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GVF FOUNTAIN COURT, 2 VICTORIA SQ., STALBANS HER TFORDSH!RE, ALl 3TF, ENGLAND

TELEPHONE:+44- 1727-884 739 FACSIMILE: +44-1727-884839 EMAIL: david.hartshom ©gvf.org WEBSITE: www.gvf.org

I Apr. 2005

Rachel Bouchard Grant Administrator/Admi nistratrice de subventions CRDI / IDRC P0 Box 8500 Ottawa, Ontario KIG 3H9

Heloise Emdon IDRC at DBSA 1258 Lever Road, Headway Hill, Midrand P0 Box 1234, Halfway House, 1685 South Africa

Ref: Technical and Financial Reports - Centre File 101618/001

Dear Ms. Bouchard and Ms. Emdon,

It is my distinct pleasure to provide the attached Technical and Financial Reports pertaining to the "African VSAT Regulatory Regimes Study" conducted by the Global VSAT Forum (GVF) for IDRC.

As reflected herein, the project was completed under budget whilst contributing substantively to expanded access to ICTs in Africa. It has been a genuine privilege working with IDRC and our partners on this important enterprise, and we look forward to further collaboration.

In this regard, I also draw to IDRC's attention a recommendation at the end of the Technical Report that outlines a proposed follow-on project that would build upon this successful programme, with potential applicability in every developing and least-developed country in the world. I hope to discuss this opportunity at your earliest convenience.

/ 71

Hartshom Secretary General GVF

REGISTERED IN ENGLAND NO. 3414971 REGISTERED OFFICE: Fountain Court, 2 Viclona Sq., Viclona SI., STALBANS, HERTS, ALl 3TF, U.K.

6 April 2005

FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT

"African VSAT Regulatory Regimes Study"

IDRC Grant Number 101618/001

1 April 2005

Conducted by the Global VSAT Forum (GVF) with Headquarters in the U.K. and Correspondent Offices in South Africa and Ghana

Primary Research Team: David Hartshorn of GVF and Mike Jensen, an independent ICT consultant, with Substantive

Contributions from Geoff Daniell and Gilbert Adanusa of GYF, and Steve Esselaar of LINK Centre

3:'

RIMSD

Text Box

This report is presented as received by IDRC from project recipient(s). It has not been subjected to peer review or other review processes. This work is used with the permission of Global VSAT Forum. © 2005, Global VSAT Forum.

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African VSAT Regulatory Regimes Study

Table of Contents

Project Overview 4

The Challenge 5

The Solution 6

Programme Objectives 7

Programme Design & Implementation 9

Report, Survey and Atlas Dissemination 12

Programme Impact 14

Sub-Saharan Africa 14

East Africa 15

West Africa 16

Conclusions & Recommendations 17

Appendix A: CATIA Project Overview

Appendix B: Namibian VSAT Liberalisation Article

Appendix C: VSAT Regulatory Questionnaire

Appendix D: TRASA/WATRA Press Release

Appendix E: SatCom Africa 2004 Presentation

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Project Overview

Enabled by IDRC funding, a research programme was conducted by the Global VSAT Forum (GVF)1 on the regulation, provision and use of satellite-based solutions for social and economic development in Africa. A primary objective of the research programme was to support the Catalysing Access to JCT in Africa (CATJA) project which, with financial support from the U.K. Department for International Development (DflD), aims to develop application strategies and to facilitate implementation of key communications systems (Appendix A:

CATIA Project Overview), such as satellite-based Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT5).

However, major development issues had been identified by regional bodies such as the African Telecommunications Union (ATU) and the New Partnership for Africa Development (NEPAD). The research programme described in this report set out first to clarify the existing and potential role to be played by VSATs in addressing those issues, particularly as they related to improving standards of health, education and business in Africa.

This was achieved by conducting a systematic analysis of the current state of Africa's VSAT regulatory and policy frameworks, end-user applications, cost structures, human resources, technical issues, and complementary technologies. unnr existing work in this area —

e.g. the GVF's resources, activities and contacts — the programme filled important gaps in research and analysis. This vital information was then made publicly and freely available to ICT stakeholders in two forms: A Report entitled "Open and Closed Skies: Satellite Access in Africa" (available in print and electronic formats); and an online database that includes valuable data on VSAT regulators in Africa and the availability of satellite bandwidth throughout the Continent (www.gvf.org).

The Report has already had a major impact. During capacity- and consensus-building workshops funded by CATIA and held for inter-governmental groups representing the Western, Eastern and sub-Saharan African sub-regions, the Report demonstrated how satellite-based solutions are enabling African governments to fulfill public-policy objectives. Further, the Report provided governments with a guideline on how to efficiently regulate VSAT systems and services. As a result, the Report is now reflected in guidelines that have been drafted — and in some cases adopted by the regional inter-governmental groups. This breakthrough has not only accelerated the pace of regulatory reform at the national level (Namibia was the most recent Administration to strategically liberalise its VSAT sector; Appendix B), but has also set the stage for harmonization of regulatory approaches across the Continent.., an essential prerequisite for the provision of region-wide satellite services.

As this work continues, the online resource established by the project has also supported the ICT community, members of whom can download French- and English-language versions of the Report, obtain regulator contact details, and learn about African satellite market access and transponder availability. Finally, the online resource has been designed to complement a website currently being developed by the CATIA programme, which envisions the creation of a regulatory database that is maintained and updated by the African governments.

GVF is the non-profit association of the global satellite communications sector. The organisation's aim is to improve access to satellite- based solutions throughout the world. GVF provides education and training to ICT stakeholders, facilitates policy and regulatory reform, and co-ordinates a wide range of programmes involving the intemational satellite industry. GVF Membership includes more than 180 organisations in more than 80 countries in every major region of the world.

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The Challenge

Africa's national social and economic development, its regional cooperation and integration and its participation in the global economy is increasingly linked to availability of the Internet and other vital communications services2. Yet, only one in 150 people on average can have access to the Internet. Access has been retarded in Africa by restrictive regulatory frameworks, monopoly privilege, corruption, insufficient access to information tools, antiquated infrastructure, high fixed costs, low economic and investment activity, and more.

Currently a number of initiatives are underway to deal with some of these problems. The Acacia initiative of IDRC, the Connectivity Africa initiative being managed by IDRC and the CATIA project of DfID are among the projects aimed at increasing universal access to ICTs in Africa and bridging the "digital divide". The delivery of low-cost bandwidth remains a key objective of these initiatives and critical for solving the chronic access problem in the region.

Concurrently, IDRC has launched the research programme that is the subject of this Report and which is focused on addressing the unrealised potential of satellite communications to help address the problem. Low-cost, satellite-based Internet access could respond o the current access crisis in the region and provides an opportunity for last-mile connectivity for people in rural and, in some cases, sub-urban and urban areas. The vast inaccessible terrain makes it difficult and costly for rolling out traditional wire-line networks and implementing fibre-optic links. The lengthy time needed to roll out traditional technologies makes low-cost satellite services attractive particularly to smaller organizations, households, small and medium enterprises, and public organizations.

However, the leapfrog to wireless technology is not easy; it is largely hindered by the policy and regulatory environment. Access to VSATs is prohibited in some countries. In other nations hefty licensing fees are levied. Policies for low-cost "consumer grade" satellite services for Internet access are not clear in many nations. A recent surge in the use of Voice over IP and the continued decline of PT&T revenue streams have complicated the matter. Government policies have not kept up with technological developments, and many countries are still protecting their monopoly national telecom operator at the expense of affordable and universally accessible services. Much of the restrictive policy owes to a general lack of understanding of the technology and its impact on society.

In countries where private satellite services are allowed, the license fees are often excessive for VSAT services when compared to what consumers in developed countries pay. The tariffs were perhaps appropriate for older satellite technologies, which were far more expensive to operate, largely confining their use to a few large multinational companies. But VSAT terminal prices have declined from, on average, US$16,000 in 1990 to less than $1,000 in 2005, with further reductions presently underway3.

2 This information derives from the terms of reference for the CATIA project, support of which is a primary aim of this IDRC research programme. GVF is a partner on the CATIA project and assisted with the formulation of the terms of reference relating to satellite communications.

Historical pricing information derived from COMSYS, a U.K-based consultancy. and GVF.

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Regardless, lofty license fees remain a major obstacle to Internet development in Africa where, for example, up to 35% of ISP expenditures goes to VSAT regulatory charges. Licensing fees in Africa range between $5,000 and $10,000 dollars a year per terminal on an average for a 128 Kbps link. Although there is significant progress in reducing both licensing and monthly fees, there are high potentials for mass deployment of equipment costing $1,000 and Internet bandwidth at $200/month or less.

However, the regulatory landscape needs to change to enable users to reap these potentials. While many governments have began recognize the benefits of VSAT and adopt enlightened regulatory approaches to facilitate the deployment of VSAT-based systems and networks, there are still difficulties in reaching a regional consensus for regulatory reforms that would facilitate their widespread use.

The Solution

In response, the IDRC launched a research programme to examine two key areas: The extent to which satellite-based services pose an immediate solution for Africa's access problems; and the regulatory reforms that are needed to assure cost-effective system and service provision. Entitled the "African VSAT Regulatory and as reflected in the IDRC-funded Report, "Open and Closed Skies: Satellite Access in Africa" — the main research results of the IDRC programme confirmed that, technically, nearly all of Africa could be reached by VSATs. The major operators like New Skies Satellites, Intelsat, PanamSat, EuropeStar, Eutelsat, Thaicom and Loral Skynet have a variety of footprints over Africa to supply voice, broadcasting and data circuits to their customers, who then resell to end users, creating virtual private networks. Recent launch of additional satellites by Eutelsat, Intelsat, Panamsat and New Skies Satellites has also extended the amount of bandwidth available to the region.

Further, the IDRC's VSAT Study found that significant experience and interest exists in the installation, maintenance and provision of satellite services. Among the companies that are currently providing services are AFSAT (Uganda), CommCarrier (Kenya), Egyptsat, Internet Gabon, Micro-tel (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Satcom Networks Africa (Tanzania), Spacecom (Morocco), Direc-On PC and DCC (Nigeria), Q-kon, Sentech, Grintek, and Transtel (South Africa), GS Telecom (Nigeria), and other local pioneers. In addition to these Africa-based companies, dozens of manufacturers, integrators, and value-added resellers from other world regions are also active on the Continent, providing VSAT solutions.

Those solutions have already begun to have a positive impact. IDRC's VSAT Study reveals that VSATs have begun to be used to provide Internet connectivity where there is no other high bandwidth infrastructure and as an intermediary solution for improved Internet access speeds. There has been a growing interest in their use in serving voice applications. Countries like Botswana, Ethiopia and South Africa have deployed a large array of terminals to extend their national telephone infrastructure and Internet access. VSATs were also deployed in Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Tanzania, Senegal and Uganda widely to provide Internet services. Until recently the public telecommunication operators (PTO5) have been the main users of VSAT technologies. However the process of liberalisation has begun to open avenues for new licensed service providers both in the voice traffic market and the Internet business.

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One of the key advantages of VSAT is the ability to address the need to deliver remote access quickly. Shorter rollout time means the technology is ideal for problems facing many African countries. The lowering of costs through increased economies of scale would create new options for delivery of a wider range of applications, including rural telecoms, distance learning, telemedicine, disaster recovery, as well as a host of other corporate and government applications. There are already a number of public and private firms - from banks, stock exchanges and ISPs, to schools, hospitals and rural/semi-urban telecentres - that use VSATs to deliver business, educational and health information. The trend over the last five years shows that VSAT technology could become a mainstream telecommunications service in the near future.

In this regard, the IDRC's VSAT Study concludes that mass deployment of high bandwidth VSATs will have a significant impact on small businesses that are currently constrained by slow and sometimes unreliable dialup connections. The availability of uplink bandwidth of about 100 Kbps and down link of 400 Kbps with a lower licensing fee and terminal and monthly charges could open a vast array of opportunities for institutions to make their bandwidth intensive development applications available to users. Larger organizations are already exploring committed information rate (CR) services at up to 2Mbps to create virtual private networks. Ninety percent of the private sector in Africa consists of small institutions thai could greatly benefit from sharing VSAT links among a group of entcrorises.

Before this can occur, however, national administrations have to develop and implement policies and regulations that facilitate the cost-effective provision of satellite-based services. The IDRC's VSAT Study examined the national satellite regulations and policies of all but a few African nations — as well as the regulatory approaches of most governments of the world

and synthesised the most successful approaches and principles into a practical guideline, which has been disseminated to every African government through the Report, "Open and Closed Skies: Satellite Access in Africa".

This information tool is invaluable: Rather than being based on theory or conjecture, the guideline is based on regulatory models that have already been applied and that have been proven successful in the context of developing and least developed countries, many of which are in Africa. From strategic liberalisation of the VSAT sector, to blanket and class licensing, to reduction of regulatory fees, to spectrum management, to technology neutrality, the Report and guideline include every key feature of regulation and policy needed to facilitate efficient provision of satellite services. The fact that the forward for the Report was written by Hamadoun Tourè, a native of Mali who serves as Director of the International Telecommunication Union's Development Sector (ITU-D), underscores the importance of the regulatory and policy guideline for African development.

Programme Objectives

The objective of the IDRC VSAT programme was to carry out research on the regulation and use of VSAT solutions for social and economic development in Africa in support of the CATIA project. Specifically, since its inception the IDRC VSAT Research Programme participants have:

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a) Investigated the actual and potential application of VSAT technology for social and economic development, particularly relating to health, education and business applications in Africa;

b) Analysed licensing, policy and regulatory issues relevant to VSATs in particular and to wireless technology in general. This included taxation of VSAT equipment;

c) Investigated available bandwidth at global, regional and local levels, patterns of use of the bandwidth and ownership of VSAT technology in Africa;

d) Explored technical and human resources required to deploy VSAT services in Africa;

e) Examined commercial aspects of VSAT technology including costs to institutions and users.

By surveying current use of VSAT technology and investigating policy issues, the research programme developed strategies for potential application of VSAT technology to development issues facing Africa as identified by regional bodies such as the African Union and NEPAD. The research programme also developed a body of information that can be used by all stakeholders involved in tue provision, use or regulation of satellite-based services.

In this regard, the project successfully generated two major deliverables:

- An online resource on VSAT regulation and satellite bandwidth in Africa that is made available via an interactive atlas (www.gvf.org). The atlas has been designed and is ready to interface with the CATIA website when it is launched; and

- The research Report outlining actual regulatory frameworks and applications and potential strategies for mass deployment of VSAT technology in Africa (French- and English-language copies were provided under separate cover; for more copies, please contact [email protected]).

The results of this research — including both the Report and the online atlas — have been made publicly available through the GVF website and, as this Final Technical Report was being filed, through the LINK Centre and CATIA websites. The results have also been promoted and disseminated to key stakeholders by the GVF and CATIA project to ensure maximum exposure, use and benefit of this research (see also the "Dissemination" section below).

In addition, an enhancement was added to the research programme in response to new developments in the CATIA project. From the beginning, the CATIA project has been working with regional regulators towards achieving an enabling environment for low-cost VSAT Internet access through the creation of an online one-stop-shop (OSS) for satellite service providers. The OSS aims to serve as a single point of contact for information about licensing requirements across the continent and, more importantly, to encourage regulatory harmonization and facilitate the submission of licenses.

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During the past few months, the CATIA project has refined its plan to develop an interactive online website for access to updated information on African satellite regulatory conditions. It is envisioned that the CAT1A website (currently in development) not only will include VSAT regulatory conditions of the African nations, but that it will be updated by the African Administrations.

As a complement to this resource, a technically compatible web-based system has been developed and installed in the back office of the GVF website. Once the CATIA website is

fully functional, the GVF back-office system will automatically "harvest" satellite regulatory data updates posted on the CATIA website and reflect them in the online atlas at www.gvfg. The GVF's preparation of this functionality has been completed, and it will become operational as soon as the CATIA website is launched.

Programme Design, Partners & Implementation

A systematic analysis of the current state of VSAT regulatory framework, end-users application, cost structure and technical issues was deemed critical for the success of the CATIA project and for a wider understanding of the implication of wireless technology to social and economic development in Africa. Therefore, the TDRC research programme described in this report closely examined the application and regulatory framework of VSAT technology in Africa to fill yawning gaps in understanding.

GVF managed the overall research programme, which fit within and supported the organisation's Africa policy reform initiatives. Geoff Daniell, the GVF's sub-Sahara Correspondent, served as Project Leader for the first phase of the programme, and David Hartshorn, the GVF's Secretary General, was Project Leader for the final phases. Mr. Hartshorn led the Drafting Group for the Report, which was co-edited by — and included substantive contributions from Mike Jensen, a member of the CATIA team. Martin Jarrold, the GVF's Chief of International Programme Development, managed actual publication of the Report in co-ordination with DS Air.

Work on the programme was also supported by other members of the CATIA team, who provided input into development of the Survey and draft Report, and participated in planning meetings and workshops. The research programme fit within the six-month inception phase of the CATIA project and benefited from the work of the CATIA team during this time. The CATIA team engaged in consultation with regulators and key stakeholders to continue the process of obtaining buy-in and consensus at national, regional and sub-regional levels. The overall CATIA project is being managed by Claire Sibthorpe, and the VSAT component is being led by Lishan Adam with support from Mike Jensen.

The research programme began with an investigation of the broader regulatory and policy issues that impinge on VSAT technology in general and licensing and competition pertaining to local service providers and satellite operators in particular. This included licensing requirements for satellite operators and service providers, level of usage of VSAT technology for voice, corporate data and Internet services provision, the bandwidth structure, legislation, regulation and licensing fees.

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In addition, the project explored international and regional regulatory aspects and interests around the world. The project also analysed the actual and potential application of VSAT technology for social and economic development particularly to health, education and business in Africa.

To provide complementary material for the analysis, a pan-African Survey of satellite regulations in Africa was carried out with the collaboration of GVF, and case studies of VSAT-based Internet use in Algeria, Nigeria and Tanzania were commissioned by IDRC from the University of Witwatersrand LINK Centre4 in South Africa. By surveying current uses of VSAT technology and investigating policy issues, the IDRC project developed strategies for potential application of VSAT technology to development issues facing Africa.

The IDRC project began in early 2003 with development of survey instruments such as interview schedules, data-collection strategies, and a Survey form comprising 53 questions (Appendix C). In September 2003, the questionnaire was sent to every African Administration using correspondents and local researchers where necessary to increase response rates and help obtain accurate details of actual cost structure, regulation and licensing of VSATs in

African countries, that would otherwise be difficult to obtain. Information on current satellite regulatory approaches was also procured from:

• Global organisations, including the ITU and in particular the ITU-D Study Quesaoii 17-1: "Satellite ,egulation in developing countries"5, and "Strengthening Access :0 Communications: Satellite Regulatory & Policy Guidelines ", which was developed by consensus of the GVF Regulatory Working Group6;

• Regional inter-governmental organisations, such as the Telecommunications Regulators Association of Southern Africa (TRASA); the West African Telecommunications Regulators Association (WATRA); and the East Africa Regulatory Post and Telecommunication Organisation (EARPTO);

• Non-governmental organisations (NGOs), such as the African Virtual University (AVU), Increasing Bandwidth for African University Development (IBAUD), and NetHope;

• Consultants, such as Access Partnership, COMSYS, DeTeCon, DTF Consulting, Euroconsult and Northern Sky Research; and

• Legal experts, such as Squire, Sanders & Dempsey and Coudert Brothers.

This resulted in a substantial body of VSAT regulatory information being obtained from 66% of the countries in Africa and, despite data-collection difficulties in some nations, partial information on the 34% remaining Administrations. In addition, during 2003, three VSAT regulatory workshops were led by the GVF in Lesotho (with CATIA funding), Nigeria (ditto),

The research programme also was co-ordinated with the IDRC-funded Afdca ICT policy research project involving the LINK Centre. which is an independent research centre hosted at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. http://www.link.ac.za. The Africa ICT policy project is synergistic with the research programme addressed in this report, because of its aim to promote studies that support initiatives to reduce the "digital divide" and that examine the broad nexus of social, economic, developmental and policy issues surrounding ICTs, including infrastructure development, policy and regulation.

For a copy of the ITU Report. please contact David I-lartshom. who served as Rapporteur for the programme 6 For a copy of the GVF Regulatory Guidelines, please contact Matt Botwin, Chairman of the GVF RWG ([email protected]).

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and Kenya with approximately 90 African regulatory officials from TRASA, WATRA and EARPTO, respectively. These events — as well as follow-up CATIA Workshops held for TRASA in Johannesburg and Maputo in March and May 2004, respectively; and for WATRA in Abuja in May 2004 provided an opportunity for open-forum discussion with representatives of most African Administrations, whose views were presented in the Report.

Meanwhile, the GVF assisted with hosting the VSAT regulatory database where responses to the IDRC Pan-Africa Satellite Survey were housed. The Report and the Survey results in the online database have been made freely available to public- and private-sector stakeholders and also served as an information resource at follow-up VSAT workshops and meetings with EARPTO in Kampala in Oct. 2004 and with WATRA in Accra in Nov. 2004 during which policy, regulatory and application issues and opportunities were discussed. Sub-regional African regulatory groups such as EARPTO, TRASA and WATRA were provided with the data pertaining to their respective regions in order to enhance transparency and facilitate harmonisation of VSAT policies, regulatory conditions and license application processes.

With regard to the research programme schedule, the Report was originally envisaged to be finalised within six months after signing the agreement, with implementation as follows:

- Development of survey instruments 2003 - Regional survey on VSAT technology applications and use — July—Sept. 2003 - In depth country surveys — Sept. 2003 - Draft Report — Sept. 2003 - Regional Workshop — Sept. 2003 - Final Report Nov. 2003 - Published Report Dec. 2003

However, difficulties were encountered in obtaining survey responses from African regulators to the Pan-Africa Satellite Survey and, since ITU Africa was scheduled to be held in Cairo in May 2004 — and since it appeared to be an ideal forum during which to launch the Report it was decided to delay launch until May and use the additional time to collect further information on African satellite regulatory conditions.

Shortly before ITU Africa, and following consultation between IDRC, GVF and CATIA, it was decided to use the Cairo event as the venue for a "soft launch" of the Report. The basis of the decision was that the satellite regulatory regimes of some national administrations were shown in the Report to be extremely deficient (e.g. Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, etc.) and, rather than surprising those administrations with an embarrassing high-profile launch that might threaten future constructive dialogue, the GVF Secretary General was tasked with personally presenting the Report to individual regulators during ITU Africa. In addition, a press release was issued (Appendix D), interviews were conducted, and the IDRC atlas brochure was distributed. The high-profile launch of the final Report followed in Sept. 2004 during the African Computers & Telecommunications Conference in Mauritius, in conjunction with which distribution of the published Report was initiated, a press release was issued, press interviews were conducted, and a special conference session was held on the Report findings.

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As to development of the online resource, the database was posted on schedule during the fourth quarter of 2003, and the Report was posted as soon as it was launched in Sept. 2004. Thereafter, an enhancement to the website was proposed by GVF that would enable the online atlas to interface seamlessly with the yet-to-be-completed CATIA website. IDRC agreed to the proposal, the improved interface was implemented on schedule in the GVF back office, and the final completion date of the project was revised to 31 March 2005.

Report, Survey and Atlas Dissemination

Throughout the entire period of the research programme — and continuing indefinitely into the future — GVF has co-ordinated extensive dissemination of information generated by and relating to the IDRC-funded research programme. This has been achieved by maintaining a high level of visibility for the research programme and its deliverables through a variety of channels, including:

> Official reporting to every government in the world regarding the IDRC-funded research programme, its findings, and the relationship and role of CATIA. This was achieved through substantive coverage in "Satellite regulation in developing counti tes '. a report published in early 2005 by the International Union, Development Sector, for which GVF's David Hartshorn serves as Rapporteur. The report was developed with extensive inputs from and participation by, among others, African government officials through 10 workshops and Rapporteur Group meetings in Marrakesh, Hong Kong, and Geneva8;

Workshop presentations at nearly 10 capacity-building events held for African government officials, PTOs, ISPs, and other ICT stakeholders in East, West, and sub- Saharan Africa (as noted above), including CATIA workshops for WATRA in Ghana and Nigeria, TRASA in Lesotho and South Africa (3), EARPTO in Kenya and Uganda, ITU in Marrakesh and Hong Kong, and with further workshops planned for North, East and West Africa for the ITIJ and CATIA;

> Conference presentations at more than two dozen events in East, West, North and sub-Saharan Africa (e.g. Appendix E), as well as in Europe and North America. These included events such as ITU Africa in Egypt, SatCom Africa in South Africa, ACT 2004 in Mauritius, East African Telecom in Kenya, Infonet in Nigeria, GSM West Africa in Senegal, Newcom Africa in the U.K., Satellite 2005 in Washington, D.C., SATCON 2004 in New York City, and a host of others;

> Exhibitions at more than two dozen events in East, West, North and sub-Saharan Africa, as well as in Europe and North America (see "Conference presentations" above);

The IDRC-funded research programme is featured as the leading source of information on satellite communications in Africa in section 2.2.3 "Africa: Subregion by Subregion". Copies of the report are available in French, English and Spanish from www.itu.intJITU- D/studygroups/free-publications-l .html. The Tunisian government, noting that it now plans to strategically liberalise its VSAT sector, has requested GVF and ITU to hold a satellite

regulatoly workshop for the North African Administrations. In addition, the ITU Center of Excellence for the Arab Region is planning to hold a joint Satellite Summit with GVF in the fourth quarter of 2005, which will also include the North African Administrations. In these capacity-building events and others, the IDRC-funded research programme will be used as a guideline to inform government decisions on satellite regulation and policy.

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> Published articles in a variety of periodicals (e.g. the examples of African, North American and European publications provided in the first Technical Report);

Numerous editions of the GVF Executive Briefing, which is sent monthly to 1,000 satellite-sector members in 90 countries throughout the world;

> The GVF website (www.gvf.org), which appears atlnear the top of all major search engines (e.g. Yahoo, Google, AOL, etc.) and receives approximately 12,000 hits per day, of which a high percentage consists of African traffic. The IDRC-funded online atlas has been posted and is accessible from the homepage, and the Report can be downloaded in pdf format;

> Physical distribution of the Report, as follows:

West Africa: Initial shipment of 100 English- and 300 French-language editions were sent to Gilbert Adanusa, GVF's West Africa Correspondent, for distribution in the region (including, most recently, the CATIA-WATRA Workshop in Accra in November and next week's GSM West Africa Conference in Senegal).

Sub-Saharan Africa: Initial shipment of 400 English editions sent to Geoff Daniell, GVF's Sub-Saharan Africa Correspondent, for distribution in his region (including, most recently, the CATIA-EARPTO Workshop in Kampala in October, and SatCom Africa 2005 Conference & Exhibition in Johannesburg).

Pan-Africa: Initial shipment of 300 English- and 50 French-language editions sent to the ACT 2004 Conference & Exhibition, Mauritius, where Geoff Daniell, GVF's Sub- Saharan Africa Correspondent handled distribution and conducted an African VSAT Solutions session; and 50 English- and 30 French-language editions sent to the ITU Africa Conference & Exhibition in Cairo in May, where David Hartshorn, GVF's Secretary General, distributed them in person to key regulatory, ministry, ITU and other top officials.

Other: The balance of 600 English and 250 French editions were sent to GVF headquarters for distribution in other venues, including (and in addition to the venues listed above and in the first Technical Report):

- GVF Development-Sector Session (in conjunction with the SATCON Users' Conference & Expo), New York City, November 2004

- GSM Africa 2005 Conference & Exhibition, Cape Town, Autumn 2004 - ICASA-TRASA meeting, Pretoria, Autumn 2004 - Newcom Africa 2005 Conference & Exhibition, London, March 2005 - World Bank and USAID meetings (where they had already heard of andlor seen

the Report and held it in high regard), Washington, D.C., March 2005 - And soon.

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Programme impact

While development agencies, national policy makers and regulators have so far been the primary beneficiaries of the research programme, those who ultimately profit from the research programme will be the general population of Africa, who will obtain improved access to a variety of services, including distance education, tele-health, disaster recovery and business communications.

These and other satellite-based services are increasingly being provided in the urban, sub- urban and rural areas, which have little or no immediate prospect of obtaining access without the use of VSATs and VSAT-based hybrids involving the use of GSM, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, and fiber9. While a quantifiable assessment of the programme's impact on Africa's general population is not currently feasible, there have been observable and striking gains made in the policy and regulatory arena, some of which have already effected positive change and others of which are likely to follow suit in the short term. For example:

Sub-Saharan Africa:

The most recent breakthrough facilitated by the Report in this sub-region was Namibia, which two weeks ago announced its decision to strategically liberalise its VSAT sector (Appendix B). Namibia was singled out in the Report as one of the few remaining Administrations in sub-Saharan Africa that had yet to permit competitive provision of VSAT-based services. This fact had also been discussed during international conferences and CATIA workshops held for TRASA. The Namibian Administration thereafter contacted GVF to discuss how to proceed with strategic liberalisation of VSAT.

GVF's experience with strategic liberalisation in developing countries throughout the world suggests that, as competition is introduced, two changes will rapidly occur, both of which have a direct bearing on Namibia's end user community: Access to new services will increase, and prices will decline.

Meanwhile, the Namibian development provides further impetus for positive change in another Administration singled out by the Report: South Africa. Once again, the impact of the Report on national policy and regulation can clearly be seen. During the SatCom Africa 2005 Conference held in February in Johannesburg, the GVF moderated a roundtable that included Ernest Ndukwe, head of the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) and Chairman of WATRA, who featured prominently — and positively in the Report; and Mandla Langa, the head of South Africa's regulatory agency, which featured prominently and in an unfavourable light — in the Report.

During the roundtable, Mr. Ndukwe told Mr. Langa that the Nigerian Administration had lost patience with South Africa's refusal to issue VSAT licenses to Nigerian companies, whilst the Nigerian VSAT sector had long since been liberalised. Mr. Ndukwe added that his Administration might impose a moratorium on the issuance of VSAT licenses to South African companies until the imbalance is redressed.

The successful use of hybrid telecom solutions in Africa is an important finding and merits close consideration in connection with the Recommendation made in this Report.

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South Africa's restrictive VSAT policy has also come under scrutiny during CATIA's TRASA workshops where — informed by the Report's guideline and co-ordinated by GVF, CATIA and other representatives — a regional satellite regulatory framework has been drafted and finalised by the sub-Saharan Administrations, who have called for strategic liberalisation of the VSAT sector. (It should also be noted that a TRASA representative was also present during the first GVF VSAT Workshop held for WATRA in Abuja, where substantive discussions were held on strategic liberalisation.)

Following the Satcom Africa roundtable, an ICASA representative announced that a public comment proceeding would be initiated within a month. The ICASA representative advised GVF that the language in the proceeding is derived from the TRASA guideline.., which was derived from the Report's guideline. While it remains to be seen when the South African Administration will implement regulatory reforms, this is a positive indication that the Report, workshops, online atlas, presentations, press coverage and other activities being co-ordinated through the research programme are beginning to effect change in one of the most intransigent Administrations in Africa.

Meanwhile, at the sub-regional level, the model regulatory and policy guidelines that were developed and endorsed recently at the multi stakeholder TRASA meeting are to be formally endorsed at TRASA's 2005 Annual General Meeting and submitted to SADC. In related business, a number of working groups have been established for TRASA - one on mutual recognition of VSAT licenses, one on regional regulatory harmonisation, and a larger working group that consists of members of the Standing Committee on Frequency Planning, Technology and Advanced Services.

The next regulatory/policy challenge in the region will be to get these instruments implemented at the national level, and TRASA is proposing a meeting of high-level policy makers to facilitate this. We will be participating in the development of a work plan for the next year to take this forward with the standing committee at their meeting in April.

East Africa:

Similarly, through the East Africa Regulatory, Postal and Telecommunication Organisation (EAR-PTO), a working group is being established to draft model satellite regulatory guidelines and, while a planned March meeting was postponed due to regulatory turmoil in Kenya, the Uganda Communications Commission is taking the lead to get the meeting rescheduled. Rwanda and Ethiopia have been included in these discussions (and Rwanda's new regulator has requested a VSAT Workshop).

At the national level, the Report and online atlas as well as VSAT workshops organised in Kenya by CATIA and the Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation — contributed to the Kenyan regulator's recent decision to liberalise its VSAT sector. Shortly after this important development, GVF met with CommCarrier, one of the new recipients of a Kenyan VSAT license, and their representative revealed extensive plans to strengthen access to communications in the country. An indication of CommCarrier's capabilities in addressing development-sector needs is provided in their KTDA VSAT network, which provides communications access to rural communities (Appendix E, slides 13-15).

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Examples like KTDA — and similar services to be launched by other Kenya-based VSAT companies, such as AIlDean Communications and AFSAT — will be important in advancing the nation's development goals, but it will also provide a strong case for the recent regulatory reforms to be maintained. This will be important because, amidst allegations of corruption, the Kenyan Ministry of Communications recently dismissed most of the top officials of the regulatory agency. GVF, CATIA and others have begun urging the Ministry to continue the implementation of progressive reforms, and the Report will be indispensable in this process.

Further, the VSAT-related success stories being told in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania - which was the focus of targeted research in the Report are being heard by Administrations such as Ethiopia which, like South Africa, is increasingly hearing how and why it is in their nation's best interest to develop and implement satellite regulatory and policy reforms.

West Africa:

As in Sub-Saharan and East Africa, the Report has guided the development of a regional satellite regulatory and policy model, which is now nearly complete. It is envisioned that the model guideline will be presented for approval at the next Annual General Meeting of the West Africa Telecommunication Regulators' Association (WATRA;. A working group has been established of five WATRA members to support this process.

At West Africa's national level, the Report has also had a real impact. The in-depth research on Nigeria's progressive VSAT regulations has provided a concrete example on how neighbouring Administrations can proceed to facilitate expanded access to communications. This is extremely valuable for a nation like, for example, Senegal, where the advantages of VSAT-based communications have not previously been apparent to the regulator10.

And it may become valuable in Nigeria, which plans to launch its own satellite and where there have been discussions relating to the possibility of restricting access to competitively- provided satellite bandwidth (a common problem in developing countries that fund "national flag" satellites).

All of the above-noted needs are being supported through online access to the Report, as well as regulatory and satellite resource-related information at www.gvf.org. As a next step, the regulatory data will be updated automatically through links with the "One Stop Shop" under development by CATIA. Training is being scheduled for EARPTO, TRASA and WATRA on the One Stop Shop and general information management for the regulatory agencies, probably in May/June. Once this training has been completed we are expecting the national regulators to update and maintain the content. The sites and concept have already been demonstrated at meetings held for EARPTO, TRASA, and WATRA, and all participants have endorsed and accepted the need for the OSS and greater transparency and satellite regulatory harmonisation (Appendix D).

By creating better strategies for deployment of the VSAT technology, the project is increasing

'° During a CATIA VSAT Workshop held last year for WATRA. a representative of the Senegal government stated flatly that satellite communications had no applicability in a developing country.

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the success of CATIA and other projects in this area, which benefits local businesses and satellite operators which are supplying the services and, subsequently, national governments which are seeing a means of achieving improved rural connectivity, increased investment and a greater tax base. Overall, the achievement of a more consistent and transparent regulatory environment based on the insight of comprehensive research and analysis is reinforcing recent commitments to the African Union and NEPAD, creating an improved image to the rest of the world that national governments "mean business" and are committed to joining the global information society.

Conclusions & Recommendations

As noted above, the major inter-governmental regulatory groups for Western, Eastern and Southern Africa have now either completed or initiated drafting of regional guidelines for satellite communications reforms that promote expanded access to ICTs in Africa. National governments have accelerated the pace at which they implement satellite regulatory and policy reforms. And the private sector is responding with new services that address Africa's development needs. At every stage of this process, the IDRC-funded Report, "Open and Closed Skies: Satellite Access in Africa", and the online atlas have served as their touchstone.

Having seen the concrete gains by IDRC's collaboration with GVF, it is proposed that the two organisations go a step further. The following is a brief outline of a project that would strengthen stakeholder capacity and facilitate actual implementation of satellite-based systems and services for vital applications, certainly in Africa and potentially in all Developing and Least Developed Countries of the world.

As revealed by the "Open and Closed Skies" Report, the cost of satellite-based solutions has declined dramatically in recent years. For the first time in history, this has created the potential for satellite systems and services to be cost-effectively applied to the provision of essential ICT applications, such as distance learning, tele-health, and rural tele-centres, as well as the provision of Internet, voice and video links for small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs). This was also confirmed by the Report, which identified a variety of user groups that have begun to apply low-cost satellite-based solutions, including universities, health and relief organisations, cyber cafes, and other ICT stakeholders.

There are, however, major challenges to be addressed. Many members of the ICT community whose needs would best be addressed by low-cost satellite solutions remain unaware or misinformed regarding the existence of the opportunity. Meanwhile, many of the organisations that have expressed an interest in implementation have little or no idea about what to do next. And ICT interests that have proceeded to implement satellite-based solutions have too often encountered severe difficulties, most or all of which were avoidable. (GVF has direct knowledge of these yawning information gaps through regular urgent inquiries from developing countries in every major region of the world.)

We propose that IDRC fund a new GVF-led global project that would build upon the success of the "Open and Closed Skies" programme, providing ICT stakeholders in developing countries with the informational tools needed to effect implementation of low-cost satellite solutions... sustainably. To achieve this objective, the project would include:

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1. Research that systematically reveals each factor contributing to the proven successful implementation of low-cost satellite solutions that have advanced social and economic development;

2. Publication of a report conveying the research results, with information on how to:

Ascertain whether low-cost satellite does indeed fit the user's application(s)

Design a satellite network optimized to the user's requirement(s)

> Develop a business plan to sustain the network

> Procure a competitively-priced satellite network

> Deploy, maintain, operate and — potentially — grow the network

3. Building capacity through workshops and seminars, where public- and private-sector stakeholders will learn how to implement sustainable low-cost satellite solutions.

As with the "Open and Closed Skies" programme, project costs would be low: Approximately CAD300,000 for research and publication of the report; $20,000 for distribution; and $5,000- $10,000 per day per workshop. (Workshop costs would be held to a minimum by co-locating with pre-existing events, the organisers of which would help cover facility-related expenses.)

GVF would be pleased to provide a detailed project proposal for IDRC's consideration and remains committed to furthering our shared aims of promoting expanded access to ICTs.

/

Hartshorn Secretary General GVF

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Appendix A: CATIA Project Overview

The Catalysing Access to ICT in Africa (CATIA) programme aims to enable poor people in Africa to gain maximum benefit from the opportunities offered by Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and to act as a strong catalyst for reform. It supports a package of strategic activities to improve affordable access to the full range of ICTs, from Internet to community radio. This programme is focused on addressing on the need for ICTs to address social and economic development issues. It works to help build capacity across Africa to achieve sustainable change.

CATIA is a three year programme of the Department for International Development (DFID) in close collaboration with other donors and players (e.g. Sida, IDRC, CIDA, USAID and Cisco). It is being implemented in close coordination with the Canadian government's Connectivity Africa initiative. It is being managed by Atos KPMG Consulting from a programme office in Johannesburg, South Africa.

When the CATIA programme was launched it consisted of nine distinct component projects:

Component I a: Low cost satellite Internet access widely available across Africa

The new low-cost VSAT-based Internet services could have a significant impact on improving access to the Internet ir. Africa. This component focuses on low cost satellite licensing and regulations in :.. barriers to the rapid deployment of this technology. It the elimination of prohibition on the private use of satellite; a blanket exemption and mutual recognition agreement type-approval for low-cost Ku/Ka band VSAT terminals for Internet access; and the creation of a one-stop-shop for satellite service providers as a single point of contact to provide information about licensing requirements across the continent and to provide for the submission of license applications with a single electronic form

• Component I b: Robust African internet backbone with exchange points at the core and strong African ISP Associations

This component supports the African Internet Service Providers Association (AfrISPA) in the development of an increasingly influential networking of national ISP associations involved in driving an informed reform process as well as an African-based team that acts as a catalyst for the uptake of Internet Exchange Points (IXP).

• Component Ic: Well-informed, lively and inclusive policy debates across Africa, shaping the local policy environment

This component aims to catalyse ICT policy and regulatory reform, through supporting a range of organisations and advocacy groups from the private sector, consumer groups and civil society.

• Component 1 d: Positive policy environments for radio broadcasting across Africa

This component helps shape a policy environment within African countries that supports and nourishes a genuinely plural, diverse range of broadcast institutions, including an explicit acknowledgment of and provision for community broadcasting, public service broadcasting and a recognition of the importance of broadcasting for guaranteeing democratic and inclusive societies. It also builds capacities within society to provide analysis, research and undertake advocacy to democratise and improve broadcasting in the target countries.

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• Component le: An African led network of institutions, actively strengthening the African expertise involved in setting ICT related policy

This component supports an African—led network of institutions that will strengthen the regulatory, policy, managerial and technical expertise available to set and maintain appropriate ICT policies in

Africa and therefore facilitate access provision in poor communities. It supports the provision of African-focused courses and an effective peer-to-peer sharing of expertise and experience among African policy makers and regulators.

• Component If: Increased capacity for African developing countries to participate in international ICT decision making

This component supports the Louder Voices initiative aimed at increasing the participation of developing countries in international ICT decision making processes by establishing two small specialist African units to collate, analyze and disseminate information on international decision- making issues affecting ICTs and their implications for national policy making, including their impact on poverty and development. It will also provide a web-based information resource on these issues.

• Component 2a: Low cost computers and open source software being developed and tailored to the African market (led by Panos Institute)

This component supports the ongoing efforts of Africans seeking to identify strategies for the development of appropriate low-cost computers and open source software in order to help broaden access to information and communications in Africa. As part of this it seeks to act as a catalyst for developing strategic South/South and/or South/North partnerships in this area.

• Component 2b: Stronger network of community radio, FM and public service radio stations across Africa, offering good pro-poor radio programmes (led by Amarc)

This component: o assists community and, where appropriate, commercial and state-run broadcasting radio

stations in getting on-line and improving connectivity;

o investigates and analyses training options for African broadcasters and identify areas for development and improvement as well as develop the ICT and production skills base of radio station employees and volunteers through direct training delivery and through training of trainers;

o maximises the networking and information sharing of the Internet for African broadcasters and support broadcasters in producing content for exchange; and

o enhances the availability of content which can improve the quality of pro poor radio programming and support the development of high quality local content that can contribute to development goals.

• Component 2c: A thriving African based Open Knowledge Network, catalysing the creation and exchange of local content (led by OneWorld)

This component strengthens the abilities of local communities and organisations in developing countries to create, synthesise, adapt, and exchange valuable, and potentially wealth-generating local content, including appropriate knowledge from elsewhere.

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Appendix B: Namibian VSAT Liberalisation Articie*

VSAT market open for competition The Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) satellite telecommunication market is being opened to competition by the government. VSAT can be used for one- way and/or interactive communication via satellite. VSAT is a well-established telecommunications solution with more than 500 000 terminals installed in over 120 countries. Currently, Telecom Namibia Ltd has the monopoly to provide this satellite-based technology. "Where monopolies exist, sub- standard services are often rendered at above-market prices," said a statement from cabinet, which announced the opening of the VSAT market.

The statement said internationally monopolistic privileges were being eliminated to ensure that people benefited from quality services and low cost communications. Namibia's 1999 Telecommunications Policy and Regulatory Framework provides for the liberalisation of the telecommunications market by 2004.

Delays in the drafting of the Communications Bill prevented the government from fully implementing the policy. "The major advantage of opening up the VSAT market is that effective, rapidly-deployed VSAT satellite-based communications solutions will be more readily available. This access to communication services will stimulate local business, creating employment, new sources of revenue and has the potential to attract foreign investment to the country, "said the statement

*Note: Original available on www.economist.com.na/2005/25mar/25-03-1 2

Appendix C: VSAT Regulatory Questionnaire (Following Page)

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Global VSI4 I Forum IDRC * CRDI FOUNTAIN COURT, 2 VICTORIA SQ., STALBANS IDAC HERTFORDSHIRE, ALl 3TF, ENGLAND P0 Box 8500 TELEPHONE: +44-1727-884 739 OTTO WA

FACSIMILE: ÷44-1727-884 839 ONKIG3H9 EMAIL: [email protected] CANADA WEBSITE: www.gvf.org

To: The African Regulatory Community

From: The Global VSAT Forum

10 September 2003

Dear Regulatory Officer,

The Global VSAT Forum (GVF), in co-operation with Catalysing Access to ICTs in Africa (CATIA) — an IDRC- funded satellite regulatory project - respectfully requests that you complete the questionnaire below.

It has been developed by the GVF, the non-profit association of the satellite sector, to research VSAT regulation on the African continent and provide the results to the African regulatory community for their use as a complimentary resource. This research project builds on the work recently undertaken by the ITU-D Study Group 1 on satellite regulatory matters (Question 17/1: Satellite Regulation in Developing Countries).

The CATIA Project has as its ultimate aim the identification of regulatory approaches that effectively promote access services that enable the provision of low-cost Internet on the African continent. Sub-Project la of the broader CATIA Project will make the VSAT regulatory information tne public and private sectors to facilitate service provision.

An up-to date registry will be established on a One-Stop-Shop (OSS) website, including the VSAT regulations currently applied in Africa. The project also intends to encourage policy-makers and regulators on the continent to harmonise VSAT regulations across regions and the continent, by providing examples of practices that have assisted in improving Internet connectivity.

We appreciate your taking a few moments to fill out this questionnaire and look forward to providing your Administration with this valuable informational resource. For more information, please contact:

In West Africa: Gilbert Adanusa at: [email protected]

In all other African sub-regions: Geoff Daniell at: [email protected]

Yours respectfully,

David Hartshorn

Secretary General

Global VSAT Forum

CATIA PROJECT la GLOBAL VSAT FORUM SURVEY:

VSAT REGULATIONS IN AFRICA

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PART I - GENERAL IN FORMATION

2.Date 1. Country Completed

3. Person(s) who completed the questionnaire

Name: Name:

Position: Position:

Organisation: Organisation:

Address: Address:

City: City:

Tel: Tel:

Fax: Fax:

E-mail: E-mail:

Name: Name:

Position: Position:

Organisation: Organisation:

Address: Address:

City: City:

Tel: Tel:

Fax: Fax:

E-mail: E-mail:

Note: All information provided in this survey should reflect the regulatory situation currently in force in your country. Future policy and regulatory initiatives should be provided in Part VI of this questionnaire.

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4. Please indicate the names and contact details of policy makers and regulators responsible for satellite matters.

If there are more than one policy-makers and/or regulators responsible for satellite matters, please indicate all names and addresses.

Policy Maker: Regulator:

Address: Address:

City: City:

Tel: Tel:

Fax: Fax:

Web site: Web site:

Email: Email:

Policy Maker: Regulator:

Address: Address:

City: City:

Tel: -

Fax:

Tel:

Fax:

Email: Email:

Web site: Web site:

5. What laws, decrees, legal instruments, or regulations are applicable to satellite communications, including those specific to satellite communications?

Law/Regulation Year Adopted

Description/Remarks (e.g. review procedure)

6. Are these laws, decrees, and legal instruments publicly available? Yes No

If Yes

Online? URL:

Postal address:

By mail?

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7. Are licence application forms available? Yes No

If Yes

Electronically? E-mail:

Online? URL:

By mail?

Postal address:

8. Does your country have a national table of frequency allocations or other national Yes N spectrum management plan including satellite service allocations? 0

If Yes

Electronically? E-mail:

Online? URL:

By mail?

Postal address:

9. Please indicate the names and contact details of those responsible for satellite-related technical co-ordination issues.

Address:

City:

Tel:

Fax:

Web site:

Email:

10. Please provide a summary of international VSAT service providers in your country.

11. Are VSAT services open to competition? Yes No

12. Is your country a member of the WTO? Yes No

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Please describe the WTO commitments:

If Yes

13. Does your country have an inde pendent telecommunications regulator? Yes No

14. How are VSAT services defined in your country? (By bandwidth, antenna diameter, ETSI definition or other?)

Please describe:

PART H-SPACE SEGMENT

15. Are foreign and domestic space-segment operators treated in the same regulatory No fashion? es

If No

Describe difference:

16. seg

Does your country have regulations that restrict or prohibit the use of space Yes No ment offered by foreign entities?

If Yes

Please describe:

17. Is the space-segment provider required to have a commercial or legal presence in Yes No the country?

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Please describe:

If Yes

18. Does your country require additional authorizations for foreign space-segment operators of coordinated and notified satellites to provide their services in your Yes No

(Note This question does not address ground- segment authorisations)

If Yes

What are the additional requirements?

19. Are space segment operators allowed to provide services direct to end-users? Yes No

Please describe the conditions for end users to access satellite service:

If No

20. Are there rules in effect that govern the percentage mark-up on space-segment? Yes j

No

Please describe and give the % mark-up:

If Yes

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PART III - GROUND SEGMENT

21. Please indicate below which services are subject to licensing. For those services subject to licensing, please mark (X) which entity is responsible for licensing that service, indicate whether there is a license fee, specify the license duration and the approximate license time.

Service subject

to licensing

. . . . Entity(ies) responsible for licensing License

f e9 e Licence duration

Appiic- ation

proce- ssing time

Yes No M TRA PTO 0

(please_specify) Yes No Years Weeks

BSS

FSS

MSS

Private VSAT Network

PSTN- Connected VSAT Network

I

GMPCS

SNG

AMSS

Other * Note: M= Ministry, WA Telecommunication Regulatory Authotity, PlO 0 Other

22. What are the licence fees for VSATs?

One-off costlmonthNSAT (USD)

Recurring cost/month/VSAT (USD)

Other costs not catered for above (USD)

Notes

23. What duties are applied to VSAT network equipment and terminals?

Customs charges (%)

Import Duties (%)

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24. Is information explaining the licensing process publicly available? Yes No

Please describe:

If Yes

25. Is there a requi rement for a service licence as well as an operational licence? Yes No

If Yes

Please describe:

26. Are there any revenue-sharing requirements? (

Yes No

If Yes

Please describe:

27. Is the network service provider required to have a commercial or legal presence in Yes No the country?

If Yes

Please describe:

C

Other duties? Please describe

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Please describe those conditions (e.g. percentage of foreign ownership permitted):

If Yes

29. Are satellite network service providers allowed to transmit and receive signals to Yes No and from foreign satellites?

Please describe any special requirements:

If Yes

PART IV — TERMINAL EQUIPMENT

30. Does your country:

(1) Require type approval of terminals?

(2) Require type appro val of terminal components?

(3) Allow se/f-dec/a ration of conformity by manufacturers?

(4) Reqthre equipment registration9

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

31. Does your country follow any international/regional standards on unwanted Yes N emissions during the type approval of Earth Station terminals?

If Yes

Please provide the names/titles of these standards:

C

28. Does your country place conditions on foreign ownership of providers of satellite- Yes No

based services?

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32. Has your country implemented satellite-equipment mutual recognition Yes No agreements?

If Yes

Please describe:

33. Does your country accept type certification from other countries or recognized Yes No entities?

If Yes

Please describe:

34. Has your country implemented the GMPCS-M0U and its Arrangements? Yes No

If Yes

Please describe:

35 Does your country have a provision for blanket or class licensing of

(1) 2-way VSAT terminals?

(2) AMSS terminals?

(3) GMPCS terminals?

(4) Others?

If Yes

Please describe the process:

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

36. Do Television receive-only (TVRO) termina Is require a licence? Yes No

If Yes What are the licence fees/monthNSAT (USD)?

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If Yes


37. Do data receive-only terminals require a licence? Yes j

No

If Yes

If Yes


What are the licence fees/monthNSAT (USD)?

PART V — SERVICES/APPLICATIONS

38. Does your country participate in:

(1) a national satellite operator j

Yes No

(2) a regional satellite operator Yes No

(3) a global satellite operator

If Yes

Yes No

Please list the satellite operator(s):

39. Which satellite operators have market access or have service providers with market access in your country?

Please list the names:

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40. Are there preferential treatment rules in place for domestic satellite operators? Yes No

If Yes

Please describe:

41. Please complete the following table by marking (X) the relevant level of competition.

. Service Monopoly Partial .. Competition Full .. Competition

Indicate number of operators

BSS

Fixed Service Satellite (FSS)

Mobile service satellite (MSS)

Private VSAT Network

PSTN-Connected VSAT Network

GMPCS

SNG

AMSS

International VSAT

Domestic VSAT

Other

Note:

Monopoly = service provided exclusively by one operator.

Partial = regulatory framework limits the number of licensees (e g , duopoly)

Full competition = any company can be licensed to provide the service, no limits on number of licensees.

Remarks:

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42. Are there service-specific regulations for satellite-based services Yes No

(e.g., Internet, V0IP, Data)?

If Yes

Please list the services and describe the process:

43. Is it permitted for VSAT networks to provide Internet connectivity to ISPs? Yes No

If Yes

What rules apply to ISPs using VSATs?

Are there special regulations in place for Internet via satellite? Please describe:

44. Does an iSP licence allow ISPs to operate VSAT networks? Yes No

45. Is an ISP allowed to buy/lease space segment directly from satellite operators? Yes No

PART VI- TRENDS & COMMENTS

46. Is your country planning changes to its approach to satellite regulation? Yes No

Please describe:

If Yes

47. Has your country noticed an increase in satellite usage based on regulatory changes, such as implementation of GMPCS MoU, blanket licensing, Open skies, fees Yes No reduction, self declaration of conformity, transparency, etc.:

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Please describe:

49. Have VSATs contributed to improved connectivity in your country?

If Yes Please describe:

50. What alternatives to VSATs are available in your country?

Please describe:

C

Please describe:

If Yes

48. How do you see satellite services as a tool for promoting business assistance Yes No programs to assist women entrepreneurs?

If Yes

51. How long would it take to provide the same levels of connectivity if VSATs were not available?

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52. Are there unlicensed VSAT terminals being used in your country?

If Yes Please estimate how many:

What services are predominantly being provided via the unlicensed services?

What plans, if any, does your Administration have to address the unauthorised use of VSAT-based services?

53. Please provide examples of success stories where particular regulatory approaches have resulted in an increased availability of satellite services in your country.

Thank you for participating in this research effort!

6

Please describe:

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PART VU - GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Number Term Description/definition

1 Space-segment operators An entity/company that specialises in the provision of satellites that provide transponder capacity or bandwidth.

2 Foreign Entities An entity whose controlling interest is held by those outside the country where the entity operates.

3 Commercial or Legal Presence

A duly registered entity operating within the borders of a given country.

4 Coordinated and Notified Satellites

Satellites (and/or systems) which have been duly licensed by their owner's national regulatory authority and subsequently on an international basis through the ITU.

5 Ground Segment Authorisations

Also known as landing rights. Permission to provide service and operate a given satellite system within a

country's borders.

6 End Users The individual users of a telecommunications system.

7 BSS Broadcast Satellite Service. A satellite-based broadcast service providing audio and television on-way services.

8 FSS Fixed Satellite Service. A satellite-based, two-way telecommunications service where the ground-segment equipment is in fixed sites.

9 MSS Mobile Satellite Service. A satellite-based telecommunications service where the ground terminals are mobile (as opposed to being located in fixed sites).

10 Private VSAT Network A network of Very Small Aperture Terminal users that is not open to public access.

11 PSTN-Connected A network or user who is connected to the Public Switched Telephone Network.

12 VSAT Network A network of Very Small Aperture Terminal users.

13 GMPCS Global Mobile Personal Communications By Satellite. A service that combines MSS, FSS, VSAT and other satellite-based telecommunications technologies to provide mobile and fixed communications capabilities and services to individuals and groups of users.

14 SNG Satellite News Gathering. The use of satellites to transmit news video, audio and data from the site of the news event to a central location.

15 AMSS Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service. A satellite-based telecommunications service where the terminals are located on aircraft.

16 Terminal Equipment The equipment used on the ground to send to and/or deliver information from satellites.

17 Type Approval The determination that a piece of equipment utilised in providing the telecommunications service meets certain technical and engineering specifications.

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18 Self Declaration Of Conformity

A document generated by an equipment manufacturer that declares their equipment has met the technical and engineering specifications required for Type Approval.

19 Equipment registration A process whereby suppliers must register their equipment for resale in a specific country.

20 Mutual Recognition Agreements

An agreement between entities stating that they accept each other's declarations and rulings on specific matters.

21 Recognised Entities Organisations or companies who have been approved to perform specific tasks and make rulings in given countries or regions.

22 Blanket or Class Licensing

A form of license for terminals in a given country that precludes the need of an individual from having to apply for a license for their specific terminal.

23 International VSAT A network of Very Small Aperture Terminal users operating on an international basis (i.e., worldwide)

24 Domestic VSAT A network of Very Small Aperture Terminal users operating within the borders of a country.

25 VoIP Voice Over Internet Protocols. A method of transmitting voice traffic over data networks.

26 Open Skies A policy applied to VSATs whereby licenses are not required for individual VSAT terminals.

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Appendix D: TRASA/WATRA Press Release

Date: 6 May 2004

PRESS RELEASE

AFRICAN INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS TO LAUNCH SATELLITE-REGULATORY HARMONISATION PROGRAMME

TRASA and WATRA to Co-ordinate with CATIA to Facilitate Development of Regulations That Expand ICT Access Throughout Africa

CAIRO, EGYPT — The African regulatory community has initiated a multi-stakeholder collaboration that aims to strengthen development and implementation of harmonised satellite regulatory and policy reforms while promoting expanded access to cost-effective telecommunications throughout the region.

The joint effort, which has taken the public- and private-sector dialogue to a new level, was announced today at ITU Africa, where leading African inter-governmental regulatory organisations signed memoranda of understanding confirming their intention to co-ordinate efforts in a three-year project that will advance transparency and the formulation of effective regional satellite policy principles.

The organisations are the Telecommunications Regulators Association of Southern Africa (TRASA) and the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Association (WATRA), which have signed MoUs that define the instrumental role to be played by the groups in their respective regions through a project entitled "Catalysing Access to ICTs in Africa" (CATIA).

"African Administrations recognise that satellite communications are inherently well suited for a wide range of applications that provide essential regional connectivity and, as a result, accelerate the pace of economic development in the region," said a statement issued jointly by TRASA and WATRA. "This MoU — and our plans to work with CATIA — set the stage for national Administrations throughout the Continent to co-ordinate in the development of effective regulatory and policy principles that will expand access to satellite-based ICTs in Africa."

CATIA is a programme funded by DFID in collaboration with other donors and players, including Cisco, CIDA, IDRC, Sida, and USAID. It is being implemented in coordination with the Canadian government's Connectivity Africa Initiative and is being managed by Atos KPMG Consulting from a programme office in Johannesburg, South Africa. CATIA includes nine projects, one of which — the low-cost VSAT initiative — aims to facilitate expanded access to affordable satellite Internet across Africa.

6 April 2005

"The low-cost VSAT project will provide support for African Administrations to adopt multi- country collaborative strategies in provision of regulations for low-cost satellite services," said Lishan Adam, project leader for this project. "The rapid deployment of the new more affordable VSAT-based Internet services could have a significant impact on improving access to the Internet in Africa."

Africa Satellite Regulatory Report Unveiled

New satellite-based Internet delivery systems now make it possible to obtain bandwidth ten times more affordably than was formerly available, to almost anywhere in Africa, according to a report unveiled at ITU Africa this week. Entitled "Catalysing Access to ICTs in Africa... Via Satellite", the IDRC-funded report shows that a growing number of African Administrations have demonstrated a willingness to address a restrictive regulatory environment that makes it time consuming and expensive to deploy satellite services.

"For the report, a survey was conducted of the regulations currently applied to satellite communications services throughout Africa" said David Hartshorn, Secretary General of the Global VSAT Forum (GVF), the non-profit association of the international satellite communications sector. "While local regulations and policies are often acting as a deterrent to satellite service provision, the survey shows mat Administrations have begun implementing reforms — and they are getting good results."

Included among the progressive approaches identified by the Report are:

Liberalising the satellite sector;

> Implementing blanket-licensing approaches for low-cost VSAT terminals;

Minimising satellite regulatory fees;

> Recognising type approvals issued by other Administrations and certification bodies;

> Confirming plans to enhance transparency of satellite regulatory requirements and processes.

Mike Jensen, an independent consultant who co-authored the Report with Mr. Hartshorn, said continued gains in each of the above-noted regulatory areas will be facilitated through TRASA's and WATRA's involvement in CAT1A: "One of the key aspects of CATIA will be the creation of a One-Stop-Shop (OSS) to serve as a single point of contact for information about licensing requirements across the Continent and more importantly, to provide for the submission of license applications with a single electronic application form."

6 April 2005

Monehela Posholi, TRASA's Chairman, and Ernest Ndukwe, WATRA's Chairman, said their respective organisations plan to co-ordinate a wide range of activities that aim to facilitate implementation of the objectives noted above. For example:

1. Workshops will be held comprising top-level national policy makers, operators and regulators, assisted by experts, international agencies and regulators from other continents with experience in low-cost VSAT regulation.

2. Regional satellite policy and regulatory guidelines will be developed for their respective regions, based on the experiences of TRASA and WATRA and drawing from the GVF's "Satellite Policy and Regulatory Guidelines".

3. An online One Stop Shop for submitting VSAT license applications will be developed, including a combined application form which can be simultaneously submitted to all of the regulatory authorities chosen by the VSAT operator. TRASA and WATRA will maintain sub-regional One Stop Shops for Southern and West Africa, respectively. It is envisaged that an integrated One Stop Shop for Africa may be created towards the end of the CATIA programme that may include additional inter-governmental groups from other regions of Africa.

Editor's Note:

Catalysing Access to ICTs in Africa (CATIA) is a three-year programme funded by DFID in collaboration with other donors and players (e.g. Cisco, CIDA, GVF, IDRC, Sida, and USAID). It is being implemented in coordination with the Canadian government's Connectivity Africa Initiative and is being managed by Atos KPMG Consulting from a programme office in Johannesburg, South Africa. CATIA includes nine component projects, one of which aims to facilitate expanded access to low-cost satellite Internet across Africa. For more information, see the CATIA website: www.catia.ws

GVF is a non-profit, independent organization that serves as the unified voice of the international satellite communications industry. The organization facilitates public- and private-sector dialogue relating to all aspects of satellite services and systems. For more information, see the GVF website:

The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is a public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to help developing countries use science and technology to find practical, long-term solutions to the social, economic, and environmental problems they face. For more information, see the IDRC website: www.idrc.ca

The Telecommunications Regulators Association of Southern Africa (TRASA) was formed as an inter-governmental organisation in December 1997, under the terms of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol on Transport, Communications and Meteorology. The organization has as its primary aim the promotion of access to communications among its 14 Member States. For more information, see the TRASA website: www.trasa.org.bw

6 April 2005

The West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Association (WATRA) was established by the Administrations of the West Africa region to facilitate and promote the continuing development of telecommunications in the region. For more information, see the WATRA website: www.watra.org

Appendix E: SatCom Africa 2004 Presentation (Following Page)

Page 27 6 April 2005

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IDRC GRANTS TO INSTITUTUNS: A GUIDE TO ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES

Project Information Summary (FRI)

Project Title*:I A REGL)L. Arø I

IDRC Grant Number*: I a

Institution Name: F3RQ,v\

Working Currency: IU-5 4 P. s ] Currency of Account: I I

Commencement Date: 0 fIo'P1o3 1

Day/Month/Year

Parallel/Local Contribution: If parallel and I or local contributions have been made to this project, please complete and return form FR5 (Notice of Parallel Funds and Payment of Local Contributions).

Report No.:

Period of Actual Expenses:

Period of Expense Forecast:

Certification by the Institution: We hereby certify that this financial report, and all its schedules, correctly and fairly reflect the expenses of the project, and more specifically the portion supported by IDRC. No expenses charged against the IDRC grant have been, or will be, recovered from another donor.

Name of Project Leader

t S R 0

Signabse 7 ,

Date

BA200206E

oi/o4/o5

I /o3 Day/Month/Year

I I

I

Day/Month/Year

aThe grant agreement contains this information.

IDRC GRANTS TO INSTITUTIONS: A GuIDE TO ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES

Detailed Expense and Forecast Worsksheets (FR2) Use this format to report expenses for each budget category of your grant agreement

(Number sheets 2a to 2h)

For each : Budget vs Expenses Forecast of Expenditures

Budget Item Budgeted Expenses Variance For next period For remaining expenses as the Amount periods

agreement) for Perbd

Totals

*This should correspond to a general ledger account in the recipient's book of accounts where details are to a line item under an account.

Explanations and comments:

T' Q e s

BA200206E

IDRC GRANTS TO INSTITUTIONS: A GUIDE TO ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES

Expense and Forecast Summary (FR3)

e. s s r

Forecast of Expenditures

For next For remaining period periods

Budget

Budget vs. Expenses

Budgeted Expenses Variance amount

for this perkd

Personnel

Consultants

Evaluaton

Equipment

Travel

Training

Research Experses

Indirect Costs*

Totals

* If the peitentage of actual irriirect costs for perbd exceeds tie albwable indirect cost percentage, reduce before submithng this report to DRC.

BA200206E

IDRC GRANTS TO INSTITUTUNS: A GUIDE TO ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES

Cash receipts and foreign exchange (FR4)

Date Amount receiwd from

(dd / mm /yy) (before bank charges)*

Currency in which the funds were

received and held

If the currency of your bank account is differentfrom the working currency, please complete the following section:

Cash exchange form Amount recelwd

from IDRC In: (before bank charges)*

Amount transferred In

currency of project

Balances in accounts: Plus nterest earned:

Plus other income recewed:

Closing balance:

*Note: Bank charges must be tieated as expenses under The Indirect Cost cafe goiy. BA200206E

Payment receipt form

Payment 1:

Payment 2:

Payment 3:

/b631s. i ii

OS R

Payment 4:

Payment 5:

Payment 6:

Payment 7:

Payment 8:

Total:

Date

(dd I mm / yy)

Rate of Exchange

Opening balance >

Transacton 1:

Transacton 2:

Transacton 3:

Transacton 4:

Transacton 5:

6:

Transacton 7:

Transacton 8:

Transacton 9:

Transacton 10:

Transacton 11:

Transacton 12:

Transacton 13:

IDRC GRANTS TO A GUIDE TO ADMINISTRATiVE PROCEDURES

Notice of Receipt of Parallel Funds and Disbursement of Local Contributions (FR5)

This Form must be submitted if the JDRC grant was conditional on specific amounts of parallel funding being received from other donors (see Section A1O.2 d of the Memorandum of Grant Conditions, or Section A6.2 d of Reseavh Support Grant Agreement). Use this form to iBcord all donor contnbutions dicing the Ife of the prqect.

Section 5A— Parallel binds

Parallel funds represent contilbutions by otherinternalonal agencies (or toundatbns) for the purpose ofthe project, whether or

not stipulated in Attachment Cot your grant (MGC or RSGA).

Date of conVact (dd! mm Iyy)

Funds pledged in signed contract Name of donor

(or acronym If well known) Donor contact

(Name of person) Amount Currency

0 CAT/A CAT(A

additlomi sheet If you need more space.

Secaon5B ccnt,tbi*Ions estbnatos (for hiormMlon orgy)

Local contrbutions represent cash anounts by the reclpbnt from Its own resowces, from private grants, or from grants received from local, provIncial, or natbnai au$rnrities for the ixirpose cf the prc4ect. h-kind such as salaries of regular equipment, infrastructure, and overhead costs should not be included.

BA200206E

Year 2

Estimated Amount

Note: Each time you complete this report, please list all since lie start of the project. Please use an

Project Period

Year 1

Currency

Year 3

Year 4

Year 5

Total for project

African VSAT Regulatory Regimes Study

IDRC FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT Centre File Ref.: 101616/001 Reporting Currency: USS

Cumulative Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Variance

Budget Total Sep-03 Oct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04 Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 To Date USS $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

INCOME

EXPENDITURE

Personnel Project leader Researcher

Consultants Consultant 1: G. Daniell Consultant 2: G. Adanusa Consultant 3: Access Partnership

Evaluation Consultant Travel - airfare Travel - expenses

Staff travel Personel Travel - airfare Trav& -

Other

Training/Formation Consultant Travel - airfare Travel - expenses Other

215,321 173,168 106,375 66,793 (42,153)

Research expenses Workshop for TRASA Workshop regulators & policy Local researchers (LlNKCentre) Database Seminars, meetings Network communications Pnntingltranslatiortfshippinglpublications Link Centre - researcher costs

5,400 24,000 12,000 1,000

0

0

44,000 36,321

Indirect costs Costs (rate: 8%)

TOTAL EXPENDITURE

l:\IDRC spreadsheet 31 -3-05.stsSheell

122,721 123,713 0 17,610 18,050 0 1,754 0 9,519 0 0 6,205 0 17,358 29,079 0 0 14,287 0 0 9,851 992

17,226 17,699 15 9,999 26 27 38 7,437 47 70 40

17,226 17,699 15 9,999 26 27 38 0 7,437 0 0 47 0 0 70 0 0 40 0 0 0 473

219,947 202,144 15 33,609 18,076 8,027 2,768 0 34,956 0 0 6,252 0 17,358 29,149 0 0 ' 14,327 0 0 37,607 -17,803

8,000 8,000

0

Other

Equipment Item 1: Web Hosting - Dynamic Map

8,000

8,000 8,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8,000 0

48,000 16,000 16,000 3,000

6,000 8,000

10,000 8,000

3,000

48,000 35,000 0 6,000 0 8,000 0 0 18,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,000 -13,000

0

0

0

0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

16,756 16,756

0 16,756 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16,756 16,756

24,000 0

0

976 0

976

24,000 976 0 0 0 0 976 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -23,024

0

0

0

0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1,600 525

25,705 6,205

0

0

54,018 35,660

1,600

17,610 18,050

9,269 6,205

16,436

154 250 17,358 12,643 14,287 9,326

525

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