hurry,be quick. (Cf. peg/ya , wang

'u.)

W any a , v. Stir about (food incooking). (Cf. nay a .)Wany ina, 0. Mother

,mothers.

See Ny ina .

W aaa, v. Use an adze (on), trim,

cut smooth. (Cf. imbaso.)Wata , Watata, n. Father,

fathers. See Tats .

Wanshi , B auah i , n. A tribe

l iving north of the Lala district,south of Bangweolo. Ku Bamki,northwards.

W a-w a, negat. N0, none, not

at al l . (Cf. iyoo. )W awa , v. ( 1 ) Set fire (to grass,

part ly burn, char ; ( 2) hurt , be

painfu (Cf. kaleka ,finya . )W awauk a, v. Brush off sweep

aside .

Wawo, pron. They. Also used

as interj. of contempt.W e l a, v. ( I) Go back , come

back , return, be repeated , come

again. Md.-'welele, Ap. welela,

Cs. Int . welerlty a, e .g . return, give

back, pay back, restore , bring back ,do (say ) over again, repeat , renew,

al sbweleskerlzy a ; s ) bewai l , lament,mourn. (Cf. l i lasW el ama, v. Lie in wait for , l ie

in ambush. (Cf.fi rama. )W emba, v. ( I) Shine, be l ight

(pol ished) (cf. wakama ) ; ( 2) lookfor, reconnoitre, Spy about, watch.

Ap. wembela , e.g . act as herdsman,tend cattle (cf. embela, mwembeslri ) .-w eme . a. Good, nice, pleasing ,

& c. (Cf. wona , -ine,paweme. )W ene sh y a, v. See W ona .

Wepa, v. ( 1) Slander, tel l l ies ,

-w i l i , a .

l iw i l i , -aw ila. )

W INDA

Two.

W i l iki ah y a, v. Cal l to someone at a distance, shout to.

W inn, n . (mend ) . Ho le. See'm a .

W inds , V. Wear loin-cloth

accuse falsely (a) pretend, acthypocritical ly, disguise (truth. one

self, Often fbepa u ufi , l ie.

Ap. mepela , Cs. Int. zbeper lzy a.

W eaama , v. Crouch down,move stealthily , look out , l ie in

wait. (Cf. w elama , firema .)W esh y a , v. Be contented ,

pleased , satisfied, comforted. PV.

mtima , feel leased (cf. naéa ) ( 2)attack (cf. .r ambu la) .

eta , v. Act as herdsman ,

tend cattle, &c. (Not W .L. C f.

embela .)W ewo

, pron. Yon

W ay a, v. Cut ha ir close, shave .

(Cf. kamo, sera .)-w i

,a. Bad

,wrong, unpleasant ,

disastrous. (C£ -wifi, mipa , y‘i ,

W ial a , vv. Plant (seed) . (Cf.mim e

, komena ,pe1e1a, Manger .)-w ifl

,a . Bad , w icked . (Cf.

Wi fy a, v. Cs . Int. of we,»(which see) , do wrong (wrongly,badly), treat badly , damage, hurt ,make a mistake, blunder .

W i ka , v. Put , place, set, l ay ,

put down (aside , by, away ) . Ap .

miki la , e. g . add to . W . masana,

lay eggs , Cs. Int. w i'

.kzsl1y a

W i l a , v. Be hot , Cs. w il irhy a ,Md .

-'w il i1e (cf. &awa , py a , roa

ngama (2) meet together , join ,

unite (as streams) , paths cf. ma

w i ;lo) (3) destroy, ravage, plunder(cf. m a la ,

teka) .Wil a, Iwi l a, v. ( I) Plunge

into water , dive, sink, be drowned .

Cs. i ris/gm ; ( a) sew (cf. pas/zila ) .W i l al a

,U i lal a, U l al a, n. Dis

triet of the Lala tribe. (Cf. ri m/ala ,

(Cf. kamil i ,

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