elections in india 1952-96 - msu digital repository

ELECTIONS IN INDIA 1952-96

Constituency Profiles, Results and Analysis Focussing Poll 1996

J. C . A g g a r w a l

N . K . C h o w d h k y

2012

M S U L IB R A R Y

27232

ISBN 81-85402-82-5(HB) 81-85402-83-3(PB)

K)b

First Published, in India, in 1996

© J. C. Aggarwal and N. K. Chowdhry

Published by:S H IP R A P U B U C A T IO N S 115-A Vikas Marg, Shakarpur Delhi - 110092 (India) ■ /.Phones: 2458662, 2200954

Laser Typeset by:L.C. Publishing Service Phone: 6853926.

Printed at:Nice Printing Press Delhi - 110051.

Preface

A t th e E le v en th G en era l E lections, th e In d ia n v o te rs faced a n u n u su a l d ile m m a . T h e 'H a w a la S can d a l' covered lead e rs from all th e tiiree m a jo r po litical p a r tie s — th e C o n g ress , B hara tiya Jan a ta P a r ty a n d th e Jan a ta Dal. S h o u ld all th e p o litica l p a r tie s b e c o n d e m n e d o n th is acco u n t? D o th e y d e se rv e th e v o te rs co n fid en ce a t all? T o ta l ab s tin en ce w o u ld h a v e m a d e th e political sy s tem en tire ly d y sfu n c tio n a l. So a cho ice h a d to b e m ad e .

F o r th e o rd in a ry v o te r , d em o crac y se em e d to h a v e b ec o m e som ev^hat ir re le v a n t a t le a s t a s i t is fo llo w ed in th e p re se n t fo rm . A few p e o p le a t th e to p e lec ted b y p o p u la r m a n d a te h a d to ta lly b e tra y e d th e co n fid en ce re p o se d in th e m . T h e y h a d b e e n u s in g th e p o w e r o f th e S ta te fo r th e ir p e rso n a l g a in s , a t b e s t b en e fitin g th e ir o w n k ith a n d k in in to ta l v io la tio n o f a ll n o rm s o f po litica l a n d official co n d u c t. P u b lic m o n e y h a d b e e n s ip h o n e d o ff in to p r iv a te d ia n n e ls th ro u g ji 'S cam s' th a t w o u ld h a v e led to a h u n d re d 'h a ra k a ris ' in a n y o th e r p o litica l sy stem . It w a s n o lo n g e r g o v e rn m e n t b y th e p eo p le . N e ith e r w a s i t fo r th e p e o p le . T h e n a tio n lo s t h u n d r e d s o f c ro res o f ru p e e s th ro u g h d ec is io n s ta k e n b y p o litic ian s a n d co n n iv ed b y th e b u rea u c ra ts . Political p a rtie s b u ilt u p n e x u s w ith m u sc le m e n a n d crim in a ls to in tim id a te th e p e o p le in w h o m th e C o n s titu tio n o f In d ia la y s d o w n th e so v e re ig n ty . T h e re w a s n o 'M e ss ia h ' in sig jit. T h e re w e re n o w a v e s e ither. N o o n e fro m th e h a llo w ed N e h ru -G a n d h i fam ily w a s in th e f ra y th is t i m e . (M an ek a G a n d h i is u su a lly co n s id e re d o u ts id e th is clan.) A n d ab o v e all th e re w a s th e E lection C o m m iss io n a n d th e Ju d ic ia ry d e te rm in e d to foil all a t te m p ts b y po litica l p a r tie s to p o llu te th e e lectoral p ro cess t t i ro u g h m o n e y o r m u sc le p o w er.

I t w a s a g a in s t th is sc en a rio t tia t th e 'p e o p le ' h a d to a s se r t th e ir so v e re ig n ty . A n d th e y d id it w ith c o u ra g e a n d i n s i s t .

T h ere w e re c u r re n ts a n d co u n te r-c u rren ts . P o litic ians w ith a m u rk y p a s t h a d to b e p u n ish e d . A t th e sa m e tim e a n g e r a g a in s t th e c o r ru p t h a d to be te m p e re d w ith c a u tio n so th a t th e n e w Lok S abha w a s n o t d ev o id o f ta le n t a n d experience.

C o n g re ss w a s n o lo n g e r accep tab le to th e p e o p le a s a p a r ty in w h o m tru s t c o u ld a n y fu r th e r b e rep o se d . T h e BJP w a s y e t to b eco m e accep tab le to th e m in o ritie s sp ec ia lly th e M uslim s. T h e D alits a n d O B C 's w e re inc lined to exercise p o w e r th ro u g h Ih e ir o w n g ro u p s b u t th e ir o w n g ro u p s lack ed cohesion .

T h e d ile m m a s w e re r e f l e c t^ in th e po ll resu lts . T he choice u ltirria te ly feU to so m e th in g o f e v e ry th in g v « th o u t a n y th in g b eco m in g p o w e rfu l e n o u g h to exercise d isc re tio n fo r p e rso n a l o r p a r ty ga in s . T h e v o te rs v e rd ic t w a s c lea r in th a t th e y s till h a d fa ith in d em o c ra tic p rocess . T h e sy s tem is n o t to b e b la m e d fo r th e o m iss io n s a n d c o m m iss io n s o n th e p a r t o f po litic ian s a n d se lf-seek ing p a r ty m e n . W h a t is n e e d e d is a p e rp e tu a l d e te r re n t to k ee p th e p o litic ian s o n th e track . Is th e g ru d g in g m a n d a te o f th e p eo p le effective e n o u g h to b rin g

a b o u t a ch an g e o f h e a r t in th e po litic ians? P o ste rity a lo n e w ill a n s w e r tlie m illio n d o lla r q u es tio n .

T he b o o k a t te m p ts to e lec tions in th e lig h t o f th e p re v io u s te n p ro v id e a d e ta ile d a n a lj^ is o f tfie resu lts o f th e 1996 L ok S abha elections. I t in c lu d e s S ta tew ise a s w e ll a s reg icaiw ise co m p ara tiv e d a ta . Political p ro file o f ea ch o f th e 543 co n stitu en cies h a s b ee n g iv en a n im p o ra n t place.

W h ile a ll p o ss ib le effo rts a re d o n e to g iv e co rrec t ob jective d a ta , i t is p o ss ib le th a t a few m in o r e rro rs m ig h t h a v e c re p t in h e re a n d th e re fo r w h ic h th e a u th o rs c rav e th e in d u lg e n ce o f tiie le a d e rs .

T h e a u th o rs e x te n d tfie ir g ra te fu l th a n k s to th e v a r io u s a u th o r s a n d p u b lish e rs w h o se b o o k s th e y h a v e co n su lted in th e p re p a ra tio n o f th is book .

I t is h o p e d th a t th is v o lu m e w ill p ro v e to b e o f im m e n se u s e to a c ro ss section o f d ie p o p u la tio n espec ia lly th o se in te re s te d in e lec tions a n d w o rk in g o f a d em o cra tic sy s tem o f g o v e rn m e n t

J.C. Aggarwal N.K. Chowdhiy

iv Prfface

Contents

Preface iii

L js t o f T a b le s v i

A b brevia tions xii

1. In d ia n P arliam ent a n d E lection C om m ission : So m e Basic F acts 1

2 . F irst to T e n th L o k Sa bh a E lections: P arty P erform ances 14

3 . H ig h u g h t s o f F irst T en E lections 2 7

4 . P o l i t i c a l P a r t i e s in In d ia 3 4

5 . E lection M anifestos 1996: A ll T his a n d H eaven To o 44

6 . State A ssemblies; P o sitio n of P olitical P arties 52

7. P repoll U ps a n d D o w n s 5 9

8. C o n d u c t of 19 9 6 E lections 75

9 . 1996 E lec tio n s: T h e T it-bits 8 3

10. 1996 E lection R esults at a G la nce 89

11. Vo t in g P atterns a n d R egionw ise S w in gs:P erform a nce o f M a jo r P olitical P arties 102

12. Statewise E lection D ata: P erspectives a n d A nalysis 120

13. C o n s t t t u e n c y w is e L o k S a b h a E le c t io n R e s u lt s 1991 a n d 1996 179

14. R e u g io n a n d C a s t e C o m p o stt io n o f C o n s t i t u e n c ie s 198

15 . P a r t ie s P r o f i l e o f L o k S a b h a CoNsirruENciES : F ro m 1952 t o 1996 241

16. R e a c t io n s a n d R e sp o n se s 26 6

17 . C h r o n o lo g y of M a in E vents: 1996 E lections 27 7

18. 13 D ays t o 13 P arties: Form ation o f G overnm ents at the C entre 28 6

In d e x 2 9 3

List of Tables1.1; N um ber of Voters (1952-1996) 31.2: Statewise Distribution of Seats for the Lok Sabha 41.3; Average N um ber of Contestants per Lok Sabha Seat (1952 to 1996) 51.4: Occupational Background of M embers from First to Tenth Lok Sabha 61.5: Educational Background of M embers from First to Tenth Lok Sabha 71.6: No. of S.C. and S.T. Constituencies (1952-96) 111.7: M aximum Permissible Election Expenses 12

2.1: Party Position in the First Lok Sabha (1952-57) 142.2: Party Position in the Second Lok Sabha (1957-62) 152.3: Party Position in the Third Lok Sabha (1962-196^ 162.4: Party Position in the Fourth Lok Sabha (1961-1967) 162.5: Party Position in the Fifth Lok Sabha (1971-77) 172.6: Party Position in die Sixth Lok Sabha (1977-79) 182.7: Party Position in the Seventh Lok Sabha (1980-84) 192.8: Party Position in the Eighth Lok Sabha (1985-1990) 192.9: P arty Position in the N inth Lok Sabha (1989-1991) 202.10: P arty Position in the Tenth Lok Sabha (1991-95) 212.11: P arty Position as on January 31, 1996 212.12: Tenure of Lok Sabhas and Speakers (From First to Tenth) 252.13: Party Position in Ten Elections a t a Glance (1952-1991) 26

3.13.23.33.43.53.63.7

7.17.27.3

Electorate and Votes Polled and Voter T tim O ut 27Performance of the Congress Party 28N um ber of Candidates P ut up by Political Parties 29Uncontested Returns by Congress and O thers 31Deposits Forfeited/C andidates Fielded 32Seats and Percentage of W om en in Ten Lok Sabhas 32Victory Percentage of W om en Candidatesin the Lok Sabha Elections 1991 33

5.1: Com parative Analysis on Im portant Issues of Election M anifestoes 50

6.1: Party Position in State Assemblies 546.2: Parties Ruling the States (As in M ay 1996) 576.3: Party Position in the UP Assembly on October 27, 1995 58

Lok Sabha Alliance Partners 69Statewise Alliances of Political Parites 70Pre-poll Defections 72

7.4; The Time Poll Projections 737.5; M arg O pinion Poll Projections 747.6; Delhi D oordarshan Exit Pool 747.7; Rating of Persons Considered to Be M ost Capable of

Becoming Prim e M inister 74

List of Tables vii

8.18.28.38.4

Statewise Electorates and Contesting Candidates — 1996 75Lok Sabha Constituencies w ith over 20 per cent M uslim Voters 76Stages of 1996 Polls 76Election Schedule for Lok Sabha and Six State Assemblies (April-M ay 1996) 77

9.1; Kith and Kin in Elections 87

10.1; P arty Position in the Lok Sabha 1996; A Fact Sheet 8910.2; C om parative Data on Party Position 9010.3; Percentage of Votes Polled by Major Parties in 1996 and 1991 9410.4; Age-Group Party Preferences (Percentage) 9510.5; Religionwise Preference of Voters (Percentage) 9510.6; Caste Preference for Parties (Percentage) 9510.7; Rural U rban Preference for Parties 9510.8; Rao Ministers; H ow They Fared 101

11.1; Strength of Regional Parties in the Lok Sabha (1989-1996) 10211.2; Congress Perform ance in Eleven Lok Sabha Elections 10311.3; BJS/BJP Performance in Eleven Lok Sabha Elections 10411.4; CPI (I) Perform ance in Eleven Lok Sabha Electioris 10511.5; CPI (M) Perform ance in Eleven Lok Sabha Elections 10511.6; Perform ance of JP /JD in Eleven Lok Sabha Elections 10611.7; Summary; Regionwise Party Performance 1996 10711.8; Statewise P arty Position in Lok Sabha as on 27 A pril 1992 10711.9; Statewise P arty Position in Lok Sabha as on 27 April 1995 10911.10; Statewise Perform ance of the Congress 1991 v / s 1996 11111.11; Statewise Perform ance of the BJP 1991 v / s 1996 11211.12; Statewise Perform ance of the Janata Dal 1991 v / s 1996 11311.13; Statewise Perform ance of the CPI and CPI (M) 1991 v / s 1996 11411.14; Statewise Perform ance of the Independents and O thers 1991 vs 1996 11511.15: Analysis of Party Position in Regions 1991 v / s 1996 11611.16; Regionwise Analysis of Congress Performance in 1996 11711.17; Regionwise Analysis of BJP's Perform ance in 1996 11711.18; Regionwise Analysis of CPI's Perform ance in 1996 Elections 11711.19; Regionwise Analysis of CPI (M)'s Perform ance in 1996 Elections 11711.20; Regionwise Analysis of J.'s Perform ance in 1996 11711.21; Regionwise Analysis of Independents & O thers Performance in 1996 11811.22; Partywise Position in the H indi Speaking States 1996 11811.23; C om parative Data on the Performance of Parties in ti\e

H indi Speaking States 1991 v / s 1996 11811.24; Partyw ise Position in the H indi Speaking States —1991 11811.25; Perform ance of Regional Political Parties — 1996 119

A N D H RA PRADESH 12.1: Party Position in the 1996 Lok Sabha Elections — A ndhra P radesh 12012.2: Partyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabha from A ndhra P radesh 12112.3: P a r t ^ i s e D istribution of Votes — 1991 12112.4: Party Position in the A ndhra Pradesh Assem bly (1978 to 1994) 12112.5: Percentage of Votes Polled Assem bly Elections 1994 12112.6: Regionwise Party Perform ance 122

ARUNACHAL PRADESH12.7; Party Position in the Lok Sabha Elections (1977-1996) 12312.8: Party Position in the State Assem bly (1984 to 1995) 123

ASSAM12.9: Partyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabha from A ssam 12412.10: Partyw ise Percentage of Votes Polled in 1991 Lok Sabha Elections 12512.11: Party Position in the Assem bly Electior« (1983 to 1991) 12512.12: Partyw ise Position — Assem bly Elections 1996 12512.13: N um ber of Contestants — Assem bly Election 1996 126

BIHAR12.14: Party Position in the 1996 Lok Sabha Elections 12712.15: Partjrwise M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabha from Bihar 12712.16: Party Position in the Bihar Assem bly (1969-1995) 12712.17: Percentage of Votes Polled in four Elections (1984 to 1991) 128.12.18: Poll Violence in Bihar in Lok Sabha and A ssem bly Elections 12912.19: Party Position in the 1996 Lok Sabha Electioiis 12912.20: P a r t ^ i s e M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabhas from Delhi 12912.21: Constituencyw ise Party Position in 1996 Electior\s in Delhi 13012.22: N um ber of Voters an d Votes Polled C onstituencyw ise 13012.23: E stim ated Voters Turn O u t in D elhi P arlim en tary

C onstituencies (1991 an d 1996) 13012.24: Voters Turn o u t in D elhi Lok Sabha E lections 1971 to 1996 13112.25: Party Position in Delhi Assem bly (1993) 132

GOA12.26: P arty Position in the 1996 Lok Sabha Elections 13312.27: P arty Position in the Lok Sabha Elections (1980 to 1996) 13312.28: Party Position in the Assem bly since 1967 13312.29: Partyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabhas from Goa 133

GUJARAT12.30: No. o f Independen ts and Partyw ise Lok Sabha M em bers

in Eleven Lok Sabhas from G ujarat 13412.31: Percentage of Votes Polled by Parties 13412.32: Partyw ise Perform ance in the Assem bly (1990 and 1995) 13512.33: Votes Polled by M ajor Political Parties (1995) 135

HARYANA12.34: Partyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabhas from H aryana 13712.35: Percentage of Votes Polled by Parties (1977-1991) 13712.36: Party Perform ance in Assem bly Elections (1982 to 1991) 137

v iii Elections in India: 1952-96

H IM ACHAL PRA DESH12.37: Partyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabhas from H im achal P radesh 13912.38: Percentage of Votes Polled by Different Parties (1977 to 1991) 13812.39: Latest P arty Position in the State A ssem bly (1993) 138

JA M M U & KASH M IR 12.40: Partyw ise M em bers — Jam m u & K ashm ir 14012.41: Percentage of Votes Polled by Political Parties and Independents

in 1996 Lok Sabha Polls 14012.42: Detailed Results of Six Parliam entary Constituencies in J & K 142

KARNATAKA12.43: Partyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabhas — K arnataka 14412.44: P arty Position in the State A ssem bly (1989 and 1994) 144

KERALA12.45: Partjrw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabhas from Kerala 14612.46: Partyw isePercentage of Votes Polled (1977 to 1991) 14612.47: Voters Turn O u t (1977-1996) 14712.48: Party Position in the Kerala A ssem bly (1987-1991) 147

MADHYA PRADESH12.49: P artyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabhas — M adhya P radesh 14912.50: Percentage of Votes Polled by Parties 14912.51: P arty Success Rate in M adhya P radesh in 1996 Lok Sabha Elections 14912.52: Party Position in the State Assem bly (1952-90) 150

M AHARASHTRA12.53: P artyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabhas — M aharash tra 15112.54: Percentage of Votes Polled by Parties (1977 to 1991) 15112.55: P arty Position in M aharashtra in the State A ssem bly (1985-1995) 15112.56: C om parative Data on Seats, Electorate and C ontestants (1978-1990) 15212.57: Perform ance Partyw ise — 1985 Elections 15212.58: Perform ance Partyw ise - 1990 Elections 152

M ANIPUR12.59: P arty Position in the Lok Sabha (1980 to 1996) 15412.60: Party Position in M anipur Assem bly (1984 to 1995) 15412.61: P arty Position in the M anipur A ssem bly - 1994 154

List o f Tables ix

12.6212.6312.6412.65

M IZORAMSeats Won by Political Parties, 1990 155P arty Position in the Lok Sabha (1980-1996) 156Party Position in the Assem bly Elections (1993) 156Party Position in the Assem bly Electiorw (1972 to 1989) 157

NAGALAND12.66: Partyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabhas from N agaland 157

ORISSA12.67: Partywise M embers in Eleven Lok Sabhas from O rissa 15812.68 Party Position in the Assembly (1985 to 1995) 15812.69: Com parative Statem ent — Seats, Electorate, Contestants etc. 15912.70: Partywise Performance in Assembly Elections (1985) 15912.71: Partywise Performance in Assembly Elections in 1990 159

PUNJAB12.72: Party Position in the 1996 Lok Sabha Elections 16112.73: Partywise M embers in Eleven Lok Sabhas from Pimjab 16212.74: Party w ise Percentage of Votes Polled in Lok Sabha Electioris (1992) 16212.75: Partywise Position in State Assembly Electioi\s (1952 to 1992) 16212.76: Seats C ontested and Won in A ssem bly by Elections (1992) 16312.77: Total Electorates (1952 - 92) Votes and Turn O ut in A ssem bly

Elections (Lakhs) 16312.78: Rural U rban Turn O ut in A ssem bly Electiorw 1985 and 1992 16312.79: Chief M inisters of Punjab, 1947 to 1992 163

RAJASTHAN12.80: Partyw ise M embers in Eleven Lok Sabhas — Rajasthan 16512.81: Percentage of Votes Polled by Parties (197^-1991) 16612.82: P arty Position in the A ssem bly Elections (1993) 16612.83: Party Position in the Assem bly Elections (1990) 16612.84: C om parative Perform ance of the Congress and the BJP

in the A ssem bly Elections (1952 to 1990) 16612.85: Percentage of Votes in Assem bly Elections (1977 to 1990) 167

SIKKIM12.86: P arty P osition in Lok Sabha (1980 to 1996) 16812.87: Party Position in Sikkim Assembly (1989 and 1994) 168

TAM IL N ADU12.88: Partyw ise Lok Sabha M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabhas — Tamil N ad u 169

UTTAR PRADESH12.89: Partyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabhas — U ttar P radesh 17112.90: Party Position in UP State Assembly (1989 to 1995) 171

TRIPURA12.91 Partyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabhas — Tripura 174-

W EST BENGAL12.92: Partyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok Sabhas — West Bengal 17512.93: Party Position in the Bengal Assembly Elections (1987 and 1991) 17612.94: Percentage of Votes Polled in Assembly Elections 176

U N IO N TERRITORIES12.95: Partyw ise Position in U nion Territories in Lok Sabha Elections 178

X Elections in India: 1952-96

13.1: C onstituencyw ise Lok Sabha Election Results 1991 & 1996 179

A ndhra P radesh A runachal P radesh A ssam Bihar Goa G ujrat H aryanaH im achal P radesh Jam m u & K ashm ir K aranataka KeralaM adhya P radesh M aharash tra M anipur14.1: M ain Religious C om m u 14.2: Percentage of M ain Religions (1991) 19914.3: S tatew ise P opulation of M ain Religion 20014.4: Percentage of M ain Religions (1991) 20214.5: Percentage of Caste and Subcaste . 20314.6: Percentage of Castewise Electorate in Constituencies 20415.1: Parties Profile of Lok Sabha C onstituencies (from 1952 to 1996) 242

List of Tables xi

180 M eghalaya 189181 M izoram 189181 N agaland 189182 O rissa 190183 Punjab 190183 Rajasthan 191184 Sikkim 191184 Tamil N adu 192185 Tripura 193185 U nion Territories 193186 Delhi 193186 U ttar P radesh 194188 West Bengal 196189

!S in the C ountry as a W hole (1991) 199

AbbreviationsA SD C — A u to n o m o u s S tate D e m a n d C o m m itteA IA D M K — A ll In d ia A n n a D ra v id a M u n n e tra K a z h a g a mA G P — A so m G a n a ta n tra P a rish a dBJP — B hara tiya Ja n a ta P artyBJS — B h ara tiy a Jan S an g ^BRP — B hara tiva R epub lican P ak sh aBSP — B ahu jan Sam aj P arty ,C PI — C o m m u n is t P a r ty o f In d iaC P M — C o m m u n is t P a r ty o f In d ia (M arxist)D M K — D ra v id a M u n n e tra K a z h a g a mFBL — F o rw a rd BlocH V P — H a iy a n a V ikas P a rtyICS — In d ia n C o n g ress SocialistIC S (S C S ) — In d ia n C o n g ress (S o d a lis tsa ra t C h a n d ra S inha)IN C — In d ia n N atio n a l C o n g ressIN D — In d e p e n d e n tJD — Jan a ta D alP ( G ) — Ja n a ta D al (G ujarat)JK N C — J & K N a tio n a l C onferenceJKP — Jh a rk h a n d P artyJM M — Ja rk a n d M u k ti M orcha

JP — Jan ata P artyK C M — K erala C o n g ress (M )KEC — K erala C o n g ressKRS — K arn a tak a R ajya R yo ta S a n ^M G P — M a h a ra sh tra w a d i G o m a n ta k P artyM C O R — M arx is t (C oord ina tion )M IM — AH In d ia M ajlis-E ithehad-U I-M uslim eenM L — M u slim L eagueM N F — M izo N a tio n a l F ro n tM P P — M a n ip u r P eop les P a rtyN A G P — N a tim A so m G an a P a rish adM FC — N ag a la n d P eop les C o im d lP W P — P e a sa n ts & W o rk e rs P a r tyRSP — R ev o lu tio n ary Socialist P a rtySA D — S h iro m an i A l ^ D alSH S — S hiv SenaSSP — S am jn ik ta Socialist P a rtyT D P — T elu g u D esa m P artyT D P -L F IU P — L akshm i P arv a tiM P V C — M a d h y a P ra d e sh V ikas C o n g ressF P M — F ed era l P a r ty o f M a n ip u r

Indian Parliament and Election CommissionSome Basic Facts

P a r lia m e n t — T h e S ta tu to ry P ro v is io n sT h e In d ia n C o n s titu tio n v es ts so v e re ig n ty in th e 'P e o p le o f In d ia ' a n d it is

ex e rc ised th ro u g h th e ir e lec ted rep re se n ta tiv es to th e P arU am en t a n d th e S tate A ssem blies,

I n d ia n C o n s ti tu tio n , in k e e p in g w ith its F e d e ra l c h a ra c te r d is t in c t ly d e m a rc a te s th e a re as o f a u th o ri ty b e tw e e n th e U n io n a n d th e S tates. T h e U n io n G o v e rn m e n t h a s th e p o w e r to leg isla te o n m a tte rs fa lling w ith in th e C e n tra l a n d th e C o n c u rre n t lis t w h ile th e S tates leg isla te o n m a tte rs s c h e d u le d in th e S ta te lis ts a n d th e C o n c u rre n t lis t w ith th e p ro v iso th a t in case o f a n y conflict, th e C e n tra l la w s ta k e p reced en ce .

T h e D em ocra tic s tru c tu re of th e C o n s titu tio n is m a in ta in e d th ro u g h elections to P a r lia m e n t a n d S tate A ssem blies. T h e p eo p le of In d ia ca n b e g o v e rn e d o n ly b y la w s e n a c te d w ith th e c o n s e n t o f th e ir e le c te d re p re se n ta t iv e s . T h ese m a n d a to ry c o n s titu tio n a l re q u ire m e n ts le a d to p e rio d ica l elections; th e firs t h a v in g b e e n c o n d u c te d in 1951-52. T he y e a r 1996 m a rk e d th e E le v en th ro tm d o f L o k S ab h a elections. F o r a v a rie ty o f rea so n s e lec tions to L ok S abha a n d th e S ta te A ssem b lies a re n o lo n g e r co term in o u s.

A t th e C e n tra l level, th e tw o h o u se s k n o w n as th e L ok S abha a n d th e R ajya S abha (or th e U p p e r ho u se ) a n d th e P re sid en t constitu te th e P arliam en t. M em b ers o f th e L o k S ab h a a re d irec tly e lec ted w h ile m e m b e rs o f th e R ajya S abha a re in d ire c tly elected .

A d u l t F ra n c h iseT h e V oters: In d ia n C o n s titu tio n p ro v id e s th a t ev e ry c itizen e ig h tee n y ea rs

o f ag e a n d ab o v e a n d n o t o th e rw ise d isq u a lif ie d (by rea so n s o f n o n -re s id e n ce , u n so u n d n e s s o f m in d , c rim e o r c o r ru p t lega l p rac tice) h a s franch ise.

U n iv e rsa l A d u lt F ranch ise is o n e th in g a b o u t w h ich In d ia ca n b e rea so n ab ly p r o u d of. It w o u ld b e in te res tin g to k n o w th e v a r io u s s tag es w h ic h u ltim a te ly le d to U n iv e rsa l A d u lt F ranch ise in USA. U n ite d S tates o f A m erica , s tip u la te d in its C o n s titu tio n o f 1787, th a t its d tiz e r \s w o u ld en jo y th e r ig h t to vo te . H o w e v e r it im p o s e d a n u m b e r o f restric tio n s b y w a y o f race, sex, p ro p e r ty , e d u c a tio n a l b a c k g ro u n d , a n d le n g th o f residence . T he r ig h t o f v o te w a s d e n ie d to th e B lack p eo p le , w o m en , In d ian s a n d a b o u t a th ird o f W h ite p o p u la tio n . T h e B lack p e o p le w e re g iv e n th e r ig h t to v o te in 1870, w o m e n in 1920, a n d R ed In d ia n s in 1948.

R estric tions b a se d o n p ro p e r ty o w n ersh ip a n d e d u c a tio n a l b a c k g ro u n d a lo n g w ith p o ll tax w e re finally d o n e a w a y w ith b y th e la w in 1964, a n d 1970.

It w a s n o t u n til 1971, n e a rly 200 y ea rs a fte r th e fo u n d in g o f th e rep u b lic , th a t th e U n ite d S ta te s a d o p te d th e 26 th A m e n d m e n t to th e C o n s titu tio n s tip u la t in g th a t th e re sh o u ld b e n o d isc rim in a tio n in as far as th e r ig h t to v o te fo r th o se a g e d 18 o r o ld e r w as concerned .

N u m b e r o f V o te rsIn th e y e a r 1996 th e re w ere n e a rly 60 cro re elig ib le v o te rs to elect m e m b e rs

o f th e e lev e n th L ok S abha as ag a in s t 51.41 c ro re fo r th e te n th L ok S abha (exc lud ing Ja m m u & K ashm ir). T lie 60 cro re elig ib le v o te rs in c lu d e d 42,71,418 v o te rs in Ja m m u & K ashm ir.

T he la rg e s t inc rease in th e n u m b e r of v o te rs w a s in U tta r P ra d e sh w h e re th e n u m b e r w e n t u p fro m a b o u t 8 cro re to 9.6 crore. T he o th e r S tates w h e re th e re w a s su b s ta n tia l inc rease a re A n d h ra P ra d e sh w h e re th e n u m b e r in c re ase d f ro m 4.2 c ro re to 4.7 crore; B ihar from 5.2 c ro re to 5.7 cro re; G u ja ra t fro m 2.48 c ro re to 2.90 cro re; M a d h y a P ra d e sh fro m 3.76 c ro re to 4.42 cro re ; M a h a ra sh tra f ro m 4.86 cro re to 5.50 c ro re a n d W est B engal f ro m 4.13 c ro re to 4.46 crore. H o w e v e r in M izo ram , the n u m b e r fell by 4 p e r cent.

T h ere is a n inc rease of 4.14 p e r cen t in th e n u m b e r of v o te rs in th e N o rth - E as te rn R eg ion as c o m p a re d to th e !national av e rag e o f 2.40 p e r cent. A to ta l o f 1,80,58,695 v o te rs a re reg is te red in th e se v en N -E S tates in th e 1996 g en e ra l e lec tions as ag a in s t 1,73,40,672 v o te rs in 1991.

M eg h alay a , w h ich h a s tw o Lok S abha seats, reg is te red th e h ig h e s t inc rease o f v o te rs in th e reg io n w ith 15.38 p e r cen t since th e la st e lections. A fter th e last s u n m ia ry rev is io n o f elec to ra l ro lls th e to ta l n u m b e r of v o te rs in th e S ta tes h a s g o n e u p to 10,86,374.

A n in te re s tin g fea tu re h a s b ee n n o ticed m M iz o ra m w h e re th e to ta l n im ib e r o f v o te rs h a v e d ec reased since th e la s t g en e ra l e lec tions b y 1.71 p e r ce n t a n d s to o d a t 4,06,722. T h e h illy S tate h a s orUy o n e L ok S abha c o n s titu e n cy (re se rv ed fo r th e Tribals).

A fte r M eg h alay a , T rip u ra is in th e seco n d p o sitio n in th e reg io n re g a rd in g inc rease o f vo te rs. T he S tate w h ich h a s tw o L ok S abha sea ts ( in c lu d in g on e re se rv e d to r th e Tribals) reg is te red a n increase o f 5.73 p e r cen t v o te rs a n d h a s g o n e u p to 15,78,000 in c lu d in g 8,03,673 w o m e n vo ters.

In A ssa m th e inc rease of v o te rs is o v er 3.44 p e r ce n t since th e la s t g en e ra l e lec tions, w h e n th e re w e re 1,18,61357 vo te rs. T h e S tate , w h ic h h a s 14 L ok S abha constituencies a n d 126 A ssem b ly constituencies, w e n t to th e p o ll fo r Lok S abha a n d th e S tate A ssem b ly s im u lta n eo u s ly o n A p ril 27, 1996.

M a n ip u r reg is te red a n increase of 2.94 p e r ce n t v o te rs a n d s to o d a t 12,67,904 b efo re th e la st s u m m a ry rev is io n of e lec to ra l ro lls in th e S tate w h ic h h a s tw o L ok S abha constituencies. In A ru n a c h a l P ra d e sh th e inc rease w a s o f 2.58 p e r ce n t a n d it s to o d a t 5,32,646. T h e S tate h a s tw o L o k S abha constituencies.

2 Elections in India: 1952-96

T able 1.1: N um ber of V oters (1952-1996)(Million)

Year Number of voters (Electorate)

1952 173.21957 193.71962 216.41967 249.01972 274.11977 321.11980 355.01984 399.81989 478.61991 5.14.11996 591.5»

* M en 309.0; w om en 282.5.

T h e L o k S a b h a : A llo c a tio n o f S eatsT h e L ok S abha is cp m p o sed of rep re se n ta tiv es o f p e o p le ch o sen b y d irec t

e lec tion o n th e basis o f a d u l t suffrage. T h e elective m e m b e rsh ip o f th e L ok S ab h a is d is tr ib u te d a m o n g S tates in su c h a w a y th a t th e ra tio b e tw e e n the n u m b e r o f sea ts a llo tte d to each S tate a n d p o p u la tio n o f th e S tate is as fa r as p rac ticab le th e sa m e fo r all S tates. A llocation o f sea ts in th e L ok S ab h a is b a se d o n 1971 ce n su s a n d w ill co n tin u e to b e so b a se d u n til f ig u res o f th e firs t cen su s ta k e n a f te r 2000 A D b ec o m e availab le . T erm o f th e L ok S ab h a is, u n le ss d isso lv ed , five y ea rs fro m th e d a te a p p o in te d fo r its f irs t m eeting . T h e T able 1.2 sh o w s th e S ta te -w ise a lloca tion o f seats.

T h e to ta l n u m b e r o f sea ts in th e L ok S abha is 545. C o n s titu tio n p ro v id e s fo r sp ec ia l rep re se n ta tio n fo r th e A n g lo -In d ia n C o m m u ru ty a n d to th a t en d , th e P re s id en t is e m p o w e re d to n o m in a te n o t m o re th a n tw o m em bers. C o n stitu tio n a l p ro v is io n ex ists fo r d is trib u tio n of th e e lec ted sea ts b e tw e e n th e S ta tes a n d U n io n T errito ries. T he 25 S tates elect 530 M .Ps w h ile th e rem a iru n g 13 a re fro m th e U n io n T errito ries.

P ro v is io n a lso exists fo r re se rv e d sea ts fo r th e S ch ed u led C astes a n d th e S ch ed u led T ribes. O u t o f th e to ta l o f 543 e lec ted seats, 79 a re re se rv e d fo r th e S c h e d u le d C astes a n d a n o th e r 41 fo r th e S ch ed u led T ribes.

T h e la rg e s t n u m b e r o f S ch ed u led C aste sea ts i.e. 18 a re in U tta r P ra d e sh w h e re th e re is n o se a t re se rv e d fo r S ch ed u led T ribes. T he la rg e s t n u m b e r o f sea ts fo r S ch ed u led T ribes a re in M a d h y a P rad esh . B ihar h a s 8 S ch ed u led C aste s a n d 5 S ch ed u led T ribes seats. Ja m m u a n d K ash m ir h a s a ll th e 6 sea ts in th e g en e ra l ca tegory .

Indian Parliament and Election Commission 3

Elections in India: 1952-96

T able 1.2. S tatew ise D istribu tion of Seats for the Lok Sabha

SI. State/Union Territory N o

Lok Sabha

Total General SC ST

1. A n d h ra P ra d e sh 42 34 6 22. A n m a c h a l P ra d esh 2 2 - -3. A ssa m 14 11 1 24. B ihar 54 41 8 55. G oa 2 2 - -

6. G u ja ra t 26 20 2 47. H a ry a n a 10 8 2 -8. H im a ch a l P ra d e sh 4 3 1 -9. Ja m m u & K ash m ir 6 6 - -

10. K arn a tak a 28 24 4 -11. K erala 20 18 2 -12. M a d h y a P ra d e sh 40 25 6 913. M a h a ra sh tra 48 41 3 414. M a n ip u r 2 1 - 115. M eg h a lay a 2 2 - -16. M iz o ra m 1 1 - -17. N a g a la n d 1 - - 118. O rissa 21 13 3 519. P un jab 13 10 3 -20. R a jasth an 25 18 4 321 S ikkim 1 1 - -22. T am il N a d u 39 32 7 -23. T rip u ra 2 1 - 124. W e st B engal 42 32 8 225. U tta r P ra d e sh 85 67 18 -26. A n d a m a n & N ico b a r

Is lan d s1 1 - -

27. C h a n d ig a rh 1 1 - -28. D a d ra a n d N a g a r H av e li 1 - - 129. D a m a n & D iu 1 1 - -30. D elh i 7 6 1 -

31. L ak sh a d w e e p 1 - - 132. P o n d ich e rry 1 1 - -

T o ta lN o m in a te d G ra n d T o ta l

5432

545

423 79 41

Indkm- Parliament and Election Commission 5

T h e av e ra g e n u m b e r o f co n testan ts p e r L ok S abha se a t h a s b ee n in c reasin gconsistently since 1952, Table 1.3.

Table 1.3: Average N um ber of Contestants per Lok Sabha Seat (1952 to 1996)

Year Average number of contestants per Lok Sabha seat

1952 3.81957 3.21962 41967 4.61971 5.41977 4.51980 8.51984 10.21989 11.61991 16.71996 26.3

C o m p o s itio n a n d O c c u p a tio n o f th e L o k S a b h a M e m b e rsS tud ies c o n d u c te d b y th e L ok S abha Secretariat sh o w tiia t w h ile ag ricu ltu rists

c o n s titu te d ju s t 2 2 3 p e r ce n t o f th e F irst L ok S abha, th e ir sh a re o f se a ts in th e H o u se s te ad ily in c re ase d a fte r each elec tion to to u c h 33.2 p e r ce n t in th e F ifth a n d a re c o rd 44.14 p e r ce n t in th e N in th L ok S abha. T he T en th L ok S ab h a sa w th e p e rc en ta g e d ip to 32.09.

L aw y e rs c o r« ti tu te d 35.6 p e r ce n t o f th e F irs t L ok S abha. T h e ir p e rc en ta g e cam e d o w n to 16.34 in th e T en th . T rad ers a n d in d u stria lis ts sim ila rly s lim ip e d — fro m 12 to 3.15 p e r ce n t a n d so w rite rs a n d jo u rn a lis ts , d o w n fro m 10.4 to 2.17 p e r cent.

T ak en to g e th er ttiese figures h a v e th e ir o w n s to ry to te E T he to ta l p ercen tag e o f la w y e rs , tra d e rs a n d in d u stria lis ts a n d jo u rn a lis ts a n d w rite rs fell f ro m 58 to 21,66.

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Table 1.5: Educational Background of Members from First to Tenth Lok Sabha

Educational 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Background

Under 112 120 141 54 119 52 53 42 21 21MatriculatesMatriculates/ 88 90 87 101 82 132 118 112 111 101HigherSecondaryCertificateholdersGraduates 177 160 157 172 178 205 213 238 222 245Post- 85 92 98 113 127 132 136 131 137 150GraduatesHigher 15 9 7 17 8 9 8 10 21 20academicqualificationholdersTotal 477 471 490 457 514 530 528 533 512 537Total Seats 499 500 503 523 521 544 544 544 522 544

It is o b v io u s th a t w h ile th e m e m b ers fa ith fu lly reflect th e d is tr ib u tio n w ith resp ec t o f e d u c a tio n a l s ta tu s o f th e vo ters, th e re is a n acu te sh o rtag e o f m em b eip in flie h ig h e r acad em ic qualifications. T heir m in o rity s ta tu s o ften reflects in th e fu n c tio n in g o f th e In d ia n P arliam en t.

T h e R a jy a S a b h aT he R ajya S abha co m p rises 245 m em b ers , 233 in d irec tly e lec ted b y m e m b ers

o f le g is la tiv e a s se m b lie s o f th e S ta te s in a c c o rd a n c e w ith th e s y s te m o f p ro p o rtio n a l re p re se n ta tio n b y m e a n s o f a sin g le tra r\sfe rab le v o te a n d 12 m e m b e rs n o m in a te d b y th e P re s id en t. T h ese a re p e o p le h a v in g sp e c ia l k n o w le d g e o r p rac tica l ex p e rien ce in re sp e c t o f su c h m a tte rs as lite ra tu re , science, a r t a n d social service. T he Rajya S abha is n o t sub jec t to d isso lu tio n , o n e th ird o f its m e m b ers re tire o n ex p iry o f ev e ry se co n d year.

T h e P re s id e n tB esides th e tw o H o u ses , th e P re s id e n t is th e th ird co m p o n e n t o f th e U n io n

L eg isla tu re ca lled th e P arliam en t. T he re le v an t C o n s titu tio n a l p ro v is io n s w ith resp ec t to th e P re s id en t a re as follow s:

52. T h e P re s id en t o f In d ia - T here sha ll b e a P re s id en t o f Ind ia .53. E xecu tive p o w e r o f th e U n io n -

(1) T h e execu tive p o w e r o f th e U n io n sh a ll b e v e s te d in th e P re s id en t a n d sh a ll b e exercised b y h im e ith e r d irec tly o r th ro u g h officers su b o rd in a te to h im in acco rdance w ith th is C or\stitu tion .

(2) W ith o u t p re ju d ice to th e g en e ra lity o f th e fo reg o in g p ro v is io n , th e su p re m e c o m m a n d o f th e D efence F orces o f th e U n io n sh a ll b e


v es ted in th e P res id en t a n d th e exercise th e re o f sh a ll b e reg u la te d b y law .

E le c tio n C o m m iss io n a n d C o n d u c t o f E lec tionsT h e C o n s titu tio n h a s specific p ro v is io n s w ith resp ec t to c o n d u c t o f elec tions

to th e P a rlia m en t a n d th e S tate A ssem blies. T he re le v an t p ro v is io n s re la tin g to C o n s titu tio n a n d fu n c tio n in g o f the E lection C o m m issio n a re as follow s:

A rt. 324, S u p erin ten d en ce , d irec tio n a n d con tro l o f elec tions to b e v es ted in a n E lection C o m m issio n — (1) T he su p e rin ten d e n ce , d irec tio n a n d co n tro l o f th e p re p a ra tio n o f th e elec to ra l rolls, for, a n d th e c o n d u c t of, all e lec tions to P a rlia m en t a n d to th e L eg isla tu re of ev e ry S tate a n d o f elections to th e office o f P re s id e n t a n d V ice-P residen t h e ld u n d e r th is C o n s titu tio n '" sh a ll b e v e s te d in a C o m m iss io n (re fe rred to in th is C o n s titu tio n as th e E lection C om m ission ).

(2) T h e E le c tio n C o m m is s io n s h a l l c o n s is ts o f th e C h ie f E le c t io n C o m m iss io n er a n d su c h n u m b e r o f o th e r E lection C om m issioners , if any , a s th e P re s id en t m a y fro m tim e to tim e fix a n d th e a p p o in tm e n t o f th e C h ief E lection C o m m iss io n er a n d o th e r E lection C om m issioners shall, sub ject to th e p ro v is io n s o f a n y law m a d e in th a t b eh a lf b y P arliam en t, b e m a d e b y th e P resid en t.

(3) W h e n a n y o th e r E lection C o m m iss io n er is so a p p o in te d th e C h ie f E lection C o m m iss io n er sh a ll ac t as th e C h a irm an o f th e E lection C om m ission .

(4) Before each g en e ra l e lection to th e H o u se o f th e P eo p le a n d to th e L egislative A ssem b ly o f each S tate, a n d befo re th e firs t g en e ra l e lec tion a n d th e re a fte r befo re each b ien n ia l election th e L egislative C o u n c il o f each S tate h a v in g su c h C o im d l, th e P re s id en t m a y a lso a p p o in t a fte r c o n su lta tio n w ith th e E le c tio n C o m m iss io n su c h R e g io n a l C o m m iss io n e rs a s h e m a y c o n s id e r n ec essa ry to ass is t th e E lection C om m ission in th e p e rfo rm an ce o f th e F u n c tio n s co n fe rred o n th e C o m m issio n b y clause (1).

(5) S ubject to th e p ro v is io n s of a n y law m a d e b y P arliam en t, th e c o n d itio n s o f serv ice a n d te n u re o f office o f th e S e c t io n C o m m issio n ers a n d th e R eg ional C o m m iss io n ers sh a ll b e su c h as the P re s id e n t m a y b y ru le d e te rm in e ;

P ro v id e d th a t th e C h ief E lection C o m m issio n er sh a ll n o t b e re m o v e d fro m h is office ex cep t in like m a n n e r a n d o n th e like g ro u n d s as a Ju d g e o f th e S u p re m e C o u r t a n d th e cond itions o f serv ice o f th e C h ief E lection C o m m iss io n er sh a ll n o t b e v a r ie d to h is d isa d v an tag e afte r h is ap p o in tm e n t;

P ro v id e d fu r th e r th a t a n y o th e r E lection C o im n iss io n e r o r a R eg io n a l C o m m iss io n e r sh a ll n o t b e rem o v e d fro m office excep t o n th e rec o m m e n d a tio n o f th e C h ief E lection C om m issioner.

(6) T h e P resid en t, o r th e G o v ern o r o f a S tate, shall, w h e n so re q u e s te d b y th e E lection C om m issio n , m a d e ava ilab le to th e E lection C o m m iss io n o r to a R eg iona l C o m m iss io n e r su c h s ta ff as m a y b e n ec essa ry fo r th e d isc h a rg e o f th e fu n ctio n s co n fe rred o n th e E lection C o m m issio n b y d a u s e (1).

W ith a v ie w to e n su re free a n d fair elections, a n u m b e r o f C o r ru p t P ractices h a v e b ee n iden tified . A h elec tion can b e d ec la re d v o id b y th e c o m p e te n t a u th o rity , if it is es tab lish ed th a t th e p e rso n h a d co m m itted a n y C o r ru p t P ractice d u r in g th e co u rse o f election. T he p e rso n ca n also b e d isq u a lif ie d fo r fu tu re e lec tions u p to six y ea rs a n d can also b e p ro secu ted .


T h e C o rru p t P ractices, a s re ite ra te d b y th e E lection C o n u n iss io n , p r io r to th e c o n d u c t o f elec tions (b eg in n in g w ith no tification ) are:

• A n n o u n c in g a n d im p le m e n tin g a n y po licy dec ision• A p p o in tin g a n d tran sfe rin g sta ff• B rib ing a p e rso n to in d u c e h im /h e r to s ta n d o r n o t to s ta n d as a

ca n d id a te .• B rib ing a v o te r fo r ca stin g o r n o t ca s tin g h is v o te o r ca s tin g h i s /h e r

v o te fo r a p a r tic u la r cand ida te .• In te rferen ce w ith free exercise o f a n y b o d y 's e lec to ra l righ t.• T h re a t w i th in ju ry o f a n y k in d , in c lu d in g s o c ia l o s tra c is m , ex -

co m m u iu ca tio n , d iv in e d isp le a su re o r sp ir itu a l ce r^u re .• T h e 39 th A m e n d m e n t h a d p ro v id e d fo r a n e w fo ru m fo r d e a lin g w ith

th e election d isp u te s re la tin g to P residen t, V ice-President, P rim e M in ister a n d th e S peaker. T h ey w e re p u t o u ts id e th e p u rv ie w o f H ig h C o u rts a n d S u p re m e C o u rts .

• A p p e a l o n g ro u n d o f relig ion , caste , c o m m im ity o r la n g u a g e o r th e u se o f re lig io u s o r n a tio n a l sym bols.

• A tte m p t a t inciting e n m ity o r h a tre d b e tw e en d iffe ren t classes o r g ro u n d s o f re lig ion , caste , co m m u n ity o r lan g u ag e .

• P ro p a g a tio n o r g lorification o f Sati.• P u b lica tio n o f false s ta te m e n t a b o u t p e rso n a l ch a rac te r a n d c o n d u c t o f

a n y can d id a te .• H ir in g o r p ro c u r in g o f vehicles fo r free co n v ey an ce o f vo ters.• In c u rrin g o f e lec tion e x p e n d itu re b y a ca n d id a te in excess o f p re sc rib ed

lim it.• B oo th cap tu rin g .L egal p rov is io r\s a lso ex ist w ith re sp e c t to a n u m b e r o f E lecto ral offences.

T h o se fo u n d in d u lg in g in th e m a re liab le to im p riso iu n e n t o r fine o r b o th ; im p r iso ru n e n t m a y v a ry fro m th re e m o n th s to th re e y e a rs a n d fine. T he E lecto ra l O ffences are:

• P ro m o tin g e n m ity b e tw e e n c la sse s o n g ro u n d s o f re lig io n , race , c o m m u n ity o r lan g u ag e .

• C o n v e n in g , h o ld in g o r a t te n d in g a n y p u b lic m e e tin g d u r in g 48 h o u rs befo re th e e n d o f poll.

• C a u s in g d is tu rb a n c e a t elec tion m eetings.• P rin tin g o f e lec tion p a m p h le ts , p o s te rs etc. w ith o u t P rin te rs /P u b lish e rs

n a m e s a n d ad d resses .• V io la tion o f m a in te n an c e o f Secrecy o f V ote.• In flu en c in g o f v o tin g b y official co n n ec ted w ith c o n d u c t o f elec tions

a n d po lice perso n n e l.• C w v a s s in g w ith in 100 m e tre s o f a p o llin g s ta tio n o n th e d a y o f po ll.• D iso rd erly c o n d u c t a n d d is tu rb an ce in o r n e a r a po lling sta tion , in c lu d in g

u se o f lo u d sp e ak e rs , etc.• M isco n d u c t a t th e p o llin g s ta tio n o r fa ilu re to o b ey th e la w fu l d irec tio n s

o f th e P re s id in g O fficer.• Illegal h ir in g o r p ro c u r in g o f veh icles fo r co n v ey in g v o te rs to a n d fro m

P o lling s ta tions.


• U n law fu l rem o v a l o f ba llo t p a p e rs fro m p o llin g s ta tions.• B ooth cap tu rin g .• F ra u d u le n t in se rtio n of an y th in g in th e b a llo t b o x o th e r th a n b a llo t

p a p e r o r u n a u th o rise d su p p ly o f b a llo t p a p e r o r d es tro y in g a n y b a llo t p a p e r etc.

T h e E lection C o m m iss io n req u isitio n s th e serv ices o f G o v e rn m e n t se rv a n ts fo r th e p e rfo rm an ce of functions co n fe rred u p o n it u n d e r A rt. 324(1) o f th e C or\stitu tion . B reach o f official d u ty a ss ig n ed in corm ection w ith w o rk re la tin g to c o n d u c t o f e lec tio n s is p im ish a b le w ith fin e o r im p r iso ru n e n t o r b o th . Im p riso n m e n t co u ld ra n g e fro m th ree m o n th s to th re e years.

B reach o f O fficial D u ty includes:• B reach o f official d u ty in co n n ec tio n w ith p re p a ra tio n , re v is io n o r

co rrec tio n o f e lec to ra l ro ll o r th e in c lu sio n o r exc lusion o f a n y e n try in o r fro m th e roll.

• N o n -m a in ten an c e o f Secrecy o f V oting.• A n y acts o f officers a t e lec tion fo r fu rth e ran ce o f th e p ro sp ec ts o f th e

e lec tion o f a can d id a te .• Breaches o f official d u ty assigned in connection w ith co n d u c t o f elections.• A c tin g as elec tion agen t, p o llin g ag e n t o r co u n tin g a g e n t b y g o v e rn m e n t

se rv an ts .• A ct o f b o o th c a p tu r in g co m m itted b y a p e rso n in th e serv ice o f th e

G o v ern m en t.C onstitu tio r\a l p ro v is io n s en su re th a t th e execu tive d o es n o t d isc rim in a te

o n g ro u n d s o f re lig ion , race, caste o r sex. P o w ers o f P arlia m en t a n d L eg isla tu res a re lim ite d to m a tte rs re la tin g to c o n d u c t o f elections. Special provisior^s fo r ce r ta in classes h a v e b ee n specified in th e C o i\s titu tio n itse lf a n d a re n o t sub ject to th e w h im s o f fancy o f & e po litica l p a rtie s th a t m a y b e in p o w e r fro m tim e to tim e. T h e re le v an t A rticles a re re p ro d u c e d below :

325. N o p e rso n to b e inelig ib le fo r inc lu sion in , o r to d a im to b e in c lu d e d in , a specia l, e lec to ra l ro ll o n g ro u n d s o f relig ion , race, caste o r sex — T h ere sh a ll b e o n e g en e ra l e lec to ra l ro ll fo r ev e ry te rrito ria l co n s titu en cy fo r e lec tion to e ith e r H o u se o f P a rlia m en t o r to th e H o u se o r e ith e r H o u se o f th e L eg isla tu re o f a S tate a n d n o p e rso n sh a ll b e inelig ib le fo r in c lu sio n in a n y su c h ro ll o r c la im to b e in c lu d e d in a n y specia l elec to ra l ro ll fo r a n y su c h c o n s titu en cy o n g ro u n d s o n ly o f re lig ion , race, caste , sex o r a n y o f them .

326. E lections to th e H o u se o f th e P eop le a n d to th e L egislative A ssem blies o f S tates to b e o n th e b as is o f a d u lt su ffrage — T h e elections to th e H o u se o f th e P eo p le a n d to th e L egislative A ssem b ly of ev e ry S tate sh a ll b e o n th e b as is o f a d u l t su ffrage ; th a t is to say , ev e ry p e rso n w h o is a c itizen o f In d ia a n d w h o is n o t less th a n (e ig h teen years) o f ag e o n su c h d a te as m a y b e fixed in th a t b d u l f b y o r u n d e r a n y law m a d e b y th e a p p ro p r ia te L eg isla tu re a n d is n o t o th e rw is e d is q u a lif ie d im d e r th is C o n s ti tu tio n o f a n y la w m a d e b y th e a p p ro p r ia te L eg isla tu re o n th e g ro u n d o f non -resid en ce , im so u n d n e ss o f m in d , c rim e o r c o r ru p t o r illegal p ractice, sh a ll b e e n title d to b e reg is te red as a v o te r a t a n y su c h election.

327. P o w e r o f P arlia m en t to m a k e p ro v is io n w ith re sp e c t to e lec tions to L eg isla tu res — S ul^ect to th e p ro v is io n s o f th is C o n s titu tio n , P a rlia m en t m a y


fro m tim e to tim e b y la w m a k e p ro v is io n w ith re sp e c t to a ll m a tte rs re la tin g to , o r in co n n ec tio n w ith , e lec tions to e ith e r H o u se o f P a r lia m e n t o r to th e H o u se o r e i th e r H o u se o f th e L eg isla tu re o f a S tate in c lu d in g th e p re p a ra tio n o f elec to ra l rolls, th e d e lim ita tio n o f constituencies a n d all o th e r m a tte rs necessary fo r se cu rin g th e d u e co n s titu tio n o f su c h H o u se o r H ouses .

328. P o w e r o f L eg is la tu re o f a S tate to m a k e p ro v is io n w ith re sp e c t to e lec tion to su c h L eg is la tu re — Subject to th e p ro v is io n s o f th is C o n s titu tio n a n d in so fa r a s p ro v is io n in ’th a t b eh a lf is n o t m a d e b y th e P arliam en t, th e L eg isla tu re o f a S ta te m a y fro m tim e to tim e b y la w m a k e p ro v is io n w ith re sp e c t to all m a tte rs re la tin g to , o r in co n n ectio n w ith , th e elections to th e H o u se o r e ith e r H o u se o f th e L eg is la tu re o f th e S tate in c lu d in g th e p re p a ra tio n o f e lec to ra l ro lls a n d a ll o th e r m a tte rs n ec essa ry fo r se cu rin g th e d u e C o n s titu tio n o f su c h H o u se o r H o u ses .

329. B ar to in te rfe ren ce b y c o u rts in e lec to ra l m a tte rs — N o tw ith s ta n d in g a n y th in g in ttu s C o n s titu tio n

(a) th e v a lid ity o f a n y la w re la tin g to th e de lim ita tio n o f constituencies o r th e a llo tm e n t o f sea ts to su c h constituencies, m a d e o r p u rp o r tin g to b e m a d e u n d e r A rticle 327 o r A rticle 328 sh a ll n o t b e ca lled in q u es tio n in a n y cou rt;

(b) n o e lec tion to e ith e r H o u se o f P a rlia m en t o r to th e H o u se o r e ith e r H o u se o f th e L eg isla tu re o f a S ta te sh a ll b e ca lled in q u es tio n ex cep t b y a n e lec tion p e titio n p re se n te d to su c h a u th o rity a n d in su c h m a n n e r as m a y b e p ro v id e d fo r b y o r u n d e r a n y la w m a d e b y th e a p p ro p r ia te L eg isla tu re .

Special Provisions Relating to Certain Qasses330. R eservation o f seats for S d \ed u le d C astes a n d Scheduled Tribes in the

H o u se of th e People— (1) Seats d ia ll b e reserved in the H otise o f ttie P eople for—(a) th e S ch ed u led C astes;(b) th e S ch ed u led T ribes ex cep t th e S ch ed u led T ribes in th e a u to n o m o u s

d is tric ts o f A ssam ; a n d(c) th e S ch ed u led T ribes in th e a u to n o m o u s d is tric ts o f A ssam .T able b e lo w sh o w s th e n u m b e r o f S ch ed u led C aste a n d S ch ed u led T ribe

co n s titu en c ie s in th e c o u n try

Table 1.6: No. of S .C and S.T. Constituencies (1952-96)


Year Total number of Constituencies

Scheduled Caste Constituencies

Scheduled Tribe Constituencies

1952 401 72 261957 403 76 311962 494 76 311967 520 77 371971 518 76 371977 542 78 381980 542 79 401984 542 78 411989 543 78 411991 543 79 41


F o r th e L ok S abha elections h e ld in th e y ea rs 1952 a n d 1957 th e re ex isted a sy s tem o f d o u b le m e m b e r constituencies. E ach su c h co n s titu en cy w o u ld elect tw o M .P s o f w h o m o n e h a d to b e lo n g to S C /S T ca tegory . T h e sch em e w a s ra th e r co m p lex a n d g iv en u p in 1961.

T he re se rv e d constituencies a re ra th e r u n e v e n ly d is tr ib u te d geog raph ica lly . T h e H in d i h e a r tla n d — ^Bihar, M a d h y a P ra d esh , F ^ jas th a n a n d U tta r P ra d e sh ac c o u n t fo r 52 re se rv e d seats. In th e east, O rissa a n d W est B engal h a v e a n o th e r 17 re se rv e d sea ts w h ile in th e so u th A n d h ra h a s e ig h t a n d T am il N a d u se v en re se rv e d seats.

333. R e p re se n ta tio n o f th e A n g lo -In d ia n c o m m u n ity in th e L eg isla tive A ssem blies o f th e S tates— ^N otw ithstanding anj^thing in A rticle 170 th e G o v ern o r o f a S tate m a y , if h e is o f o p in io n th a t th e A n g lo -In d ia n c o m m u n ity n e e d s rep re se n ta tio n in th e L egislative A ssem b ly o f th e S tate a n d is n o t a d e q u a te ly re p re se n te d th e re in (n o m in a te o n e m e m b e r o f th a t co m m u n ity to th e A ssem bly).

T h e C o r is t itu tio n h a s s e t a l im it to re s e rv a tio n o f s e a ts a n d sp e c ia l r e p re s e n ta t io n . O n e c a n h o p e th a t as th e f if ty y e a r l im it e x p ire s , th e se com m xm ities w o u ld h a v e reach ed a social s ta tu s fro m w h e re th e y can fa irly co m p e te w ith th e re s t o f th e In d ian peop le .

E le c tio n E x p en sesW ith a v ie w to k ee p a check o n th e p u r i ty o f elec to ra l p rocess, th e E lection

C o m m iss io n lay s d o w n a m a x im u m p erm iss ib le lim it o n elec tion ex p en ses b y ca n d id a te s . T his lim it v a rie s acco rd in g to th e size o f th e c o n s titu e n cy a s w o u ld b e se en fro m th e fo llo w in g Table.

Table 1.7: M axim um Perm issible Election Expenses

Name of the State or Union Territory

Maximum Limit of Expenses

ParliamentaryConstituency

AssemblyConstituency

States (Rs) (Rs)

1 2 3 4

1. A ndhra Pradesh 4,50,000 1,50,0002. Arunachal Pradesh 1,50,000 10,0003. Assam 4,50,000 1,50,0004. Bihar 4,50,000 1,50,0005. Goa 1,90,000 50,0006. Gujarat 4,50,000 1,35,0007. H aryana 4,50,000 1,35,0008. Himachal Pradesh 4,15,000 75,0009. Jam m u & Kashmir 3,75,000 -

10. Karnataka 4,50,000 1,35,00011. Kerala 4,50,000 1,35,00012. M adhya Pradesh 4,50,000 1,35,00013. M aharashtra 4,50,000 1,50,000


1 2 3 4

14. M anipur 3,75,000 50,00015. M eghalaya 3,00,000 30,00016. M izoram 1,90,000 20,00017. Nagalar\d 4,15,000 20,00018. Orissa 4,50,000 1,35,00019. Punjab 4,50,000 1,35,00020. Rajasthan 4,50,000 1,35,00021. SUckim 1,50,000 10,00022. Tamil N adu 4,50,000 1,50,00023. Tripura 4,50,000 50,00024. U ttar Pradesh 4,50,000 1,50,00025. W est Bengal 4,50,000 1,35,000

Union Territories1. A ndam an N icobar Islands 1,50,000 -

2. C handigarh 1,90,000 -3. D adra and N agar Haveli 95,000 -

4. D am am and Diu 95,000 -

5. Delhi 4,15,000 95,0006. Lakshadw eep 60,0007. Pondicherry 3,00,000 30,000

First to Teitth Lok Sabha ElectionsParty Performances

F irs t G e n e ra l E le c tio n s (1951-52)In d ia b ecam e a S overe ign D em ocra tic R epub lic a fte r tlie C o n s titu tio n w a s

a d o p te d w ith effect fro m J a n u a ry 26,1950. T he firs t g en e ra l e lec tions to th e Lok S abha w e re h e ld in 1951-52. It w a s a h is to ric ev e n t a n d a ttra c te d w o rld w id e a tten tio n . In d ia h a d e m e rg e d as th e w o rld 's la rg e s t d em o cracy w ith 173 m illio n v o te rs m a d e e lig ib le th ro u g h U n iv ersa l A d u lt F ranchise . T h e c o n d u c t o f F irst G en e ra l E lection w a s a m a m m o th exercise w ith 2,24,000 p o llin g b o o th s to re c o rd v o te s fo r 491 L ok S abha a n d 3,283 A sse m b ly seats . T h ere w e re a b o u t 1,800 c a n d id a te s fo r th e L ok S abha se a ts a n d a n o th e r 15,000 fo r th e S ta te L eg isla tive A ssem blies. A p a r t fro m th e in d e p e n d e n ts , th e re w e re 70 po litica l p a r tie s in th e fray . T h e po litica l p a rtie s w e re o f v a ry in g h u es , b ig as w e ll as sm a ll, n a tio n a l a s weU as reg iona l, m o d e ra te a n d ex trem ist, r ig h tis t a n d leftist.

In d ia n N a tio n a l C o n g ress , w h ich h a d a ll th e se y ea rs b e e n in th e th ick o f th e n a t io n 's s tru g g le fo r In d e p e n d e n c e b a g g e d 364 o u t o f th e to ta l 491 se a ts fo r th e L o k S abha. T h e p a r ty h a d seciu 'ed o n ly 45 p e r ce n t o f th e to ta l v o te s ca s t a n d y e t m a n a g e d to b a g 74.5 p e r ce n t o f * e L ok S abha seats.

T h e o vera ll v o tin g p ercen tag e w a s a b o u t 46 a lth o u g h in so m e constituencies, u p to 80 p e r ce n t tu rn o u t h a d b ee n reco rd ed . E lection c lashes w e re eilmost u r J a \o w n a t th a t tim e.

Illite racy h a d b e e n a g re a t re ta rd in g fac to r so fa r v o te rs tu rn -o u t w a s c o n c e rn ed b u t ca n v ass in g h a d b ee n m a d e ea sy b y a d o p tin g th e p rac tice o f each p a r ty b e in g a ss ig n e d a n e lec tion sym bol. T he v o te r m a y n o t h a v e b ee n ab le to r e a d th e n a m e o f th e c a n d id a te o f h is o r h e r choice b u t c o u ld id e n tify th e s jm ib o l w ith ease.

T able 2.1: Party Position in the F iist Lok Sabha (1952-57)

Party No. of Candidates

No. of Seats Won

Percentage of Total Votes

1. Indian National Congress 479 364 44.902. C onununist 49 16 3.303. Socialist 256 12 10.604. KMPM 146 9 5.805. Bharatiya Jan Sangh (BJS) 93 3 3.106. O ther Parties 327 44» 16.407. Independents 524 41 15.90

T otal 1,874 489 100.00

15

8. Com m onw ealth 39. Scheduled Castes Federation 2

10. Peasants and W orkers Party 211. Revolutionary Socialist Party 212. Lok Sevak Sangh 213. Krishikar Lok Party 114. Forw ard Block (Marxist) 115. M adras M uslim League 1Total 44

First to Tenth Lok Sabha Elections

♦ OTHER PARTIES 1, Kisan M azdoor Praja Party

People's Democratic Party 72 G. Assam G antantra Parishad (AGP) 53 H indu M ahasabha (HMS) 44. Akali Dal 45. Tamil N adu Toiler's Party 46. Ram Rajya Parishad (RRP) 37. Jharkhand Party 3

The Second General Elections (1957)T h e S eco n d G en e ra l E lections w e re h e ld in th e e a rly m o n th s o f 1957. T hese

w e re b e tte r o rg a n ise d e v e n th o u g h th e n u m b e r o f v o te rs h a d increeised to 193 m illion . 2,00,000 p o llin g b o o th s w e re se t u p a ll o v er th e co im try w h e re 1,560 ca n d id a te s fo r th e L ok S abha sea ts s ta k ed th e ir claim s. T h e n u m b e r o f c a n d id a te s fo r ih e S tate A sse m b ly w a s a ro u n d 14,000. O v er 40 po litica l p a r tie s to o k p a r t in th e e lec to ra l battles.

T h e p o litica l co m p lex io n o f th e L ok S ab h a re m a in e d u n c h a n g e d as th e C o n g ress P a r ty se c u re d 371 o u t o f th e 494 L ok S abha seats. Its p e rc en ta g e ac h ie v em e n t w a s ag a in 74.5 p e r ce n t o f sea ts w ith 74.8 p e r ce n t o f th e to ta l v o te s p o lle d fo r th e L ok S ab h a elections.

A rem a rk a b le fea tu re o f th e S econd G en e ra l E lections w a s th a t fo r th e firs t tim e, th e C o m m u n is t P a r ty o f In d ia w a s ab le to fo rm a g o v e rn m e n t in K erala.

T able 2JZ: Party Position in the Second Lok Sabha (1957-62)

Party No. of Seats Won % of Votes Secured

1. Indian N ational Congress (INC) 371 47.82. C om m unist Party of India (CPI) 27 8.93. Praja Socialist Party (PSP) 19 10.44. Bhm'atiya Jana Sangh (BJS) 4 5.95. O ther Parties 42* 19.76. Independents 30 7.3

Total 493 100.00

♦OTHER PARTIES 8. DMK 21. Socialist Party 3 9.Z Jharkhand Party 7 10.3. G antatra Parishad 7 11.4. Scheduled Cast Federation 6 12.5. Peasants and W orkers Party 4 136. Jatuita Party 3 14.7. Forw ard Block 3 Total

Congress Reforms Com mittee Lx}k Sewak Sangh Revolutionary Socialist Party H indu M ahasabha M uslim League Eastern Indian Tribal Uiuon

Third General Elections (1962)T h e T h ird G en e ra l E lections w e re c o m p le te d in a re c o rd 10 d a y s tim e. T lie

F irs t G en e ra l E lections h a d sp re a d o v e r 4 m o n th s . T he n u m b e r o f v o te rs h a d b y n o w in c re ase d to o v er 216 m illion . H ie covintry w a s d iv id e d in to sing le m e m b e r co n stitu en cies , so m e o f th e m b e in g re se rv e d fo r S c h e d u le d C a ste s a n d S ch ed u led T ribes. F o r th e firs t tim e, th e b a llo t m a rk in g sy s te m w a s in tro d u c e d .


E arlie r, th e v o te rs h a d to p u t th e ir b a llo ts in b o x es m a rk e d fo r in d iv id u a l co n testan ts . 1,979 c a n d id a te s co n tested th e e lec tions fo r 494 L ok S abha seats.

T h e n u m b e r o f c a n d id a te s w h o c o n te s te d fo r th e A sse m b ly se a ts w a s 14900. T he v o te r 's tu rn o u t w a s a b o u t 53 p e r ce n t w ith 114 m illio n a d u lts exerc is ing th e ir r ig h t to fo rm th e g o v e rru n en t o f th e ir choice.

T h e C o n g ress P a r ty ag a in se c u re d 72.9 p e r ce n t se a ts w ith 44.7 p e r ce n t o f th e v a lid v o te s ca s t a t ^ e po lls . I t h a d 358 m e m b ers in a H o u se th a t h a d a to ta l s tre n g th o f 499.

Table 2.3: Party Position in the Third Lok Sabha (1962-1967)

Party No. of Seats Won % of the Valid Votes Polled

1. Congress 361 44.722. CPI 29 9.943. Swatantra 22 8.194. BJS 14 6.445. PSP 12 6.816. DMK 7 2.017. Socialist 6 2.69

Other Parties 19 6.74Independents & others 24 12.49Total 494 100.00

7. All India Forw ard Block8. All India Hill People'? Conference9. H aryana Lok Samiti

10. H indu M ahasabha11. M uslim League12. M aha Gujarat Janata Parishad13. Provincial Congress of Goa

N om inated 2• OTHER PARTTES

1. Jharkhand Party 12. Republican Party of India 33 .A kaU Party 24. Revolutionary Socialist Party 25. Ram Rajya Parishad 26. Lok Sewak Sangh 2

T h e F o u r th G e n e ra l E le c tio n s (1967)T h e 1967 e lec tions w e re co m p le ted in ju s t o n e w e e k (15th F eb ru a ry to 21st

F e b r u a r y ). T h e v o te rs tu rn o u t in a e a s e d to 61.33 p e r cen t. T he C o n g ress P a r ty p o p u la r i ty h a d b e e n o n th e w a n e a n d th is tim e it c o u ld m u s te r o n ly 279 sea ts in th e L ok S ab h a c o m p ris in g 520 m em b ers . In d e p e n d e n ts a n d c a n d id a te s s e t u p b y p o litica l p a r tie s th a t d id n o t h a v e a n y n a tio n a l s ta tu s m a n a g e d to g e t 78 seats. In a n u m b e r o f S tates, th e C o n g ress P a r ty lo s t its m a jo rity fo r th e firs t tim e.

Table 2.4: Party Position in the Fourth Lok Sabha (1961-1967)

Party ContestantsWon

No. c f Seats Votes

% of Valid Polled

1 2 3 4

1. Congress 516 283 40.82. Swatatra 178 42 8.53. BJS 249 35 9.3

First to Tenth Lok Sabha Elections 17

4

4. SSP5. CPI6. CPI (M)7. PSP8. RPI

12310463

11072

Other Parties 5869. DMK 547

10. Akali Dal (Sant Group) 811. Forw ord Block 612. M uslim League 213. All Parties Hill Leaders Conference 114. M aha G ujarat Ja iu ta Parishad 115. RSP 116. Janata Parishad 617. Kerala Congress 518. Akali Dal (M aster Tara Singh Group) 719. Democratic Nationalist Conference 120. N aga National O rg an isa tio n 1

Independents 368

Total 2 ^ 9

23231913

1

3925

322111

142

520

4.94.94.53.12.5

7.1 3.8 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

14.4

100.00

F if th G e n e ra l E le c tio n s (1971)T h e te rm o f th e F o u rth L ok S abha w o u ld h a v e ex p ire d o n ly in 1972 b u t th e

G en e ra l E lections w e re p re p o n e d to 1971. T h e C o n g ress P a r ty h a d e a rn e d a m a jo rity in th e 1967 e lec tions b u t su ffe re d a sp lit in 1969. T h e d e a r m a jo rity o f th e p a r ty in p o w e r h a d e ro d e d . T h e th e n P r in e M in is te r Sm t. In d ira G a n d h i w a n te d to se e k a fre sh m a n d a te fro m th e p eo p le .

A 'G ra n d A llian ce ' w a s fo rm e d to d e fe a t S m t In d ira G a n d h i a t th e po lls . F o u r o p p o s itio n P artie s rw m ely C o n g ress (O) B h a ra tiy a Ja n a S an g h , S w a ta n tra P a r ty a n d th e S am y u k ta Socialist P a r ty co m b in ed th e ir s tren g th . T lie re su lts w e re h o w e v e r su rp ris in g . C o n g ress P a r ty w a s b ac k w ith 352 se a ts in th e L ok S abha. T h is tim e it w a s C o n g ress w ith a co m fo rtab le tw o -th ird m a jo r ity in th e P a r lia m e n t a n d su p re m e in m o s t o f th e S tates.

T able 2.5: Party Position in the F ifth Lok S abha (1971-77)

Party No. of Contestants Seats Won % of Votes Polled

Congress (R) 441 350 43.7Congress (O) 238 16 10.4Swatatra 56 8 3.1BJS 160 22 7.4SSP 93 3 2.4PSP 63 2 1.0CPI 87 23 4.7CPI(M) 85 25 5.1O thers 1,578 66 22.1

Total 2,801 515 99.99

The tenure of the Fifth Lok Sabha w as extended by one year during Emergency.


H ie S ix th L o k S a b h a E lec tio n s (1977)T he C o u n try h a d its f irs t ta s te o f E m ergency in 1975. In d ia n v o te rs ex p ressed

th e ir c o n te m p t fo r th is m e a su re b y rq e c tin g th e C o n g ress u n d e r Sm t. In d ira G a n d h i a t th e 1977 po lls . S he lo st th e elec tion a n d h e r p a r ty w a s v o te d o u t o f p o w e r a t th e C en tre . A n e w p a r ty Ja i\a ta P a r ty cam e in to ex istences w ith th e m e rg e r o f C o n g ress (O), B hara tiya Jan a S angh , B hara tiya L ok D al, S ocialist a n d th e C o n g ress fo r D em ocracy . TTie Jan a ta P a r ty co n te s ted th e e lec tions u n d e r a c o m m o n sy m b o l (m an w ith a p lo u g h in s id e th e w h ee l) a n d c a p tu re d 295 seats. T h e Ja n a ta P a r ty h a d o b ta in e d 43.17 p e r ce n t o f th e p o p u la r v o te s c a s t fo r th e 540 m e m b e r L ok S abha.

Party

T able Z6: Party Position in the Sixth Lok Sabha (1977-79)

No. of Candidates Seats Won % of votes polled

Congress 492 154 34.5Janata Party 421 297 43.0CPI 91 7 2.8CPI(M) 53 22 4.3Peasants and W orkers Party 05R S P 03M uslim League 02National Conference 02 15.4Kerala Congress 02M aharashtra G om antak Party (MGP) 01United Democratic Party 01DMK 01Independents and O thers 40Vacancies as on M arch 25, 1977 03

Total 540

Janata Party included several parties — Congress (O), BLD, Jana Sangh, Socialist Party and Congress for Democracy.

S e v e n th L o k S a b h a E le c tio n s (1980)T h e firs t e v e r N o n -C o n g re ss g o v e rn m e n t a t th e C e n tre c o u ld n o t su rv iv e

its fu ll te rm in sp ite o f its c lea r m a jo rity in th e L ok S abha.M u tu a l b ic k e rin g a n d d a s h o f p e rso n a l a m b itio n s le d to th e fa ll o f th e

Ja n a ta g o v e rn m e n t in a v e ry sh o r t p e rio d . E v en in th is sh o r t p e r io d , th e re w ere tw o P rim e M in iste rs w h o h e a d e d d ie g o v e rn m e n t fo r b rie f sp an s. F re sh elections h a d to b e h e ld in 1980 a n d Sm t. In d ira G a n d h i w a s v o te d b ac k to p o w e r . S he fo rm e d th e G o v e rn m e n t a t th e C e n tre a n d c o n tin u e d till h e r assass iiw tio n in 1984.


Table 2.7 Party Position in the Seventh Lok Sabha (1980-84)

Party No. of Contestants No. of Seats Won % of Votes Polled

Congress (I) 492 353 42.7Congress (O) 212 13 5.3Janata Party (JP) 432 31 19.0Janata Party (S) 294 41 9.4CPI 48 11 2.6CPI (M) 63 36 6.1

Total 1541 485 85.1

Independents & Others 3,088 39 14.9

Grand Total 4,629 524 100.00

The Eighth Lok Sabha Elections (1984)A s y m p a th y w a v e s w e p t th e c o u n try su b se q u e n t to th e a s sa ss in a tio n o f

Sm t. In d ira G an d h i. H e r son , Rajiv G a n d h i led th e C ongress P arty to a re so u n d in g v ic to ry c a p tu r in g a re c o rd n vunber o f 415 se a ts o u t o f 518. C o n g ress (I) h a d s e c u r ^ 48.12 p e r ce n t v o te s in th is election .

T able 2.8 Party Position in the E ighth Lok Sabha (1985-1990)

Party No. of Contestants Seats Wow % of Votes Polled

Congress (I) 515 415 48.1Congress (S) 39 5 1.6Janata Party 219 10 6.7BJP 229 2 7.4CPI 66 6 2.7CPI (M) 64 22 5.7Lok Dal 174 3 5.6Telugu Desam 34 30 4.1Total 1340 493 81.9

Independents & Others 4153 22 18.1

Grand Total 5493 515 100.00^Elections w ere held in December 1984; Deposits lost; 4,385.

Ninth Lok Sabha Elections (1989)S oon afte r a s su m p tio n o f office, th e y o u n g P rim e M in iste r sh o w e d inc lina tion

to d o a w a y w ith th e p o w e r b ro k e rs in th e C o n g ress p a r ty a n d in tro d u c e a m e a su re o f p ro fe ss io n a l m a n a g e m e n t in p a r ty affairs. H o w e v e r th e o d d s w ere to o h e a v y ag a in s t h im . M o n e y w a s n e e d e d to ru n th e p a r ty a n d w h o so e v e r g av e it, ex p e c ted o u t o f tu rn fav o u rs . N e w tactics w e re tr ie d to g e t m o n e y a n d as a lleg e d th ro u g h c u ts in g o v e rn m e n t d ea ls w ith fo re ig n firm s. C>ne su c h d e a l w h ic h co s t th e C o n g ress its n ex t te rm w a s th e 'B o fo r's ' d ea l.

C o rru p tio n in h ig h p laces b ecam e th e m a in issu e th is tim e.


V .P. S ingh , fo rm e r M in is te r in th e Rajiv G a n d h i's C ab in e t le ft th e C o n g ress (I) P a r ty a n d fo rm e d th e Jan M o rch a w itii th e h e lp o f a few se n io r co lleagues. T h e N a tio n a l F ro n t le a d b y h im w a s v o te d to p o w e r w ith p a r tie s like th e B h a ra tiy a Jan a ta P a r ty a n d th e C o m m u n is ts le n d in g s u p p o r t fro m o u ts id e th e g o v e rn m e n t since it d id n o t c o m m a n d a n ab so lu te m a jo rity in th e L ok S abha.

T h e g o v e rn m e n t le d b y V .P. S ingh d id n o t la s t long . In n e r d issen sio n s le d to BJP w ith d ra w in g its su p p o r t a n d h e w a s rep la ce d b y C h a n d ra S h ek h a r as th e P rim e M in is te r e v e n th o u g h h is sp lin te r g ro u p c o m m a n d e d a n in sig n ifican t s tre n g th in th e L ok S abha. E v en th is a rra n g e m e n t co llap sed a n d fin a lly w h e n th e C o n g ress (I) to o d ec lin e d to su p p o r t th e g o v e rn m e n t, h e s u b m itte d th e re s ig n a tio n o f h is g o v e rn m e n t le ad in g to a n o th e r G en e ra l E lection to th e L ok S ab h a a n d so m e S tate A ssem blies in M ay-Jim e 1991.

T able 2.9: Party Position in the N in th Lok Sabha (1989-1991)

Party Contestants Seats Won % of Votes Polled

Congress 510 197 39.5Janata Dal 244 143 17.8Congress (S) 14 1 0.3Janata Party 156 0 1.0BJP 225 86 11.4CPI 50 12 2.6CPI (M) 64 33 6.5Lok Dal 119 0 0.2Telugu Desam 33 2 3.3

Total 1,415 474 82.6Independents and O thers 4,743 36 17.4

Grand Total 6,158 510 100.00

Note: Deposits lo s t : 50.1 or 81.2 per cent. Election for 14 seats in Assam, 13 in Punjab and 6 in Kashm ir not held.

T h e T e n th L o k S a b h a E lec tio n s (1991)T h e T en th L ok S ab h a w a s c o n s titu te d o n Jim e 20 ,1991 . T he re su lt fo r 507

sea ts w e re ava ilab le till Ju n e 26 ,1991. W hile e lec tions w e re c o u n te rm a n d e d in 13 constituencies, fo u r resu lts (th ree fro m B ihar a n d o n e fro m K arn a tak a) w e re n o t available.

A s fo r th e po litica l com plex ion o f th e n e w H o u se , th e C o n g ress (I) se cu red 225 seats. (A n ab so lu te m a jo rity w o u ld n e e d 256 Seats). A fter bye-e lec tion in N o v e m b e r 1991, th e s tre n g th of th e C o n g ress p a r ty in c re ase d to 231. T h e BJP w a s se co n d w ith 119 sea ts, w h ile th e JD h a d 55 seats. C P I (M ) h a d 35 a n d C P I 13 m em b ers . E lection to th e L ok S abha a n d A sse m b ly sea ts in P u n jab w e re h e ld o n F eb ru a ry 9 ,1992 . B ye-elections to 2 L ok S abha sea ts a n d 19 A sse m b ly sea ts w e re h e ld o n June 8, 1992. T h e fo llow ing T ab le p ro v id e s th e position .


Table 2.10. Party Position in the Tenth Lok Sabha (1991-95)

Party No. c f Contestants Seats Won % of Votes

Congress 492 231 36.50BJ? 468 119 20.80JD 307 59 11.88C P(M ) 60 35 6.16CPI 42 14 2.49AIADMK* NA 11 1.62DMK* NA 0 2.09TOP* NA 13 2.99Total 1,369 482 84.53Od\er Parties andIndependents 7,585 38 15.47G ran d T o ta l 8^54 520 100,00

•Contestants are included in 7,585.OTHER PARTTES SSP 1Shiva Sena 4 ID(G) 1RSP 4 HVP 1AIFB 3 ASDC 1SJP 5 AGP 1]MM 6 Manipur PP 1Mudim League 2 HPC 1Cong.(S) 1 Independents 2Kerala Congress ^ 1 Total 38

Vacancies: 23 (Punjab 13, J & K 6, Bihar 2, U_P 1, Delhi 1)

Table 2.11: Party Position as on Januaiy 31,1996Party No. o f seats

Lidian National Congress 260Bharatiya Janata Party 113Janata Party 23Janata Dal (S) 1Conuntinist Party of India (M) 36Conuntinist Party of India 14AIADMK 11Samajwadi Party (Mulayam) 3Revolutionary Socialist Party 2a i iv Sena 13Samta Party 3Bahujan Samaj Party 6JharkhaiKl Mukti Morcha 7Telegu Desam 2Forward Bloc 3M anipur People's Party 1Congress (S) 1All India Majlis l ^ d u l Musalmin 1

Party_______________________________________ No. of seats

Kerala Congress (M) 1Sikkim Sangram Parishad 1Janata Dal (Gujarat) 3Bihar People's Party 1Independents 45

T he C o n g ress P a rty h a d s ta rte d w ith 225 seats b u t m a n a g e d to cobb le a w o rk in g m ajority .

T e n u re s o f L o k S a b h a sT h e firs t L ok S abha, co n stitu ted vm der th e C o n s titu tio n th a t ca m e in eflfect

fro m Ja n u a ry 26, 1950 h a d its first s ittin g o n M ay 13, 1952. T h e S econd L ok S ab h a w a s co n s titu ted o n A p ril 5 ,1957 a n d th e T h ird o n A p ril 2 ,1962. A ll a lo n g th e re h a d b ee n sm o o th &ve y ea rly elections. T he d isso lu tio n s to o k p lace b a re ly 38 to 44 d a y s befo re ex p iry o f th e te rm .

T he F o u rth L ok S abha, co n s titu ted o n M arch 1967 w a s d isso lv ed o n e y ea r a n d 79 d a y s befo re th e ex p iry o f its term . T h e d isso lu tio n to o k p lace o n 27 D ecem b er 1970 a n d th e n ex t L ok S abha h a d its first m e e tin g afte r its co n s titu tio n o n M a rc h 19, 1971.

F or ov er th ree m o n th s the re w as n o Lok Sabha. S m t In d ira G an d h i, ho w ev er, c o n tin u e d to functions as th e 'caretaker* P rim e M inister.

U n d e r A rticle 94 o f th e C onstitu tion , in case o f d isso lu tio n o f th e L ok S abha, S p eak e r d o es n o t vacate h is office u n til im m ed ia te ly befo re th e first m e e tin g o f th e H o u se afte r d isso lu tion .

A n ex cep tio n a ro se in case o f S hri N ee lam Sanjiva R eddy . H e h a d ta k en o v e r as S p e ^ r o f th e F o u rth Lok S abha o n M arch 17, 1967 b u t re s ig n e d o n Ju ly 19, 1969. D r. G u rd ia l S ingh D hillon su cceed ed h im o n A u g u s t 8, 1969.

T h e F ifth L ok S abha w a s c o n s titu ted o n M arch 15, 1971. Its te rm w a s to ex p ire o n M arch 18,1976. B ut it w as ex ten d e d b y o n e y ea r u p to M a rc h 18 ,1977 b y th e H o u se o f th e P eop le (Exter\sion of D u ra tio n ) A ct, 1976. It w a s e x te n d e d fo r a fu rth e r p e r io d o f on e y ea r u p to M arch 18, 1978 b y th e H o u se o f th e P eo p le (E xtension o f D ura tion ) A m e n d m e n t A ct, 1976. H o w ev er, th e H o u se w a s d isso lv ed afte r h a v in g b ee n in ex istence fo r a p e r io d o f five y ears , 10 m o n th s a n d six days. T he te n u re o f th e F ifth L ok S ab h a w a s asso c ia ted w ith th e im p o s itio n o f E m erg en cy in Ju n e 1975. It a lso m a rk e d th e e n d o f a n e ra in w h ich C o n g ress as a po litica l p a r ty h e ld office a t th e C en tre w ith th e n u m b e r o f its m e m b ers in th e L ok S abha a lw ays in ab so lu te m ajo rity ra n g in g fro m 279 to 371.

T h e S ixth L ok S abha h a d its f irs t m e e tin g o n M arch 23, 1977. Sm t. In d ira G an d h i, w h o h a d b ee n P rim e M in iste r since 1966 h a d lo st a t th e L ok S ab h a elections. S hri M orarji D esai, w h o w a s a n a sp ira n t fo r P rim e M in is te rsh ip in Ja n u a ry 1966, a n d h a d lo st to Sm t. In d ira G a n d h i n o w to o k o v e r’as th e P rim e M iruste r h e a d in g th e n e w ly fo rm e d J a iu ta P arty .

N . S anjiva R e d d y w h o h a d res ig n ed from A e p o s t o f S peaker o f th e L ok S abha in Ju ly 1969 w a s sw o rn in as th e S ixth P re s id en t o f In d ia o n Ju ly 25,1977.


T he S ix th L ok S abha w a s d isso lv ed o n A u g u s t 22,1979. T h e H o u se ex is ted fo r o n ly tw o y ea rs , fo u r m o n th s a n d 28 d ay s . K.S. H e g d e fu n c tio n e d as S p eak e r in th e S ixth Lok S abha afte r N ee lam S anjiva R e d d y b e tw e e n Ju ly 21, 1977 a n d Ja n u a ry 21, 1980.

C h a ra n S in g ^ w h o h a s h a d th e u n iq u e d is tin c tio n o f h a v in g b e e n P rim e M in is te r w h o n e v e r faced th e L ok S abha, h a d re c o m m e n d e d th e d is so lu tio n o f th e Sbcth L ok S abha a n d th e sa m e to o k p lace o n A u g u s t 22 ,1979 . E lections to th e S ev en th L ok S ab h a fo llow ed . IT iere w a s a g a p o f a b o u t five m o n th s b e tw e e n th e d isso lu tio n o f ttie S ix th a n d th e co n s titu tio n o f th e S even th L ok S abha, ra th e r im u s u a l co n s id e rin g th e p a s t records.

Sm t. In d ira G a n d h i re tu rn e d b ac k to p o w e r in th e S ev en th L ok S abha. T he S ev en th L ok S ab h a h a d 352 C o n g ress (I) M.P.S — a q u a n tu m le ap f ro m 154 in 1977.

Sm t. In d ira G a n d h i w a s assass in a te d o n O ctober 31, 1984. Rajiv G a n d h i w a s sw o rn in as th e P rim e M in iste r a fte r h e r a n d th e n e w P rim e M in is te r o p te d fo r elec tions in D ecem ber. T h e S ev en th L ok S abha w a s d isso lv ed o n D ecem ber 31, 1984 a n d th e E i ^ t h L ok S abha c o n s titu te d th e sa m e day . It h e ld its f irs t se ssio n o n J a n u a ry 15, 1985 a n d w a s d isso lv ed o n 27 N o v e m b e r 1989.

T h e p e o p le o f In d ia h a d p in n e d h ig h h o p e s o n Rajiv G an d h i. H o w e v e r h is im a g e h a d b ee n b a d ly s lu r re d b y allega tions o f h a v in g rece iv ed cu ts in th e B ofors dea l. T h e v o te rs p e rc ep tio n w a s th a t w h ile th e y se n t th e ir so n s a n d b ro th e rs to th e A rm y to d e f ^ d tiie co u n try , th o se a t th e h e lm o f th e affairs co m p ro m ise d w ith th e q u a lity o f w e a p o n s ju s t to e a rn k ickbacks fo r th e ir p a rty . T h e d is illu s io n e d v o te rs o n ce ag a in o p te d fo r a N o n -C o n g re ss G o v e rn m e n t a t th e C en tre .

T h e N in th L ok S abha h a d its first m e e tin g a fte r its c o n stitu tio n o n D ecem b er 18, 1989 w ith V.P. S in g h as th e P rim e M in ister. H o w ev er, y e t a n o th e r N o n - C o n g ress g o v e rn m e n t a t th e C en tre fell be fo re co m p le tin g its te rm . Its life e n d e d o n M a rc h 13, 1991.

T h e Ja n a ta D a l h e a d e d b y V .P S ingh h a d w o n 143 sea ts in th e L ok S abha e lec tions o f 1989. It w a s w e ll b e lo w 195 w o n b y C o n g ress (I). B u t Rajiv G a n d h i d ec lin e d to fo rm th e g o v e rn m e n t in th e absence o f a n o u tr ig h t m a n d a te .

V .P. S in g h a g re e d to b eco m e th e P rim e M in is te r w ith th e u n d e rs ta n d in g th a t h is g o v e rru n en t w o u ld h a v e th e su p p o r t o f BJP, CPI, C PI (M) a n d so m e o th e rs fro m o u ts id e . H o w ev er, th e a rra n g e m e n t d id n o t w o rk . T h e N in th L ok S ab h a la s te d fo r o n ly 16 m o n th s a n d 11 d ay s a n d in b e tw e e n h a d tw o P rim e M in isters. T h e M a n d a l R e p o rt a n d R am Ja n m ab h o o m i B abri M asjid c o n tro v e rsy sp lit th e u n d e rs ta n d in g b e tw e e n N a tio n a l F ro n t Q anata D al) a n d th e BJP. T he Jan a ta D a l sp lit in to JD a n d JD (S) w ith C h a n d ra S h ek h ar h e a d in g th e sp lit g ro u p . V.P. S in g h fa iled to g e t a v o te o f confidence a n d h a d to go o u t o n N o v e m b e r 7, 1990.

C h a n d ra S h ek h a r s te p p e d in to h is shoes, th is tim e w ith th e im d e rs ta n d in g th a t h e w o u ld b e s u p p o r te d b y C o n g ress (I) ag a in fro m o u ts id e . H e w a s sw o rn P rim e M in is te r o n N o v e m b e r 1 0 ,1990 b u t h is tie -u p w ith th e C o n g ress co u ld n o t la s t long . T he 117 d a y o ld Jan a ta D al (S) g o v e rn m e n t co llap sed o n M arch 6, 1991. C o n g ress (I) h a d ch o sen to su p p o r t C h a n d ra S h ek h a r as th e o th e r


a lte rn a tiv e , i.e. G en e ra l E lections w a s m u c h less fav o u rab le w ith th e BJP w a v e sw e e p in g th e H in d i h e a r tla n d su b se q u e n t to f irin g a n d la rg e scale ca su a ltie s a t A y o d h y a . T h ere is a g en e ra l fee ling th a t C o n g ress (I) w a s successfu l in g e ttin g a n u m te r o f th in g s o f its choice d o n e fo r th e p rice o f its s u p p o r t e v e n th o u g h C h a n d ra S h ek h a r c o n tin u e d th e p re te n se o f ta k in g in d e p e n d e n t dec isions.

B u t C h a n d ra S h ek h a r h a d s ta r te d f i l i n g th e h e a t o f p re ssu re s th a t h e w a s b e in g su b jec ted to f ro m ou tside .

T h e c ru n c h cam e w h e n C o n g ress (I) d ec id e d to b o y co tt th e P a rlia m en t ( th u s d e p r iv in g C h a n d ra S h ek h ar o f n u m e ric a l s u p p o r t in th e H o u se w h e re h e h a d o n ly 54 m e m b ers ) o n th e p le a th a t R ajiv G a n d h i 's h o u s e w a s im d e r surveillcuice b y co n stab les o f H a ry a n a G o v e rn m e n t a n d th a t C h a n d ra S h ek h a r w a s u n w illin g to p im ish th e cu lp rits b e h in d su rv e illan ce th e w a y R ajiv G a n d h i h a d d es ired .

T h e N in th L ok S abha la s te d fo r a b o u t IVi y ea rs only .T h e T en th Lok S abha la s te d its fu ll te rm .T h e la s t fo u r d ec ad e s h a v e w itn e sse d a nv im ber o f im u s u a l d e v e lo p m e n ts

so fa r a s th e c o n d u c t o f e lec tions in In d ia is concerned . T h e ro le o f m o n e y a n d m u sc le p o w e r h a s b e e n increasing . S evera l crim in als h a v e b e e n e n te r in g p o litics a n d su cceed ed in g e ttin g elected . T he crim in a l-p o litid an n ex u s h a s b ee n g ro w in g a t a n a la rm in g ra te . O e f ^ o r « , cross vo ting , a n d v o tin g in flu e n ced b y a lleg e d pa)m [ient o f h u g e s u m s a re o n ly so m e o f th e sy m p to m s o f d ec ay th a t h a s se t in o u r p o litica l sy stem . P rim a f a d e th e fu tu re seem s d a rk . H o w e v e r th e re is also a b r ig h t s id e to th e sto ry . T here is g ro w in g aw a re n ess a n d p o litica l p a r tie s c a n n o t ta k e a n y m in o rity g ro u p o r th e d e p r iv e d section o f th e v o te rs fo r a ride . T h ey ex p ect so m e th in g m o re tang ib le th a n so p s in th e fo rm o f p ro m ise s o r liq u o r o r d h o tie s o n p o ll eve.

T h e E lection C o m m issio n a n d th e In d ia n Ju d ic ia ry h a v e b e e n p e rfo rm in g ac tiv e ro les in e n s u r in g th a t th e sanc tity o f th e elec tions is n o t su ll ie d b y c o rru p t e lec to ra l p rac tices. A s tric t check o n p o ll ex p e n d itu re a n d s tric te r en fo rce m en t o f e lec tion la w s a n d co d e o f c o n d u c t h a s h e lp e d in check ing th e d o w n w a rd s lide .

T h e g re a te s t ach iev em en t o f o u r d em o cra tic sy s tem is th a t it h a s su rv iv e d , n i e sy s tem m a y n o t b e in th e p in k o f h ea lth b u t it h a s n o t lo s t th e c a p ac ity to fig h t b ac k th e in fections. T he re s t is fo r th e p eo p le o f In d ia to d ec ide . O n e h o p e s p e o p le h a v e e n o u g h se n se to m a k e D e m o c ra c y w o rk r a th e r th a n c u rs e it fo r th e fa ilu re s fo r w h ic h w e a n d n o t th e s y s te m a re p r im a r ily responsib le .


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Highlights of First Ten Elections

Universal FranchiseT h e r ig h t to e lec t rep re se n ta tiv es to th e L ok S ab h a a n d S tate A sse m b ly is

p r e d o u s a n d y e t c ro res o f In d ia n d tiz e n s ju s t d o n o t exercise th e ir r ig h t to ch o o se th e p e o p le w h o w ill r u n th e g o v e rn m e n t fo r th em . T h e n u m b e r o f v o te rs w h o a re elig ib le to v o te a n d tu r n u p a t th e p o llin g b o o th s to exercise th e ir franch ise h a s ra re ly ex ceed ed th e tw o th ird n u m b e r. So fa r w o m e n v o te rs a re co n cern ed , th is p ro p o rtio n is still less.

T h is p h e n o m e n o n o f lo w tu m b u t h a s w id e im plica tions. P o litical p a r tie s h a v e w ie ld e d p o w e r th o u g h th e y n e v e r r e p r e s e n te d m a jo r i ty o f v o tin g p o p u la tio n . T he co m m o n v o te r h a s n o t b ee n ab le to a sse rt h im se lf o v e r th e se lf-seek ing po litic ian s ju s t b ecau se e n o u g h v o te rs d o n o t tu rn u p to g ive th e e lec to ra l v e rd ic t a n a u th en tic ity th a t is in k ee p in g w ith th e g e n e ra l m o o d . T h ere h a v e b ee n y ea rs w h e n e v e n w ith re la tiv e ly lo w v o te rs t i im o u t, th e p e o p le h a v e b e e n ab le to es tab lish th e ir a n g e r o r re se n tm e n t a t th e d e e d s a n d m isd e e d s o f th e g o v e rru n en t b u t In d ia n d em o crac y is y e t to acq u ire th a t ferocity w h ic h a lo n e ca n k ee p th e po litic ians o n to es aU th ro u g h th e ir te rm o f office. T ab le 3.1 sh o w s v o te rs tu r n out.

Table 3.1: Electorate and Votes Polled and Voter Turn Out

Year PollingStations

Electorate(Million)

Votes Polled (Million)

Voter Turn Out (Average %)

1952 196,089 173.2 105.9 45.71957 220,478 193.7 123.5 47.719622 238,244 16.4 119.9 55.41967 267,555 249.0 152.7 61.31971 342,944 274.1 151.5 55.31977 358,208 321.1 194.3 60.51980 434,442 355.6 202.4 57.01984 505,751 399.8 249.6 64.11989 579,810 498.6 309.0 61.91991* 594,797 514.1 272.0 51.13

‘Excluding Jam m u and Kashmir, Elections not held in Punjab.

In th is con tex t, th e p e rfo rm a n c e o f th e C o n g ress P a r ty a t th e G en e ra l E lections n e e d s specia l m e n tio n . T h is p a r ty h a s b ee n in p o w e r a t th e C e n tre

fo r g re a te r th e p a r t o f o u r p o s t- in d e p e n d e n c e y e a rs . H o w e v e r , i t n e v e r re p re se n te d e v e n 50 p e r cen t o f th e t o td vo ters. T h e T able 3.2 illu stra te s th e ab o v e m e n tio n e d p h en o m en o n .

T able 3.2: Perform ance of the Congress Party

Year Seats Contested by Seats Won %of Votesthe Congress Polled

1952 479 364 45.01957 490 371 47.81962 488 361 _44.71967 516 283 40.81971 441 352 43.71977 492 154 34.51980 492 353 42.71984 517 415 48.11989 510 197 39.531991 481 225 37.57


M u ltip lic i ty o f P o litic a l P a rtie s a n d th e In d e p e n d e n tsC o m p a re d to th e v o te r in B ritain o r U.S.A. w h e re th e v o te r 's cho ice is

u su a lly lim ite d to th ree (C onserva tive , L ab o u r a n d th e L iberal) o r ju s t tw o (D em o cra t a n d R epub lican) p a r ty ca n d id a tes , th e In d ia n v o te r h a s to choose f ro m a m o n g s t a re la tiv e ly m u c h la rg e r n u m b e r o f c a n d id a te s . In th e 1991 e lec tions a t least in o n e co r^ titu en cy , th e b a llo t p a p e r h a d to b e o f th e s ize o f a n e w sp a p e r p ag e to b e able to cover the lu tm es a n d sym bo ls o f all th e cand ida tes.

C o m p a re d to th e 1952 e lec tions to th e L o k S abha, th e in c re ase in th e av e rag e n u m b e r o f ca n d id a tes p e r constituency h a s b ee n th ree-fo ld . T w o reaso n s can b e asc rib ed to th is p h en o m en o n ; th e p ro life ra tio n o f p a r tie s a n d th e lo w d e p o s it figure .

In th e y e a r 1952 th e re w e re o n a n a v e ra g e o n ly 3.8 c a n d id a te s p e r constituency . H o w e v e r b y 1989 th is f ig u re h a d sw elled to 11.2. T h e 1977 e lec tion m a rk e d a g en e ra l d ec rease in th e n im ib e r o f can d id a tes , th e av e rag e s lu m p in g d o w n to 4.5 (from 5.3 in th e p rec ed in g elections). B etw een 1984 a n d 1989, th e n im ib e r o f c a n d id a te s reg is te red a rise fro m 5,481 to 6,091.

S ea t a d ju s tm e n ts a m o n g p o litica l p a r t ie s b r in g d o w n th e n u m b e r o f caixdidates p e r co n s titu en cy a t th e N atio tu il level. T his c o u ld b e se en in 1977 w h e n th e av e rag e d ro p p e d d o w n to 2.0 fro m 2.3 to leap u p ag a in to 3.0 in th e su c ce ed in g elections. 1957 h a d also w itn e ssed a -sim ilar p h en o m en o n .

T h e m a jo r co n trib u tio n to increase in n u m b e r o f c a n d id a te s o v e r th e la st 35 y ea rs h a s com e fro m th e In d ep en d en ts . A ll th a t a n in d e p e n d e n t s ta n d s to lo se is, th e m e ag re secu rity d ep o s its in case h e fails to secu re less th a n one-six th o f th e v o tes po lled .

T h e T ab le 3.3 p re se n ts a co m p reh en siv e a n d co n tra s tin g ana lysis o v e r th e years.

Highlights o f First Ten Elections 29

T able 3.3: N um ber o f C andidates P ut u p by Political Parties

Year Average Number National State Parties Other Parties Indepen- of Candidates per Parties dentsConstituency

1952195719621967197119771980198419891991

3.83.2 4.0 4.65.34.58.5

10.1 11.2 17.0

2.3 1.9 2.82.72.3 2.0 3.02.4 2.62.7

0.30.20 .10.10.40.10.20.30.30.4

0.10.040.040.020.40.10.30.21.71.6

1.11.01.01.7 2.22.35.37.46.7 7.2

S c h e d u le d C a s te s a n d S c h e d u le d T rib e s V o te rsN a tio n a l as w e ll a s R eg ional level p a rtie s re g a rd SC a n d ST v o te rs as a

sign ifican t p h e n o m e n o n ev e n th o u g h th e ir n u m b e r is n o t o v e rw h e lm in g ev e n in re se rv e d constituencies. T h e p a s t experience h a s b ee n th a t SC a n d ST v o te rs d o n o t b ac k po litica l p a rtie s th a t a re exclusively SC o r ST b ased , fo r ex am p le , th e R ep u b lican P a r ty o f Ind ia . Its rep re se n ta tio n h a s b ee n re s tr ic ted to ju s t o n e se a t in th e y ea rs 1 % 2 ,1967 a n d 1971, w h ile th e B ahu jan Sam aj P a r ty g o t tw o sea ts in th e 1989 elections.

C o n g ress h a d b ee n th e m a in b e n e f id a iy so fa r S C /S T co n s titu en c ie s a re co n cern ed . In th e y e a r 1984, it co rn e re d 92 o u t o f th e to ta l 119 re se rv e d sea ts fo r th e L ok S abha. T h e y e a r 1977 w a s b a d -fo r th e p a rty . T h e n u m b e r o f se a ts w o n a m o n g th e re se rv e d o n es s lu m p e d to 29 fro m 73. In th e y e a r 1989 th e ta lly w a s ju s t 44, th e lo w es t (w ith th e excep tion o f 1977).

T lie S C /S T v o te rs h a v e ex p ressed th e ir d isp lea su re w ith th e ru lin g p a r ty a t th e C e n tre b y sh iftin g th e ir loyalties to Left o r o th e r m a in s tre a m p o li t ic k p a rtie s o p era tin g a t the reg iona l level (AIA D M K-D M K , T elegu D esam ). B haratiya L o k D al w h ich la te r m e rg e d in to th e Jan a ta P a rty w a s th e m o s t successfu l p a ^ in th e re se rv e d constituencies in th e y ea r 1977. B ut th is p e rfo rm an ce c o u ld n o t b e su s ta in e d . In 1989 Jan a ta D a l m a n a g e d 31 sea ts b u t th e b e s t g a in s ca m e to BJP. I t c a p tu re d 18 sea ts w h ile in th e p rec ed in g elec tions its ta lly h a d n e v e r c ro sse d th e se v e n score o f 1% 7. BJP d re w a b la n k in th e y ea rs 1980 a n d 1984.

It w o u ld b e u n rea lis tic to ascribe th e BJP v ic to ry to a n y s ig n ifican t sh ift in loya lties o r e n c h a n tm e n t w ifli th e BJP. T h e 1989 score co u ld b e asc rib ed m o re to BJPs elec to ra l a lliance w ith th e Jan a ta D al.

In sev era l re se rv e d constituencies, po litica l p a rties b a se d exc lusively o n S C /S T m a d e g o o d sh o w in g b e in g a close seco n d b u t th a t w a s all. In U .P . a n d B ihar, th e B ahu jan Sam aj P a rty w a s n o t ev e n se co n d a t m a n y p laces. In 19 o u t o f 32 co i\s titu e n d e s (1989) BSP w a s on ly th ird . B ahujan Sainaj P a r ty a n d th e Jh a rk h a n d M u k ti M o rch a h a v e b ee n co r\so lidating th e ir p o p u la r s u p p o r t since 1989.

S w in g in g V o te P a tte rn sT he m u ltip le p a r ty sy stem a lo n g w ith p ro v is io n fo r In d e p e n d e n t ca n d id a te s

h a s re su lte d in m a n y d is to rtio n s so fa r v o tin g p a tte rn s a n d n u m b e r o f sea ts c a p tu re d b y v a r io u s p o litica l p a rtie s is concerned . A tw o -p a r ty p o lity can e n s u re th a t n u m b e r o f sea ts w o n b y a p o litica l p a r ty is in fa ir p ro p o rtio n to v o te s p o lle d b y it. A sy stem o f p ro p o rtio n a l rep rese n ta tio n also e n su re s th a t th e re is n o a rb itra rin e ss b e tw e en th e tw o factors. In Ind ia , th e p o sitio n h a s b ee n ra th e r d iffe ren t. O ften a sm a ll m ajo rity o f v o tes h a s re su lted in a m u c h la rg e r m a jo rity in sea ts c a p tu r e d A b ro a d ana lysis o f p e rcen tag e o f v o te s p o lle d vis- a-v is sea ts w o n b y BJP (1971) illu stra tes th e p h e n o m e n o n w ith 7.4 p e r cen t v o te s th e p a r ty g o t ju s t tw o sea ts in 1984 w h ile w ath th e sa m e p e rc en ta g e it h a d s e c u re d 22 sea ts in 1971. A sm a ll increase o f .5 p e r ce n t v o tes ra ise d th e ta lly o f sea ts w o n fro m 4 in 1957 to 14 in 1962. T w o p e r cen t increase re su lte d in inc rease in n u m b e r o f sea ts fro m 35 in 1967 to 85 in 1989. O n th e o th e r h a n d a 2 p e r ce n t s lu m p b ro u g h t d o w n th e n u m b e r o f sea ts w o n fro m 35 in 1967 to 22 in 1971. If w e co m p are th e 1952 a n d 1989 p e rfo rm an ce w e f in d th a t w h ile th e p e rc en ta g e o f v o te s p o lle d in c reased b y less th a n four-fo ld , th e n u m b e r o f sea ts w o n in c reased b y o v e r 28 tim es. S w ings in p e rc en ta g e o f v o tes p o lle d th u s in flu en ce th e n u m b e r o f seats secu red in a v e ry m ag n ified p ro p o rtio n .

T ill th e N in th L ok S abha elections C ongress P arty h a d b ee n ab le to fo rm g o v e rn m e n t a t th e C en tre sev en tim es since afte r In d ep e n d en ce ev e n th o u g h it n e v e r p o lle d m o re th a n 48.1 p e r cen t o f th e to ta l vo tes po lled . It h a s rep resen ted ju s t 25 p e r ce n t p o p u la tio n a t its b es t a n d y e t ru le d ^ e c o im tiy fo r 40 years. S uch is th e d y n am ics o f th e ex isting electoral system . M ore in stan ces follow .

T he C P M p o lle d 4.3 p e r cen t vo tes in 1977 a n d se cu red 22 seats. C o m p a re d to th a t it h a d 4.4 p e r ce n t v o tes in 1967 b u t th e n u m b e r o f sea ts w o n w a s less (19). S im ilarly in 1984 it p o lle d a h ig h e r p ercen tag e (5.7) c o m p a re d to 5.1 in 1971, b u t th e sea ts w o n in 1984 w a s 22 i.e. th ree less th a n th a t in 1971. S im ilar d is to rtio n s ca n b e se en in th e p e rfo rm an ce o f o th e r Left parties. C PI se cu red a n id en tica l p e rc en ta g e o f v o tes in 1980 a n d 1984 (2.6 a n d 2.7). B ut th e g a p in n im ib e r o f sea ts w o n v a rie d fro m 11 a t 2.6 p e r cen t a n d six a t 2.7 p e r cent.

In 1957 th e p a r ty w o n 27 seats a t 8.9 p e r cen t vo tes. In 1967 it n e e d e d oiUy 5% v o te s to secu re 23 seats.

In 1952 th e F o rw a rd Bloc h a d secu red 4.5 p e r ce n t v o tes b u t co u ld n o t w in a s ing le seat. In 1977 it g o t or\ly 4.3 p e r cen t vo tes b u t still b ag g e d th re e seats.

T he p h e n o m e n o n is com plex to su b m it to an y easy o r s im p le ex p lana tion . F ew th in g s , h o w ev e r, a re clear. Seat ad ju stm en ts le ad in g to n e a r one-to -one co n tes t te n d to k ee p th e tw o figures (percen tage of vo tes p o lle d a n d n u m b e r o f sea ts w o n closer). M vilticom ered con tests b r in g a b o u t d isto rtions!

T he C o n s titu tio n of th e c o u n try g u aran tees th e r ig h t to fo rm associa tions. So m u ltip le po litica l p a rtie s can n o t b e checked fro m b e in g b o m o r g ro w in g in n u m b e rs . In d e p e n d e n t ca n d id a tes ca n n o t b e b a rre d u n d e r th e ex is tin g la w s of th e lan d . W e m a y h a v e to p u t u p w ith th is fo r so m e tim e, n o tw ith s ta n d in g th e com p lica tio n s aris in g o u t o f p eo p le 's rep resen ta tio n b e in g vm duly iiifluenced b y re la tiv e ly sm a ll sw in g s in v o tin g pa tte rn s.


U n c o n te s te d V ic to riesA t L ok S abha elections, th e re h a v e b ee n c a n d id a te s w h o h a v e b e e n e lec ted

w ith o u t te a rs — u n c o n te s te d as th e re w e re n o c a n d id a te s o p p o s in g th e m to n ecessita te a n election. In th e N e h ru v ia n era , th e re h a v e b e e n in s tan c es w h e n th e C o n g ress P a r ty d id n o t p u t u p a c a n d id a te agairw t so m e v e te ra n o f th e ir o w n p a r ty w h o su b se q u e n tly chose to ch an g e sides. F o rtu ito u s co m b in a tio n o f e v e n ts h a v e re su lte d in c a n d id a te s b e in g re tu rn e d u n c o n te s te d as w o u ld b e se en f ro m th e fo llo w in g Table.

A t th e o th e r e n d o f th e c o n tin u u m are th e c a n d id a te s w h o co n te s t a n d e v e n lose tiie ir secu rity d eposits . P rov is ion o f S ecurity d ep o s it from ca n d id a te s seek ing e lec tion is m a d e to p re v e n t frivo lous co n testan ts fro m e n te rin g th e fray . B ut th e a m o u n t is so sm a ll th a t it h a s n o d e te rre n t effect. C a n d id a te s file n o m in a tio n s fo r a v a r ie ty o f reasor\s th a t so m etim es h a v e n o th in g to d o w ith th e se rio u s b u s in e ss o f re p re se n tin g th e peop le . W h e n p a p e r w a s a 'co n tro lle d c o n u n o d ity ' m a n y c a n d id a te s filed n o m in a tio n s to beco m e elig ib le fo r 'q u o ta ' th a t co u ld ^

Table 3.4. Uncontested Returns by Congress and Others

Highlights of First Ten Elections 31

ElectionYear

UncontestedReturns

Congress Others

1952 10 7 31957 12 12 -

1962 3 3 -

1967 5 4 11971 1 1 -

1977 2 2 -

1980 1 - 11984 1 1 -

1989 1 - 11991 - - -

d isp o s e d off a t a preiruvim . T h e 'c a n d id a te ' se rio u s o r frivo lous is w e ll g u a rd e d b y th e S tate lest a n y th in g h a p p e n s to h im b e tw e e n n o m in a tio n a n d th e d a te of e lec tion re su ltin g in th e elec tion to th a t co r^ titu e n c y b e in g co u n te rm a n d e d . It is n o t u n u s u a l to ex p ect a n in d e p e n d e n t to b e p e rs u a d e d to w ith d ra w fo r som e co n s id e ra tio n th a t m a y b e too sm all fo r th e se rio u s c a n d id a te b u t e n o u g h fo r th e friv o lo u s one.

F o rfe itu re o t D e p o s itsT h e D ep o sit fo rfe itu re ra te h a s b ee n m iiu m im i fo r th e C o n g ress P arty . It

h a s a lw a y s f ie ld ed m a x im u m ca n d id a te s , th e m in im u m b e in g 441 in 1971. B u t th e n u m te r o f c a n d id a te s p u t u p b y it a n d w h o fo rfe ited th e ir s e < ^ t y d e p o s it n e v e r ex ceed ed 18 (in 1977). T h a t w a s th e y e a r w h e n it h a d c o n te s ted 492 sea ts a n d its fo rfe itu re ra tio w a s 3.7 p e r cent.

T h e fo llo w in g T able illu stra te s th e n u m b e r of c a n d id a te s w h o lo s t th e ir d e p o s its o v e r th e successive years.


T h e fo rtu n e s o f m a jo r p o litica l p a r tie s in th e c o u n try h a v e b e e n f lu c tu a tin g . M a n y o f t iie m h a v e b e e n ab le to w ith s ta n d th e s to rm s a n d m a in ta in th e ir p o litica l id e n tity ; m a n y o th e rs h a v e e i th e r m e rg e d o r s im p ly fa d e d in to th e o b liv io n o f po litica l h isto ry .

Table 3.5. Deposits Forfeited/Candidates Fielded

Year INC BJP CPI Janata Party(J.P)

195219571962196719711977198019841989

5/4792/4903 /4887/5164/441

18/4927/4925/5175/510

50/9454/130

119/196114/25148/160

112/22988/225

8 /4914/11028/13754/16865/17277/14426/11142/13025/114

5/405115/432132/219150/156

C om m unist (CPI and CPM), CPI till 1962, Janata P arty (JP), BLD in 1977.

R e p re s e n ta tio n o f W o m e nW o m e n c o n s titu te h a lf th e w o rld y e t th e ir re p re se n ta tio n a t th e d ec is io n

m a k in g fo ru m s h a s b e e n d isp ro p o rtio n a te ly low . T he In d ia n L ok S ab h a h a s b e e n n o ex cep tio n , n o tw ith s ta n d in g lo fty p ro m ise s m a d e b y all p o litica l p a r tie s a t th e tim e o f elec tions.

T h e re h a s b e e n a ta lk o f p ro p o rtio n a l re p re se n ta tio n to O th e r B ack w ard C lasses. T h e S ch ed u led C a ste s a n d S ch ed u led T ribes h a v e re se rv e d seats. A n g lo - In d ia n s ca n b e re p re se n te d b y C o n s titu tio n a l n o m in a tio n p ro v is io n s. B u t n o su c h p ro v is io n ex is ts fo r w o m e n . In d ia n w o m e n h a v e h e a d e d In te rn a tio n a l O rg a n isa tio n s like th e U .N .O ., b ee n P rim e M in iste r a n d h e ld resp o n sib le C ab in e t p o s ts in th e L ok S ab h a a n d S ta te A ssem b lies b u t still th e y h a v e to f in d su itab le re p re se n ta tio n in th e e lec ted fo ru m s. T h e re p re se n ta tio n o f w o m e n c a n d id a te s in ti \e L o k S ab h a s in ce th e f irs t e lec tions o f 1952 a re s h o w n in th e fo llo w in g T able.

Table 3.6: Seats and Percentage of Women in Ten Lok SabhasYear Total Seats Women

MembersPercentage of Women Members to Total Seats

1952 499 22 4.41957 500 27 5.41962 503 34 6.71967 523 31 5.91971 521 22 4.21977 544 19 3.41980 544 28 5.11984 544 44 8.11989 517 27 5.21991 544 39 7A

N ote: It will be been above tha t in the polling, the percentage of w om en has rem ained below 10 per cent.

Table 3.7: Victory Percentage of Women Candidates in the Lok Sabha Elections 1991

Category Total Candidates Elected Victory ForfeitedPercentage

Male 8,699 5.56% 45.26 86.9%CandidatesFemale 325 11.38% 50.52 72.9%Candidates

Source: Outlook, April 17, 19%.

R e serv a tio n fo r w o m e n h a s b e e n a ca tch y s lo g an a n d so m e p a r tie s in c lu d in g th e m a in p o litica l r iv a ls — BJP a n d C o n g ress — h a v e a rm o u n c ed th e y w ill g ive 30 p e r c e n t re se rv a tio n to w o m e n . B u t a g lan ce a t th e e lec tio n s th is tim e, co n v in ces o n e th a t i t 's a ll a n ey ew ash . In M a d h y a P ra d e sh , w h e re th e re w e re c lo se to 1,300 c a n d id a te s in th e f ra y fo r 40 sea ts, o n ly 11 w o m e n c a n d id a te s h a d b e e n f ie ld ed b y th re e m a in p arties .

P u s h a p d e v i (R aigarh ), V im la V erm a (Seoni), A lk a N a th (Q ih in d w a ra ) , a n d C h h a b ila N e ta m (K ar\ker) w e re th e orUy C o n g ress w o m a n c a n d id a te s w h e re a s fo r th e BJP, M s V q ay a R aje S d n d ia (G una), U m a B harti (K ha ju raho ), S u m itra M a h a ja n (In d o re) a n d P ra v in K u m ari (R ew a) h a d b e e n fieldeid. T h e BSP, too , n a m e d ju s t th r e e c a n d id a te s : B a s a n t i K a u l (S id h i) , J a n k i D e v i D h u rv e (M a h a sa m u n d ) a n d G a n g a S in g h (M andla).

H ie C o n g ress (T) d o e s n o t se e m to b e in lo v e w ith w o m e n e ith e r. T h ey n a m e d cm ly o n e c a n d id a te — G an g a P o ta i f ro m B astar.

H o w M s C h h a b ila N e ta m a n d A lk a N a th w e re g iv e n tickets is n o t re q u ire d to b e d isc u sse d . T h e C o n g ress w ittio u t th e se tw o , h a v e g iv e n five p e r ce n t o f th e tick e ts to w o m e n in s te a d o f 30 as p ro m ise d in its m an ifesto .

3.8. B o o th C a p tu r in gS ection 58 A h a s b e e n in se rte d in th e R e p re se n ta tio n o f th e P eo p le A ct, 1951

b y A c t o f 1989 p ro v id in g fo r ad jovm im en t o f p o ll o r c o u n te rm a n d in g o f e lec tions b ^ u s e o f b o o th ca p tu rin g . B oo th c a p tu r in g h a s b e e n d e f in e d in S«A ion 135 A o f th e R e p re se n ta tio n o f P eo p le A ct, 1951.

Highlights of First Ten Elections 33

Political Parties in India

P olitica l p a r tie s in In d ia o rig in a te d fro m th e In d ia n N a tio n a l C o n g ress fo rm e d in 1 8 ^ b y a re tire d I.C.S. O fficer A .O . H u m e . T h e o l^ec tive w a s to p ro v id e a fo ru m w h e re conflicts a n d d iffe rences b e tw e e n th e B ritish em p ire a n d th e In d ia n p e o p le c o u ld b e am icab ly se ttle d w ith o u t th e n e e d fo r u s e o f v io lence.

O v e r th e y ears , th e In d ia n N a tio n a l C o n g ress g o t tra n s fo rm e d a s th e m o s t p o w e r fu l in s t ru m e n t in o u r s tru g g le fo r In d e p e n d e n c e f ro m B ritish ru le . M o d e ra te s like D a d a b h a i N a u ro ji a n d F eroz S h ah M e h ta p la y e d d o m in a n t ro les in th e e a r ly y e a rs b u t to w a rd s th e e n d o f th e 19 th cen tu ry , th e le a d e rsh ip o f th e C o n g re ss p a s se d in to th e h a n d s o f h a rd lin e rs like B a lg a n g ad h a r T i l ^ Ltila L a jp a t R ai a n d B.C. Pal. T h ey ra ise d th e s lo g a n o f 'S w ara j ' a n d 'S w a d e sh i'. W ith th e co m in g o f M a h a tm a G a n d h i o n th e In d ia n po litica l scene, th e In d ia n N a tio n a l C o n g re s s a d o p te d , 'n o n -v io le n c e ' as its c reed . T h e s tru g g le c u lm in a te d o n A u g u s t 15, 1947 w h e n In d ia b ecam e a free co im try .

Ituiian ’National Congress — Since in d ep en d en ce , th e In d ian N a tio n a l C o n g ress h a s u n d e rg o n e m a n y sp lits a n d its ro le to d a y is so d iffe ren t f ro m w h a t it w a s in th e p re - in d e p e n d e n c e era . T h e le ad e rsh ip to d a y c o m p rise s o f so m a n y w h o a re 'm e n o f s tr a w ' c o m p a re d to th e g ian ts o f yore.

Communist Party o f India— T he C o m m u n is t P a r ty o f In d ia e m e rg e d o n th e In d ia n scene in 1924, p r im a rily as a p a r ty in te re s te d in o rg an isa tio n o f T ra d e U n io n s a m o n g th e w o rk in g c la sse s . I t r e m a in e d b a n n e d b y th e B ritish g o v e rn m e n t b e tw e e n 1924 to 1943. T h e p a r ty d re w its in sp ira tio n fro m th e success o f C o n u n u n is t m o v e m e n t in USSR. I l i e p a r ty sp li t in to C P I a n d C PI (M ), th e la tte r co n tes tin g e lec tions u n d e r its in d e p e n d e n t id e n tity s ince 1967 a n d o n w ard s . K erala a n d W est B engal a re th e tw o S tates w h e re th e p a r tie s h a v e th e ir s tro n g h o ld .

Bharatiya Jam Sangh — B hara tiya Jan S an g h (BJS) w a s fo rm e d as a po litica l p a r ty o n O rto b e r 21,1951 u n d e r th e lead e rsh ip o f la te S h y am a P ra sa d M ookherji. T h e p a r ty w a s co n s id e re d b y m a n y po litica l ob se rv e rs as th e p o litica l w in g o f th e R ash triy a S w a y am S ew ak S angh , a c u ltu ra l o rg an isa tio n b e liev in g in , 'O n e C o u n try , O n e C u ltu re , O n e N atio n . It d id n o t d o w e ll till 1967 w h e n th e p a r ty g a in e d sp e c ta cu la r success in so m e o f th e S tates o f In d ia — th e H in d i belt.

T h e B h ara tiy a Jan a S an g h m e rg e d itself w ith th e Ja n a ta P a r ty in 1977. A fte r th e fa ilu re o f th e Jan a ta G o v ern m e n t in 1980, th e BJS, re n a m e d itself as B h ara tiy a Ja n a ta P a r ty (BJP). Its p e rfo rm an ce as B hara tiya Jan a ta P a r ty in 1984 e lec tions to th e L ok S abha w a s d ism al. By 1989 it h a d co n so lid a ted its e lec to ra l b a se a n d h a d 85 m e m b e rs in th e L ok Sabha. In 1991 elec tions it c a p tu re d 119 seats .

Janata Party — T h e Jan a ta P a r ty w a s fo rm e d o n th e e v e o f th e S ix th L ok S ab h a E lections. T h e p a r ty h a d th e t a d t a p p ro v a l o f Jay a P ra k a sh N a ra y a n , a h ig h ly re sp e c te d le a d e r o f th e In d e p e n d e n c e m o v e m e n t w^ho to o h a d b e ^ th e v ic tim o f E m e rg e n cy c la m p e d o n th e n a tio n in 1975 b y th e P rim e M in iste r, In d ira G an d h i.

O p p o s it io n p a r t ie s like th e B h a ra tiy a Ja n a S an g h , B h a ra tiy a L o k D al, C o n g ress (O) a n d th e S ocialists co m b in e d to o p u t u p a jo in t f ro n t a g a in s t C o n g ress (I) le d b y In d ira G an d h i. T h e p e o p le 's ire a t th e excesses o f E m erg en cy fo u n d ex p re ss io n in p u tt in g C o n g ress (I) o u t o f p o w e r a t th e C en tre . H o w e v e r , th e c o n s titu e n t g ro u p s c o u ld n o t fo rg e a n y w o rk in g vm ity a m o n g th em se lv es . P e rso n a l am b itio n s a n d id io sy n c ra d e s le d to th e fall o f th e Ja n a ta G o v e rn m e n t m u c h befo re th e e x p iry o f th e five y e a r te rm . G en e ra l E lections h a d to b e h e ld in 1980 a s n e ith e r M o rarji D esa i, n o r C h a ra n S in g h w h o su c c e e d e d h im as th e P rim e M in is te r c o u ld es tab lish a n d p ro v e th e ir m a jo rity in th e P arliam en t.

Swatantra Party — S w a ta n tra P a r ty w a s a r ig h tis t p a r ty th a t e m e rg e d in Ju ly 1959 w ith s ta lw a rts like R a jagopalachari, K .M . M u n sh i. N .G . R a n g a a n d M .R. M a san i co m in g o u t in th e o p e n a d v o c a tin g relaxatio r\s in th e co n tro ls a n d q u o ta sy s tem s b e in g a d m in is te re d b y th e S tate. T h e p a r ty w a s th e an ti- th esis o f S o d a lism a n d C o m m u n ism . T h e p a r ty s h o w e d g o o d p ro g re ss in th e 1967 e lec tions a n d c o u ld e v e n fo rm coa lition g o v e rn m e n ts in a few S tates. In 1974, i t m e rg e d w ith B h ara tiy a L ok D a l w h ic h ag a in m e rg e d w ith th e Ja n a ta P a r ty in 1977.

Praja Socialist Party — P ra ja S o d a lis t P a r ty w a s b o m o n th e e v e o f th e first G en e ra l E lections (1952). O rig in a lly it h a d fu n c tio n e d as th e left a rm o f th e C o n g re ss P arty . T h e le a d in g lig h ts w e re A sh o k M eh ta , R a m M a n o h a r L oh ia a n d A c h a ry a K rip a lan i. T h e S o d a lis t m o v e m e n t in In d ia h a d to o m a n y sp lits a n d m e rg e rs till it lo s t its id e n tity in 1977. S om e o th e r n a m e s a s s o d a te d w ith th e S o d a lis t m o v e m e n t a re th e K rish ak M a z d o o r P ra ja P arty , R ev o lu tio n a ry S o d a lis t P a r ty a n d S a m y u k ta S o d a lis t P arty .

Po litical p a r tie s co n tes tin g elec tions h a v e b e e n r is in g a n d fa llin g in n u m b e r o v e r th e d ecad es. In th e F irs t G en e ra l E lections th e re w e re a s m a n y a s se v e n ty fo u r po litica l p arties . T h ere h a s b ee n a s u d d e n d ec lin e (p o larisa tio n ) in th e n u m b e r o f p a r tie s since th en . F or th e 1957 a n d 1962 e lec tions th e re w e re o n ly six teen p artie s . S ince th e n th e to ta l n u m b e r h a s v a r ie d b e tw e e n 21 to 28. F o r th e 1989 e lec tions, th e re w e re a to ta l o f 28 po litica l p a rties , 8 rec o g n ised a t th e N a tio n a l leve l a n d 20 a t th e S tate level. T h e S tate p a r tie s ra n g e d b e tw e e n 12 to 21 o v e r th e y ea rs 1957 to 1959. In 1996 th e re a re se v en n a tio n a l po litica l p a rtie s , 38 s ta te p a r tie s a n d a b o u t 440 reg is te red p a r tie s (see lis t in su b se q u e n t pages).

It w o u ld n o t b e o u t o f p lace to rec o rd so m e o f th e m a jo r sp lits th a t h a v e ta k e n p lace since 1952. T h e p h e n o m e n o n is p ec u lia r in a sm u c h as w e d o n o t h e a r o f a n y su c h th in g in o th e r d e m o c ra d e s like th e U .S.A . o r th e U .K . F ro m s t r id E le d o ra l p o in t o f v ie w th e firs t sp lit in th e In d ia n N a tio n a l C o n g ress su rfa ce d in 1969. In d ira G a n d h i ca rv e d o u t th e C o n g ress (I) f ro m th e m a in b o d y le av in g o th e rs w h o w e re C o n g ress (O) he rea fte r. T he la tes t sp li t h a s b e e n th e fo rm a tio n o f C o n g ress (T) led b y N a ra in D u tt T ew ari.

Political Parties in India 35

T h e C o m m u n is t P a r ty o f In d ia h a s b ee n co n testin g th e e lec tions vm der its b a n n e r since 1952. In th is case also a sp lit o cc u rre d w ith th e re su lt th a t C P I (M) a s su m e d a se p a ra te id e n tity a n d co n tes ted th e 1967 e lec tions as a p o litica l p a r ty d is tin c t fro m th e C o m m im is t P a r ty o f Ind ia . B hara tiya Jan a S ang ji h a d b e ^ in th e po litica l fra y since 1952. It m e rg e d w ith th e Jan a ta P a r ty fo rm e d o n th e ev e o f ih e 1977 G en e ra l E lections. It w a s rev iv e d in 1989 u n d e r th e n e w n a m e B h ara tiy a Jan a ta P arty . S ince th e n it h a s b ee n fu n c tio n in g as a s e p a ra te a n d in d e p e n d e n t po litica l en tity .

T h e Ja n a ta P a r ty (Lok D al in 1977) b ecam e a force to reck o n w ith w h e n it th re w th e In d ira G a n d h i g o v e rn m e n t o u t o f p o w e r in th e G en e ra l E lectior\s o f 1977. T h e B hara tiya L ok D a l la te r b ecam e th e Jan a ta D al a n d w o n 142 se a ts in th e 1989 G en e ra l E lections.

H o w e v e r it to o faced a sp lit a n d th e Jan a ta D al (S) w ith its 54 m e m b ers ca m e o u t to fo rm a g o v e rn m e n t u n d e r its le a d e r C h a n d ra S hekhar.

Ja n a ta D al (S) h a d fo u g h t th e 1991 e lec tions as a se p a ra te en tity . T h e sp lits h a v e h a d th e ir ram ifica tions o n the po litica l fo rtu n e s o f th e v a rio u s po litica l p arties . T h e BJP d ise n ta n g le d itself fro m th e Jan a ta P a r ty fo r th e 1984 elections.

T h e Ja n a ta P a r ty h a d se cu red 295 sea ts in th e L ok S abha e lec tions h e ld in 1977. T h e e u p h o r ia d id n o t la s t long . T h e C o n g ress (I) h a d its lo w es t ta lly in 1977 (154) w h ile in th e 1984 G en e ra l E lections it s e c u re d 405 sea ts. T h e S ocialists h a d th e ir b e s t ac h ie v em e n t in 1967 w ith a ta lly o f 36 L ok S abha se a ts b u t th e p a r ty fa d e d o u t w ith ju s t a sco re o f five in th e n e x t elections.

N o n -C o n g re ss C o m b in a tio n sC o n g ress p a r ty h a d u n in te r ru p te d ru le a t th e C e n tre u n til o n M a rc h 24,

1977, w h e n th e firs t N o n -C o n g re ss g o v e rn m e n t w a s sw o rn in w ith M o ra iji D esa i as th e P rim e M in ister. E arlie r M o ra iji D esa i h a d lo st to In d ira G a n d h i in 1965 in th e succession b a ttle afte r th e d e a th o f Lai B a h a d u r Shastri.

T h e p e o p le ex p re ssed th e ir an g e r ag a in s t th e E m erg en cy ru le im p o s e d b y In d ira G a n d h i b y v o tin g o u t o f p o w e r n o t o rJy th e C o n g ress p a r ty a n d a lso In d ira G a n d h i a n d h is so n S anjay G an d h i.

T h e Jan a ta ex p e rim en t, h o w ev e r, d id n o t su cceed d u e to in te rn a l p a r ty b ick erin g s a n d d issen tions .

In d ira G a n d h i w a s all th e tim e k een to to p p le th e com bination . S he p la y e d h e r c a rd s in a v e ry sh re w d a n d su b tle m a n n e r. C h a ra n S in g h w a s a s su re d o f C o n g ress su p p o rt.

H e w a s ask ed b y th e P res id en t to fo rm th e g o v e rn m e n t a n d se e k a v o te o f co n fid en ce a t th e ea rlie s t o p p o rtu n ity . C h a ra n S in g h w a s in n o p o s itio n to face th e P arliam en t. S u p p o rt fro m th e C o n g ress p a r ty w a s p ro m ise d b u t d id n o t fo rth c o m e as th e fa ll s e e m e d im m in e n t. C h a ra n S in g h s u b m it te d h is re s ig n a tio n o n A u g u s t 20,1979. H is res ig n a tio n w a s accep ted a n d h e w a s a sk e d to co n tin u e a s ca re ta k er P rim e M inister. T he S ixth L ok S abha w a s d isso lv e d o n A ugxist 22, 1979 a n d a m id - te rm po lls w e re o rd e re d b y th e P re sid en t.

T h e y e a r 1989 p re se n te d an o th e r o p p o r tu n ity fo r th e N o n -C o n g re ss p a r tie s to ru le a t th e C en tre . T h e Bofors s tig m a h a d s tu c k to Rajiv G a n d h i a n d th e C o n g ress fa iled to secu re a n ab so lu te m a jo rity in th e P a rlia m en ta n y elections.


V .P. S in g h w ith h is p ro m ise o f v a lu e b a s e d po litics w a s ab le to u n ite th e conflic ting forces like th e BJP a n d th e Leftists.

I n n e r c o n t ra d ic t io n s o n c e a g a in s u r fa c e d le a d in g to th e fa ll o f th e G o v e rn m e n t le d b y V.P. S ingh in N o v e m b e r 1990.

T h e C o n g ress p a r ty to o k fu ll a d v a n ta g e o f th e r iv a lry a m o n g V.P. S in g h 's g o v e rn m e n t It p r o m p t ^ Q ia n d r a S hekhar to fo rm th e g o v e rn m e n t w ith su p p o r t p ro m ise d fro m o u ts id e th e g o v ern m en t.

T h e s u p p o r t d id n o t la s t long . C h a n d ra S h ek h a r h a d to re s ig n o n M a rc h 7 ,1991 b rin g in g d o w n th e c u r ta in o n th e se co n d N o n -C o n g ress g o v e rn m e n t a t th e C en tre .

A p a r t fro m C o n g ress a n d th e BJP, a T h ird F orce c o m b iru tio n o f N a tio n a l F ro n t a n d L eft F ro n t p a rtie s h a s b e e n e m erg in g o n th e c o u n try 's p o litica l scene. T h ere is v e ry little th a t is co m m o n in th e ir ideo log ies ex cep t th a t th e y w a n t to d e fe a t b o th th e C o n g ress a n d th e BJP b y m a k in g w in n in g c o m b in a tio n s a n d p o la ris in g th e g rea t v a rie ty o f v o te r p references.

T h e N F-L F co m b in a tio n is w ith o u t a ce n tra l le ad e rsh ip as e v e ry co n s titu e n t h a s its le a d e r a sp ir in g to b e th e n ex t P rim e M in is te r irre sp ec tiv e o f n a tio n a l fo llow ing . If th e p a s t ex perience is a n y g u id e , N F-L F co m b in a tio n h a s to o m a n y co n trad ic tio n s w ith in a n d a s su c h in n o p o s itio n to p ro v id e a s tab le g o v e rn m e n t, leav e as id e a la s tin g n a tio n a l po licy o n im p o r ta n t m a tte rs re la tin g to po litics a n d econom y .

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) — T h e BSP is th e la te e n try in th e field . It b a n k s u p o n th e D alit vo te . I t d id ach ieve so m e success w h e n it jo in e d h a n d s w ith th e S am a jw ad i P a r ty (SP) in U tta r P ra d e sh b u t th e h o n e 5m o o n w a s sh o rt-liv ed . A fter w ith d ra w in g s u p p o r t to SP, it fo rm e d its M in is try a t S tate-level w ith th e o u ts id e s u p p o r t o f th e BJP a n d M a y aw a ti o f th e BSP b ecam e th e firs t D alit C h ie f M in is te r o f th e sta te , th o u g h fo r a v e ry b rie f p e r io d — less th a n a y ea r.

List of Political PartiesT his lis t o f N a tio n a l a n d S tate P artie s is a s p e r E lection C o m m iss io n 's

N o tifica tio n N o . 5 6 /9 6 /J U D . II d a te d 05.02.1996 fo r p u b lish in g in th e O ffic ial G aze tte o f Ind ia .

NATIONAL PARTIESBhartiya Janata Party BJPCom m unist Party of India CPIC om m unist Party of India (Marxist) CPMIndian National Congress INC*Janata Dal JDJanata Party JPSamata Party SAP

STATE (REGIONAL) PARTIESTelugu Desam TDPPeople's Party of Arunachal PPAAsom Gana Parishad AGPN atun Asom G ana Parishad NAGPA utonom ous State D em and Com m ittee ASDCJharkhand M ukti M orcha JMM


38 Elections in India: 1952-96M aharashtraw adi Gom antak United Goans Democratic Party Jam m u and Kashm ir National Conference Jam m u and Kashm ir Panthers Party Jam m u and Kashm ir Peoples Conference Harayarui Vikas Party Karnataka Congress Party M uslim League Kerala Congress (M)Indian Congress (Socialist)ShivsenaKuki National Assembly M anipur People's Party Federal Party of M anipur All Party Hill Leaders' Corrference (Armison M arak Group)Hill People UnionHill State Peoples' Democratic PartyPublic D em ands Im plem entation ConventionMizo National FrontN agaland People's CouncilShirom ani A k ^ DalBahujan Samaj PartySamajwadi PartyShirom ani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann)Sikkim Sangram ParishadSikkim Democratic FrontAll India A nna D ravida M unnetra KazhagamD ravida M unnetra KazhagamPattali M akkal KatchiRevolutionary Socialist PartyTripura Upajati Juba SamityAll India Forw ard Bloc

REGISTERED PARTIES

MAGUGDPjk N CJPPJKPCHVPKCPMULKCMICSSHSKNAMRPFPM

M NFNPCSADBSPSPSAD(M)SSPSDFADK*DMKPMKRSPTUJSFBL

A bnihav Bharat Sangh A darsh Lok DalA k h an d B harat M ahasang S arvahara

Krantikari Party Akhil Bharatiya Berozgaar Party Akhil Bharatiya Bharat Desham Party,

Delhi Akhil Bharatiya Dal A k h il B h a ra tiy a B h a ra t M a ta -P u tra

PakshaAkhil Bharatiya Dalit U tthan Party Akhil Bharatiya D esh Bhakt Morcha Akhil Bharatiya Dharmiurp>eksh Dal Akhil Bharatiya Gareeb Party Akhil Bharatiya General Labour Party Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League

Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad Akhil Bharatiya H industan i K rantikari

Samajwadi Party Akhil Bharatiya Jagrook N agrik Dal Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Janta Vikas Party Akhil Bharatiya Kissan M azdoor M orcha A k h il B h a ra tiy a L ok T a n tr ik

A lp'Sankhyak Jan M orcha Akhil Bharatiya Lokraj Party Akhil Bharatiya Loktantra Party Akhil Bharatiya M ahila Dal A khil B haratiya M anav K alyan R am

Rajya Com mittee Akhil Bharatiya M arattia M a h a s a i^ Akhil Bharatiya P ichadavarg Party


Akhil Bharatiya Rajarya Sabha A khil B haratiya Ram Rajya P arishad

(Prem BallaUi Vyas)A khil B hara tiya Ram Rajya P arishad

(V.S. Atul)Akhil Bharatiya R ashtrij^ Sanathan Sabha Akhil Bharatiya Revolutionary Shoshit

Sam ij Dal Akhil Bharatiya Shivsena Rashtraw adi Akhil Bharatiya Janhit Jagrit Party Akhil Bharatiya M anav Seva Dal Akhil Bharatiya Sena All India A zad H ind M azdur and Jan

Kalyan Party All India Democratic People Federation All India Forw ard Bloc (Subhasist)All India Gareeb Congress All India Justice Party All India Kisan M azdoor Sabha All India Labour Welfare Party All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul M uslimeen All India National Youth Party All India Nethaji Congress All India People's Party All India Pravasi Dal All India Shirom ani Baba Jiwan Singh

M azhbi Dal All India Tribes and M inorities Front All India U rdu M orcha All India Vakkalar M unnetra Kalagam All India Youth Akali Dal A m bedkar Kranti Dal A m bedkar Peoples M ovement A m bedkar Puratchikara M akkal Katchi A m bedkarbadi Party A m ra Bangalee A ndam an People's Party A ndhra Pradesh N avodaya Praja Party A nndata Party A nti Injustice Party Arya Dal A rya SabhaA ryan N ationalist Party A som Jatiya Parishad A w am i N ational Party A zad H ind Fauz (R)Baghel K hand Samaj Bahujan Kranti Dal Bahujan Kranti Dal 0ai)Bahujan Loktantrik Party Bahujan Samaj Party (Ambedkar) Bahujan Samaj Party (Raj Bahadur)

Bharat Bachao Party of India Bharat Dal Bharat Jan PartyB harat Ka S am yaw ad i D al (M arxist-

Leninwadi)Bharat M ukti Dal Bharat N irudyog Party Bharat Pensioner's Front Bharatha M akkal Congress Bharathiya Nethaji Party Bharatiya A darsh Party Bharatiya Am bedkar Party Bharatiya A sht Jan Party Bharatiya Azad Party Bharatiya Backward Party Bharatiya Democratic Dal Bharatiya Dhuhi Party Bhartiya Ekta Party Bharatiya Gareeb Party Bharatiya Jai Jawan Jai Kisan Party Bharatiya Jan Congress Bharatiya Jan Kisan Party Bharatiya Jan Sabha Bharatiya Jantantiik Parishad Bharatiya Jan-Shakti Party Bharatiya Kranti Sena Bharatiya Krantikari K am m and Party Bhartiya Krantikari Parishad (H) B h a ra tiy a K ra n tik a ri S w a ta n tra Jan

Parishad Bharatiya Krishi U dyog Sangh Bharatiya Lok Kalyan Dal Bharatiya Lok Panchayat Bharatiya Lok Tantrik M azdoor Dal Bharatiya M anav Raksha Dal Bharatiya Parivartan M orcha Bharatiya

Rashtrawadi Dal Bharatiya Rashtriya Ekta Dal Bharatiya Rashtriya M azdoor Dal Bharatiya Rashtriya Morcha Bharatiya Rashtriya Party Bharatiya Rashtriya Sangh Bharatiya Republican Paksha Bharatiya Samaj Sangathan M orcha Bharatiya Samta Party Bharatiya Sanghathit Party (S)Bharatiya Shrimik Dal Bhartiya Surajya Paksha Bharipa Bahujan M ahasangha Bhartiya Berozgar M azdoor Kisan Dal B h a rtiy a L ab o u r P a r ty B h a ra tiy a

M inorities Suraksha M ahasangh

Bhartiya Pragatisheel Party Bhartiya Rashtriya Jan Jagran Congress

PartyBhrishtachar Virodhi Dal Bihar People's Party Bira Oriya PartyB o d o lan d P e o p le 's P a rty (P rem sin g

Brahma Group)Bolshevik Party of India Brij Pradesh N irm an Sangh Bundelkhand Vikas Dal C han\paran Vikas Party Chanakya Party C hhattisgarh M ukti M orcha C hhattisgarh Rajya Party C hotanagpur Santhal Pargana Jan Seva

DalChristian Democratic Front C hristian M annetra Kazhagam C om m unist M arxist Party Kerala State

Com m ittee C o m m u n is t P arty of In d ia (M arxist-

Lennist) Liberation)Congress of People C ooperator's Front of Assam Deccan Congress Delhi Poorvanchal Party Delhi Vikas Party Democratic Labour Party Democratic Jharkhand M ukti Morcha Democratic Party of India D em ocratic S ocialist P arty (P rabodh

Chandra)Denzong People's ChogpaDeseeya Karshaka PartyDesh Bhakt PartyDesh Punjab N iyaye FrontD oordarshi PartyEkta PartyEkta Kranti Dal U.P.Forward Bloc (Socialist)Ganatantrik Gana

Sam m ilan Gareebjan Samaj Party Garib Janata Party G ondvana G antantra Party G orkha National Liberation Front G orkha Democratic Front G ram a M unnetra Kazhagam G ram ya Bharat Bhoonu Dal G reen Party of India G ujarat Janta Parishad G ujarat League Party

40

G om m ant Lok Pokx Gurjar SanghHaryana Bhoonuheen Party H aryana Chhatra Yuva M orcha H aryana Democratic Congress Himachal Kranti Party Himachal Sangam H ind Desham Hind Morcha H ind National Party H indu Praja Party H indu Samaj Party H industan Janta Party H industaru Samajwadi Peoples Party H ul Jharkhand Party H um an Rights Party of India Indian Bahujan Sam ajwadi Party Indian Democratic Party Indian Democratic People's Party Indian Democratic Socialist Party Indian Farmers and W orkers Party Indian Labour Congress Indian M uslim Congress In d ian N atio n a l C o n g ress (O) A n ti

m erger Group)Indian National Labour Party Indian National League Indian National Party Indian National Secular Front Indian People's Congress Indian Secular Congress Indian Union M uslim League Internationalist Democratic Party Islamic Party of India Jai N aujaw an Jai M azdoor Kisan Party Jam m u & K ashm ir A w am i N atio n a l

Conference Jan Ekta Morcha Jan Kranthi M orcha Jan Parishad Jan Satta Party Jan Sevak Sanghathan Jan Swarajya Party Jana PriyaJanadhipathiya Sam rakshna Samiti JananishtaJanata Congress Party of Bharatvarsha Janata Dal (A)Janata Dal (D) Rajasthan Janata Dal (Pragatisheel)Janata Kranti Congress Jatiya Kranti M anch



Jaw an Kisan M azdur Party Jharkhand Liberation Front Jharkhand M ukti M orcha (Mardi) Jharkhand Party Jharkhand Party (Naren)Jharkhand People's Party Kalyan M orcha Kam zor Varg Sangh, Bihar K annada Chalavali Vatal Paksha K annada D esha Party K annada Paksha K anpur G ram een Sans than K arnataka G anaparishatha K arnataka Pragatiranga K arnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha Kerala Congress Kerala Congress (B)Kisan DeshamKisan M azdoor G aon RajKisan Vyawasayee M azdoor PartyKosal PartyKranti DalKranti ParishadK ranti SabhaK rantikari Sam ajwadi M anch K rantikari Samajwadi Party Lohia Labour Party of India (V.V. Prasad)Lok Dal Lok Party Lok Seva Parishad Lok Swaraj A ndolan Lok Swarajya A bhiyan Lok Swarajya Sangh Lokhit M orcha Lok H it PartyM ahabharatha M ahajan Sabha M aharashtra Rashtravadi Congress M aharashtra Republican Party M aharashtra Vikas Congress M ahakaushal Vikas Party Majlis Bachao Tahreek M anav Kalyan Sangh Dal M anav Vikas Party M anava PartyM anipur Hill People's Council M anipur People's Coimcil M a ru m a la rc h i D ra v id a M u n n e tra

K azhagam M arxist C om m unist Party of India (S.S.

Srivastava)M arxist Co-ordination

M arx ist E ngelist L en in is t P ro le ta ria t H ealth C om m une

M atra Bhoomi Vikas M anch M aydhaavi Congress (J)M eghalaya Progressive Peoples Party M izo N a tio n a l F ro n t (D em o cra ts)

Chaw anzuala M izoram Janata Dal Mool Bharati (S) Party M ukt BharatM.G.R. A nna D.M. K azhagam M.G.R. M akkal M unnetra K azhagam M.G.R. M unnetra Kazhagam N ag V idarbha A ndolan Samiti N agaland Peoples Party National Confederation National Congress of Youth N ational Democratic Party National Democratic Peoples Front N ational People's Party National Republican Party National Students Party N ative People's Party N avabharatha Congress Party (R)Nayee PartyNetaji Subhas Biplabi Parishad Netaji Subhash Party Orissa C om m unist Party Orissa CongressOrissa K handayat Khetriya Krusak G ana

Parishad Orissa Vikash Parishad Paschim Banga Rajya M uslim League Panchayat Raj Party Peasants and W orkers Party of India Peoples Democracy of India Peoples Democratic League of India People Democratic Party People's Party of India People's Party of Prants Pichhadavarg Samaj Party Plains Tribals Council of A ssam Pondicherry Marmila M akkal M unnani Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress Pragatisheel Party Praja PartyPragtisheel M anav Samaj Party Praja Socialist Party (Kerala)Pratap Shiv Sena PRISMProgressive H ul Jharkhand Party (Shibu

G roup)


Proutist Sarva Samaj Samiti Pvinjab Bachao M orcha Punjab Janata M orcha Punjab Kairon Dal Punjab People's Party Punjab V ik ^ Party (Punjab)Punjabi Dal Q uam i M orcha Ramrajya M arg Rashtriya A ikta M anch Rashtriya A lpsankhyak Dalit Party Rashtriya Bharat N av N irm an Sangathan Rashtriya Bharasthachar Virodhi Morcha Rashtriya C hetna M anch Rashtriya Chhatra Kisan M azdoor Party Rashtriya H indu M orcha Rashtriya Kisan Party Rashtriya K rantikari Dal Rashtriya M ahasangh Rashtriya M azdoor Ekta Party Rashtriya M azdoor Ekta Party

Samajwadi)Rashtriya M azdoor Paksha (Gujarat) Rashtriya Pragtisheel M orcha Rashtriya Samaj Sevak Dal Rashtriya Samaj S udhar Party Rashtriya Samajwadi Congress Rashtriya Samajwadi Party T ragatisheel' Rashtriya Sam darshi Party Rashtriya Surajya Parishad Rashtriya Unnatisheel Dal Rashtriya Valmik M azdoor Morcha Rashtriya Vikas Party Rashtriya V yapar Dal Rashtriya W ahdat Party Rastreeya Praja Parishat Realist Party of India Republican Janata Party Republican Party of India Republican Party of India (A) Republican Party of India (Democratic) Republican Party of India (Kamble) Republican Party of India (Khobragade) Republican Party of India (Sivaraj) Republican Presidium Party of India Revolutionaiy Com m unist Party of India

(Rasik Bhatt)Rising Sim PartySadbhav Pichhera Vikas PartySadbhavan PartySahi PartySamajik Kranti Dal

Samajik Ekta PartySamajwadi DalSamajwadi Jan ParishadSamajwadi Jan Shakti A ndolanSamajwadi Janata Party (M aharashtra)Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)S am pum a Kranti DalSaiuitan Sam ata SanghatanSanjukta Lok ParishadSavadharam Party (M adhya Pradesh)Sarvahara DalSarvjati Janata PanchayatSarvodaya PartySatya M arg P a ^Satyayug Party Savaran Samaj Party Seruor Citizens National Party of India Shaheed P herum an Akali Dal Shahu Phule A m bedkar Prajasattak Party Shirom ani A kali Dal (Sim ranjit Singh

Mann)Shirom ani Jagat Akali Dal Shiromani Akali Dal (Badal)Shiromani Akali Dal (M aster Tara Singh) Shirom ani Akali Dal (S)Shoshit Samaj Dal Shoshit Samaj Party Sinh Jan Seva Party Social Action Party Socialist Democratic Party Socialist League India Socialist Party (Lohia)Socialist Party (Ram akant Pandey)Socialist Republican PartySoshan M ukti M orchaSurajya PartySwarajya PartyTafsili United PartyT am il N a d u H in d u V e lla la r Y o u th

K azhagam Tamil N adu Kamaraj M akkal lyakkam Tamil N adu M akkal Congress Tamil N adu Peasants & W orkers Party Tamil N adu People's Party Tamil N adu People's Welfare Association Tamilaga Janata Tamilar E>esiya lyyakkam Tam ilar Kazhagam Tam izhar PartyTam izhaga M unnetra M unnani Tharasu M akkal M andram Thayaka M arum alarchi Kazhagam


The H iunanist Party of India The Religion of M an Revolving Political

Party of India The Tam il N a d u S tate In d ian U nion

M uslim League United Bodo N ationalist libe ra tion Front United C om m unist Party of India United India Peoples Party United Indian Democratic Council United M inorities Front, Assam U nited Republican Party U nited Reservation M ovem ent C oundl of

AssamU nited T ribal N ationalists L iberation

Front

U ttar Pradesh Republican PartyU ttar Pradesh Vikas M anchU ttarakhand Kranti DalU ttarakhand PartyV idarbha Praja PartyV idaibha Rajya M ukti M orchaVishal Bharat PartyVishal H aryana PartyVokkaligara ParishatW est Bengal Socialist Party (S.N.J. Mirza)W est Orissa Peoples FrontW orkers Party of IndiaYadiartfiawadi Jan M orchaYuva Desham Party

Note: * INC and C m g (1) have been used interchangeably in the book; * ADK has also been referred to as AIADMK in tiie book; Cong. (T) and M adhya P radesh Vikas Party (MPVP) cam e into being after the issue of the order m entioned above.

Election Manifestos: 1996A ll This and Heaven Too

O n th e ev e o f n a tio n a l. S tate o r local elec tions, m a jo r po litica l p a r tie s com e o u t w ith th e ir election m an ifestos con tain ing a p le th o ra o f p U titu d e s a n d p ro m ises a b o u t w h a t w ill b e d o n e sh o u ld th e p a r ty com e to p o w e r . E v ery p a r ty m a k es it a p o in t to sa y so m e th in g o n e v e ry th in g th a t m a y b e ag ita tin g p e o p le 's m in d s . N o m a n ife s to b o th e rs as to h o w ^ e s e p ro m ise s c a n b e ac h ie v ed o r h o w w ill th e reso u rce s ra ise d to fu lfil th e p ro m ises . O ften th e p ro m ise s a re co n tra d ic tio n s in th e m se lv es e.g. p ro m is in g m o re su b sid ies a n d le sse r ta x a tio n in th e sa m e b re a th . N ev e rth e le ss it is im p o r ta n t to h a v e a p e ru sa l o f th e sa lie n t fea tu re s o f th e m a n ifes to s o f p a r tie s a n d m a k e a critica l analysis.

Bharatiya Janata Party Manifesto: Highlights• ^ d i n g th e m isu se o f A rticle 356.• C a rv in g o u t U tta ran ch a l, V an an ch a l, V id h a rb h a a n d C h a ttisg a rh .• A b ro g a tin g A rtic le 370 in re sp e c t o f J & K.• M a k in g it ob lig a to ry o n ev e ry elective rep resen ta tiv e to d ec la re h is incom e

a n d w ea lth .• A p p o in tin g a L ok Pal.• A p p o in tin g spec ia l ju d g e s to c lear th e backlog .• S e ttin g u p a N a tio n a l Jud ic ia l C om m ission .• D isfav o u rin g ex ten sio n to b u re a u c ra ts a n d po lice officers.• W o rk in g fo r c u ltu ra l n a tio ru lism w h ich is * e co re o f th e H in d u tv a .• H elp in g , th e p o o r to cross th e p o v e r ty line.• S u sta in ab le c o n su m p tio n a n d g ro w th .• L ig h ten in g d e b t b u rd e n .• R a is in g /e x e m p tio n lim it/in c o m e T ax to Rs 60,000.• E n la rg in g PDS.• M a k in g a d e q u a te s u p p ly o f co m m o d itie s in th e ru ra l, trib a l, re m o te

b a c k w a rd a reas a t ch e ap rates.• D ecen tra lis in g econom ic centre.• E n co u rag in g sm a ll scale in d u strie s• P ro tec tin g w o rk e rs ag a in s t in fla tion .• R ev ision o f p a y scale a n d tim e scale p ro m o tio n .• R ev ita lising la w a n d o rd e r m ach inery .

• P ro v id in g ex te rn a l security .• A llo c a t in g 60 p e r c e n t o f p la n o u t la y fo r a g r ic u l tu r e a n d r u r a l

d ev e lo p m e n t.

C o n g re s s M a n ife s to : H ig h lig h tsT h e C o n g ress P re s id e n t P.V. N a ra s im h a R ao re le a se d its e lec tion m a n ife s to

o n A p ril 12, 1996. T h e m an ifes to h ig h lig h ts th e fo llo w in g p o in ts :• E s ta b lish m e n t o f a L ok P a l co v e r in g th e P rim e M in is te r a n d C h ie f

M in iste rs ,• R esto ra tio n o f d em o cra tic g o v e rn m e n t in J & K.• N o c h a n g e in p e rso n a l la w o f a n y co m m u iu ty .• G re a te r self-reHance.• S e ttin g u p a n a n tig ra ft b o d y ; p ro p o sa ls to ta k e effect in six m o n th s .• R a c in g re tire m e n t ag e o f 37 la k h C e n tra l G o v e rn m e n t Staff.• N u c le a r w e a p o n po licy to b e re v ie w e d if P a k is ta n p e rs is ts w ith th e

n u c le a r w e a p o n p ro g ra m m e .• R a ising G D P g ro w th to 8-9 p e r cent.• N e a r fu ll e m p lo y m e n t b y 2002 A D.• C h e a p e r w h e a t a n d rice fo r th e po o r.• F a rm in p u t su b s id y to stay .• H o u se s fo r h o u se less , poo r.• D rin k in g w a te r fo r all hab ita tio n s.• M id -d a y m ea ls fo r all p r im a ry schoo l ch ild ren .• C o m p le te im p le m e n ta tio n o f o p e ra tio n b lack b o a rd .• B ro ad g a u g e ra ilw a y all o v e r th e co u n try .• R o a d o r ra il lin k ag e all o v er th e co u n try .• Im p ro v e h e a lth a n d e d u c a tio n facilities fo r all ch ild ren .• E m p o w e rm e n t o f w o m e n in c lu d in g b y rese rv a tio n in leg is la tive b od ies .• R e m u n e ra tiv e p rices fo r farm ers.• N o jo b q u o ta fo r M uslim s.• R eserv a tio n fo r D alit C hristians.

C o n g re s s (T) M a n ife s to : H ig h lig h tsT h e m a n ife s to re le a se d o n A p ril 11, 1996 in c lu d es th e fo llo w in g sa lien t

po in ts-• S e ttin g u p a L ok P a l to p ro b e c o rru p tio n a t h ig h p laces.• R e m o v in g illiteracy a n d p o v e i iy in a tim e -b o u n d p ro g ra m m e .• U n d e r ta k in g d ra s tic e lec to ra l re fo rm s to check m afia , m o n e y a n d m u sc le

p o w e r .• L a u n c h in g c o u n try w id e c ru sa d e a g a in s t th e n e x u s b e tw e e n po litic ians,

b u re a u c ra ts , b u s in e ssm e n , a n d crirrunals.• L a u n c h in g a m a ss m o v e m e n t a g a in s t th e f re q u e n t h ik e in p rice s o f

e ssen tia l com m od ities .In tro d u c in g sc h em e s to e n c o u ra g e sa v in g s a n d b r in g in g fo rw a rd a leg is la tio n co n ta in in g p en a ltie s fo r o s te n ta tio u s o r w a s te fu l ex p e n d itu re .

• P ass in g a leg isla tion cor\ferring o w n e rsh ip rig h ts o n s lu m d w elle rs .

Election Manifestos: 1996 45

• M a k in g D a lit C h ris tia n s elig ib le for rese rv a tio n a s ap p licab le to SC a n d ST.

• E xp ressin g th e ju s t a n d leg itim ate causes o f th e p e o p le o f Ja m m u a n d K ashm ir.

CPI (M) Manifesto: Highlights• D efea tin g th e H a w a la ta in te d G o v ern m e n t o f P rim e M in is te r N a ra s im h a

R ao a s w e ll as th e BJP.• P ro te c tin g th e ec o n o m y fro m th e assau lt o f m u lti-n a tio n a l co rp o ra tio n s

a n d th e g ro w th o f p riv a tisa tio n .• E n su r in g b e tte r liv in g co n d itio n s fo r th e w o rk in g peop le .• E n su r in g d ecen tra lisa tio n a n d p ro m o tin g federa lism .• P ro te c tin g en v iro n m en t.• P ro te c tin g th e in d ig e n o u s in d u strie s .• E n d in g th e po licy o f p riv a tisa tio n o f P ub lic Sector.• E n su r in g n e ^ - b a s e d m in im ira i w ages.• R ev ersin g th e te lecom policy.• Im p le m e n tin g la n d re fo rm s in o rd e r to g en e ra te w e a lth a n d em p lo y m e n t

to th e a g ra ria n po o r.• A lloca ting m o re rn o n ey fo r th e social sector.• S tre n g th e n in g th e p u b lic d is trib u tio n system .• R eserv in g o n e -th ird o f sea ts in th e leg isla tu res fo r w o m en .

Janata Dal Manifesto: HighlightsT h e Jan ata D a l m an ifesto re leased o n A p ril 15 1996, co n ta in s th e fo llo w in g

h igh ligh ts:• U p w a rd rev is io n o f th e 50 p e r ce n t ceUing o n re se rv a tio n s th ro u g h a

co n stitu tio i\a l a m en d m e n t.• E x tension o f rese rv a tio n in th e p riv a te sector.• P ro tec tio n of th e rig^its o f th e m inorities.• R igh t to w o rk as a fu n d a m e n ta l r ig h t• Sbcty p e r ce n t b u d g e ta ry alloca tion fo r th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f ag ric u ltu re

a n d ru ra l areas.• L ist o f 'y e s ' o r 'n o ' fo r th e e n try o f m u l t i n a t i o i ^ .• M u ltim e m b er L ok Pal.• D ec lara tio n o f asse ts an n u a lly b y all th o se h o ld in g p u b lic offices a n d

offices o f po litica l parties .• R ig h t to in fo rm atio n as fu n d a m e n ta l righ t.• CBI free fro m th e g o v e rn m e n t contro l.• E conom ic e m p o w e rm e n t o f th e d isp o ssesse d g ro u p .• R eserv a tio n for p ro m o tio n to th e C)ther B ack w ard C lasses (OBCs').• R eserv a tio n in th e ju d ic ia ry also.• R eserv a tio n fo r re lig io u s m in o ritie s w ith o u t d is tu rb in g th e q u o ta o f

O B C s'.• R eserva tion in th e d is trib u tio n of licenses a n d quo tas.• E lim ination o f th e in h u m a n scav en g in g sy s tem in tw o y ea rs b es id es

p e rm a n e n t em p lo y m e n t fo r safai m azd o o rs .


• A ll d isp u te s re g a rd in g sh rin es in c lu d in g th e A y o d h y a d is p u te to b e re fe rre d to th e S u p re m e C ourt.

Samajwadi Party (SP) Manifesto: HighlightsT h e P re s id e n t o f th e SP, M u la y a m S ingh Y adav , re le a se d th e m a iu f ^ to o f

th e p a r ty o n A p ril 10, 1996.• S n a p p in g th e econom ic po licy o f th e N a ra s im h a R ao G o v e rn m e n t a n d

in tro d u c in g a n e w p o licy w h ic h w o u ld b e m o re re le v a n t in th e In d ia n con tex t.

• F ree in g th e covm try fro m th e fo re ign d e b t w ith in five y ea rs o f h is p a r ty 's co m in g to p o w er.

• E fforts to b e m a d e to c o n ta in th e d e v a lu a tio n o f th e ru p ee .• In itia tiv e to b e ta k e n to k ee p In d ia o u t o f D u n k e l p ro p o sa ls .• G iv in g concessions fo r ag ric u ltu re b a se d sm a ll im its a n d in d ig e n o u s

in d u strie s .• G iv in g la rg e scale in d u s trie s th e fu n d a m e n ta l ro le o f c re a tin g th e b as ic

in frastructiu-e .• P ro v id in g o n e jo b to a t le a s t o n e p e rso n in each fam ily.• T a k in g in it ia t iv e fo r th e fo rm a tio n o f In d ia -P a k is ta n - B a n g la d e sh

F ed era tio n , im p ro v in g re la tio n s w ith n e ig h b o u rs a n d re so lv in g p ro b le m in K ash m ir w ith th e fo rm a tio n o f th e F edera tion .

• S etting u p a S tate R eo rg an isa tio n C o n u n itte e fo r c o n s id e rin g th e c re a tio n o f sm a ll S tates.

• I rr ig a tin g th e en tire cu ltiv ab le la n d in th e covmtry.• E n ac tin g la w s fo r th e p ro tec tio n of n u n o ritie s .• T ak in g lega l ac tio n in an ti-S ikh rio ts cases in 1984 a n d r io ts re la tin g to

th e d em o litio n o f th e B abri M asjid in 1992.• C rea tin g a p eace k e e p in g force 'S h a n ti S u ra k sh a Bal' a t th e n a tio iu il level.• R ev iv in g S ri K r is h iu C o m m iss io n o r se ttin g u p a n e w C o m m iss io n fo r

p ro b in g th e B om bay rio ts.T h e m a n ife s to rem a in s s ilen t o n th e m in o ritie s d e m a n d fo r re se rv a tio n o f

G o v e rn m e n t jo b s . I t a lso d o e s n o t in d ic a te th e p a r ty 's p o lic y r e g a rd in g re c o n s tru c tio n o f th e B abri M asjid in A y o d h y a .

Samata Party Manifesto; Highlights (R eleased o n A p ril 15, 1996)• R e d u c in g social ten s io n s g en e ra te d b y ce rta in po litica l g ro u p s in th e

n a m e o f soc ia l justice.• C re a tic a o f jobs as th e firs t p rio rity .• D ecen tra lisa tio n o f po litica l a n d econom ic p o w er.• A u to n o m y to S tates a n d R egions.• R ig h t to job.• R ig h t to ed u ca tio n .• S w ad esh i.• S u p p o rt to d o m estic in d u stry .• C re a tio n o f sm a ll S tates.• E lecto ral reform .• U n iv e rsa l dem ilita risa tion .

Election Manijestos: 1996 47

Haryana Vikas Party Manifesto (HVP): HighlightsT h e H V P P re s id e n t B ansilal re leased th e m a n ife s to o n A p ril 10, 1996.• M a k in g p ro v is io n o f electricity fo r 24 h o iu s w ith in tw o m o n th s o f

co m in g to p o w e r in th e S tate.• P ro v id in g m o re w a te r fo r d r in k in g a n d irrig a tio n facilities.• In tro d u c in g co m p u lso ry p roh ib ition .• B ring ing a n e n d to in te r-S tate w a te r d isp u te .• R e m o v in g caste bias.• B ring ing c lean liness in S tate politics.• A p p o in tin g L ok P a l fo r c h e c t o g co rru p tio n .• R e sto rin g la w a n d o rd e r situation .• C o n s tru c tin g canals in c lu d in g ea rly co n stru c tio n o f SYL C anal, H a rid w a r-

K a m a l C anal.• U tilis ing flo o d w a te rs o f Y am tina.• C o n s tru c tin g A g ra C anal.• In tro d u c in g c ro p ir« u ra n c e fo r farm ers.• G ra n tin g o f e a sy lo a n s to farm ers.• C h a n g in g o f e lec tric ity ra te s fro m th e fa rm ers a t lo w rates.

Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) Manifesto: HighlightsE lection m a n ife s to o f S A D (Badal) w a s re le a se d o n A p ril 13, 1996 a t th e

h o ly d t y o f T a lw a n d i S abo to m a rk th e 'B ir th d a y ' o f K halsa P an th .• M o re a u to n o m y fo r S tates.• A g re em en ts o n ad ju d ica tio n o f in te r-S ta te r iv e r w ate rs .• F illing o f SYL w ith earth .• T ra n sfe r o f C h a n d ig a rh a n d o th e r le ft-ou t P u n jab i sp e a k in g a re as in to

th e S tate.• F ree e d u c a tio n to g irls u p to g rad u a tio n .• F ree p o w e r to tubew eU s.• P en sio n to aU o ld p e rso n s a t th e ag e o f 60 years.• R ev iew o f P u n jab H e a lth S ystem s C o rp o ra tio n .• F ed era l s tru c tu re o f th e In c ia n U nion .• C o n s titu tio n o f h ig h level co m m issio n b y th e ju d g e s o f th e S u p re m e

C o u r t fo r p ro b in g in to ro le of th e C o n g ress P a r ty 's a lleg e d ro le o n the c re a tio n o f te rro rism a n d d iv id e a n d ru le policy.

• S e ttin g u p a h u m a n rig h ts com m ission .• S econd Im g u a g e s ta tu s to P un jab i in o th e r P u n jab i sp e a k in g S tates.• P u n ish m e n t to th e g u ilty in th e an ti-S ikh rio ts in 1 9 ^ .• S u itab le c o m p e n sa tio n to th e p e o p le su ffe rin g d u r in g th e in fa m o u s

O p e ra tio n Blue S t^ .• E n d o f a lleg ed 'po lice raj'.• In d e p e n d e n t w o rk in g o f jud ic ia ry .• W a v in g th e fa rm e r 's irrig a tio n w a te r ren t.• A b o litio n o f th e octro i.• A ll In d ia G u ru d w a ra Act.


A n a ly s is o f E le c tio n M a n ife s to sT h e Pvinjab Q i ie f M in is te r H arch iaran S in g h B rar r id ic u le d th e p o p u lis t

g im m ick s o f s u p p ly in g w a te r a n d electricity free o f c h a rg e to fa rm e rs b y th e A k a li D a l (B adal). H e fu r th e r s ta te s th a t B ad a l's p ro m ise s w e re d e r iv e d o f logic.

T h e BJP critic ised th e C o n g ress fo r re p e a tin g a ll th o se m is le a d in g p ro m ise s in th e e lec tio n m a n ife s to w h ic h it fa iled to fu lfil d u r in g th e p a s t fiv e years. It m a y b e rec a lle d th a t th e p a r ty h a d lu re d th e e lec to ra te w ith a ttrac tiv e p ro m ise s lik e ro llin g b a c k p r ic e s in 100 d a y s b u t in rea lity th e p rice s o f a ll articles, in c lu d in g e ssen tia l co m m o d itie s h a d sh o t u p b y fo u r to five tim es. S im ilarly d u r in g th e 1991 e lec tio n it h a d p ro m ise d to e n d im e m p lo y m e n t in 1,000 d a y s w h e re a s th e p ro b le m h a d g o n e fro m b a d to w o rse . It w a s n o t c lea r h o w th e p a r ty w o u ld p ro v id e jo b s to a ll b y th e y e a r 2002 as p ro m ise d in 1996 e lec tion m ariifesto .

T h e Ja n a ta D a l sp o k e sm a n S. Ja ip a l R e d d y critic ised th e C o n g ress fo r n o t in c lu d in g a n y th in g a b o u t B abri M asjid a n d H a w a la issue. H e a lso critic ised it fo r ra is in g th e s lo g a n o f stab ility . H e fu r th e r sa id th a t th e C o n g ress s h o u ld b e a s h a m e d o f th e k in d o f th e s tab ility it g av e th e co u n try , its m a jo r se llin g p o in t in its m a n ifes to , w h ic h w a s re le ase d to d ay . "N a ra s im h a R ao is ta k in g p r id e th a t h e c o n v e r te d a m in o r ity g o v e rn m e n t in to a m a jo rity g o v e rn m e n t, b y sp littin g o th e r p a r t ie s , e n c o u ra g in g d e fe c to rs — a ll o f w h o m h a v e b u lg in g b a n k ac co u n ts — lu r in g th e m w ith th e lo av es a n d fishes o f office."

R e d d y sa id h e fo im d it sh o c k in g th a t th e C o n g ress m a n ife s to d id n o t re fe r a t a ll to Ih e trag ic d e s tru c tio n o f th e B abri M asjid ." T h e C e n tra l g o v e rn m e n t r e m a in e d a m u te sp e c ta to r , n a y a n in te re s te d o b se rv e r to th e p ro c e s s o f d e s tru c tio n w h ic h w e n t o n th e w h o le d ay . T h e m an ifesto , o f co u rse , d o e s n o t re fe r to th e fac t th a t a f te r C e n tra l R u le w a s im p o se d in U P , a m a k e sh ift te m p le w a s b u ilt a t th e d is p u te d site. T he id o ls w e re b ro u g h t b ac k a n d p e rm iss io n fo r p u ja w a s g ra n te d d u r in g P re s id e n t 's Rule.

R e d d y a lso sa id th a t th e C o n g ress m an ifes to a lso m a k es it c lea r th a t it w a n ts th e S ta te " to ab d ica te its resp o n sib ility fo r th e co re se c to r su c h as p o w e r , ii\fra s tru c tu re , p o r ts e tc ." H e a lso p o in te d o u t th a t th e C o n g re s s ' c o n ten tio n th a t th e m o n e y sa v e d in th e co re sec to r w o u ld b e s p e n t o n p o v e r ty a llev ia tio n p ro g ra m m e s w a s " a d a n g e ro u s econom ic p ro p o s itio n " . W h ile " p a y in g lip se rv ic e to th e sm a ll sca le se c to r," R e d d y sa id th e m a n ife s to h a d fa iled to m e n tio n th a t in th e la s t five y ea rs "q u a r te r o f a m illio n sm a ll scale vm its h a d b e e n c lo sed d o w n ."

R e d d y a lso to o k ex cep tio n to th e "p h ilo so p h ic a l th ru s t" o f th e C o n g ress m an ifesto .

C P I (M ) G en e ra l S ecre tary , H a rk ish a n S in g h Sxirjeet s tro n g ly critic ised th e C o n g ress , m aru fes to . S urjee t a m o n g o th e r critic ism s s ta te d th a t d u r in g th e C o n g re ss ru le , th e n a tio n a l u n ity h a s b e e n co n tin u o u s ly assau lted .

The Indian Express in its e d ito ria l o f A p ril 15 critic ised BJP fo r its d o u b le s p e a k o n th e is su e o f m ig ra n ts . W ritin g o n th e C o n g ress m an ifes to . The Indian Express; e d ito r ia l c a p tio n w a s "D e sp e ra te to P lease".


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State AssembliesPosition of Political Parties

state Assembly Elections Since 1951-52First general elections in India on the basis of adult suffrage was held in

1951-52. This was a simultaneous elections both for the Lok Sabha and all State Legislative Assemblies (including Part A, B and C States). Second general election held in 1957, shortly after reorganisation of States was also a simultaneous elections. In third general election in 1962, elections to State Assemblies of Kerala and Orissa became out of step with general electior\s with the result that simultaneous elections could not be held in these two States. Similarly in 1967, simultaneous election could not be held in Nagaland and Pondicherry along with fourth general elections to the Lok Sabha. After 1967, elections to most of assemblies had to be held earlier than normally due with the result that Orissa, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal had simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies at fifth general election held in 1971. In 1977, Kerala was the or\ly State where elections to Legislative Assembly was held simultaneously

sixth general elections. When seventh general elections was held in January 1980, elections to constitute new assemblies were held simultaneously only in Marupur, Anmachal Pradesh, Goa, Daman, and Diu and Pondicherry. Polling for Eighth Lok Sabha elections was held on 24, 27 and 28 December 1984 in 20 States and nine Union Territories except Assam and Punjab. Election for Assemblies of Tamil Nadu, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa, Daman and E>iu were also held simultaneously.

In Assam, the Commission in fulfilment of an assurance given to Supreme Court, initiated action to undertake inter^sive revision of electoral rolls of all Assembly constituencies which could not be completed before commencement of the process of general elections in rest of the coimtry.

On the basis of report received from Punjab Government and also Chief Electoral Officer regarding prevailing law and order situation, the Commission was satisfied that elections in Punjab could not be held along with rest of the country. For this the Representation of the People Act, 1951 was amended and a new Section 73 A was inserted by an Ordinance issued on 20 November,1984. The Ordinance was replaced by an Act of Parliament. Except Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, all other States and Union Territories had one day poll.

In March 1985, electior\s was held in 11 States and one Uruon Territory. Of these, elections in Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh was held as the five-year term of Assemblies of

these States was due to expire in June/July 1985. Elections to constitute new Assemblies of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Himachal Pradesh were necessitated due to their premature dissolution on 22 November, 1984,2 January,1985 and 21 January, 1985, respectively.

Sikkim and Union Territory of Pondicherry were under President's Rule from 25 May, 1984 and 21 June, 1983. The Commission was informed that President's Rvile would be revoked shortly. Except for Bihar, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, where there was a two-day poll on 2 and 5 March, 1985, elections were held on a single day on 5 March, 1985 in rest of the eight States and one Union Territory.

Elections to constitute Assembly of Punjab was held in September 1985 and that of Assam in December 1985. Simultaneous elections were also held that to fill vacant seats in the Lok Sabha from these States. Consequent upon enactment of the State of Mizoram Act, 1986, a new State of Mizoram comprising territories which immediately before that date comprised Union Territory of Mizoram, came into existence. Hie new State was redelimited into 40 Assembly constituencies. There was, however, no change in allocation of seats to the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha from Mizoram. Poll to constitute a new assembly was held on 16 February 1987 and it was duly constituted on 20 February 1987.

Poll to constitute Assemblies of Kerala and West Bengal, whose terms were due to expire on 24 June, 1987 and 14 June, 1987, respectively, was held on 23 March, 1987. Poll to coi\stitute new Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir, which was dissolved on 7 September, 1986 was also held on the same date. The term of Haryana Assembly was to expire on 24 June, 1987 and poll was held on 17 June, 1987.

Erstwhile Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh was granted Statehood from 20 February, 1987. Goa was made a full-fledged State from 30 May, 1987 and Daman Diu was retained as a Uruon Territory. Goa was given a seat in the Rajya Sabha and allowed to retain both of its seats in the Lok Sabha. Daman and Diu was given a seat in the Lok Sabha.

The term of Nagaland Assembly was to expire on 28 November, 1987. Accordingly, a general elections for .Assembly was held on 18 November, 1987. Similarly, general elections to constitute new Assemblies for Meghalaya and Tripura were held on 2 Februcuy, 1988. Perhaps for the first time in the history of Indian elections, there was a tie of votes between two candidates in electoral battle at Marak constituency and tiie winner had to be decided by a draw of lots under Section 25 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

President's Rule imposed in Punjab on 11 May, 1987 was extended beyond the s:ix-month period. Assembly was subsequently dissolved on 6 March, 1988. President's Rule was also imposed in Tamil Nadu on 30 January, 1988 due to political instability after the death of the Chief Minister on 24 D^ember 1987.

President's Rule was imposed in Nagaland on 7 August, 1988. Assembly was dissolved on the same date. Poll to constitute new assembly was held on 21 January, 1989 and it was duly constituted on 25 January, 1989.

Mizoram Assembly was dissolved by Presidential Proclamation on 7 September, 1988. Poll was held on 21 January, 1989 and new Assembly constituted on 24 January, 1989.

State Assemblies 53

Tamil Nadu was put under President's Rule on 30 January, 1988. Poll was held on 21 January, 1989 and new Assembly constituted on 27 January, 1989. President's Rule was imposed in Karnataka on 21 April, 1989. This was the third time Karnataka was brought under President's Rule which eeirlier was imposed in 1971 and 1977. A new Assembly has been duly cor\stituted there.

The term of Eighth Lok Sabha was upto 14 January, 1990. General elections was held on 22, 24 and 26 November, 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha except Assam where revision of rolls was not completed by that time. Simultaneous elections was also held to constitute new Assemblies in Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Sikkim, and Uttar Pradesh. Ninth Lok Sabha was duly constituted on 2 December, 1989 and the House met for the first meeting on 18 December, 1989. The term of Eighth Lok Sabha came to end on 17 December, 1989.

Poll to constitute State Assemblies in Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat and in Union Territory of Pondicherry was held on 27 February, 1990. New Assemblies there were constihited.

The Ninth Lok Sabha did not serve its full term. The House was dissolved on 12 March, 1991. Elections to the 511 seats of Tenth Lok Sabha, except 6 seats in Jammu and Kashmir and 13 seats in Punjab, were held on 20 May, 6 Jime,8 June, 12 June, 15 June, 1991. Elections were also held to the State Assemblies of Assam, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Haryai«, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry. Bye-election to 15 Lok Sabha seats and 56 Assembly seats in 14 states was held on 16 November, 1991.

Elections to the Lok Sabha and Assembly seats in Punjab were held on 15 November 1992. Bye-elections to two Lok Sabha seats and 19 Assembly seats were held on 8 June, 1992.

On December 6,1992, the disputed structure at Ayodhya was demolished. The BJP Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh resigned after the demolition. On 15th of the same month BJP Governments in Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan were dismissed by the Union Government.

The status of Uruon Territory of Delhi underwent a change with the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991. As against the Metropolitan Council an Assembly was to be created in Delhi. The voters, list was updated in October 1993.

Elections to 6 State Assemblies in Etelhi, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh were held in November 1993.

Table 6.1: Party Position in State Assemblies

Party Seats

ANDHRA PRADESH (1994) BJP 3Mtislim Majlis

TDP 219(Both groups) Janata Dal 1Congress 26 Independents & Others 11CPI 19 294CPI (M) 15


State Assemblies 55

ARUNACHAL PRADESH (1995) Independents & Others 15Congress 43 Total 182JD 3Janata Party QP) 2 HARYANA (1996)Independents & Others 12 Cong. 9Total 60 BJP

Cong T113

ASSAM (1996) SP 24AGP 59 HVP 33Congress 34 Ind. & Others 10BJP 4 Total 90CPI 3CPI (M) 2 HIM A(3iAL PRADESH (1993)AHDCUPPAUMFAInd. & Others

512

12

BJPJanata Dal Congress (I) CPI

81

52

Total 122 Independent & Others Vacant

7

BIHAR (1995) Total 68Janata Dal 163Congress 29 JAMMU & KASHMIRBJP 40 Total Seats 78CPI & CPI (M) 32 (President's rule)Independents & Others 50Countermanded 10 KARNATAKA (1994)Total 324 Congress (I) 35Note: JM M included in Independents b Others Janata Dal 116

BJP 40DELHI (1993) Janata Party (JP) -BJP 49 Independent & Others 22Congress 14 KCP 10JD 4 CPM 1Independents & Others 3 Total 224TOTAL 70

KERALA (1996)GOA (1994) Cong 37Congress (I) 18 BJP 0MGP 12 CPI 18Independents & Others 3 CPI (M) 41Vacant - JD 4BJP 4 JSS 1UGDP 3 Cong (S) 3Total 40 RSP

Kerala Cong (J)56

GUJARAT (1995) lUML 13Janata Dal Kerala Cong (M) 5

BJP 121 Kerala Cong (T) 1

Congress (I) 46 Ind. & Others Total

6140

56 Elections in India: 1952-96MADHYA PRADESH (1993) MIZORAM (1993)BJP 116 Congress (I) 16Congress (I) 171 Democratic PartyJanata Dal * Mizo National Front 14CPI 2 Mizo OD) 2BSP 11 Total 40Independents & Others 16Vacant 4 NAGALANDTotal 320 Congress 34* Included in others Others 26

Total 60MAHARASHTRA (1995)Congress (I) 81 ORISSA (1995)Shiv Sena 73 Janata Dal 46BJP 65 Congress (I) 80Janata Dal 11 CPI 1PWP 6 BJP 9CPM 2 CPM 1CPI 3 Independents & Others 5RPI (KH) - JMM 4Congress (S) JPP 1Independents & Others 45+1 Total 147Result not declaredMaharashtra Village Congress 1 PONDICHERRY (1991)Total 288 Congress (I) 9

DMK 7MANIPUR (1995) TMC 6Congress (I) 21 AIADMK 3Jaiuita Dal 7 CPI 2BJP 1 JD 1MPP(Manipur People's Party) 18 PMK 1Cong (S) 1 Ind. & Others 1CPI 2 Total 30KNA 2NPP (National Peoples Party) 2 PUNJAB (1992)(FMP) Federal Party of Manipur 2 INC 86Independents & Others 3+1* BSP 9Samata Party 2 BJP 6Total 60 CPI 4* Countermanded CPM 1

S. Akali (Kabul Group) 3MEGHALAYA (1990) Janata Dal 1Congress (I) 22 Independents & Others 7HPU 18 Total 117HSPDP 4PDCC 2 Note: Almost all Akali groups boycotted theAPHLC 2 elections)Independents 9Vacant 3Total M

State Assemblies 57

RAJASTHAN (1933) TRIPURA (1993)BJP 95 Congress 10Janata Dal 6 CPI + CPI (M) 40Congress (I) 76 JD 1CPM 1 Independents and Others 9Independents 21 Total 60Vacants 1Total 200 UTTAR PRADESH (1993)

Janata Dal (JD) 28SIKKIM (1994) Congress (I) 28Sikkim Sangram Parishad 10 BJP 177Sikkim Democratic Front 19 BSP/SP 176Congress 2 CPI/CPM 4Independent & Others 1 Independents & Others 9Total 32 Vacant

Total3

425TAMIL NADU (1996)AIADMK 4 WEST BENGAL (1996)Congress 0 Cong. 82DMK 172 BJP 0TMC 39 CPI 6CPI 8 CPM 150Others 10 FB 21Total 233 RSP

Ind. & Others1817

* 1 result not declaredTotal 294

Table 6.2: Parties Ruling the States (As in May 1996)

State Party in power

Andhra Pradesh Telegu Desam (Naidu Group)Anmachal Pradesh Indian National CongressAssam (1995) AGPBihar Janata DalGoa Indian National CongressGujarat Bharatiya Janata PartyHaryana HVP-BJP CoalitionHimachal Pradesh Indian National CongressJammu & Kashmir President's RuleKarnataka Janata DalKerala Left FrontMadhya Pradesh Indian National CongressMaharashtra BJP * Shiv Sena combineM anipur Indian National CongressMeghalaya -do-Mizoram Congress * MJD combineNagaland -do-Orissa Indian National CongressPunjab -do-


State Party in power

Rajasthan Bharatiya Janata PartySikkim Sikkim Democratic PartyTamil Nadu DMKTripura Left FrontUttar Pradesh President's RuleWest Bengal Left FrontArunachal Pradesh Indian National CongressDelhi Bharatiya Janata PartyPondicherry DMK

Table 6.3: Party Position in the UP Assembly on October 27,1995

Party Members Party Members

BJP 176 CPI 1SP 127 CPM 1BSP 59 UKD 1Congress 29 Ind. & Others 15BSP (R) 10 Vacant 2JD 4 Total 425

Prepoll Ups and Downs

Chief Election Commissioner Vs Election CommissionetsHow Supreme is the Chief Election Commissioner? Are his decisions subject

to the majority rule as in the case of Chief Justice or the other members of the commission do not have equal powers. Mr. Seshan had contended that as Chief Election Commissioner he was in overall control and the sole authority of the Commission. He had gone to the Supreme Court claiming the supremacy of his authority.

The Court upheld the legislation equating the status, power and authority of the two Election Commissioners with the Chief Election Commissioner and approved the 1993 Presidential Ordinance (now an Act) making the poll panel a multi-member body with equal powers.

The court's verdict delivered on July 14, 1995 ended nearly two years of bitter controversy over the functioning of the CEC vis-a-vis the Election Commissioners and advised aU of them that, for the sake of the people and the country, they would eschew their egos and work in a spirit of comrades. The Judges opined that the Election Commission discharged a public function. The scheme of Article 324 dearly envisages a multi-member body comprising the CEC and the ECS. The ECs form part of the Election Commission. It, therefore, stands to reason that they must have equal say in the decision making. If the CEC is considered superior, he would render the EC's non-functional. The Judges rejected the CEC's argument that ECs function was oiUy to tender advice to the CEC.

Ciiminal'Politidan NexusOn July 1993 Home Secretary N.N. Vohra was detailed to head a Committee

to take stock of the activities of the crime syndicates and mafia organisations which had evolved links and were being protected by government functionaries and political personalities. The report was submitted on October 5,1995. It was tabled on both the Houses on August 1, 1995.

The Committee quoted the Director of the Intelligence Bureau as stating that some parliamentarians and Assembly members have come into political power through the leadership of gangs and armed senas.

The Committee found out that 'Of late, currency amoimting to crores of rupees is being seized invariably packed in sviitcases and gunny bags. The banks are reluctant to pass on infonnation about account holders to Central Board of Direct Taxes and do not allow their officers to hold exploratory enquiries.'

'There has been a rapid spread and growth of criminal gangs, drug peddlers and economic lobbies in the coimtry which have developed an extensive network of contacts with bureaucracy at the local levels, the politician mediapersons and strategically located individuals in the non-State sector. Some of these syndicates have international lirJcages/

'In certain States like Bihar, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, these gangs enjoy the patronage of local level politicians, cutting across party lines and the protection of government functionaries. Some political leaders have become the leaders of these gangs, armed senas and get themselves elected to local bodies. State Assemblies and the national Parliament.'

'The mafia starts its operations from petty crime and soon graduates from illicit distillation/gambling/prostitution to include smuggling in port cities and real estate operations in tovms and dties.'

'Even in small towns and rural areas, muscle men have become the order of the day. Hired assassins have become a part of these organisations.'

The cost of contesting elections have thrown the politidarxs into the lap of these criminals and led to great compromise by officials of preventive/detective systems. Immediately after a raid is conducted, pressures are mounted by crime syndicates. Pressures are also mounted when prosecution is about to be initiated. Transfers of corrupt and undesirable officers from sensitive assignments are also subjected to mafia pressures. So much for the sanctity of the people's verdict.

Vertical Split in Telugu Desam in Andhra PradeshN.T. Rama Rao, had come to power in Andhra Pradesh with a massive

mandate in December 1995, winning 220 out of 294 seats for his Telugu Desam. However, he bowed out of the office of Chief Minister on August 31,1995 and paved the way for his son-in-law and State Revenue and Finance Minister, N. Chandrababu Naidu, to succeed him.

Qiandrababu Naidu had revolted against Rama Rao in a "family coup," in which the latter's other six sons and sons-in-law claimed the support of 163 TDP MLAs, which gave him a clear majority in the Assembly. What triggered off the revolt was the susper^sion of e i^ t party MLAs for bringing about the defeat of official candidates, who happened to be the "nominees" of Ms. Lakshmi Parvathi, in the District Cooperative Central Bank elections — those suspended belonged to the rival group.

The ruling Telugu Desam party of matinee idol-tumed-politician, Rama Rao, split vertically on August 24, 1995, with over 163 MLAs, under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu, raising a baiuier of revolt.

Union Cabinet ReshuffleIn a major reshuffle of portfolios the Prime Miiuster, P.V. Narasimha Rao,

on September 15,1995 removed the Miiiister of Internal Security, Rajesh Pilot, from the Home Miriistry and put him in charge of Envirorunent and Forests. While shifting K.P. Singh Deo from the important Information and Broadcasting Ministry, the Prime Minister upgraded the post to Cabinet rank and put P.A. Sangma. Singh Deo was given Food Processing Mirustry.


The much-awaited Cabinet expansion saw five Central Ministers tendering their resignations. Narasijnha Rao inducted 16 new Ministers of State and promoted three Deputy Ministers to refurbish the Government's image before the Lok Sabha polls. However, none of the 16 Ministers was given a Cabinet berth.

While R.K. Dhawan and Rajshekhar Murthy were sworn in as Ministers of State with independent charge, the others were inducted as Ministers of State. They were Debi Prosad Pal, Kripa Sindhu Bhoi, Prof. Mei-Jin-Lung Kamson, Mohammed Ayub Khan, Dr. P.J. Kurien, G.Y. Krishnan, Suresh Pachauri,S. S. Ahluwalia, Aslam Sher Khan, Suresh Kalmadi, Syed Sibte Razi, Venod Sharma, Vilas Baburao Muttemwar and Mrs. Vimla Verma. Three Deputy Ministers, Ms. Selja, Ram Lai Rahi and Paban Singh Ghatowar, also promoted as Ministers of State.

President's Rule in Uttar PradeshThe Bharatiya Jarwta Party (BJP), which had helped the Bahujan Samaj

Party (BSP) to form a govemrrient in Uttar Pfadesh in Jime 1995, withdrew its "unconditional support" on October 17,1995 leading to the resignation of the Chief Minister, Ms. Mayawati. Tlie State was placed under President's rule on October 18, 1995 and the Assembly kept in suspended animation.

Notwithstanding the exercises that went on for ministry-making since October 24, when both the BJP and the Samajwadi Party (SP) staked their claim before the Governor, doubts persisted in b o ^ the camps about the sincerity of the ruling party at the Centre to allow any non-Congress (I) Government in the largest populated State, with Lok Sabha electior\s orJy a few months away. A lthou^ a lot of spadework and horse-trading had been imdertaken to induce defections to touch the magic figure of 212 by the BJP as well as SP, the Centre threw cold water on all projections to allow the Congress (I) to rule by proxy. The President, Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma, dissolved the Assembly on October27 following the State Governor, Motilal Vora's recommendation.

Under the Presidential proclamation issued under Article 356 after the Mayawati Government resigned in view of the withdrawal of the BJP support to it, the Central Government assumed to itself all the functions of the Government of the State of Uttar Pradesh, and dissolved the State Assembly declaring that the powers of the U.P. State Legislature would be exercisable by or vmder the authority only of Parliament. Article 356 is one of the emergency provisions set up in Part XVni of the Indian Constitution to provide for the contingency of a breakdown of constitutional machinery in the State, that is to provide for cases where the goverrunent of a State "cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution."

Ms. Mayawati, the General Secretary of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was sworn in as the sixteenth Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh on June 3,1995. She was the first Dalit Chief Minister of the State and the second woman to become the Chief Minister of the State after Sucheta Kripalani.

Ms. Mayawati's ascendency to power followed the dismissal of the 18- month-old Mulayam Singh Yadav Government by the Governor after it had

Prepoll Ups and Downs 61

lost its majority, on the withdrawal of support by the BSP, a junior partner in the coalition.

The Mayawati Government had on June 20 won the vote of confidence in the Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha by mustering the support of 249 members, belonging to the BJP, the BSP, the Democratic Samajwadi Party (rebel SP group) and Independents, of the House of 425, who voted in favour of the confidence motion by a lobby division.

BJP Gujarat CrisisThe Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in Gujarat — where the party had won

a two-third majority less than a year ago — was biected by a virulent form of dissidence. The person who single-handedly challenged-the imght of the f)arty s entire central high command, forcing the top leaders to make a beeline to Gujarat, virtually on bent knees, was SharJci-niinh Vaghela.

The crisis in the Gujarat BJP was staved off after the seven-month-old Keshubhai Patel ministry won a trust vote in the Assembly even as the party high command made it clear that the Chief Minister would have to step down to enable a change of leadership in the State. All 121 BJP legislators in the 182- inember House, including 48 MLAs loyal to the dissident leader, Vaghela, and an independent voted in favour of the confidence motion. The 25-day old crisis in the legislative wing of the BJP in Gujarat ended on October 21, 1995.S.C. Mehta of the BJP was sworn in as the new Chief Minister.

The misadventure made a serious dent in the BJPs image as a party with a difference. The party cadres were hereafter perceived to be as power hungry as in other political parties.

Supreme Court on Hindutva and HinduismOn December 11, 1995, the Supreme Court absolved Maharashtra Chief

Minister Manohar Joshi from charges of misuse of religion in his 1990 Assembly election while holding Shiv Sena Chief Bal Thackeray guilty of corrupt practices under the election law.

The court held that use of 'Hindutva' and 'Hinduism' as a poll plank 'per se' was not a corrupt practice under the election law. But its misuse in the form of an appeal to vote for a candidate or not to vote for him on grounds of his religion would fall within the prohibition of the Act. Bal Thackeray, who during an election campaign in 1987, used abusive epithets against Muslims was foiond guilty by the court.

A petitioner Mohd. Aslam filed a writ petition before the three-judge bench comprising Justice J.S. Verma, Justice N.P. Singh and Justice K. Verikataswami seeking reconsideration of the apex court's verdict on Hindutva. It was submitted that the judgement could have serious repercussions in a secular society leading to discrimination of different minority communities in the coming general elections. The BJP — Shiv Sena combine could use religion as the basis of campaign in the light of the Hindutva decision.

The writ petition was dismissed on December 11,1995 with the observation that there was nothing in Manohar Joshi's judgement to give rise to such an apprehension. The verdict was not properly understood by its critics. A speech


during the elections with a secular stance alleging discrimination against any particular religion and promising removal of the imbalance could not be treated as an appeal on the grovind of religion as its thrust was promoting secularism. The judges said that the grounds in the writ petition were not based on findings in the judgement but on assumptions.

Hawala ScamOn March 25, 1991 the police nabbed one Ashraf Hussain, Deputy Chief

of a militant organisation named Hizbul Mujahideen. A sum of Rupees 26 lakhs was recovered from him. The money was meant for the militants in Kashmir. The money had come through Hawala (illegal transactions in foreign exchange) deals. Further probe into the matter led to the seizure of infamous Jain diaries.

Noted journalist Vineet Narayan, Rajinder Puri and lawyer Prashant Bhushan followed up the case through a public interest petition to the Supreme Court taking the lid off the 'Hawala' racket.

On January 16,1996, the Central Bureau of Investigation disclosed before the Supreme Court that it had sought Presidential sanction to prosecute three Union Cabinet Ministers Madhavrao Sdndia, Balram Jakhar and V. C. Shukla and filed chargesheets against seven others including L. K. Advaru, Aijim Singh and V.P. Singh. The subsequent developments in the 'Hawala case' took place as follows:Advam L.K., BJP President, who allegedly received Rs. 60 lakh from the Jains,

was chargesheeted on January 16,1996. Court took cognisance on February 29, 1996 Granted bail the same day.

Bami P.S, former Chairman and managing Director of the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) and six other officials, including former General Manager (Badarpur) and General Manager (CS), V. Sunderajan; former General Manager (Engineering) R.K. Narayan (presently General Manager of the Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking); former Director (Technical) M.A. Hai; former General Manager (Vindhyachal) G. Venkataraman, former Director (Operation) M.L. Malik were chargesheeted on November 28, 1995. Court took cognisance on March 13, 1996 Bami was granted bail on March 15, 1996.

Dhake B.D., Former Minister of State for Power, allegedly received Rs. 10 lakh from Jains. Chargesheeted on February 22,1996. Court took cognisance on March 11, 1996. Granted bail on March 12, 1996.

Dhawan R.K., Former Union Minister for Urban Affairs, allegedly received Rs. 50 lakh. Chargeshested on February 22,1996. Special court took cognisance on March 11, 1996. Granted bail on March 13, 1996.

Jaffer Sharief C.K., the former Union Minister for Railways, who allegedly received Rs. 15 lakh from the Jains, was chargesheeted on February 22, 1996. Special court took cognisance on March 11, 1996. Granted bail on March 14, 1996.

Jakhar Balram, former Union Minister for Agriculture, accused of receiving Rs.21 lakh from Jains, was chargesheeted on January 31, 1996. Court took cognisance on February 29, 1996. Granted bail on March 11, 1996.


Joshi Kailash, former Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister, allegedly received Rs. 10 lakh. Chargesheeted on February 22,1996. Court took cognisance on March11, 1996. Granted bail on March 15, 1996.

Khan Arif Mohammad, former Union Minister, was chargesheeted on January16, 1996 for allegedly receiving Rs. 7.5 crore. Court took cognisance on February 29, 1996. GraiUed bail on March 3, 1996

Khvirana Madan Lai, Delhi Chief Minister, was chargesheeted on March 6,1996 for allegedly receiving Rs. 3 lakh from the Jain brothers and providing street lights worth Rs. 37,606 at the Geetika farm house of the Jains on Gadipur Road. Court took cognisance on March 16,1996. Issued summons to Khurana.

Lai Devs, Former, Deputy Prime Minister, and his two Grandsons Amardeep Singh and Pradeep Singh were chargesheeted on January 16, 1996. Court took cognisance on February 29,1996. Devi Lai was granted bail on MarchI, 1996 by the Delhi High Court.

Narayanan and others, former Chairman and Managing Director of the Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC) and six others, including N. Venkatesan, B.R. Desikachary, S. Ranganathan, S.C. Gupta, chargesheeted on November 28,1995. Court took cognisance on January 15,1996. Narayanan and Venkatasen were granted bail on March 15, 1996. Desikachary wants to become an approver in the case.

Nath Kamal, former Union Minister for Environment, allegedly received Rs. 22 lakh. Chargesheeted on February 22,1996. Court took cognisance on MarchII, 1996. He was granted bail on March 14, 1996.

Netam Arvind, former Union Minister, was chargesheeted on February 22, 1996 for allegedly receiving Rs. 50,000 from the Jains. Court took cogrusance on March 11, 1996. Granted bail on March 11, 1996.

Rai Kalpnath, former Union Miruster, presently lodged in Tihar jail for allegedly harbouring six associates of the Dawood Ibrahim gang, was chargesheeted on January 23,1996 for his role in the Hawala case. Court took cognisance on February 29, 1996. Granted bail on March 6, 1996.

Sdndia Madhavrao, former Union Minister for Human Resource Development, was chargesheeted by the CBI of having received Rs. 1 crore from the Jains on January 31,1996. Court took cognisance on February 29,1996. Granted baU on March 11, 1996

Sen Ashoke, former Law Minister, allegedly received Rs. 20 lakh. Chargesheeted on February 22, 1996. Court took cognisance on March 11, 1996. He was granted bail on March 15, 1996.

Singh Aijun, breakway Congress leader, who allegedly received Rs. 10.5 lakh, was chargesheetedd on January 16,1996. Court took cognisance on February29, 1996. Granted bail on March 1, 1996.

Singh Buta, former Union Minister for Civil Supplies allegedly received Rs. 7.5 lakh. Chargesheeted on February 22,1996. Special court took cognisance on March 11, 1996. He was granted ball on March 14, 1996.

Sahi L.P., former Minister of State for Education, allegedly received Rs. 5 lakh. Chargesheeted on February 22,1996. Court took cognisance on March 11,1996. He was granted bail on March 15, 1996


Singh K. Natwar, former Minister of State for External Affairs, who allegedly received Rs. 23 lakh, was chargesheeted on February 22,1996. Special court took cognisance on March 11, 1996. Granted bail on March 14, 1996.

Sinha Yashwant, former Union Mir\ister, was chargesheeted on January 16, 1996 for allegedly receiving Rs. 21 lakh from the Jains. Court took cognisance on February 29, 1996. Granted bail on March 1, 1996.

Shukla V.C., former Union Minister, was chargesheeted on Januaiy 31, 1996.Court took cognisance on February 29,1996. Granted bail on March 2,1996.

Tewari N.D., leader of the breakaway Congress faction charged with receiving Rs. 25.88 lakh, was chargesheeted on February 22, 1996. Court took cognisance on Marcli 11, 1996. Granted bail on March 11, 1996.

Yadav Sharad, former Union Minister, allegedly received Rs. 5 lakh. Chargesheeted on February 22, 1996. Specii court took cognisance on March 11, 1996. Yadav was granted bail on March 14, 1996.The charge sheets were filed on the basis of entries in the Jain brothers

diaries which showed payments made to these individuals. It is yet to be established as to what pecuniary favours were gained from these public servants against payments alleged to have been made to them by Jain brothers.

On subsequent interrogations and investigations some more names including that of the Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao were mentioned but the CBI did not file chargesheets against them as the statements were regarded to be of insignificant evidentiary value. Impression gained ground that the CBI was going soft on the PM. S.K. Jain had alleged in his statement that he paid Rs. 2.5. crores to Chandraswami and Rs. 50 lakh to Union Minister Satish Sharma to be paid to P.V. NarasinJia Rao in 1991. CBI however limited its investigations to individuals named in the diaries. Thus excluding Chandraswami and the Prime Minister. S.K. Jain's assertions made in the interrogation statement tally entirely with the CBIs findings as far as 10 people chargesheeted are concerned. Significant portions of this statement have been used in CBIs investigations relating to other individuals such as P.S. Bami. Director (Finance) NTPC. Bami vyas chargesheeted by the CBI not just on the basis of diary entries but also on account of fi:esh line of enquiry S.K. Jain's revelations had opened up. It is alleged in certain quarters that on May 1,1996 Motilal Vora, Governor, Uttar Pradesh and P. Shiv Shankar, Governor, Kerala resigned after being implicated by the CBI in the Hawala scandal. CBI seemed to be applying d i^ ren t yardsticks for different people.

On March 1, 1996 the Supreme Court ordered the CBI to refrain from reporting the progress of investigatior« in the multicrore Hawala scandal to higher authorities including the Prime Minister. The directions were given to eliminate any impression of bias and avoid erosion of credibility of the CBI probe and any reasonable impression of lack of fairness and objectivity therein.

Poll ExpensesIn a landmark judgement, delivered on April 4, 1996 the Supreme Court

bench comprising Justice Kuldip Singh and Justice Faizan Uddin held that the expenditure incurred by a political party on a candidate in an election would

Prepoll Ups and Daums 65

fell within the prescribed ceiling of expenses if the soxirce of money was not revealed.

If a political party deliberately choose to violate or circumvent mandatory provisions of Income Tax Act and Representation of People Act and goes through the election process with the help of black and unaccounted money, the said party, ordinarily, cannot be permitted to say that it has incurred or authorised expenditure in connection with the election of its candidates in terms of Expiration 1 of Section 77 of the RP. Act, the Court held.

Any expenditure in connection with the election of a candidate, which according to him has been incurred by his political party, should be presumed to have been authorised by the candidate or his election agent. But the presumption is rebuttable.

"The candidate shall have to show that the said expenditure was in fact incurred by a political party and not by him. The candidate shall have to rebut the presumption by the evidentiary — standard as applicable to rebuttable presumptions imder the law of evidence," the Judges observed.

The operative parts of the judgement may be simimed up as below:• Urtless they have audited accoimts, political parties caimot claim

exemption for election expenses imder Section 77 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

• Under Article 324, the EC can issue directions to the political parties to submit all election expenditure for its scrutiny.

• Political parties which have not been filing IT returns for several years will be deemed to have violated the statutory provisions of the Income Tax Act.

As a follow up measure, the Election Commission issued necessary directions to all political parties.

According to the EC's directives, the eight national and 39 State registered and recognised parties, and 44 registered and unrecognised parties will have to submit details which should cover all expenditure incurred or authorised by them from March 19 this year — that is, from the date on which the EC announced the programme for the current elections — till the completion of elections in all ^ e constituencies in which they have set up candidates.

They have also been asked to furnish to the EC complete information on the opening balance of the party funds as on March 19, 1996 and the total receipts of the party from all sources from March 19 till the completion of electiorK, and the closing balance on the completion of all elections.

The EC further stated that these statements must be certified as to their correctness and completeness by an authorised office-bearer of the party.

The EC's letter stipulates that the details of the expenditure given should be clarified under two main heads — expenditure incurred or authorised on general party propaganda; and expenditure incurred or authorised in coruiection with the election of individual candidates. Under the experxses relating to candidates head the break up of expenditure in respect of each candidate has to be given separately.

Each of these two main heads have a nimiber of sub-heads under which the details have to be listed. The annexure to the letter provides the list of sub


heads also and the format for filing. For instance, the sub-heads for the Expenditure on General Party Propaganda includes publicity, travel exper«es of leaders and workers and maintenance and running of party/campaign offices. These are then itemised. To dte an example, while giving details of travel expenses, parties have also to specify the exper\ses for travel on cars/other four wheelers/three wheelers/two wheelers, train, aircraft/helicopter, ships etc., aitimal transport and expenses on accommodation etc.

All the details of expenditure should be submitted "as soon as may be after the current elections are over and in any case not later than 5 p.m. on 31st July,1996," the letter stated.

In its letter to the Revenue Secretary, the EC called for a status report on the filing of returns of income under the Income Tax Act by recognised rational and State political parties. Attaching a list of such parties for reference, it said that it would later seek information regarding registered ixnrecognised parties.

The Supreme Court verdict and the ECs directives can be best appreciated if one takes into account as to how much actually spent on contesting elections.

The permissible limits are Rs. 4.5 lakh for bigger States for a parliamentary constituency and the lowest Rs. 60,000 in a small Union Territory like Lakshadweep. Similarly a maximum ceiling of Rs. 1.50 lakh fixed for an A ss^b ly constituency in a bigger State while a lower figure of Rs. 10,000 as the maximimi for a State like Manipur. India Today (31.3.96) estimated that for 1991 Lok Sabha electior\s the total expenditiue must have come to around in NE States 72.74 crore with average spending ranging from Rs. 80 lakh to Rs. 100 lakh (in Delhi).

In a case study relating to South Delhi Urban Constituency (1991) the total of expenditure on all items was estimated around 1.25 crore. Figures for a rural Lok Sabha Constituency in Tamil Nadu put the expenses incurred at about Rs. 35 lakhs.

Return of Two Ordinances by the PresidentAn attempt by the Central Government to bypass Parliament with two

poll-eve ordinances, considered in some quarters as designed to improve the electoral prospects of the Congress, was thwarted by the President Shai\kar Dayal Sharma as the President questioned the propriety of promulgating them at this juncture when the last session of the Parliament was over. One Ordinance related to the reduction of the Lok Sabha Poll campaign period from three to two weeks and the other to extension of reservation to Dalit Christians.

Election Commission Code for TV CoverageOn March 27,1996 the Election Conunission released the code of conduct

for television coverage of the Lok Sabha electioris. This was aimed at ensuring that the medium is used in the best interests of democracy.

Listing the various dos and don'ts, the code specified that no one candidate in any constituency be projected. "While it is not necessary to cover every candidate, at least the important candidates should be covered in any report from a constituency," it said. The code prollibited the coverage of any election

Prepoll Ups and Dovms 67

speech or material that could incite violence among linguistic or religious groups.

Campaigning and excerpts from speeches; symbols, banners and flags of parties; results of opinion polls by non-political prof^ional organisations with a proven record; party marxifestoes and their positions on different electoral issues should be covered in a balanced and fair marmer, says the code.

It explained that by "balanced and fair," it meant no party should be given substantially more coverage than the others. "This balance need not be achieved in any single day or in a single story but over a reasonable period of time, say, one week." A balance implied that one party should not seem to be projected too much while excluding the others, it says. The code made it mandatory for all television producers to record a copy of their programme for vise as a reference in case of any dispute.

The commission was to be the final arbiter in any dispute. "Hie final interpretation of any disputed passage or story should be with the Election Commission."

RSS's Campaign for Hindutva ForcesFor the first time since Independence, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

(RSS) decided to deploy its cadres to campaign for tiie 'Hindutva forces' in the 1996 elections terming the polls as a 'turning point, in the nation's history. In a directive to the 'Swayamsevak's members of RSS, the leadership has called for their "wholehearted, full time participation in the mass-awakening prograirmie under the guidelines of Sangh teaching to bring the country out of the present edipse caused by the anti-Hindutva forces."

In two separate appeals RSS Sanghchalak (Chief) Shri Rajendra Singh and 'Sar Karaya', General Secretary Shri H.V. Sheshadri have asked Sangh and Sangh Pariwar—allied organisations to turn the event into a practical landmark. According to appeals, "the coming elections will be a test of the people's propensity to the Hindutva concepts."

The RSS cadres, however, were not to share the BJP platform and were to run its campaign from its plank. The last time the RSS actively took part in the poll campaign was in 1977. The issues emphasised were: Ayodhya temple, national security, Pakistan's hostility to India, the Purulia arms-drop, Bangladeshi infiltration, cow protection, clean life and safeguarding Indian culture from alien influence.

The RSS leadership justified its active participation in campaign in terms of its perception of these Lok Sabha elections as ^ e "most significant political event since the 1977 general elections in the wake of Emergency."

The number of the RSS workers throughout the country is estimated at about 10 lakhs.

Political Parties and AlliancesThere are 442 uiuecognised but registered political parties in India. As

many as 121 of these parties have prefixes and suffixes like all-India, Indian and National.


Forty-four parties are prefixed or suffixed by words like "Lok Jan" and "Janata". "Democratic/' "People's", and "Republication" qualify 24 parties.

Twenty-three political parties are prefixed or suffixed by the word "Congress".

Words like "Socialist" or "Samajwadi" can be found in the names of 21 parties. Seven are qualified by the word "Conununist" Four use the word "Ram Rajya". There are eight Republican parties, seven Akali Dais (almost aU in Punjab), seven Jharkhand parties and sue Bahujan parties.

With announcement of the general election dates, political parties started finalizing the details of the poll campaign including the selection of candidates and finalization of alignments and alliances. The decision of the Congress to forge an alliance with AIADMK in Tamil Nadu, much against the wishes of rank and file and leaders of the Congress Party unit in the State led to a split of the party in the State with the senior Party Leader, G.K. Moopanar and his followers going separate ways and clinching an electoral pact with DMK, led by Karunanidhi. TTie Janata Dal had a tie up with the Samajwadi Party in U.P. and also explored the possibility of seat adjustment with the Indira Congress (T). It ran into trouble when a section of its leaders wanted a tie-up with Kanshi Ram's Bahujan Samaj Party. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) had

Table: 7.1 Lok Sabha Alliance Partnera

Prepoll Ups and Doums 69

Party/Parties State Seats SharedParty No

1. Akali Dal and BSP Punjab Akali Dal 9(Adjustment of seats) BSP 3

Friendly contest 1(Gurdaspur)

2. BJPMaharashtra BJP 28

Shiv Sena 20

Haryana BJP 6HVP 4

Bihar BJP 32Samata Party 22

SP

3. Congress Tamil Nadu Congress 16AIADMK 10

4. DMK/Congress(Moopanar) Tamil Nadu Congress 20

Moopanar)DMK 19

5. Janata Dal Madhya Pradesh JD 10Congress (T) 16

Uttar Pradesh JD 16SP 68

alliances with the Haryana Vikas Party for Haryana, the Samata Party (into which the former Prime Minister Q\andra Shekhar's Samajwadi Janata Party has merged recently) for Bihai* and the Shiv Sena for Maharashtra. The AkaliDal has entered into a tenuous alliance with the BSP in Punjab. In Assam, theAsom Gana Parishad (AGP) is already a constituent of the National Front. In Jammu and Kashmir, the National Conference decided to boycott the elections.

Table 7.2: Statewise Alliances of Political Parties

State Political Parties

1. Assam: AGP and Left Front2 Bihar: BJP and Samta Party3. Haryana: BJP and HVP4. Kerala: Congres? and Muslim League5. Maharashtra 1. BJP and Shiv Sena

2. Seven non BJP and non-Congress parties Front-(l) Janata Dal (2); RPG (1); Samajwadi Party (7); CPI (3); CPM (3); Bahujan Mahasangh (4); PWD (4) and Kamgar Agadhi (1)

6. Punjab: 1. Akali Dal (B) and BSP7. Tamil Nadu: 1. Congress and AlADMK.

2. DMK led group includes DMK, CPI,Forward Block, Indian National League,

8. Tripura : Congress Moopanar (TMC),Congress and Tripura National Volimteers.

9. Uttar Pradesh 1. Janata Dal and Samajwadi Party2. Left and National Front

Marriages of ConvenienceSunday of 7-13 April, 1996 illustrated the scenario as under:

Alliance-Makers: Congress - AlADMKR. Venkataraman: The former President has been one of Jayalalitha's closest

advisers. Shares her animus towards Subramaiuam Swamy. Key figure in bringing Narasimha Rao and Jayalalitha together, arguing that whatever else Jayalalitha represented friendly forces.

Prabhakar Rao and Subash: Since the Congress-AIADMK alliance broke in 1993, Prabhakar Rao, the PM's second son, and Subash, his grandson, have been working to mend i t The former, in fact, has been performing yagnas to get the alliance going. He is said to have used the pretext of Rajnikath not being available for campaigning in the electior« for Narasimha Rao to make a deal with Jayalalitha.

P.V.R.K. Prasad and K. Saranyan: Since the alliance broke, Narasimha Rao and Jayalalitha have had 12 one-to-one meetings, Prasad, the PM's information adviser, and Saranyan, Secretary, security, aided in these.


Anti-alliance GroupN. Pano Sheila Priya: The Secretary to TN Governor M. Channa Reddy,

Priya made several trips to Delhi with briefe and documents against Jayalalitha sent by Reddy which were the basis of the subsequent raids on friends and associates of Jayalalitha.

Samajwadi Party-Janata Dal

Alliance-MakersMulayam Singh Yadav: Thrashed out most of the seat-sharing deals himself,

aided by his cousin and Rajya Sabha member. Ram Gopal Yadav. JD was keen to get ^ per cent of the seats in UP but Mulayam beat it down.

Mufti Mohammad Sayeed: The former Home Minister insisted on the deal.

Ram Vilas Paswan: Wanted to keep Kanshi Ram's BSP out and be the principal Scheduled Caste vote-catcher in UP. But couldn't get a suitable constituency.

Harkishan Singh Sutjeek Most persistent of all the CPI (M) leaders that the JD go with the SP. Called on JD president Laloo Yadav several times and even pressed V.P. Singh to approve the alliance. Jyoti Basu also pressed Mulayam's case.

H.D. Deve Gowda: Tlie Karnataka Chief Minister is Mulayam's friend since the Janata days and also shares Chandra Shekar as a mentor.

AmbivalentV.P. Singh: He has said in interviews that he considers Mulayam Singh a

future Indian Prime Minister. But their relations have been strained since the late Eighties. This is partly because Chandra Shekhar was opposed to V.P. Singh and partey because, in the race for the UP Chief Mir^tership in 1989, Mulayam thougj\t V.P. Singh was really keen on Ajit Singh. But, in the final voting V.P. Singh backed Mulayam.

In the current round of negotiations, V.P. Singh was for a deal with Mulayam and vwth Kanshi Ram. He didn't want the Harijan vote to split, as it is boimd to do now, to the BJPs advantage. But the Left said the BSP could be spoken to later, by which time, Kanshi Ram had upped and left.

Laloo Prasad Yadav: Till very late, he was set on allying wath the BSP. But, obviously, there was considerable pressure from the Left to have Mulayam in instead.

BJP-Samata Party

Alliance-MakersGeorge Fernandes: Prime-mover. He was one with the BJP on the swadeshi

issue.Jaya Jaitley: Has also been involved in bringing Fernandes close to the BJP.

Quite a tumaroimd anyhow.


SJP-BJP


Alliance-MakerChandra Shekhar The former Prime Mmister has been dose to RSS chief

Rajinder Singh for years. And has good friendship with Nanaji Deshmukh and the Rajasthan Chief Minister, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat.

DMK-Congress (Moopanar Faction)

AlUance-MakersRajnikanth: Piqued by the Congress' alliance with Jayalalitha, the Tamil

film star spoke to Kanmanidhi and Moopanar from the US, where he's holidaying, asking them to come together.

Cho Ramaswamy; Kanmanidhi and Moopanar couldn't agree on the number of seats to give to the latter's new Congress. Moopanar wanted as many as 30 Lok Sabha seats and Kanmanidhi, sajdng he had come in too late, offered about 10.

Ramaswamy, the editor of Tughkq meditated to get 20 Lok Sabha seats and 40 Assembly seats in Tamil Nadu for Moopanar.

Table: 7.3 Pre-poll Defections

Name Old Party New Party

Arif Beg BJP Congress (I)Col. Ram Singh Congress (I) BJPDinesh Trivedi Janata Dal Congress (I)C.K. Moopanar Congress (I) Tamil Maanila CongressKalpanath Rai Congress (I) IndependentK.P. Urmikrishnan Congress (S) Congress (I)Krishendra (Deepa) Kaur BJP Congress (I)Madhav Rao Sdndia Congresss (I) M.P. Vikas CongressM. Arunachalam Congress (I) Tamil Maanila CongressManeka Gandhi SJP Janata DalNatwar Singh Congress (I) Congress (T)P. Chidambaram Congress (I) Tamil Maanila CongressR. Prabhu Congres (T) Congress (I)Rajkumar Rai Janata Dal Congress (I)Ramvir Singh Viduri Janata Dal Congress (I)Salim Sherwani Congress (I) Samajwadi PartyShailendra Mahato BJP JMM


The Times Poll — 2 conducted during April 24-28 on a sample of 5,300 voters spread over 53 constituencies projected as follows;

Table 7.4: The Time Poll Projections

Party Seats

Congress and Allies 169BJP and Allies 165NF/LF 145Others 58

(The Times Poll 1 had given the BJP 180-195 seats against the Congress taUy of 135-158 seats). The other findings were:

The Eleventh Lok Sabha elections is more about splits than about swings. Both the Congress and the BJP are affected by this, but the Congress suffers much more. The National Front, a conglomeration of parties, is the result of this democratic trend.

Almost the entire decline in seat share for the Congress and its allies is explained by three states — Tamil Nadu (36 seats), Maharashtra (20 seats) and Madhya Pradesh (19 seats). JayalaUtha, according to both Times Polls, is possibly the most disliked politician in the country, while the joint vote for the Congress and the Congress (Moopanar) in Tamil Nadu will likely be the highest in history. Thus, the Congress decline in seats in TamU Nadu has little to do with issues, and more to do with personalities, name change and alleged corruption of a local politician. In Madhya Pradesh, the story is of Congress splits. For both Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, the opinion polls fail to reveal any single issue that is causing the voters to switch away from the Congress to the BJP.

The Congress is forecast to maintain its tally of six seats in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Yet its vote share in Uttar Pradesh may fall into single digits from18 per cent in 1991, and decline to 16 per cent in Bihar, from 24 per cent. Adding the Tamil Nadu dedine suggests that almost half of the 9 per cent decline in vote share is explained by Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

The opinion polls do yield one overriding conclusion: that the voters believe their representatives do little or no work — fully 70 per cent of the respondents believe this to be the case. One explar\ation therefore for the universally predicted hvmg Parliament is that the voters are fed up with the choices and are choosing either to not vote or to switch allegiances without much provocation or explanation.

MARG Opinion PoU (April 13 and April 19,1996). The poll commissioned by India Today came out with the following projections:


Table 7.5: Marg Opionion Poll Projections

Party Seats in 1991 Projection fo r 1996

Congress (I) 248" 168-187Including UDF in Kerala

BJP including 124 178-197Shiv Sena in Maharashtra

NF-LF 115** 103-117* Includes Janata Dal (G) in Gujarat** Includes TDP in Andhra Pradesh and JMM in Bihar

While the Congress share of votes was, according to the forecast was shown as declining from 36.9 to 31.9, the upward swing for BJP was shown as rising from 20.9 to 25. The NF-LF share was projected to decline from 20.7 in 1991 to 17.6 in 1996.

The survey put the number of undecided voters at 10.6 per cent. In the Zonal analysis, BJP was shown as gairung ground in North and West. Congress was well ^ e a d of the rest in South while NF-LF led in the East.

Zone North Fast West South

Congress 24-31 35-40 49-56 55-63BJP 79-86 21-27 62-68 14-19NF-LF 23-29 64-71 0-2 12-18Others 8-10 12-15 0-4 38-42

Delhi Doordarshan's first ever Exit Poll (May 7, 1996) came out with following projections:

Table 7.6: Delhi Doordaishan Exit Poll

Party Seats

Congress 142 (260)BJP 192 (113)NF/LF 134 (73)Others 67 (99)

(Figures in brackets represent seats held in 1991)Table 7.7: Rating of Persons Considered to Be Most

Capable of Becoming Prime M inisterPerson % c f Ranking

Narasimha Rao 29A.B. Vajpayee 27Sonia Gandhi 15V.P Singh 9Jyoti Basu 4l^loo Yadav 3Mulayam Singh 2(Outlook, April 10, 1996)

8

Conduct of 1996 Elections

There is one member for each constituency. The present number of constituencies was fixed in 1989 when the number of Lok Sabha seats was raised from 542 to 543 (excluding 2 nominated members). The Constitution (Article 82) prescribes that a fresh drawing of boundaries should take place after every census. Qianges in the number of seats have occurred on accoimt of several factors like administrative convenience remoteness, state boimdaries etc. On the recommendations of four Delimitation Commissions changes from time to time have been made in the number of Lok Sabha seats.

Table 8.1: Statewise Electorate and Contesting Candidates 1996

State No. of Seats No. of Contestants

No. of Electorates

1 2 3 4

Andhra Pradesh 42 1462 49434445Arunachal Pradesh 2 10 54413Assam 14 137 12585712Bihar 54 1436 58360467Delhi 7 523 8498009Goa 2 30 868138Gujarat 26 577 28598056Haryana 10 294 11114478Himachal Pradesh 4 54 3532477Janunu & Kashmir 6 110 4271418Kamataka 28 980 31705177Kerala 20 232 20671374Madhya Pradesh 40 1259 43862983Maharashtra 48 1065 55291784Manipur 2 28 1286260Meghalaya 2 13 1091603Mizoram 1 4 406801Nagaland 1 3 874518Orissa 21 226 22415932Punjab 13 259 14457882Rajasthan 25 1001 30382220Sikkim 1 7 228922Tamil Nadu 39 749 42461801Tripura 2 20 1647637


1Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Andaman & Nicobar Chandigargh Dadra, Nagar Haveli Daman & Diu Lakshadweep Pondicherry_________

8542

329739711483052

21

10018846045310088

211216448453949097024233894

627395* Figures are for 1991.

Table 8.2: Lok Sabha Constituencies w ith over 20 per cent M uslim VotersState No. of Constituencies

Uttar Pradesh 25West Bengal 16 Kerala 4Bihar 9 Gujarat 3Andhra Pradesh 6 Maharashtra 3Assam 6 Tamil Nadu 2Karnataka 5 Delhi 2Rajasthan 5 Lakshadweep 1Jammu & Kashmir 4Madhya Pradesh 4

The Election ScheduleThe Election Conunission, in a unanimous decision recommends a four

phase general election to constitute the Eleventh Lok Sabha and six State Assemblies (Assam, Haryana, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry and West Bengal). Details of the various stages of election schedule are given in Table 82 and 8.3.

Table 8.3: Stages of 19% pollsS. No Stage Date

1. Notification of Poll March 272. Last date for filing nominations April 33. Scrutiny of nominations April 44. Withdrawal of nominations except in Nagaland April 85. (a) Counting (For the Parliamentary and Assembly seats

where polling scheduled on April 27 and May 2) May 8(b) Counting (for the Jammu & Kashmir May 23

Lok Sabha constituencies and where polling Statedon May 7 and May 21)

(c) Counting (for all other Constituencies May 7going for election on May 7)

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NominationsOut of about 25,000 nominations nearly 1,000 papers were rejected when

the papers for the polls to Lok Sabha and six Assemblies were scrutinised across the coimtry on April 4, 1996. Most of the papers rejected belonged to Independents. With this, the second phase of electoral process for 543 Lok Sabha seats and 914 Assembly corwtituendes ended on April 4. With over 8,000 candidates withdrawing on April 7,1996, a record number of 16,000 candidates remained in the field for 543 Lok Sabha seats. EHiring 1991 elections, 8,699 candidates had contested.

First Phase of PollingPolling was held during the first phase of the 11th Lok Sabha in Assam for

14 seats, Haryana 10, Himachal Pradesh 4, Kerala 20, Punjab 13, Andhra Pradesh21, Karnataka 17, Rajasthan 15 and Tamil Nadu 25 besides Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, Pondicherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (one each) and for7 in Delhi.

Besides the Lok Sabha polls, elections for Tamil Nadu and Kerala Assemblies were also held simultaneously. Polling in Nazira and Dispur Assembly constituency in Assam had been countermanded following the death of Assam Chief Minister Hiteshwar Sakia who was contesting both the seats. Polling in Dergaon Assembly constituency was countermanded after an Independent candidate was killed in an accident.

An estimated 50-55 per cent of the 161 million electorate voted in the first phase of the polling. Polling was generally peaceful except for a few cases of violence in Andhra, Assam, Delhi and Haryana. Andhra topped in violence at about 27 polling stations. Thre^ in Prime Minister Narasirnha Rao's Nandyal constituency. Three persons were killed in violence one each is Andhra, Haryana and Tamil Nadu.

The Election Commission received over 300 complaints of disruption from the 14 States and Union Territories which went to polls on April 27. The highest number of complaints —155 had been received from Andhra Pradesh. The EC ordered repoll in the Nagaon Assembly constituency in Assam and in 69 polling stations, including 17 in Prime Minister's constituency of Nandyal. Two persons were killed in poll related violence in Tamil Nadu.

All over the country tight security arrangement was made for ballot boxes. Repolling in 447 polling stations of Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu where the polling on April 27 was disrupted due to group clashes, snatching of ballot papers and booth capturing was held on April 30. Assam topped the list of States where fresh polling took place at all 129 polling stations in Nagaon Assembly coristituency. Besides Nagaon, votes were cast again at 96 booths elsewhere in the State. Andhra Pradesh followed with repoll being ordered at 174 booths. The other affected States were: Haryana (26 booths), Rajasthan (15), Tamil Nadu (4) and Karnataka (1).

In Haryana, the staff at the Assembly segments of Sadhura, Badle Meham, Narwana, Tosham and Adampur had been alerted about apprehensions to tamper with ballot boxes. Security had been geared up in these areas.


Second Phase of PollingIn the second phase of polling on May 2, it was estimated that 50 to 60 per

cent of the electorate voted whidh was marked by stray incidents of violence leaving 13 dead and several injured. Two hundred and four Lok Sabha constituencies and 232 Assembly constituencies of West Bengal and Tamil Nadu went for polls. A little more than 223 million electorate in 17 States and Union Territories turned out to vote. Eight people were killed in Bihar; and 5 in other States. Snatching of ballot boxes were reported from various places. In Andhra Pradesh, a police Sub-Inspector was killed and two constables injured when Naxalites set off a powerful landmine blast in Nizamabad district. Incidents of bogus voting were reported from Amreli, Bhavnagar and Surat in Gujarat. Poll boycott failed in Uttarakhand.

Shoot-at-sight orders had been issued in Bihar and parts of Uttar Pradesh and more than 3,00,000 preventive arrests made as a precautionary measure for the second phase of polling for India's Eleventh Lok Sabha election slated for Thursday. The preventive arrests included 125,000 from Uttar Pradesh alone.

The Election Commission declared as 'sensitive or hypersensitive" nearly 40 per cent of the polling booths in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Overall, 25 to 30 per cent of the total number of polling booths, set up for this round, fall in these categories.

Unprecedented security measures had been taken in view of apprehensions of violence, following reports from Bihar that "Private armies" had b e ^ operating there. Para-military forces have fanned out in 17 States and Union Territories from where 204 members of the Lok Sabha and 223 members of two assemblies of West Bengal and Tamil Nadu were to be elected. About 6,00,000 security personnel had been deployed and 1.5 million officials pressed into service to conduct the polling. More than five lakh personnel of the State police, home guards and rangers had also been deployed. Besides, about 75,000 para-military personnel, who had been drafted for duty for the first phase on April 27, had also been deployed for polls.

In May 2 polling, the largest in terms of seats and the electorate, about 223 million voters including about 15 nuUion in the 18-21 age group, exercised franchise at 292,425 polling stations deciding the fate of nearly 6,000 Lok Sabha and 2,424 assembly aspirants. There were 447 women candidates, of which about two-third were independent and one-third had been put up by various political parties.

The polling also covered assembly by-elections in six constituencies of five States—^Bihar (two) and Maharashtra, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Meghalaya (one each).

The EC ordered repolling in 125 polling stations in 31 parliamentary constituencies spread across Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka and Andhra. The Statewise break-up of the polling stations in which repoUing was ordered included Rajasthan (31): Dausa 13, Bharatpur9, Bayana 2 and Sawai Madhopur 7; Karnataka (9): Bidar 1, Raichur 5, Chitradurga 2 and Chikballapur 1; Andhra Pradesh 57: Srikakulam 2, BobbiM1, Anakapalli 2, Nagarkumool 3, Mahbubnagar 8, Siddipet 2, Medak 3,

Conduct of 1996 Elections 79

Nizamabad 4, Pedapalli 3, Karimnagar 1, Hanamkonda 22, Warangal 1 and Miryalguda 5; Madhya Pradesh 1: Indore 1; Uttar Pradesh 21: Garhwal 1, Bijnor 1, Shahjahanpur 4, Balarampur 11, Gonda 3, and Basti 1.

Over 70 per cent voters exercised their franchise in incident-free fresh polling on May 4 at 531 polling stations in five States, which was necessitated following large-scale violence and all malpractices in the second phase of elections on May 2.

The constituencies in Bihar where repoll was conducted are Qiapra (78), Gopalgunj (58), Siwan (51) Vaishali (46), Maharajgunj (38), Sitamarhi (43), Motihari (28), Bettiah (6), Bagaha (one), Hajipur (seven), Muzaffarpur (four), Samastipur (11), Rosera (eight), Madhubani (one), Jhanjharpur (22), Darbhanga (10), Barh (23), Balia (two) and Saharsa and Sheohar (17 each). Nine persons were killed during the first phase of poll in the State of Bihar.

RepoU in six West Bengi booths under Malda and Murshidabad districts also passed off peacefully tcxiay with an average 87 per cent of polling recorded, repoll was held to three booths under Araidanga Assembly constituency and one booth each at Beldanga, Domkal and Malda Assembly cor\stituendes. The highest turnout was recorded at a booth at Domkal widi 94 per cent of the voters exercising their franchise which was followed by another polling station in Malda with 89 per cent and Beldanga with 85 per cent. The three booths under Araidanga Assembly constituency recorded 89,82 and 82 per cent polling respectively.

In Bhubaneswar repolling in 22 polling stations went off peacefully. The highest number of 15 booths, where fresh polls took place today were in Aska Lok Sabha constituency in south Orissa where Janata Dal stalwart, Biju Patnaik is the candidate.

Repolling was also held in two polling stations at Goba under Chatrapur Assembly segment of Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency.

Third Phase of PollingAt least 16 people were killed and several injured in violence today in Bihar

and Uttar Pradesh in the third and practically the last phase of the general poll which witnessed a turnout of around 50 per cent, while Jammu and Kashmir registered over 65 per cent tiunout in an incident-free election.

In Bihar, 15 people were killed in mine explosions, bomb blasts and armed clashes involving members of extremist groups in Palamu Hazaribagh, Jehanabad, Gaya and Begusarai Lok Sabha constituencies during polling. Palamu alone accounted for five deaths followed by Jehanabad with four, Hazaribagh and Gaya vwth two each and Begusarai one. Another person was killed in police firing in Mainpviri in Uttar Pradesh during attempts at booth capturing.

West Bejigal, the only State which had simultaneously polling to the Lok Sabha and Assembly, registered the maximum tiunout of 80, closely followed by Nagaland (76), Tripura and Marupur (65 each) and Orissa (60). The States of Gujarat and Maharashtra had poor turnout of 30 to 35 per cent and 40 per cent respectively. The percentage was marginally better in Uttar Pradesh at 40 to 50 and in Madhya Pradesh at 50.


Jammu & Kashmir: In the State of Jammu and Kashmir, witnessing elections for the first time in seven years, 55-60 per cent voters were cast in the Jammu constituency while the Ladakh seat saw 80 per cent polling. To disrupt the polls, Pakistani troops fired shells and rockets in 27 places in the border district of Poonch in Jammu and Kashmir from across the line of control. Referring to the polling in Jammu and Ladakh today, Krishnamurthy, Election Commissioner, said that Pakistan had resorted to firing and shelling since early morning in the Bagial Darra sector to frighten voters away. However, in anticipation of trouble, the State Government had made preparations for alternative voting sites and these booths were used. Claiming that it was a matter of prestige, dignity and happiness that there were no incidents of violence in the State, the EC mentioned that the State Government had tightened the security grid to guard against it. It arrested 367 anti-sodal elements, expanded and strengthen polling parties and enhanced the polling staff among other measures.

According to Krishnamurthy this time the violence was comparatively low both in the coxmtry and in Bihar which is considered as one of the most trouble- tom States during elections. "The violence is much less than what we anticipated", Krishnamurthy said, adding that the EC anticipated three times more violence than which took place during the three rovinds of electiorts throughout the coiantry.

Observations on the Conduct of ElectionsObservations made by The Hindustan Times in its editorial of May 7, 1996,

very aptly provide the overall picture of the conduct of elections.This misplaced obsession with keeping the voter's choice free of all "subtle

inducements" led to many other quixotic decisior\s like the banning of cotton export, which only added to the miseries of farmers in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Even before the Andhra Pradesh High Court struck it dovm, the Commission should have realised that it has no control over commercial decisions of this kind. Similarly, the cancellation of the exter^ion given to the Director General of Police, Uttar Pradesh, was done ignoring the fact that the orders were issued before the election dates were announced. The objection to the appointment of the Executive Trustee of UTI can be justified only if the Commission is empowered to paralyse the administration by questioning each and every decision of the Government. The Commission also exceeded its jurisdiction in banning not orJy the reference to the Ram temple construction in Ayodhya but the perils posed by ISI activities from the BJP poll broadcast, which showed scant respect to a political party's legitimate areas of canvassing. While the respect for the electoral laws that the Commission has been able to instil in the contestants is certainly conmiendable, the Election Commission should tealise, based on its experience of the current exercise, the limits of its jurisdiction and authority to weed out any mark of imposition from the people's mandate."Lessons for the Election Commission

What is immediately obvious is that unlike some of the recent elections when the commission and its ebullient chief were widely praised for curbing extravagant campaigns and ensuring fair polls, the obverse side of some of

Conduct of 1996 Elections 81

these efforts became noticeable this time, suggesting that a far more sophisticated and purposeful approach is needed to make elections a genuinely meaningful exercise. For a start, the question of expenditure has to be re-examined to restore the colour and gaiety which is normally associated with Indian polls.

The reason why the political parties took care not to cross the ceiling on expenditure was the fear of pimitive action which T N Seshan has successfully instilled by his histrionics and temperamental action in the political class. But while such apprehensions may have worked at the relatively higher orgaiiisational levels controlling the purse-strings, they did not at the grovmd level, particularly in Bihar, where old-style violence and booth-capturing were once again in evidence. Clearly, when a political contest became a tense and closely-fought one, the parties threw all restraint to the winds and had no compunction, or difficulty, in violating the most basic of all conduct rules — that of allowing voters to vote. It seems that when a party is fairly confident of wirming, it generously allows the electorate to exercise its franchise, but not when it is under pressure, as the Janata Dal was in Bihar this time. The Commission will have to consider once again this recurring problem of Indian elections after looking at the video films, if it has any, of the unruly scenes" {Indian Express, May 9, 1996).

The usual explanation for the two phenomena — lower turnout and lower violence — is adduced to the so-called 'Seshan factor' in the Indian elections. The Election Commission's dogged insistence on the model code of conduct did rob the campaigning of its festive element, resulting in one of the most lacklustre campaigns in recent history. This, together with the improved effectiveness of the returning officers and the threat of repoll, contributed to the making of a weU-conducted if dull election. However, the Seshan factor has been somewhat exaggerated. After all, there is enormous variation in both the level of turnout and the degree of violence between and within States. Since the Seshan factor was common to all States in the country, such regional variation is then left unexplained. What causes the usual variation between States in terms of turnout? The level of education of the electorate and the increased activity of cadre-based parties in a region have been found to strongly correlate v«th higher voter turnout the world over. In the more literate Kerala, and the politically better mobilised West Bengal voter tvimout was much above the national average, as it has been for some time now (The Times of India, May 9, 1996).


1996 ElectionsThe Tit-bits

1033 candidates for one Assembly seat. A record number of candidates in fray for Modakurichi Assembly constituency in Periyar district (Tamil Nadu) led the EC to postpone polling citing "admiiiistrative and other difficulties," in view of the large number of candidates.

456 candidates for one Parliamentary seat. 456 candidates from Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency and 418 from Nalgonda Parliamentary constituency posed a serious problem for the election officers as the number of candidates in the poll fray far exceeded the 105 symbols listed with the EC.

About 600 per cent increase in the average number of candidates. In 1996 elections the average nimiber of candidates increased 592 per cent as compared with 1952, the first election. As against the average of 3.8 in India the average number of candidates per Lok Sabha seat increased to 26.3.

Presidents don't vote! President Shankar Dayal Sharma, named in serial 1 of Delhi's voters list, did not exercise his franchise. Not surprising, observers will tell you, for, the country's first citizen never votes in general elections. Presidents are boimd by the Cor^stitution not to favour any party at the hustings.

Seven Congress in Kerala. Four under UDF—Congress (1), Kerala Congress (Mani), Kerala Congress (Jacob), Kerala Congress (Pillai); under LDF—Congress (S), and Kerala Congress (Joseph) and Congress (T).

Three DMKs and three Congress parties in Tamil Nadu. In Tamil Nadu elections, there were 3 DMKs— DMK, AIADMK and MDMK led by DMK rebel V. Gopalaswami. The three Congress groups/parties were Congress (I), Congress (T) and TMC (Tamil Maanila Congress) of former Congress leaderG.K. Moopanar.

Largest Parliamentary Constituency. Outer Delhi constituency has 29,62,000 voters. Traditionally it has been a Congress stronghold with the party wiiming the seat in 8 out of 10 Lok Sabha elections.

Disproportionate Voters in ConstituenciesThere appears to be little rational in demarcating constituencies. For instance,

the outer Delhi Parliamentary constituency has aroimd 29 lakhs voters in 29 Assembly segments as compared with just 3.8 lakh voters in Chandni Chowk constituency. East Delhi constituency comes a close second with 23 lakh voters. Karol Bagh has a voter's strength of 5.6 lakhs; South Delhi 11 lakhs; and New Delhi 5.45 lakhs and Delhi Sadar 5.27 lakhs.

Political Parties and Food Parties to the PressThe results of a survey conducted by Business India and reported in its issue

of April 22-May 5,1996 make an interesting reading and are reproduced here.BOMBAY: The most elaborate: the BJP is sparing no expense to entice

joximalists in the nation's financial capital. It's menu includes kaju-barfi, chiwda and samosas (with lots of garlic chutney). Interestingly, to wash it all down, the party originally provided authentic Gujarati masala chai, but then abruptly shifted to Mirinda. And why the switch, that too to the product of an exploitative MNC, one which also ovms Kentucky Fried Chicken? Presumably, the drink's orange colour overrides all other coi^siderations. The Congress is presumably pushing envirorunental credentials with fruit juice rather tiian tea, and ethnic dahi-fnissal. And nothing could better illustrate the penury of the Janata Dal better than its offering of wafers and tea.

CALCUTTA: The least elaborate: either 19 years in power or maybe just believing in a simple way of life led Jyoti Basu's CPM to offer half-fille^ cups of black tea laced with lime juice. The Congress was slightly better with its offering of muri (puffed rice) accompanied by green chillis and oruon or brinjal bhajiyas, all wrapped in three sheets of newspaper. For parched throats, there was tea (this time with milk). A rather humble fere, wouldn't you say, considering the fact that Bengalis are supposed to love eating.

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: The party to follow here is clearly the Indian Union Muslim League, which dishes out some rather excellent biryani, presumably cooked in the Moplah style. Going all out to win over the scribes. Congressman and President of the Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee, Vayalar Ravi, offered the press a sumptuous dinner of central Travancore dishes prepared by wife Mercy ^ v i , who some say is an aspiring politician in her own right.

MADRAS: It seems that party leaders of the AIADMK are on a diet. For, this is one party that does not offer the paparazzi a thing to either eat or drink. The rest unifonnly offer samosas and chiwda.

BANGALORE: Here, parties have adopted a staple election offering of uppama and filter coffee.

PUNE: The Congress, reports out Pune correspondent, is terrified of Seshan's expenditure ceilings and has not yet started regular media briefings. In fact, at the first press briefing by Sharad Pawar and Suresh Kalmadi, there was a great deal of show about not serving anything before the leaders left the venue so that it wouldn't be chalked up to their accovmts. And when Kalmadi called a press conference at his own Poona Coffee House, orJy tea was served.

The BJP is a bit more gutsy and lot more generous with a standard fare of wafers/and or batata xvadas, barfis and bottled lime juice. A Shiv Sena MLA sits in on the briefings and doesn't do anything separately. However, last fortnight BJP stalwart and Deputy Chief Minister, Gopinath Munde treated journalists to tea/coffee and biscuits at L.R. Bhojwani's spai\king new Holiday Inn hotel.

No Water, No Vote: People of 18 villages of four parliamentary constituencies in Rajasthan boycotted today's polling to press their demands about the water supply. According to official sources in Jaipur, people in 13 villages under the Bhadra tehsU in the Ganganagar (SC) constituency decided not to cast their


ballot in protest against the non completion of the construction of a canal in the area. Similarly, two villages of Pali constituency and one village each in the Churu, Banner and Qiittorgarh constituencies stayed away from polling in protest against "insufficient" water supply.

Who Needs Politicians? Voters have several reasons for boycotting the polls, disillusionment with the sitting MP or MLA being the most common. But an old woman had an offbeat reason for ignoring the politicians.

"We have a tube-well in our area and a well in the field. This year, we got a bumper harvest and made a lot of money by selling i t Actually, we do not have many problems with electricity either. Who needs politicians when I don't have a "problem," she said.

101-Year Old Casts His Vote: I have been casting my vote in all the elections since Independence and would do so till I die. A 101 -year-old voter, Suhiram Bora, who was carried by three of his sons to cast his vote at a polling booth in the Guwahati Parliamentary constituency.

Votes and Dies: A 65-year-old voter of Vikramangalam in the Usilampatti Assembly constituency in Madurai district collapsed and died after exercising his franchise this mon\ing.

The voter, Chidambaranadar, who came out after voting, appeared very excited and shouted to other queuing up outside his booth to vote for the Tion' (the Forward Bloc's symbol) (77k Hindustan Times, April 28, 1996).

Luring Voters on the Phone: The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), faced with the strict guidelines from the Election Commission on poll campaigning, has come up with an innovative idea to woo voters on telephone.

Anyone answering the telephone in thousand lights constituency, fix)m where DMK supremo M. Karunanidhi's son M.K Stalin is contesting for the assembly, can hear a pleasant female voice asking them to vote for flie DMK candidate.

Those staying outside the coi\stituency are asked to support the DMK- Tamil Maanila Congress combine. (UNI)

A Tall Challenge: His height may be 79 cm only but 35-year old Domayi promises to throw "a tall challenge" from the Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency to his opponents Atal Bihari Vajpayee of BJP and cinestar Raj Babbar of Samata Party.

I want to plead in Lok Sabha the case of dwarfe who have not been granted any facility by the government so far. They have not even been granted ttie status of physically handicapped, he says. (PTI)

High Stakes on Winners Satta Market. Satta markets in Rajasthan these days are blistering v«th activity and according to rough estimates a staggering amount of Rs. 100 crore is involved in betting about the performance of Congress and BJP in the current Lok Sabha election.

According to market sources here, of late bookies are favouring the BJP which they think would emerge as the single largest party. They are offering only 80 paise against Re 1 before the first phase of polling on April 27. Currently the rates of Congress to emerge as a single largest party are Rs. 1.25 against Re.l. (The Hindustan Times, May 2, 1996).

1996 Elections: The Tit-bits 85

Horses Carrying Ballot Boxes: The district police have deployed 105 horses for transportation of polling personnel and material in inaccessible agency areas (Tribal pockets) in Visakhapatnam district, where polling began in the second and final phase of Lok Sabha elections. T. Krishnaprasad, Superintendent of Police (Rural), told reporters here that besides horses, 15 bullock carts had also been arranged for transportation of polling material to inaccessible eastern ^ a t areas.

No Female Voter: Two polling stations in Meghalaya's Shillong and Tura Parliamentary constituencies have only male voters. Election Department sovirces said that the Laban polling station in Shillong Parliamentary constituency has1,506 voters and Kamipara polling station in Tura Parliamentary constituency has 1,717 voters who are all male. (PTI).

'Browning and Shelley' in Fray: It's Browning versus Shelley in Calcutta's prestigious Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency where two eminent women, both professors of English, have plunged into the prosaic world of electioneering with the same zeal as in their academic career.

Mrs. Malini Bhattacharya, former professor of Jadavpur imiversity, and the CPI(M)'s sitting candidate for the seat tods inspiration in Shelley's revolutionary prometheus.

Pitted agairut her is the Congress' debutante, Mrs. Krishna Bose, former professor and principal of Shivnath Shastri college, who believes in Browning's optimum — "god is in heaven, and all is right with the world". It will be no cakewalk for either of the contestants this time too. (PTI).

Polling Station xvithout Voters: Chhimtuipui district in Mizoram has the unique distinction of having a polling booth sans voter, while two other booths have just one and five voters each.

Not only this, it has 24 such booths where poUing personnel will have to trek for at least two days through a hilly, dense and uiunotorable path. The polling booth in Fungktii West can boast of neither voter nor water and yet is listed as a polling station. State's Chief Electoral Officer, Tabom Bam, explains that since the booth falls in a Chakma-dominated area and the Chakmas are basically migrated people, no voter was registered in the 1996 electoral roll. The Sumasvmu polling station records just one female voter, while Puaivkhai boasts of two male and three female voters. Elections to the lone Parliamentary seat in the State will be held on May 7. (PTI)

Bihar Minister Stabs Himself After Defeat: Unable to bear the humiliation of defeat, Bihar Animal Husbandly Minister Bhola Ram Toofani, who contested the Bagaha (SC) Lok Sabha seat, stabbed himself in a bid to commit suicide. Toofani lost to Mahender Baitha of the Samata Party by over 56,000 votes.

Now or Never: Today the PMO returned several files back to various nunistries, but curiously the dates on them indicated that they had been signed much earlier. One file concemed the approval for the appointment of an IAS officer of the Bihar cadre as an Additional Secretary even though she had not completed the mandatory year long cooling-off period in her home state. The signature of the Principal Secretary A. N. Verma had a March date with it. The woman officer's husband works in the PMO. (Times of India, May 10, 1996)


1996 Elections: The Tit-bits 87

Missing Ministers: Only 18 ministers from tiie Prime Minister's Council of Ministers of over 50 showed up at Soutii Block for the meeting on Friday everting. Many of the missing ministers were away in tiieir constituencies, but otfvers apparently dedded to give it a miss. Dissident Industry Minister K. Karunakaran who has been speaking against the PM drove up to attend the meeting at the PMO but when he saw the crowd of cameramen swarming outside he had second tiioughts. He ordered his chauffeur to turn around at the gate and drove off.

Sweet Revenge: The candidate witfi tfie largest margin of victory in this election is probably Maneka Gandhi who romped home by defeating the sitting BJP Parusan Gagawar ii\ tt\e Pilibhit constituency by a margin of 2,88,310 votes. For Gandhi it was sweet revoige since she lost the 1991 election by 5,500 votes and at that time had complained that the State BJP goverrunent in power had used its official machinery to deprive her of victory. The voters of this ccH^tuency on d:\e Himalayan footiiills were more impressed with Maneka's personality and the feet that she had put them on tire national map, than her green message and vegetarianism.

Kith and Kin in Elections

Table 9.1: Kith and Kin in Elections

Candidate Party Constituency

1. ChabiUa Arvind Netam s /o Arvind Netam Congress Kanker (M.P.)2. Vikram Kaul s /o &nt 9 iid a Kaul

Ck>vemor of Himachal PradeshCongress (U.P.)

3. Sarabjit Singh s /o Buta Singh Former Central Minister

Congress Ropar (Punjab)

4. Smt Aika Nath w /o Kamal Nath Former Union Minister

Congress Chhindwara (M.P.)

5; Sunil Jakhar s /o Bal Ram Jakhar Former Union Minister

Congress Ferozepur (Punjab)

6. P.V. Rqeshwar Rao s /o Naiasimha Rao Primer Minister

Congress Secunderabad (A.P.)

7. Ms Babli d /o H.S. &ar Late Pimjab Chief Minister

Congress Faridkot (Punjab)

8. Mrs. Varalakshmi Gimdu Rao w /o Late Gundu Rao former Karnataka Chief Minister

Congress Bangalore South Karnataka

9. Om Prakash Chautala former Haryana Chief Minister s /o Devi Lai

Sam t^adi Janata Party

Rori AssendJy (Haryana)

10. Vqay Goel s/o Sbri Chartilal Goel Speyer of Ddhi Assembly

BJP Delhi (Sadar)

12. K. Mviralidharan s /o K. Karunakaran Former Chief Minister of Kerala and Central Minister

Congress Kozhikode

14. SuMibir Singh Badal s/o Parkash Singh Badal

Akali Dal Faridkot(Punjab)

8 8 Elections in India: 1952-96Film S ta n and P lay en etc. in Election

1. Rajesh Khanna Congress N ew Delhi

2. Raj Babbar Samajwadi Party Lucknow (U.P.)

3. Am bareesh Congress M andya (Karanataka)

4. M s Revathi Independent South M adras

5. Sharda Kanvar Independent Shani K uvar (70 year old) eunuch

Baroda (Gujarat)

6. Ms. Satnam Bai (w idow of 1984 riots)

Shiv Sena East E>elhi

7. Mrs. nK)oIan Devi Form er Dacoit

Samajwadi Party M irzapur (U.P.)

8. Ms. M angala Bansode (Folk Tam asha Queen)

BJP Pendharpur(M aharashtra)

9. Mano) Prabhakar Congress (Tiwari) South Delhi

10. N itish Bharadwaj (Krishna of M ahabharata)

BJP Jam shedpur (Bihar)

11. A rvind Trivedi (Ravana of Ramayana)

BJP Sabarkanta (Gujarat)

1 0

1996 Election Results At A Glance

The 1996 Elections led to a hung Parliament With the result that a Government at the Centre formed by the BJP lasted 13 days. On ^ e 16th of May 1996 Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister and he was asked by ti\e P ru d en t to prove his majority by 31st May. On tf\e 27th of May, ccmfidence motion in tiie Parliament was taken up whid\ lasted for 2 days.At the end of tt\e debate Vajpayee announced tfut he was going to meet ^ President and submit his resignation. On the same day i.e. 28ti\ of May tiie President askedH.D. Gowda to form the Government On 1st Jur» 1996 H.D. Gowda was sworn in as India's 12th Prime Minister.

Table 10.1: Patty Positioii in ttic Lok Sabha 1996: A Fact Sheet

S lio Party Setts Won Gains/lLosses as Compared with 1991

1. BJP 161 +412. Congress 140 -1053. JD 47 -124. CPM 32 -25 TMC 20 +206i S am t^ a d i Party 17 +177. ravoc 17 +168. Shiv Sena 15 +149. TCKN) 16 +16

10. CPI 12 -211. BSP 11 +912. Samata Party 8 +813. SAD 8 +814. R9> 5 +115. AGP 5 +416. Congreas T 4 +417. HVP 3 +318. AIFB 3 No change19. h Jm l 2 No change20. MPVC 2 +221. MGP 1 +122. UGDP 1 +123. SOT 1 +124. KCP 1 No change25. AIADMK Nil -1126. ]MM 1 -527. ASDC 1 +128. KBC 1 +129. MIM 1 + l30. Independent 7 NUTotal 543


Table 1 0 ^ Comparative Data on Paity Position in

State Seats BJP Congress JD CPM CPI TMC

1. Andhra Pradesh 42 - 222. Arunachal Pradesh 2 - - -3. Assam 14 1 54. Bihar 54 18 2 235. Goa 2 - - -

6. Gujarat 26 16 107. Haryana 10 4 2 -8. Himachal 4 - 4 -9. Jammu & Kashmir 6 1 4 1

10. Karnataka 28 6 5 1611. Kerala 20 - 7 1

12. Madhya Pradesh 40 27 8

13. Maharashtra 48 1814. Manipur 215. Meghalaya 216. Mizoram 117. Nagaland 118. Orissa 2119. Punjab 13

20. Rajasthan 25 1221. Sikkim 122. Tamil Nadu 3923. Tripura 224. West Bengal 42

12

2 20223 3

25. Uttar Pradesh

26. Andaman & Nicobar Islands

27. Chandigarh28. Dadra & Nagar

HaveU29. Daman & Diu30. Delhi31. Lakshadweep32. Pondicherry

ToUl

85 52

543 161

11211

140 47 32 12 20

States in Lok Sabh 1996 Elections.

SI. No. Shiv Sena Scmutjwadi T D P (N ) Saimta D M K Others Independent

1 16 I MIMl2 23 AGP 5 14 1 65 MGPl

UGD-16 JMMl7 HVP3 1

8910 KCP111 IMUL2

RSPl 112 CongT 1

BSP 2 MPVC2

13 151415 1161718 119 BSP 3

SAD 820 Congress T 121 SDF122 172324 RSP4

AIF3Congress T 2

25 16 1 BSP 6 1

26

2728

29303132

1996 Election Results At A Glance 91

15 17 16 8 17 51 7

Analysis of 1996 ElectionsThe 1996 Lok Sabha elections and State Assembly elections (6 States) were

without any wave in sight. 'Garibi hatao' was the slogan raised by the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1971. In 1977 it was the anti-Emergency, anti-Indira Gandhi wave and three years later, after the-fall of the Janata Government, it was the “Indira lao, desh bachao" (bring Indira, save India) wave. In 1984, the assassination of Indira Gandhi caused a pro-Congress 'sympathy' wave and 1989 saw the anti-corruption anti-Congress wave generated by the Bofors scandal. The 1991 election was dictated by the Ayodhya Ram temple issue advanced by the BJP and the Mandal politics of the Janata Dal. The 1996 elections was of course held in the shadow of several scams — security scam sugar scam, hawala scam, alleged MP's purchase scam and lastly the house allotment scam.

Indian National Congress (Congress or Congress (I)The Congress Party fought the 1996 elections under the shadows of various

scams. It was for the first time that several ministers of the Narasimha Rao Cabinet had to resign on one accotint or the other not only that he himself was under shadow on various counts. Several prominent leaders left the Congress and floated a new party called Congress (T). N.D. Tiwari and Arjim Singh were no small leaders who challenged tiie leadership of Narasimha Rao. Madhav Rao Scindia revolted and formed a new party in Madhya Pradesh. There was a great opposition against Congress' alliance with AIADMK and it resultled in the exit of several stalwarts like G. K.. Moopanar and Chidambaram. They had argued for an alliance with DMK. Col. Ram Singh of Haryana resigned from the Union Ministry and joined the BJP. Delhi's strongman H.K.L. Bhagat left the party to rejoin it but it created a very ugly situation for the party. Though Kamal Nath a hawala fainted and a former Uiuon Minister withdrew from Chindwara parliamentary constituency (Madhya Pradesh), he persisted with statements supporting Sdndia candidature in Gwalior. Two ministers and half a dozen legislatures openly sided with the expelled leader Scindia in his elections.

'Stability' was the main plank of the Congress in the elections. The Congress Party received a severe blow in the 1996 elections. Its seats were reduced by111 — a record setback since Independence.

Bharatiya Janata PartyFrom having just 2 MPs in 1984 the BJP has come a long way winning 119

seats in the 1991 general elections and 159 seats in the 1996 general elections. It fought the 1996 elections with the hope of becoming the largest single party in the Lok Sabha and even projected its stalwart leader Atal Bihari Vajpayee as the Prime Minister. It contested 475 seats on its own and left 49 seats to its allies and friendly parties with whom it had reached seat sharing adjustments in some States. In Maharashtra, it left 21 seats to its ruling partner Shiv Sena. In Bihar the BJP left 22 seats for its allies * e Samata Party and 4 in Haryana for the Haryana Vikas Party. In Uttar Pradesh it did not put up any candidate at BaUia against former Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar and at Nalanda in Bihar where the Samata Party had fielded a candidate. The BJP withdrew its


candidate in Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh) where expelled Congress leader Madhavrao Sdndia was contesting. The party with a view to present a United Front, withdrew its candidates from Nandyal (Andhra Pradesh) and Berhampur (Orissa) where Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao was contesting.

The decision to field Vajpayee projected as the 'future Prime Miixister' in Gandhinagar (Gujarat), apart from L^ucknow was intended to boost the morale of the cadres which had gone low since the rebellion of theState leader Shankar Sinh Vaghela.

The defection of the party Vice President Arif Baig to the Congress after his association with the party for over two decades caused a few ripples.

The BJP admitted Col. Ram Singh, an erstwhile member of Narasimha Rao's ministry and fielded him as a BJP candidate from Mahendragarh (Haryana) which place he belonged. This step was not appreciated by the rard< and file of the local unit of the party.

The party put up almost all its leaders for the Lok Sabha elections and the work of the coordination of its election campaign was left to its President L. K. Advani who had resigned his Lok Sabha seats and decided not to contest tiU he was absolved of the Hawala Kand. Kalyan Singh, its Vice President and former Uttar Pradesh Chief Miiuster and Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, Chief Minister, Rajasthan were the other key campaigners. Among its national leaders apart ft'om Vijpayee who contested Lok Sabha elections were Murli Manohar Joshi from Allahabad (UP), Vajayraje Sdndia from Guna (Madhya Pradesh), Promod Mahajan from North Bombay (Maharashtra), Sushma Swaraj from South Delhi (Delhi) and M. Venkaiah Naidu from Hyderabad (Andhra) — three general secretaries and K.L. Sharma, Vice President from Outer Delhi (Delhi).

The BJP manifesto focused on Hindutva, construction of Ram temple at Ayodhya, smaller States and clean public life.

The BJP increased its tally by 39 seats. Its partner Shiv Sena got 14 seats more. In Haryana, for the first time, it won 4 seats.

The Third Front (United Front)The Janata Dal and the Left Front leaders tried to form third front to fight

the 1996 elections. Much attention had been focused on the evolution of the Janata Dal- Samajwadi Party (SP) and Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) alliance backed by the Left in Uttar Pradesh. The Left attacked the BSP's policies on its break with the SP and the formation of its ministry in UP with the outside support of the BJP. The central leadership of the Janata Dal agreed to enter into an alliance with SP in UP. This decision sparked a revolt in their UP unit of the Janata Dal resulting the exit of its UP urut Chief Ram Ashrey Verma from the party. The revolt was so serious that the Central leadership had to dissolve the UP imit of the party. The breakaway Janata Dal unit in UP entered into alliance with the Congress (Tiwari). Differences between the Left Front and the Janata could not be reconciled regarding their stand towards the two factions in the Telegu Desam Party (TDP) in Andhra Pradesh. The Janata Dal threw its weight behind Lakshmi Parvathi TDP group as against Left Front's support to the Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu's faction of TDP. Veteran Janata Dal

1996 Election Results A t A Glance 93

leader S. Jaipal Reddy wihdrew his nomination papers in disgust with the Janata Dal's rumblings on this issue from the Mehboobnagar constituency in Andhra Pradesh. The Janata Dal received a setback in the National Capital Territory when party leader Rambir Sing^ Bidhuri along witti prominent leaders Parvez Hashmi and Mateen Ahmad walked out of the party. In TairiQ Nadu, while the Janata Dal and CPI(M) were backing V. Gopalasamy's (Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), the CPI had chosen to go with DMK headed by the former Chief Minister M. Karunarudhi, also supported by the new Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC) of Moopanar group — a breakaway group of the Congress (I). In Punjab, the CPI (M) refused to back the Shiromaru Akali Dal (SAD) while (he Janata Dal and the CPI supported it. While the Janata Dal and the CPI fought the BSP in UP, the principal campaign partner of the Akalis in Punjab was that very party. The K am ata^ unit of the Janata Dal expressed different views on economic policy which were quite divergent from its central leaders approach and that of the Left group also. Notwithstanding all these differences, the Third Front managed to arrive at a good deal of consensus. The results indicate that the Janata Dal lost in existence virtually in all States except Bihar and Karnataka. In Bihar it lost several seats to the BJP and the Samata.

BSP, TDP (Naidu) and DMK improved their position. The AIADMK and the Congress lost almost their existence in Tamil Nadu.

Table 10.3: Percentage of Votes Polled by M ajor Parties in 1996 and 1991


Party 1996 1991 Szmng

BJP 23.5 20.8 +2.7Congress 28.1 36.5 -8.4NF-LF 20.2 24.9 -4.7

Who Voted WhomThe Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS), New Delhi

conducted a nationwide exit poll in 121 Lok Sabha constituencies spread over20 States and Union Territories. The poll was carried out on all the three days of polling—^April 27, May 2 and May 7 and a total of 17,604 voters were interviewed. The voters belonged to cross section of population. Following points emerged:1. Congress (I)'s support base remained ur\fettered by defeat.2. Only the BJP did well with young and new voters.3. Christians were the orJy minority group firmly with the Congress (I).4. Compared to other parties, BJP's vote share among the uiUettered was

rather low.5. Women preferred Congress (I).6. New Caste equations at the State level cost the Congress (I) dearly.7. The rainbow coalition was beginning to come apart.

1996 Election Results At A Glance 95Table 10.4: Age-Group Party Preferences (Percentage)

Age-Group Cong. (I) BJP N F -L F BSP Slate Parties Others

18-25 years 27 25 20 4 14 1026-35 years 28 25 20 4 14 936-45 years 29 22 23 4 13 946-55 years 32 21 20 5 14 8Above 56 years 33 22 20 4 13 8

Note: All figures in percentage of votes cast in 1996.

Table 10.5: Religionwise Preference of Voters (Percentage)

Item Cong(I) BJP N F-L F BSP State Parties Others

REUGIONHindus 29 27 18 4 14 8Muslims 28 3 48 2 10 9Christians 46 3 12 1 23 15Sikh 29 10 7 8 36 10EDUCATIONUiUettered 32 17 24 6 13 7Middle 29 22 21 4 16 8High School 27 30 18 2 13 10Graduate 25 36 16 3 10 10GENDERMen 29 25 20 4 13 9Women 30 21 21 4 15 9

Table 10.6: Caste Preference for Parties (Percentage)

Caste Cong(I) BfP N F-LF BSP State Parties Others

Forward 29 33 17 1 10 10OBC 25 23 25 2 18 7SC 31 11 21 16 14 7ST 47 17 15 2 7 12

Table 10.7: Rural Urban Preference for Parties

Area Cong(I) BfP N F-LF State Parties Others

Rural 21 19 32 14 14Urban 21 32 24 13 10

Source: India Today, May 31, 1996.

96 Elections in Indin: 1952-96

Landmarks in Elections

1. ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE (BJP) has a number of victories from different constituencies spread over 4 States Balrampur (UP) 1957, 1967, GwaUor (Madhya Pradesh) 1971, New Delhi 1977,1980, Vidisha (Madhya Pradesh) and Lucknow (UP) 1991 and Gandhii\agar (Gujarat) and Lucknow (UP) 1996. Atal Bihari Vajpayee won twice from 2 constituencies simultaneously from different States (1991rand 1996). Member of Rajya Sabha for 2 terms. Lost elections twice from Balrampur (196^ and Gwalior (1984).

2. Indrajit Gupta of the CPI elected 9 times from West Bengal : 1996, 1991, 1989 Midnapur, 1984, 1980 Basirhat, 1971, 1967, Alipur and 1962, 1960 Calcutta South-West and now Jadavpur.

3. P.M. Sayeed elected on the Congress ticket 9 times from Lakshadweep.4. K. Pradbani of the Congress won 8 times in a row from the same

constituei\cy i.e. Nowrangpur (ST) in Orissa — 1967, 1971, 1977, 1980, 1984, 1989, 1991 and 1996.

5. Narasimha Rao has 8 victories from different States. Berhampur (Orissa), Nandyal 1996, Nandyal (Andhra) 1991, Ramtak (Maharashfra) 1989, 1984, and Hanamkonda (Andhra) 1980, and 1977.

6. Vijayarajey Scindia, K.P. Unnikrishnan, and Girdhar Gomango have won 7 times.

7. Madhav Rao Sdndia and Chandra Shekhar have 6 victories to their credit.

8. In the 1996 elections Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Biju Patnaik and P.V. Narasimha Rao won from two constituencies. Biju Patnaik from Aska and Cuttack in Orissa.

9. In the 1996 and 1991 elections three members of the Sdndia family of Gwalior won Lok Sabha elections.

10. Six MPs from West Bengal have won for the fifth time, followed by3 from Madhya Pradesh.

11. Maharashtra has, sent 2 members for the fifth time in a row.12. Eleven members made it to the Lok Sabha for the fourth executive

time, 2 each from Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, 1 each from Bihar, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Maiupur.

13. Hat trickers are ; 14 from West Bengal, 10 from Andhra Pradesh, 8 from Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, 6 from Rajasthan,4 from Kerala and Maharashfra and 2 from Tamil Nadu.

14. Guna and Gwalior may be treated as family constituencies of the Sdndia family and Baghpat of Charan Singh family.

15. Congress has always won from 12 constituendes — Andhra 1, Assam3, Karnataka 3, Lakshadweep 1, Maharashtra 2 and Orissa 2. (In all the 11 Lok Sabha elections.)


The Oldest and Youngest

Deputy leader of the Congress in the Tenth Lok Sabha and former Union Miriister Nalhu Ram h ^ d h a (75) is the eldest member of the Lok Sabha among ttie 25 newly-elected MPs from Rajasthan while Nihal Qiand of the BJP is the youngest at 25.

Of the newly-elected members for the eleventh Lower House, three Nihal Chand (BJP-Ganganagar-SC), Mahendra Singh Bhatti (BJP- Bikaner) and former Maharani ot Bharatpur Mrs Divya Singh (Bharatpur-BJP) are in the 25-35 age group while six MPs — Narendra Budania (Congress-Churu), former MahMani of Dholpur Vasvindhara Raje (Jhalawar-BJP), Tarachand (Congress-Banswara-ST), Subhash Behedia (BJP-Bhilwara), Parsa Ram (Congress-Jalore-SC) and Ashok Gehlot (Congress-Jodhpur) are in the 35-45 age group.

Besides Nathu Ram Mirdha, six other membrs and Sheesh Ram Ola (Congress-Tiwari-Jhtmjhunu), Giridhari Lai Bhargava (BJP-Jaipur), Nawal Kishore Sharma (Congress-Alwar), Dau Dayal Joshi (BJP-Kota), Behru Lad Meena (Congress-Salumber-ST) and Guman Mai Lodha (BJP- Pali) are in the age group of 60 years and above.

Three of the 25 members are having professional qualifications. Dr Hari Singh (Congress-Sikar) is a renowned surgeon. Subhash Behedia (BJP-Bhilwara) is a chartered accountant and Dau Dayal Joshi is an "Ayurved ratna". Six memers are law graduates. Besides, two are matriculates while three others — Gangaram, Parsa Ram and Shyam Lai have studied upto middle standard.

PROMINENT WINNERS

Anmachalam, M. (Congress): Six times winner from Tenkari (1977,1980,1984,1989, 1991) in Tamil Nadu. A Union Minister for a number of years.

Banerjee, Mamta (Congress): Fire brand Speaker, won from Calcutta South in 1991, Jadavpur in 1984.

Bamala, Surjit Singh (SAD) : Former Chief Minister of Punjab and a Union Ministe, 1977-80 during Janata Government. Elected in 1977 and 1996 from Sangrur.

Bhakta, M.R. (Congress): A product of Calcutta University and 6 times winner of Lok Sabha seat from Andaman and Nicobar Islands (1971,1980,1984,1989,1991, 1996).

Bharti Uma (BJP): A 'Sadhu' fire brand orator. President BJP Yuva wing. Three times winner from Khajuhrah — 1989, 1991 and 1996.

Chatterjee, Somnath (CPI — M ): Won Bolpur in 1996, 1991 and 1989; Jadavpur 1980 and 1977; Burdwan 1971 all in West Bengal.

Chidambaram, P. (Moopanar Group Congress) : Four times winner from Sivagana (Tamil Nadu) in 1984, 1989, 1991 and 1996. Union Minister for a number of

years. Left the Congress party when Narasimha Rao entered into an electoral alliance in Tamil Nadu with AIADMK.

Dr. Santhosh M ohan (Congress): Four times MP; 1989 and 1991 from Tripura West and 1985 from Silchar (Assam). Uruon Minister for a number of years.

Devi, Ketkaki (BJP) : Wife of Brig. Bhushan, BJP MP detained under TADA.Devi, Phoolan (Samajwadi P arty ): Dacoit turned social worker and politician won

from Mirazapur (U.P.)Fernandes, George (Sam ata): A trade Union leader, winner of 6 times Bombay South

(1967), 4 times from Muzaffarpur (Bihar). Ui\ion Minister for several years. Originally from Karnataka. Won in 1996 from Nalanda (Bihar).

Gandhi, M enaka QD/SP) : MP from Pilibhit (UP ) in 1989 and 1996. Lost in 1991. Union Minister for sometimes during Janata regime. An environmental activitist.

Gupta, Indrajit (C PI): Winner of 9 Lok Sabha elections — M idnapur 1996,1991, and 1989, Basirhat 1984 and 1980, Alipur 1971 and 1967, Calcutta Southwest; now Jadavpur 1962 and 1960 by electiorw. All in West Bengal.

Jagmohan (BJP): Former Governor J & K , Delhi and Goa. Won from New Delhi after defeating Rajesh Khanna.

Joshi, M urali M anohar (BJP): Former BJP President. Usually coinsidered at No. 3 in BJP's informal hierarchy. Won from Almora in 1977 and lost in 1980 and1984. Contested from Allahabad in 1996.

Kanshi Ram (BSP) : President of BSP. since 1984. Won Etawah seat (UP) in 1991.Hoshiarpur in 1996. However lost from Phulpur in 1996.

M ahajan Promod (BJP) : BJP General Secretary won from Mumbai North-East. M ahanta, Prafulla (AASU) : Youngest Chief Minister of Assam at the age of 30 in

1985. Major political force in Assam.Mirdha, N.R. (Congress) : Six times wiimer from Nagaur in Rajasthan 1971, 1977,

1980, 1989, 1991, and 1996. Lost to R.N. Mirdha in 1984 when he contested on LKD ticket.

Paswan, Ram Vilas (Janata) : Four times winner. Won Hazipur constituency (Bihar) in 1989 with a record margin of over five lakh votes. Very influential leader of the party. Won in 1996 from Hazipur.

Patil, Shiv Raj (Congress) : Speaker of Lok Sabha in 1991 Lok Sabha. Five times winner from Latur (Maharashfra) in 1980, 1984, 1989, 1991, and 1996.

Patnaik, Biju (JD) : Former Orissa Chief Minister for a number of years and Union Cabinet Minister. Elected in 1984 from Kendrapara. Won Lok Sabha seats in Orissa in 1996.

Pawar, Sharad (Congress): Former Chief Minister of Maharashfra and Union Minister. Considered as a very sfrong man of Maharashtra. Member of Maharashfra Legislative Assembly 20 years. Won Lok Sabha seat in 1996.

Pilot, Rajesh (Congress) : Union Minister for a number of years. Four time winner- Bharatpur 1980, Dausa 1984, 1991 and 1996 — all in Rajasthan.

Rai, Kalpanath (Independent): Resigned from the Congress after being charged under TADA. Union Minister for a number of years. Filed his nomination papers while in Tihar Jail, Delhi. Won From Ghosi (UP) in 1989, 1991 and 1996.

Rao, P.V. Narasimha (Congress): Nandyal (Andhra) 1991, Ramtek (Maharashfra) 1989 and 1984; Hanamkonda (Andhra) 1980 and 1984. Prime Minister (1991-1996), Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (1971-73), Union Minister for a number of years. In 1991, won in a by-election from Nandyal by a margin of 5.80 lakh votes, a record of any constituency. His party lost 1996 Lok Sabha elections. Won from two constituencies in 1996 —Nandyal and Berhampur (Orissa).


Sanghma, P. A. (Congress): Elected from Tura (Meghalaya). First tribal Cabinet Minister in 1995. First tribal and youngest Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

Sayeed P.M. (Congiess): Eight times wirmer from Lakshadweep with the larget of all the States 1 Union Territories including Jammu and Kashmir.

Scindia, M adhav Rao (M FVQ : formerly Congress. A former Union Minister of Narasimha Rao government in the wake of 'Hawala' issue. Six times wirmer: Guna 1971, 1977, Gwalior 1984, 1989, 1991 and 1996.

Scindia, Vijaya Raje (BJP): An influential EJP leader. Six times wirmer — Guna 1957, 1967,1989,1991 and 1996. GwaUor (1%2) Bhind 1971 — aU in Madhya Pradesh.

Shekhar, Chandra (Samata): India's Prime Miruster for sometimes in 1990-91. President Janata Party in 1977-78. MP from BaUia (UP) in 1977, 1989, 1991 and 1996.

Swaraj, Sushma (BJP): BJP spokesperson. Won from New Delhi.Singh, Ajit (Congress): Son of late Charan Singh. Elected twice from Baghpat in 1989,

1991, and 1996 changed parties. Union Minister for a number of years.Singh, Jaswant (BJP) ; Deputy Leader of the BJP in the Lok Sabha. MP in 1991 and

1996 from Chittorgarh.Tiwari, Narain D utt (Congress-T): Three times Chief Miiuster of Uttar Pradesh (1976-

77,1984-85 and 1988-89) Due to differences with Narasimha Rao left Congress in 1995 to form Congress-T MP from Nainital 1980. Lost from Nainital in 1991 but won in 1996.

Unnikrishnan K.P. (Congress): Seven times winner from Vadakara (Kerala) in 1971, 1977,1980,1984,1989,1991, Changed several political parties — INC, SP, PSP and ICS. Union Minister in 1989.

Vajpayee, Atal Bihari (BJP) : Projected as future Prime Minister in 1996 electiorxs. Leader of the Opposition in the 10th Lok Sabha. Won from Balrampur (1957 and 1967), Gwalior (1971), New Delhi (1977 and 1980), Lucknow and Vidisa (1991). Only politician to win from five different constituencies. Lucknow and Gandhinagar 1996.

Yadav, Mulayam Singh (Samajwadi Party) : Twice Chief Minister of UP. Resigned when BSP withdrew its support. Won in 1996 from Maanpuri (UP).

Yadav, Sharad (Janata Dal) : Four times winner. Madhepur (Bihar) 1991, Badaim (UP) 1989, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) 1977. Also won in 1996 from Bihar. Resigned as the leader of the Janata Dal in Parliament in the wake of Hawala' scandal.

PROMINENT LOSERS IN THE LOK SABHA

Azad, Gulam Nabi (Congress) : Lost from Yevatmal (Maharashtra).Babhar, Raj (Samajwadi P arty ): Famous film star. Lost from Lucknow constituency.Khaima, Rajesh (Congress) : Noted film star. Lost his seat from New Delhi.Faleiro, Eduardo (Congress) : Former Central Minister, lost from Goa.Lai, Devi (Sam ajw adi): Former Deputy Prime Minister (1989-90) and Chief Minister

Haryana. Elected from Rohtak on the Janata ticket in 1989 (1977-79) and (1987-89). Lost in 1996 from Rohtak. His son Om Prakash Chautala, former Chief Minister of Haryana also lost the Assembly elections.

Karunakaran, K. (Congress) ; Former Cabinet Minister and Chief Minister, Kerala.Lost 1996 Lok Sabha elections from Trichur. His son K. Muralidharan also lost from Kozhikode.

M ann, Simranjeet Singh (SAD-M) ; Protagonist of separate homeland for Sikhs in Pimjab. Won in 1989 from Taran Taran. Lost in 1996 from Sangrur (Punjab).

Ray, Siddartha Shankar (Congress) : Won from Raiganj in 1971. West Bengal Chief Minister 1972-77. Governor Punjab during emergency. Ambassador of India in USA. Resigned to contest 1996 elections but lost.

1996 Election Results A t A Glance 99

Sahi, Krishna (Congress): Three times winner from Begusari (Bihar). Lone Congress winner from Bihar in 1991. Union Miruster for a number of years. Member Bihar Legislative Assembly (1972-80). Lost in 1996.

Shankaranand, B. (Congress) : Lost to the Janata from Chikkodi.Singh, Arjun (Congress-T formerly of Congress) : Former Central Cabinet Minister

and Chief Minister, Madhya Pradesh. A strong critic of Narasimha Rao. Left Congress in 1995 and formed Congress-T. Two times winner and Governor of Punjab. Lost from Satna in 1996.

Tytler, Jagdish (Congress) : Former Cabinet Minister. Lost from New Delhi.

OTHER HEAVY WEIGHTS

Advani, L.K. (BJP): President won from two constituencies in 1991 — New Delhi and Gandhinagar (Gujarat). A leading strategist in the revival of the BJP on the 'Hindutva' plank. Also famous for his 'Ramjanmabhoomi Rath Yatra'. Resigned from the Parliament in the wake of Jain diary and resolved not to contest elections till cleared of the charge from the court.

Antony, A.K. (Congress): Chief Minister of Kerala since May 2 1 ,1995. Union Miruster for a number of years. Resigned from the post of Chief Ministership of Kerala in May 1996 in the wake of his party's defeat in the State Assembly.

Badal, Prakash Singh (SAD) : Former Punjab Chief Minister. President SAD. An influential leader. Supported the BJP Party to form government at the Centre. His son Sukhbir Singh elected from Faridkot (Punjab)

Deve Gowda, H.D. (JD) : Chief Minister of Karnataka. Elected as leader of the Third Front and a Prime Ministerial candidate. His son Kumaraswamy was elected from Kanakapura (Karnataka).

Lai, Bansi (H V P): Twice Chief Minister of Haryana. Union Minister for several years. MP from Bhiwani in 1984 and 1989. Won the Assembly elections in Haryana in May 1996 and became the Chief Minister.

Lai, Bhajan (Congress): Twice Chief Minister of Haryana. Has the rare distinction of joining Congress en block when he was Chief Minister of the Janata Party. A shrewd manipulator. Ministerial colleagues and other party legislatures resigned in May 1996 on account of his party's failure in May 1996 Assembly elections.

Basu, Jyoti (CPI - M ): Chief Minister of West Bengal since 1977 — a record of a Chief Minister in India. Contested and won 13 elections at the State and National level.

Mayawati (BSP) : Won on BSP ticket from Bijnor in 1989 but lost ih 1991. First (UP) Scheduled Caste Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1995.

Singh, V.P. (JD ): India's Prime Minister (1989-90). UP Chief Minister while in Congress (1980-82). Left Congress in the wake of Bofor issue. Formed NF. Elected three times — Allahabad 1980, Fatehpur 1989, and 1991. Resigned from Parliament. Did not contest 1996 electior«.

Surjeet, H.S. (CPI - M) ; Dominant figure in CPI-M. Protagonist of the Third Front comprising left parties SP, Janata Dal etc.

VACATING ONE SEAT


Atal Bihari Vajpayee Gandhi Nagar (Gujrat)Biju Patnaik Cuttack (Orissa)P.V. Narasimha Rao Nandyal (Andhra Pradesh)

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Voting Patterns and Regionwise SwingsPerformance of Major Political Parties

The Congress Party had an edge over its political rivals at the time of first general elections held in 1952. However, the hallo started waiung in the next15 years. It was overtaken by other political parties, the latter having varying influences in different States. This chapter provides concise information and analysis about the performance of political parties over the eleven general electiorw with reference to States and Union Territories. The Congress popularity is now limited to a few states. The BJP has been gaining groimd and a num bn of combinations under the banner of NF-LF have been coming up making the political scenario rather complicated. The decline of the Congress has created a space which is being filled by regional parties all over the country.

The following Table illustrates the strength of Regional parties ill tt\e Lok Sabha during ttie period 1989 to 19%.

Table 11.1: Strength of Regional Patties in the Lok Sabha (1989-1996)

Party Seats in 1989*

Seats in 1991*

Seats in 1996*

States where the party has sign^icant presence

TDP 2 13 16 Andhra PradeshAGP - 1 5 AssamDMK - 17 Tamil Nadu and

PondicherryAIADMK 11 11 - Tamil NaduShiv Sena 1 4 15 MaharashtraHVP - 1 3 HaryanaSamata Party 1 5 8 Bihar, U.P.BSP 3 2 11 Punjab, U.P. and M.P.AkaUDal 6 ** - 8 *** PunjabMGP 1 - 1 GoaSDF - - 1 SikkimJMM 3 6 1 BiharMPVP - - Madhya Pradesh

* In Parliament; **Akali Dal (M ann); *** Akali Dal (Badal)

Voting Patterns and Regiomvise Smngs 103

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Voting Patterns and Regionwise Smngs 105

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Voting Patterns and RegionuHse Swings 107

Region and Partywise SwingsTable 11.7 presents the sununary of the regionwise performance in 1991

and 1996Table 11.7: Summaiy: Regionwise Party Perfoimance 1996

Party North West South East

1991 1996 1991 1996 1991 1996 1991 1996

Congress 31 15 87 46 92 37 35 35BJP 59 62 49 72 5 6 71 19CPI 1 0 0 0 1 5 13 5CPI (M) 0 0 1 0 4 6 29 26JDOthers &

22 2 0 0 0 16 37 25

Independents 7 41 6 22 19 51 21 32

Total 120 no . 143 140 121 121142 142

Table 11.8: SUtewise Party Position in Lok Sabha as on 27 April 1992

IS

•Sc

.s

& 5 ■<o

5 6 10 11 12 13 14 15

1. A ndhra Pradesh 18 42

2. Arunachai Pradesh 1 2

3. Assam 7 14

4. Bihar 22 54

5. Goa 1 2

6. Gujarat 11 26

7. Haryana 5 10

8. Him achal Pradesh 3 4

9. Jam m u & Kashmir 4 6

10. Karnataka 12 28

11. Kerala 9 20

12. M adhya Pradesh 16 40

13. M aharashtra 19 48

14. M anipur 1 2

15. M eghalaya 1 2

16. M izoram 1 1

7'

20

31

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5 ’

1*

1*

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A’’1“

2’110

42

2

14

51

2

26

10

4

28

20

40

48

2

2

1


1 5 6 10 11 12 13 14 15

17. N agaland

18. Orissa

19. J ’unjab

20. Rajasthan

21. Sikkim

22. Tamil N adu

23. Tripura

24. U ttar Pradesh

25. W est Bengal

UNION TERRITORIES26. A and N Islands - 1

1 1 1 - 1'= 1

10 21 13 - 6 1 1 - - 21 -

7 13 12 - 1>2 13

10 25 13 12 25 -

1 1 - 1>3 1

18 39 27 - - - - 11 12 38 1

1 2 2 2 -

34 85 14 51 22 - 1 - - 5» 84 1

16 42 5 _ _ 27 3 - - 7'5 42 .

27. Chandigarh

28. Dadra and Nagar Haveli

29. Daman and Diu -30. Efelhi 331. Lakshadweep32. Pondicherry 133. Nominated

1 1

1 1 -

1 - 17 2 41 1 -1 1 -

Total 245 539 245119 59 35 14 11 7 40 1 531 12* Others1. Telugu Desam (V)

All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen2. Autonomous State Demand Committee; Asom Gana Parishad3. Jharkhand Mukti Morcha4. Janata Dal (Gujarat)5. Haryana Vikas Party6. Janta Party7. Indian Congress (Socialist)

Muslim League K. Cong (M)

8. Bahujan Samaj Party9. Shiv Sena

10. Manipur People's Partyn . Nagaland People's Council12. Bahujan Samaj Party13. Sikkim Sangram Parishad14. Janata Party

Bahujan Samaj Party15. All India Forward Block 3

Revolutionary Socialist Party 4Four J.D. Party members sitting separately consequent on receipt ot intimation from the Leader of Janata Dal Party in Lok Sabha regarding their expulsion from the party.

Voting Patterns and Regionwise Swings 109

Table 11.9: Statewise Party Position in Lok Sabha as on 27 April 1995

55

I.1J 5

■S .sJS ^

S' fe' ' S' t o

I I J & & a &I

I

Q

Iy

s4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

1. A ndhra Pradesh 18 42 30

2. A ninachal Pradesh 1 2 2

3. Assam 7 14 8

4. Bihar 22 54 2

5. Goa 1 2 2

6. Gujarat 11 26 6

7. Haryana 5 10 9

8. H im achal Pradesh 3 4 2

9. Jam m u & Kashm ir 4 6 -

10. Karnataka 12 28 23

11. Kerala 9 20 12

12. M adhya Pradesh 16 40 26

13. M aharashtra 19 48 39

14. M anipur 1 2 1

15. M eghalaya 1 2 2

16. M izoram 1 1 1

17. N agaland 1 1 1

18. Orissa 10 21 13

19. Punjab 7 13 12

20. Rajasthan 10 25 13

21. Sikkim 1 1 -

22. Tamil N adu 18 39 26

23. Tripura 1 2 2

24. U ttar Pradesh 34 85 14

25. W est Bengal 16 42 5

- 1

1 -

1 17

12

27

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- 2694

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- 83- 42


1 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

UNION TERRITORIES26. A and N Islands -27. Chandigarh28. Dadra and

Nagar Haveli29. Daman and Diu -30. Delhi 331. Lakshadweep32. Pondicherry33. Nominated

Total

112 2 - -

245 545 259'^ 117 36 23 14 12 10»7

1 - 1 -

5 21 -

- - 2 2 - 2 2

31 5 528 17

1. All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen2. Autonomous State Demand Committee; Asom Gana Parishad3. Jharkhand Mukti Morcha4. Indian Congress (Socialists)-l; Muslim League-2; Kerala Cong. (M)5. Bahujan Samaj Party6. Shiv Sena7. M anipur Peoples's Party8. Bahujan Samaj Party9. Sikkim Sangram Parishad

10. Janata Party-1; p Samajwadi Party-3; Bahujan Samaj Party11. All India Forward Block-3; Revolutionary Socialist Party12. Including H.S.13. Including seven members sitting separately on receipt of intimation from them.

Voting Patterns and Regionzvise Swings

Table 11.10: Statewise Performance of the Congress 1991 v/s 1996

111

State Total Seats1991

% o f Votes Polled

Seats Won19%

Seats Loss/Gain zvon

Andhra Pradesh 42 45.6 25 22 -3Arunachal Pradesh 2 68.9 2 0 -2Assam 14 28.5 8 5 -3Bihar 54 24.2 1 2 +1Delhi 7 39.6 2 2 0Goa 2 57.7 2 0 -2Gujarat 26 29.0 5 10 +5Haryana 10 37.2 9 2 -7Himachal Pradesh 4 46.2 2 4 +2Jammu & Kashmir 6 4 **

Karnataka 28 42.1 23 5 -18Kerala 21 38.8 13 7 -6Madhya Pradesh 40 45.3 27 8 -19Maharashtra 48 48.4 38 15 -23M anipur 2 38.9 1 1 0Meghalaya 2 56.6 2 1 -1Mizoram 1 38.1 1 1 +Nagaland 1 44.3 0 1 +1Orissa 21 44.1 13 16 +3Punjab 13 49.2 12 2 -10Rajasthan 25 44.0 13 12 -1Sikkim 1 0 0 0 0Tamil Nadu 39 42.6 28 0 -28Tripura 2 82.8 2 0 -2Uttar Pradesh 85 18.3 5 5 0West Bengal 42 36.2 5 9 +4Andaman & Nicobar Islandsl 50.4 1 1 0Chandigarh 1 35.9 1 1 0Dadra and Nagar HaveU 1 61.7 1 0 -1Daman and Diu 1 22.7 1 1 0Lakshadweep 1 50.6 1 1 0Pondicherry 1 53.1 1 1 0Total 543 36.5 245 140 -105

* includes Punjab (1992)Note: There were 17 vacancies: Elections not held for 6 seals in J & K. and 11 other

vacancies.** Election not held in 1991; + No change


Table 11.11: Statewise Perfonnance of the BJP 1991 v/s 1996

State Total1991

% of Votes SeatsWon

SeatsWon

1996Gains/Loses

Andhra Pradesh 42 9.6 1 0 -1Arunachal Pradesh 2 6.1 0 - -Assam 14 9.8 2 1 -1Bihar 54 16.0 5 18 +13Delhi 7 402 5 5 -Goa 2 15.6 0 0 -Gujarat 28 504 20 16 -4Haryana 10 10.2 0 4 +4Himachal Pradesh 4 42.8 2 0 -2Jammu & Kashmir 6 - - 1 +1Karnataka 28 28.8 4 6 +2Kerala 20 4.6 0 0 0Madhya Pradesh 40 41.9 12 27 +15Maharashtra 48 20.2 5 18 +13Manipur 2 8.1 0 0 0Meghalaya 2 6.9 0 0 0Mizoram 1 0 0 0 0Nagaland 1 3.0 0 0 0Orissa 21 9.5 0 0 0Punjab 13 17.0 0 0 0Rajasthan 25 40.9 12 12 -Sikkim 1 0 0 0 0Tamil Nadu 39 1.7 0 0 0Tripura 2 3.0 0 0 0Uttar Pradesh 85 32.8 52 52 -West Bengal 42 11.7 0 0 0Andaman & Nicobar Islandsl 4.9 0 0 0Chandigarh 1 28.2 0 1 +1Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1 35.4 0 0 -Daman and Diu 1 31.9 0 0 -Lakshadweep 1 2.0 0 0 -Pondicherry 1 53.1 1 0 -All India Total 543 20.1 120 161 +41

» fo r 19 9 2

Voting Patterns and Regionunse Swings 113

T able 11.12: S tatew ise Ferfonnance of the Janata D al 1991 v/s 1996

State Total1991

% of Votes SeatsWon

1996SeatsWon

Gains/Loses

A ndhra Pradesh 42 0.5 0 0 _

A nm achal Pradesh 2 24.7 0 0 -Assam 14 5.2 0 0 -Bihar 54 34.1 31 23 -8Delhi 7 14.2 0 0 -Goa 2 1.0 0 0 -Gujarat 26 3.4 0 0 -H aryana 10 12.5 0 0 -Himachal Pradesh 4 7.1 0 0 -Jam m u & Kashmir 6 - - - -Karnataka 28 18.5 0 16 +16Kerala 20 4.5 0 1 +1M adhya Pradesh 40 4.2 0 0 -M aharashtra 48 9.9 0 0 -M anipur 2 18.6 0 0 -M eghalaya 2 0 0 0 -M izoram 1 23.4 0 0 -N agaland 1 0 0 0 -Orissa 21 34.6 6 4 -2Punjab 13 2.2 0 0 -Rajasthan 25 6.2 0 0 -Sikkim 1 0 0 0 -Tamil N adu 39 2.9 0 0 -Tripura 2 0 0 0 -U ttar Pradesh 85 21.3 22 2 -20W est Bengal 42 1.1 0 0 -A ndam an & Nicobar Islandsl 0 0 0 -C handigarh 1 2.8 0 0 -D adra and N agar Haveli 1 0 0 0 -Dam an and Chu 1 2.7 0 0 -Lakshadweep 1 0 0 0 -Pondicherry 1 2.0 0 0 0Total 543 11.8 59 47 - u

* P u n ja b fo r 1992


Table 11.13: Statewise Perfonnance of the CPI and CPI (M) 1991 V/S 1996

State1991

Total % of Votes Seats Won

1996Seats Gains/Loses Won

A ndhra Pradesh 42 4.3A runachal Pradesh 2 0A ssam 14 6.9Bihar 54 9Delhi 7 0.1Goa 2 0.15Gujarat 28 0.0H aryana 10 0Himachal Pradesh 4 0.7Jam m u & Kashm ir 6K arnataka 28 0.8Kerala 20 28.8M adhya Pradesh 40 0.5M aharashtra 48 2.3M anipur 2 0M eghalaya 2 1.2M izoram 1 0N agaland 1 0Orissa 21 5.2Punjab 13 5.8Rajasthan 25 0.8Sikkim 1 2.9Tamil N adu 39 4.5Tripura 2 8.5U ttar Pradesh 85 1.7W est Bengal 42 38.9A ndam an & Nicobar Islandsl 44.1C handigarh 1 0D adra and N agar Haveli 1 0D am an and Diu 1 0Lakshadweep 1 0Pondicherry 1 0N om inated 1 0A ll Ind ia ToU l 543 8.7

201900

000

03010

00

02000001

3000

00000

49

201300000

0700003000

0

0

220

260

0

0

0000

44

+4

-1

-2

+2+2-1-4

-5

* Includes Punjab (1992)

T able 11.14: S tatew ise Perform ance of the Independen ts and O thers 1991 v/s 1996

Voting Patterns and Regiomvise Sivings 115

1991 1996Total % of Votes Seats Seats Gains/Loses

Won WonState

A ndhra Pradesh 42 40 14 1 -3A runachal Pradesh 2 0.3 0 2 +2Assam 14 49.8 3 7 +4Bihar 54 16.7 8 3 -5Delhi 7 5.9 0 0 0Goa 2 24.2 0 0 0G ujarat 26 17.2 1 0 -1H aryana 10 40.1 1 1 0H im achal Pradesh 4 ■ 3.3 0 0 0Jam m u & Kashm ir 6 - - - -Karnataka 28 19.8 1 1 0Kerala 20 23.3 4 3 -1M adhya Pradesh 40 8.1 1 5 +4M aharashtra 48 19.2 4 0 -4M anipur 2 34.9 1 1 0M eghalaya 2 36.3 0 1 +1M izoram 1 38.5 0 1 +1N agaland 1 52.7 1 0 -1Orissa 21 63 0 0 0Punjab , 13 26.0 1 11 -10Rajasthan 25 8.1 0 1 -1Sikkim 1 97.1 1 1 0Tamil N adu 39 48.3 0 0 0Tripura 2 7.7 0 0 0U ttar Pradesh 85 25.9 5 8 +3W est Bengal 42 12.1 7 7 0A ndam an & Nicobar Islandsl 0.6 0 0 0C handigarh 1 32.5 0 0 0D adra and N agar Haveli 1 32.9 0 0 0D am an and Diu 1 42.7 0 0 0Lakshadw eep 1 0 0 0 0Pondicherry 1 44.9 0 0 0

A ll Ind ia Total 543 22.9 53 54 +1

* Punjab in 1992 ” TDP 13 (32.3Vi

AIADMK 11 (18. m )

Region BJP CONG CPI CPI (M) ].D. Others


Table 11.15: Analysis of Party Position in Regions 1991 v/s 1996

'91 '96 '91 '96 '91 '96 '91 '96 '91 '96 '91 '96

NO RTH1. Chandigarh 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02. Delhi 5 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03. Haryana 0 4 9 2 0 0 e 0 0 0 1 44. Himachal

Pradesh 2 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 05. J & K 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 06. Punjab 0 0 12 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 117. U.P. 52 52 5 5 1 0 - 0 22 2 5 26

Total 59 63 31 19 1 0 0 0 22 3 7 41

SOUTH1. A ndhra 1 0 25 22 1 1 1 2 - 14 182. Kanmtaka 4 6 23 5 - 0 - 1 - 1 13. Kerala - 0 13 7 0 2 3 0 - 16 4 34. Lakshadweep 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 05. A ndam an and

Nicobar Islands 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 06. Pondicherry 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 07. Tamil N adu 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 9

Total 5 6 92 37 1 5 4 8 0 17 19 51

WEST1. Goa 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02. D am an & Diu 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03. Gujarat 20 16 5 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 04. M. Pradesh 12 27 27 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 55. M aharashtra 5 18 38 15 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 166. Dadra and

N agar HaveU 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 07. Rajasthan 12 12 13 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Total 49 73 87 46 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 22

EAST1. Assam 2 1 8 5 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 72. A ninachal

Pradesh 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23. M anipur 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 14. M eghalaya 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15. M izoram 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16. N agaland 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 07. Tripura 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 08. Sikkim 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 19. W est Bengal 0 0 5 9 3 3 27 23 0 G 7 7

10. Orissa 0 0 13 16 1 0 1 0 6 4 0 011. Bihar 5 18 1 2 8 3 0 0 31 23 8 12

Total 7 19 35 35 13 6 29 26 37 27 21 32

Voting Patterns and Regumwise Sm ngs 117

Table 11.16: Regionwise Analysis of Congress Performance in 1996Region 1991 1996 Gain & Loss

N orth 31 15 -16South 92 37 -55W est 87 46 -41East 35 35 0Total 245 133 -112

T able 11.17; R egionw ise A nalysis of BJP's perform ance in 1996

Region 1991 1996 Gain /Loss

N orth 59 63 +4South 5 6 +1W est 49 72 +23East 7 19 +12Total 120 159 39

T able 11.18: R egionw ise A nalysis of CPI's Perform ance in 1996 Elections

Region 1991 1996 Gain/loss

N orth 1 0 -1South 1 5 +4W est 0 1 +1East 13 5 -8

Total 15 11 -4

T able 11.19: R egionw ise A nalysis o f CPI (M )'s Perform ance in 1996 Elections


N orth 0 0 _South 4 6 +2W est 1 0 -1East 29 26 -3

Total 34 32 -2

T able 11.20: R egionw ise A nalysis o f J.D .'s Perform ance in 1996


N orth 22 3 -19South 0 17 +17W est 0 0 -East 37 27 -10

Total 59 47 -12


Table 11^1: Regionwise Analysis of Independents & Otheis Feifonnance in 1996

Region 1991 1996 Gain/Loss

N orth 7 41 +34South 19 51 +32W est 6 22 +16East 21 32 +11

Total 53 146 93

Note: This increase is on account of inclusion of regional parties am ong others andindependents.

T able 11.22: Partyw ise Position in the H ind i Speaking States 1996

State Total Seats B]P Cong. CPI CPI(M)JD BSP Ind &Others

H im achal Pradesh 4 2 4 .......................................................H aryana 10 4 2 - - - - 4Delhi 7 5 2 - - . . .U.P. 85 52 5 6 20Bihar 54 18 2 3 - 2 1 - 1 0Rajasthan 25 12 12 - - - - 1M adhya Pradesh 40 27 8 2 3

Total 225 120 35 3 31 8 38

Table 11.23: C om parative D ata on the Perform ance of Parties in the H in d iSpeaking States 1991 v/s 1996

Party 1991 1996 Gain/Loss

1. BJP 88 120 +322. Cong 60 35 -253. CPI-CPI (M) 10 3 -254. JD 53 21 -325. BSP - 8 +86. Ind. & O thers 148 38 +324Total 225 225

T able 11.24: Parlyw ise Position in the H ind i S peaking States — 1991

State BJP Cong CPI JD

1. Him achal 2 2 0 02. H aryana 0 9 0 03. Delhi 5 2 0 04. UP 52 5 1 225. Bihar 5 1 9 316. Rajasthan 12 13 0 07. M adhya Pradesh 12 27 0 08. C handigarh 0 1 0 0

Total 88 60 10 53

Voting Patterns and Regionwise SuHngs 119

Table 11^5: Perfonnance of Regional Political Parties — 1996

State Total Seats Regional Party Seats Won

1. A ndhra Pradesh 42 TDP 162. A ssam 14 AGP 53. Bihar 54 - -

4. Goa 2 MGP 1JCD 1

5. H aryana 10 HVP 36. M izoram 1 - -

7. Karnataka 28 KCP 18. Kerala 21 MIM 29. M aharashtra 48 SHS 1510. M anipiv 2 -11. M izoram 1 -

12. N agaland 1 -13. Pxmjab 13 SAD 814. Sikkim 1 -

15. Tamil N adu 39 TMC 20DMK 17

Statewise Election DataPerspectives and Analysis*

1 2

T h e e le c tio n re su lts 1996 fo r th e L o k S a b h a a n d 6 S ta te A sse m b lie s re v e a ls so m e v e r y d is t in c t tr e n d s . T h e m o s t o u ts ta n d in g t r e n d is th e n e a r to ta l re je c tio n o f th e In d ia n N a tio ria l C o n g re s s . I t lo s t its p r im e p o s it io n in th e L o k S a b h a a n d a lso in th e S ta te A sse m b lie s o f A ssa m , H a r y a n a a n d K era la . Its h o ld a m o n g th e S ta te A sse m b lie s is n o w lim ite d to M a d h y a P ra d e s h , O ris sa , P u n ja b , H im a c h a l P ra d e s h a n d a fe w v e r y sm a lle r S ta te s in th e N o rth -E a s t. E v en in M a d h y a P ra d e sh a n d P un jab , th e L ok S ab h a e lec tio n s a re a g a in s t th e C o n g re s s P arty . T h e d ism a l p e r fo rm a n c e o f th e C o n g re s s m a y p r im a r i ly b e a t t r ib u te d to th e v o te rs p e rc e p tio n th a t th e p a r ty w a s n e c k -d e e p in c o r ru p tio n w i th th e co n n iv a n c e o f th e p a r ty P re s id e n t w h o w a s a lso th e P r im e M in is te r o f th e co u n try . H a rs h a d M e h ta w a s u p p e r m o s t in th e v o te rs , m in d a n d n o tw ith s ta n d in g th e a lleg a tio n s a g a in s t L.K. A d v a n i, p e o p le s e e m e d to h a v e t h e f e e l in g t h a t N a r a s i m h a R a o — S u r i n d e r J a in , C h a n d ra s w a m i n e x u s h a d b e e n s ip h o n in g o ff p u b lic f im d s fo r p r iv a te g a in s . T h e v e rd ic t is im d o u b te d ly in fa v o u r o f th e BJP. S m all g ro u p s , h e re a n d th e re m a y h a v e id e o lo g ic a l d iffe ren ce s w i th th e B JP 's p h i lo s o p h y b u t th e s e m a tte r o n ly m arg in a lly . T h e se h a v e , o f co u rse , b e e n re sp o n s ib le fo r a la ck o f c le a r m a n d a te . TTie T h ird F ro n t is v e ry m u c h f ra g m e n te d .

T h e re su lts h a v e h ig h lig h te d th e im p o r ta n c e o f re g io n a l p a r tie s . T h e ir in f lu e n c e in th e L ok S a b h a ca n n o lo n g e r b e ta k e n lightly .

A d e ta i le d S ta te -w ise an a ly s is fo rm s a n im p o r ta n t p a r t o f th is c h a p te r .

A N D H R A P R A D E S H : F ac t S h e e t

Table 12.1: Party Position in the 1996 Lok S abha Elections — A n d h ra P radesh

Party Seats Won Gains/Losses as Compared with 1991

1. Congress 22 -32. BJP - -13. CPI 2 + 14. CPI (M) 1 No change5. TDP (N) 16 +36. MIM 1 +1

Ind. & O thers

Total 42 -

(Result n o t declared)For d e ta iled s tu d y of A ssem bly Elections, p lease refer "A ssem bly Elections: 1993" and "A ssem bly Elections: 1994-95" by N.K. Chowdhry.

Statewise 1996 Election Data 121

Table 12.2: Partyw ise M em bers in E leven Lok S abha from A n d h ra P radesh

Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJP ............................................................................ 1 - 1 -Congress 14 37 34 35 28 41 41 6 39 25 22CPI - 2 7 - 1 - - - - 1 2CPI(M) NA NA NA - 1 - - - - 1 1JD .................................................................................................................TDP NA NA NA NA NA - - 30 2 13 16Independent& O thers 11 4 2 6 11 - 1 1 5 1 1

Table 12.3: Partyw ise D istribu tion of Voles — 1991(in Million)

Item Congress }D BJP CPI CPM TDP

Votes 11.61 1.39 2.45 0.48 0.62 8.22Percentage 45.6 0.6 9.5 1.9 2.1 32.3Seats 25 0 1 1 1 13

Table 12.4: Party Position in the A ndhra Pradesh A ssem bly (1978 to 1994)

Party 1978 1983 1985 1989 1994

Congress (I) 175 60 50 182 26Telugu Desam - 202 202 74 219BJP - 3 8 5 3CPI 6 4 11 8 19CPI(M) 8 5 11 6 15All India Majlis - - - 4

Ittehadul MajlisM uslim en (AIMIM)

Janata Dal 60 1 3 1 1Independents & O thers 45 19 9 14 11

Total 294 294 294 294 294

Table 12.5: Percentage of Votes P olled A ssem bly Elections 1994

Party Percentage of Votes

TDP 42.80Congress 33.95BJP 3.91CPI 3.53CPI (M) 3.01JD 0.09

Table 12.6: R egionw ise Party Perform ance

SaUs tvon inParty 1989 1994 GainsA.osses

C entral A ndhra : Total seats : 134

Congress 87 10 -77TDP including allies 44 121 +74Independents and O thers 3 4 +1

Telengana : Total seats : 107 Congress 58 6 -52TDP and allies 37 91 +54Independents & others 12 10 -2

Rayalaseem a Region: Total seats 53 Cong 38 10 -28TDP an d allies 12 42 +30Independents and O thers______3_____________0__________________ -3_____________

A nalysis and OverviewAndhra Pradesh has been a Congresss bastion for more than three decades

since independence, and in 1977, it got 41 seats out of the State's total of 42 Lok Sabha constituencies. In 1983, however, the Telugu Desam Party led by N.T. Rama Rao won 202 seats in the Assem bly elections compared to just 60 won by the Congress. The reverse trend started then, no doubt, but the Congress vote in 1991 was as high as 45.6 per cent.

A t the same time, by the time the last Assem bly elections were held the share declined to 33.7 per cent, a loss of as much as 11.9 per cent which is highly extraordinary. For, the number of voters who voted against the Congress, was roughly 13 million.

Elections to the Andhra Pradesh assumed unusual significance since this is the Prime M inster's home State. Since 1982, TDP and Congress have been the main contestants. TDP was voted to power in 1983 and 1985 but in 1989, the Congress returned to power. Under the leadership of N.T. Rama Rao.NTR was virtually written off as a future threat to Congress. However, he quickly capitalised on the anti-arrack (country liquor) agitation, regained support among women and journeyed back from political oblivion. In 1994, TD P won an absolute majority and romped home with 219 seats in the 294-member Assembly. The Congress languished with a poor 26 seats. On December 12, 1994 am idst cheers from lakhs of people, Rama Rao was sworn in.

Percentagewise, however the Congress's performance was far from ummpressive. Against the TDP's 44.02 per cent votes polled, the Congress has drawn 34.87 per cent votes.

In 1994 elections, Andhra Pradesh was swayed by the TD P party's promise of Rs. 2 a kg.

The marriage of Rama Rao, with Smt. Laxmi Parvati in September 1993, though proved lucky in the 1994 elections for Rama Rao but it subsequently


led to the division of TDP.The Telugu Desam Party was split vertically as over 150 Andhra Pradesh

legislatures raised a banner of revolt under the leadership of his son-in-low on August 31, N.T. Rama Rao, resigned and on September 1,1996, an eleven- member two-tier m inistry headed by N. Chandrababu Naidu, son-in-law of N.T. Rama Rao was sworn in as the Chief Miruster.

H istory is replete with instances of kings and emperors abdicating their kingdom s in favour of their beloved. The National Front Chairman and the Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister recreated a modern-day saga of such inunortal love stories by preferring to lose power in the State rather than sacrifice his wife, Sm tLalahm i Parvathi, on & e altar of power. It is shocking that the Goverrunent of Rama Rao, which was formed with so massive a mandate and amidst great expectations, should be toppled by fam ily feuds and palace intrigues that have shown up the Telugu Desam leadership and the party in such poor light. A t the root of it all was a struggle for power between the sons and sons-in-law of Rama Rao on the one side and his wife, Smt. Lakshmi Parvathi, on the other.

W ith the passing away of Rama Rao on January 18, 1996, a new era in the history of Andhra Pradesh politics began. The Telugu Desam group, ow ing allegiance to late NTR, xmanimously elected his wife Smt. Laxmi Parvathi as the President of the party. Dr. Duggubati Venkateshwar Rao, N T R 's elder son-in-law and M P was elected as the working President of the party. The Naidu group won and gave a crushing defeat to the Parvathi group. The Congress, in spite of tt\e split in the voters of both the TD P factions, could not take advantage. It lost three seats.

ARUNACHAL PRADESH: Fact Sheet

Table 12.7 : Parly Position in the Lok Sabha Elections (1977-1996)


Party 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

1. Congress 1 2 2 2 2 -

2. BJP - - - - - -Independents & O thers 1 - - - - 2

Total 2 2 2 2 2 2

Table 12.8: P arty Position in the State A ssem bly (1984 to 1995)

Party 1984 1990 1995

Congress 21 37 43BJP 1 - -Janata Party - 1 2PPA 4Janata Dal - 11 3Independents & O thers 4 11 12

Total 30 60 60

Analysis and OverviewA ru n a c h a l P ra d e s h , a th in ly p o p u la te d h illy t r a c t in th e N o r th -E a s te rn

R e g io n o f In d ia h a s tw e n ty m a jo r tr ib e s s p e a k in g a r o u n d 20 la n g u a g e s . It a t ta in e d S ta te h o o d in 1987. E a rlie r it h a d a s tre n g th o f 30 m e m b e rs . T h e p o s it io n c o n tin u e d til l th e th ird G e n e ra l E le c tio n s h e ld in 1984 a f te r w h ic h its s tr e n g th w a s r a is e d to 60. T h e f irs t e le c tio n to th e 6 0 -m e m b e r S ta te A s se m b ly w e re h e ld in 1990.

T h e re a re fo u r m a jo r p o litica l p a r t ie s ta k in g p a r t in th e e lec tio n s . L a s t A s s e m b ly e le c tio n s w e r e h e ld in 1995 in w h ic h th e C o n g re s s w o n a c o m fo r ta b le m a jo rity . T h e re w a s n o re g io n a l p a r ty in th e fray . W h ile th e ru l in g C o n g re s s c o n te s te d a ll th e 60 se a ts , th e Ja n a ta D al 34 , th e BJP 15 a n d th e J a n a ta P a r ty 5 se a ts .

A re c o rd 75 p e r c e n t o f th e 5,35,793 e le c to ra te c a s t th e ir v o te s . T h e C o n g ress v ic to ry in A ru n a c h a l P ra d e sh w a s p red ic tab le . T h e e le c to ra te fo u n d a sa fe b e t in G e g o n g A p a n g , C h ie f M in is te r. H e r e tu rn e d to p o w e r fo r th e f o u r th su c c e ss iv e te rm . H e m a d e s ta b ili ty a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e S ta te h is m a in p la n k . H o w e v e r in 1996 L ok S ab h a E le c tio n s , th e C o n g re s s P a r ty lo s t b o th th e s e a ts to In d e p e n d e n ts .

A S S A M : Fact S heet

Table 12.9; Partyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok S abha from A ssam


Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJP . . - - . - - - - 2 1Congress 11 9 9 10 13 10 2 4 - 8 5CPICPI(M)JD 1 1AGP 7 - 1 5Congress(S) - - - - - - - 1 - - -PTCA - - - - - - - - 1 - -Indepds. &Others 1 3 2 3 - 3 “ * 2 2

* Not Held; !. Elections in Assam in 1980 were held in 2 constituencies only.2. Elections in Assam were held on 1985 and not in 1984.

Table 12.10: Partyw ise Percentage of Votes Polled in 1991 Lok S abha Elections

Party Percentage of Votes

Congress 28.5BJP 9.6JD 5.2CPI - CPI (M) 6.9O thers 49.8

Total 100.0

E le c tio n s w e r e n o t h e ld in 1989. In 1985 A G P g o t 7 s e a ts w i th 33 .4 p e r c e n t v o te s a s a g a in s t C o n g re s s 's 4 s e a ts w i th 23 .6 p e r c e n t v o te s . In 1991, A G P s e c u re d se a ts w i th 17.6 p e r c e n t v o te s a n d th e C o n g re s s 7 s e a ts w i th 33 .4 p e r c e n t v o te s . BJP m a d e its f ir s t a p p e a ra n c e in 1991 w i th 8 .6 p e r c e n t v o te s .

Table 12.11: Parly P osition in the A ssem bly Elections (1983 to 1991)


Party 1983 1986 1991Seats % of Votes Seats % of Votes Seats % of Votes

C ongress 91 62.5 25 28.2 66 29.2BJP - - - - 10 6.7AGP - 65 35.0 19 17.9CPI + CPI(M) - - - - 6 6.2ADC - - - - 4 1.5Janata Dal - - - - 1 4.8NAGP - - - - 5 5.4Independents& O thers - - - - 15 28.3

Total 126 100.00

Analysis and OverviewA s s a m w e n t to p o lls o n A p ri l 27, 1996 to e lec t 122 o u t o f 126 (e le c tio n

c o u n te rm a n d e d in 4 c o n s titu e n c ie s o n a c c o u n t o f th e d e a th o f th e c a n d id a te s ) c a n d id a te s to th e S ta te A sse m b ly a n d 14 to th e L o k S ab h a . T h e re w e re 1,264 c a n d id a te s fo r th e A sse m b ly s e a ts a n d 137 fo r th e P a r l ia m e n ta ry s e a ts a b o u t10 fo r ea ch . L a s t A s s e m b ly e le c tio n s b ro u g h t th e C o n g re s s to p o w e r a n d H ite s w a r S a ik a (w h o re c e n tly p a s s e d a w a y ) fo rm e d th e M in is try . T h e se e le c tio n s w e r e h e ld a f te r a p e r io d o f P re s id e n t 's r u le im p o s e d in N o v e m b e r1990 w h e n th e th e n A G P G o v e rn m e n t h e a d e d b y P ra fu lla K u m a r M a h a n ta s e e m e d u n a b le to c o n tro l th e r a m p a g in g U n ite d L ib e ra tio n F ro n t o f A so m (U LFA ). T h e p a r ty p o s it io n in th e la s t A s se m b ly e le c tio n s w a s a s u n d e r :

Table 12.12: Partyw ise Position-A ssem bly Elections 1996

Party Seats

Congress 66AGP (Mahanta) 19Natvm Asom Gana Parishad (NAGF) 5BJP 10Janata Dal 10CPI 4CPI (M) 2Autonomous State Demand Committee (ASDC) 4All Bodo Students Union (ABSU) and Bodo People's Action Committeee (BPAC) Combination 9Socialist Unity Centre of India (SUCI) 2Independents 4


Table 12.13: Number of Contestants — Assembly Election 1996

Forty No.

C ongress 126AGP 97CPI 12CPI (M) 10ASDC 4UPPA 3BSMC 17PDF 11JUB 1

Also in the fray was a Lest Democratic Alliance (LD A ) of 8 sniall parties, namely Congress (S), the United Minorities Front (UM F), the SUCI, the URM CA, the CP I (M L), the RCPI, the RSP and the PLPs. The A ll India Congress (Tiw ari) also put up candidates in several constituencies.

Assam, like the rest of the North-Eastern States, considered to be the strong citadel of the Congress, has crumbled. The phoerux-like rise of the AGP is not entirely unexpected. After all, in 1991 the victory of the Congress party was largely due to the vertical split in the AGP. In most cor\stituencies Congress winners had polled far less votes than what had been jointly polled by th‘e AGP and N AGP nominees.

The impressive victory of the AGP in both the Lok Sabha and Assembly elections suggests that a united regional platform can still be effective in the State. In 1991 the voter in Assam had essentially punished the AGP for its dismal performance and for squandering the mandate. It was no rejection of regiom lism as had been w idely viewed by the Press. Besides, the continued agitation for over a decade and the fast deteriorating law and order situation had created a sense of disillusionment and insecurity among the people. Interestingly, the performance of the Hiteswar Saikia Government was impressive. Besides taming ULFA and Bodo militants, the Government was able to get several long-standing projects cleared by the Centre. In fact several provisions of the1985 Assam Accord could be implemented only during the Congress rule. But Saikia was trying to solve various ethnic agitations on the cheap. H is policy of divide and rule created a sense of ill-w ill among the Assamese people. The sudden death of Saikia, the star campaigner, who had nursed the State, proved to be the last straw on the camel's back.

The 25-member AGP Government headed by Prafulla Kumar Mahanta was sworn in on M ay 15,1996. It was a coalition Mirustry. The Congress lost power in the State.


B IH A R : Fact S heet

Table 12.14: Party P osition in the 1996 Lok S ab h a Elections


C ongress 2 No. changeBJP 18 +13CPI 3 -5CPI (M) -1Janata Dal 23 -8Sam ajw adi Party 1 +1Sam ata Party 6 +6Independen ts an d O thers 1 -6

Total 54

Note; In 1991 elections were not held in two constituencies

Table 12.15: Fartyw ise M em bers in E leven Lok S abha fiom B ihar

Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996.

BJP - - - 1 2 - - - 9 5 18Congress 45 41 39 34 39 - 30 48 4 1 2CPI - - 1 5 5 - 4 2 4 8 3CPI(M) - - - - - - - - 1 1 1JD 32 31 23JMP(JP) - - - - - - 5 - - 1»INC(U) - - - - - - 4 - - - -JNP 8 1 - - -Lok Dal (B) 52 - 1 - - 7 «

Ind.& O thers 7 11 12 12 6 - 1 1 2 6 0

* JMM; ** San\ajw adi;l. Sam ata 6

Table 12.16: iW ty P osition in the B ihar A ssem bly (1969-1995)

Party 1969 1972 1977 1980 1985 1990 1995

C ongress 118 168 57 169 196 71 29S w atantra 3 1 - - - - -

LKD - - - - 46 - -

CPI 25 35 21 23 12 23 32**JP - - 214 13 13 3 -

CPM 3 - 4 6 1 6 -

BJS/BJP 34 25 - 21 16 39 40PSP 18 - - - - - -

JMM - - - - 11 19 -

SP 52 33 - - - - -

Ind. & O thers 65 25 26 25 31 41 52


Cong. (O)JHPJNPSCTotal

301

318 318

1421 . . . -

- 42 -

324 324 324 323* 316***

*Eleclion to Gopalganj constituency was countermanded; ** CPI and CPM combined *** Poll process held up in 7 cases

Table 12.17: Percentage of Votes: Polled in fou r E lections (1984 to 1991)

Year Congress BJP }D

Seats Won % Seats Won % Seats Won %

198419891991

48 51.8 4 28.1 1 24.2

0 6.9 1 13.7 9 12.9 3 37.7 5 15.0 31 34.1

Table 12.18: Foil V iolence in Bihar in Lok S abha an d A ssem bly Elections

Year Killings Booth CapturingLok Sabha Assembly Lok Sabha Assembly

1952-62 Nil Nil Nil Nil1967 Nil Nil 20 Nil1977 10 Nil 41 Nil1980 16 Nil 123 Nil1984 24 Nil 162 Nil1985 - 63 - 2851989 40 - 283 -

1990 - 87 - 1,2311991 56 - 1,175 -

A nalysis and OverviewB ih ar is o n e o f th e m o s t p o p u lo u s as w e ll a s th e m o s t b a c k w a rd S ta te s

o f In d ia . B ih ar re m a in e d a s tro n g h o ld o f th e C o n g re s s till 1990 e x c e p t fo r a b r ie f p o s t-E m e rg e n c y (1977 to 1979) p e r io d . S ince 1990, i t h a s b e e n ru le d b y th e J a n a ta D al h e a d e d b y L aloo P ra s a d Yadav. L as t A s se m b ly e le c tio n w e re h e ld in M a rc h 1995 in w h ic h L aloo P ra sa d Y adav w o n a n d ag a in bec jim e th e C h ie f M in is te r. H is is o n e o f th e ra re cases o f th e C h ie f M in s te rs o f B ihar to h a v e c o m p le te d o n e fu ll te rm a n d a g a in ta k e th e re ig n s o f a d m in is tra t io n .

K e e p in g in v ie w o f th e v io le n c e w h ic h h a d b e e n th e tr a d i t io n a l fe a tu re o f th e e le c tio n s in th e S ta te , th e C h ie f E le c tio n C o m m iss io n e r a s s e r te d , " E le c tio n in B ih ar in 1995 w ill b e d if fe re n t f ro m th o s e h e ld e a r lie r a n d I w ill p r o v e it ." O n a c c o u n t o f so m e v io le n c e th e se c o n d p h a s e s c h e d u le d fo r M a rc h 15 w a s d e fe r r e d fo r a w e e k . T h e re sc h e d u lin g o f p o lls w a s s e e n a s a n a l te rn a t iv e s u p e r io r to in d e f in ite p o s tp o n e m e n t o f th e p o lls o n th e g r o u n d s o f w o rs e n in g la w a n d o r d e r s itu a tio n .

In te rm o f th e B ih ar A sse m b ly h a d e x p ire d o n M a rc h 15, 1995. T h e B u d g e t h a d to b e p a s s e d b e fo re M a rc h 31. T h e la s t p h a s e o f th e e le c tio n s

e n d e d o n M a rc h 28. B ihar w a s b ro u g jit u n d e r P re s id e n t 's ru le w ith im m e d ia te e ffec t la te n ig h t o n 2 8 th M a rc h . P ro c la m a tio n r e g a rd in g P re s id e n t 's ru le w a s is s u e d u n d e r A rtic le 356. L a lo o P ra s a d c o n t in u e d to b e th e c a re ta k e r C h ie f M in iste r.

C a re ta k e r C h ie f M in is te r L a lo o P ra s a d Y ad av d e s c r ib e d th e C e n tr e 's d e c is io n to in v o k e A rtic le 356 a s " a c o n s p ira c y o f f ru s t r a te d p o litic a l fo rc es ."

T h e J a n a ta D a l w o n th e e le c tio n s a n d L a lo o P ra s a d Y adav w a s in v ite d to fo rm th e n e w g o v e rn m e n t o n A p ril 4 , 1995. Y adav h a d w o n f ro m tw o c o n s titu e n c ie s o f D a n a p u r a n d R a g h u p u r.

T h e B ih ar A sse m b ly e lec tio n s c le a rly s h o w e d th a t b a ttle lines w e re d r a w n w i th th e J a n a ta D a l h a v in g o v e rw h e lm in g s u p p o r t o f b a c k w a rd , m in o r it ie s a n d d a l i ts a n d th a t th e BJP w h ic h e ro d e d th e p o lit ic a l b a s e a n d v o te b a n k o f th e C o n g re s s th u s m a k in g th e o ld e s t p a r ty ir re le v a n t fo r f t e t im e b e in g . T h e n e w ly fo rm e d S a m a ta P a r ty w a s se v e re ly m a u le d .

18 c o n s titu e n c ie s d e c la re d se n s itiv e b y th e EC in B ih a r w e re : B a g ah a , G o p a lg a n j, S h e o h a r , P u rn e a , M o tih a r i , S iw a n , A r ra h , B a rh , J a h a n a b a d , A u ra n g a b a d , K h a g a ri, N a la n d a , G a y a , M u n g e r, C h a tra , G ir id ih , P a la m a u , a n d H a z a r ib a g h .

N in e ty -f iv e c o m p a n ie s o f p a ra -m ili ta ry fo rc es w e re p o s te d o n M a y 2 fo r th e p o ll in g o f 20 se a ts . 145 c o m p a n ie s o f p a ra m ili ta ry fo rc es w e re p o s te d o n M a y 7 fo r th e p o llin g o f 34 se a ts . T h e se w e re a p a r t f ro m B ih ar P o lice . 13,558 a n ti-so c ia l a n d b a d e le m e n ts w e re a r r e s te d a n d a b o u t 890 a r m s re c o v e re d .

D E L H I: Fact Sheet

Table 12.19: Party Position in the 1996 Lok Sabha Elections


BJP 5 No changeCongress 2 No changeTotal______________ 7__________________ 7________________________________

Table 12.20: Partywise Members in Eleven Lok Sabhas from Delhi


Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJP - - - 6 - - . 4 5 5Congress 3 5 5 1 7 - 6 7 2 2 2JD - - - - - - 1 - 1 - -

BLD - - - - - 7 - - - - -

KMPP 1


Table 12.21: Constituencywise Party Position in 1996 Elections in Delhi

C o n s t itu e n t B JP C o n g ress Janata D a l C o n g re ss (T )

New Delhi

South Delhi

Outer Delhi

East Delhi

Jagmohan 1,39,945

Sushma Swaraj 2,94,570

K.L. Shanna 7,01,262

B.L.Sharma 5,38,655

Rajesh Khanna 81,630

Kapil Sibal 1,80,564

Sajjan Kumar 4,68,129

Deep C. Bandhu 3,86,156

Shoaib Iqbal 17,905

R.S.Mann 5,780

M Yadav 69.006

Kesari Singh 48,455

M.S. Bisht 5.027

Manoj Prabhakar 17,690

Chetan Singh 10,077

Jitender Kumar 38,401

Delhi Sadar Vijay Goel Jagdish Tytler — S.P. Mahender1,40,282 1,38,679 — 2,722

Chandni Chowk J.K. Jain JP Aggarwal V.P. Chaudhry Haroon Yusuf70,390 92,634 23,225 10,447

Karol Bagh Kalka Dass Meira Kuma'r — B.R. Tamta1,09,446 1,51,361 — 5,211

Table 12.22: Number of Voters and Votes Polled Constituencywise

SOUTH DELHI NEW DELHIElectorate 11,20,000 Electorate 5,05,445Votes polled 5.12,000 Votes polled 2,57,573Valid votes 5,06,000 Valid votes 2,53,927

CHANDNICHOWK EAST DELHIElectorate 3,78,970 Electorate 23,00470Votes polled 2,08,434 Votes polled 11,22,631Valid votes 2,06,223 Valid votes 11,05,410

KAROL BAGH DELHI SADARElectorate 5,45,590 Electorate 5,00,633Votes polled 2,92,097 Votes polled 3,01,583Valid votes 2,88,100 Valid votes 2,97,392

OUTER DELHIElectorate 28,20,403Votes polled 13,57,605Valid votes 13,35,299

Table 12.23; Estimated Voters Turn Out in Delhi Parlimentary Constituencies (1991 and 1996)

Constituency Voters Turn Out in Percentage 1991 1996

1. Delhi Sadar 53.6 582. Outer Delhi 49.0 49.03. South Delhi 46.00 49.14. New Delhi 47.32 52.05. Karol Bagh 50.1 51.06 . East Delhi 48.0 52.07. Chandni Chowk 56.6 50.0

S ta tew ise 1996 E lec tio n D a ta 131Chandni Chowk was the only Constituency in Delhi where the turn out

percentage declined in 1996 an conpared with 1991.

Table 12.24: Voters Turn out in Delhi Lok Sabha Elections 1971 to 1996

Year Veters turn out (Percentage)

1971 75.81977 71.31980 64.91984 64,51989 54.31991 48.51996 51.7

BJP's M anifesto for Delhi (Supplementary to the Party's National Manifesto)

• Full statehood for Delhi.• Making the New Delhi, Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) an elected

body.• Creating of a separate Municipal Corporation for the Trans- Yamvina

area.• Constituting a separate Housing Board for Delhi.• Conversion of leasehold properties to freehold and permitting an

additional floor on residential properties.• Provision of higher outlay for Delhi.• Identifying and deporting foreign illegal infiltrators in Delhi.• Initiation of punishment proceedings against remaining culprits of

the 1984 riots.• Holding MCD elections.• Subsidised foodgrains for economically weaker sections.• Ownership rights to people living in resettlement colonies.• Exempting self-occupied houses in the villages of Delhi from payment

of property tax.• Constitution of separate housing board and a rational housing policy.• Converting leasehold property into freehold by charging a lump sum

10 times the amount of lease.• Permission to build another storey in houses and increase covered

area by 25 per cent.• Implementation of the Fifth Pay Commission.• Enhancing the income-tax exemption limit to Rs. 60,000.• Linking the salaries of the workers with the price index.• Grant of bonus to all employees.• Development of metro railway, high speed tram project, and ring

railway.• Grant of pension to the poor disabled persons.• Financial assistance to the poor widows.• Opening new medical colleges, engineering colleges and management

institutes.

A nalysis and OverviewD elh i is g en e ra lly re g a rd e d as th e s tro n g h o ld o f th e BJP now . T h e p o sitio n

w a s so d if fe re n t in 1952 w h e n th e f ir s t e le c tio n s w e re h e ld fo r th e S ta te L e g is la tiv e A ssem b ly . T h e Ja n a S a n g h c o n te s te d 28 s e a ts b u t c o u ld w in o n ly2 a g a in s t 39 b a g g e d b y th e C o n g ress . In te rm s o f v o te s , th e C o n g re s s h a d se c u re d 2,71,977 a g a in s t 1,14,525 se cu red b y th e BJP. T h e L eg isla tive A ssem b ly a n d th e C o u n c il o f M in is te rs ce a se d to e x is t w i th e ffec t f ro m N o v e m b e r 1, 1965. In S e p te m b e r 1966, th e In te r im M e tro p o li ta n C o u n c il c a m e in to e x is te n c e fo llo w e d b y a n e lec ted M e tro p o lita n C o u n c il th a t w o rk e d b e tw e e n 1967-72. T h e Ja n a S a n g h g a in e d co n tro l a n d h a d 33 se a ts in th e M e tro p o lita n C o u n c il th a t c o n s is te d o f 56 e le c te d a n d fiv e n o m in a te d m e m b e rs . In th e n e x t e le c tio n s , th e C o n g re s s c a m e in to p o w er.

D u r in g th e J a n a ta w a v e o f 1977 th e Ja n a ta P a r ty w a s ab le to se c u re 46 s e a ts in th e M e tro p o li ta n C o u n c il e lec tio n s . I t m a y b e re c a lle d th a t th e JS d id n o t f ig u re a s a n in d iv id u a l id e n ti ty a l th o u g h i t h a d m a jo r ity o f m e m b e rs . In th e f o u r th M e tro p o l i ta n C o u n c il c o n s ti tu te d in 1983, th e BJP w a s re d u c e d to a p o s it io n in th e O p p o s itio n .

T h e p o s it io n in th e p re c e d in g e lec tio n s h a s v a r ie d in D elh i. T h e C o n g re ss a n d th e B JS /B JP h a s s h a re d th e g o v e rn m e n t a lte rn a tiv e ly . In 1952 it w a s C o n g re s s h e a d e d b y C h o w d h u ry B ra h m P ra k a sh , th e n G u ru m u k h N ih a l S in g h to o k o v e r f ro m h im . In 1967, th e re w a s a n ti-C o n g re ss w a v e a n d V ijay K u m a r M a lh o tra o f th e BJP b e c a m e th e C h ie f E x e c u tiv e C o u n c illo r (C E C ) — h e a d o f th e M e tro p o l i ta n C o u n c il. H e w a s fo llo w e d b y R a d h a R am an .

In th e p o st-E m e rg e n cy elec tions th e C o n g ress w a s d e fe a te d in th e e lec tions a n d K e d a r N a th S a h n i h e ld th e chair. B u t in th e n e x t e le c tio n s , it w a s a g a in Jag P ra v e s h o f th e C o n g re s s , w h o b e c a m e th e C E C .

T h e C o n s titu tio n (S ix ty -n in th A m e n d m e n t) A c t 1991 d e s ig n a te d th e U n io n T e rr ito ry o f D e lh i as th e N a tio n a l C a p ita l T e rr ito ry o f D elh i a n d p ro v id e d fo r i t a L e g is la tiv e A sse m b ly a n d a C o u n c il o f M in is te rs .

Table 12.25: Party Position in Delhi Assembly (1993)


Party Seats Contested Seats Won

Congress 70 14BJP 70 49Jahata Dal 69 4CPI (M) 5 -

CPI 11 -

Independents and Others 1,072 3Total 1,297 70

T h e D e lh i v o te rs a re k n o w n fo r c h a n g e s th e ir p re fe re n c e s f re q u en tly . T ru e to th e ir r e p u ta tio n , th e y d is m o u n te d c in e s ta r R a jesh K h a n n a , S ajjan K u m a r a n d Ja g d ish Tytler. T h e cho ice th is tim e w e n t to th e 5 -tim e G o v e rn o r o f d if fe re n t S ta te s a n d U n io n T e rr ito rie s , Ja g m o h a n th e BJP s ta lw a r t K .L. S h a rm a a n d th e Y ou th L e a d e r V ijay G oel o f th e BJP. T h e re su lts s h o w a n

a p p re c ia tio n o f th e w o r k d o n e b y th e BJP g o v e rn m e n t in D e lh i. T h e BJP lo se rs h a v e b e e n c o n tro v e rs ia l r ig h t f ro m th e n o m in a tio n s ta g e a n d th is se em s to h a v e c a u s e d d ea rly .

G O A : Fact Sheet

Table 12.26: Party Position in the 1996 Lok Sabha Elections — Goa

Statexvise Election Data 133

Party Seats won Gains/Losses as compared with 1991

Congress - -2UGDP - -1MG? 1 +1Total 2 -

Table 12.27: Party Position in the Lok Sabha Elections (1980 to 1996)

Party 1980 1984 1989 1991 1.996

Congress . 2 1 2BJP - - .INC(U) 1 - -MAG 1 - 1 - 1UGDP - - 1

Total 2 2 2 2

Table 12.28: Party Position in the Goa Assembly since 1967

Party 1967 1972 1977 1980 1984 1989 1994

C ongress . 1 10 20 18 20 18MGP 16 18 15 7 8 18 12UGP 12 10 - - 3 (UGDP)BJP - - - - 4Janata Party - - 3 - -Ind. & Other? 2 1 2 3 4 2 3Total 30 30 30 30 40 40 40

Table 12.29: Partywise Members in Eleven Lok Sabhas from Goa

Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJPCongress N ot applicable - 1 1 2 1 2 -UGS 1 1 - -INCU - - -MAG - - 1 \ . . . .

MGP - - - 1UGDP - - - 1Independent & O thers 1 - - -


Analysis and OverviewF irs t e le c tio n in G o a w a s h e ld in 1963 a n d s in c e th e n e ig h t e le c tio n s

h a v e b e e n h e ld so far. T h e H o u s e h a d 30 s e a ts e a r l ie r b u t th e s t r e n g th w a s ra is e d to 40 a f te r G o a b e c a m e a S ta te . In 1989, e lec tio n s to th e S ta te A sse m b ly w e r e h e ld fo r th e f ir s t tim e . T h e C o n g re s s P a r ty s e c u re d 20 se a ts . T h e o th e r P a r ty in th e f r a y w a s th e M a h a ra s h tra w a d i G o m a n ta k P a r ty (M G P ) w h ic h c a m e c lo se to th e C o n g re s s w ith 18 sea ts . L a s t e lec tio n s to th e S ta te A sse m b ly w e r e h e ld in 1994.

T h e M G P fo rm e d in 1963 w o n e lec tio n s in 1967, 1972 a n d 1977. I t fo u g h t fo r th e m e rg e r o f G o a w i th M a h a ra s h tra in th e in itia l y e a rs . I t c a m e in to b e in g a s a re a c tio n to th e C o n g re s s w h ic h h a d p u t u p a lm o s t a ll B ra h m in s in th e f ir s t e lec tio n s .

In th e 1994 e le c tio n s M G P e n te re d in to a l lia n c e w i th th e BJP a n d th e S h iv S en a . C o n g re s s w a s th e ru lin g p a r ty w h e n e le c tio n s w e r e h e ld . T h e t r ip le a l lia n c e o f th e M G P-B JP a n d S h iv S e n a t r a i le d b e h in d th e C o n g re s s .

In th e 1996 e le c tio n s th e C o n g re s s P a r ty w a s to ta lly e l im in a te d f ro m th e s e a t b y P U G D a n d M G P w h ic h s h a re d o n e s e a t each .

GUJARAT: Fad Sheet

Table 12.30: No. of Independents and Partywise Lok Sabha Members in Eleven Lok Sabhas from Gujarat

Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJP 1 12 20 16Congress 19 17 16 11 11 10 25 24 3 5 10JD (G) 1 -

JNP 1 1 - - -

SWA - - 4 10 2JD - - - - - - - 11 - -

Ind & O thers 2 5 1 3BLD - - - - - 16 - - - - -

NC (O) - - - - 11 - - - - -

Table 12.31; Percentage of Votes Polled by PartiesParty 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991Congress 46.9 54.8 53.2 37.0 29.0BJP - - 17.0 30.4 50.4P / j n p /Bl d 49.5 36.9 18.2 27.7 3.4JNPS/LKD - 2.9 2.3 0.0 -

I«ft Front - 0.2 0.2 - -

JD(C) - - - - 13.1Others 1.7 0.8 2.0 1.3Independents 3.6 3.5 8.3 2.9 2.8Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.0% o f votes polled 59.2 55.4 57.9 54.6 44.0

Party 1990 1995

Staiewise Election Data 135

Table 12.32: Parlywise Performance in the Assembly (1990 and 1995)

Seats % of votes Seats % of votes

Janata Party/Dal 70 29.53 2.14BJP 67 26.69 121 43.03Congress 33 30.85 45 33.35Independents,Others and Rebels 12 12.93 16 21.48Total 182 100.00 182 100 JM)

Table 12.33: Votes Polled by Major Political Parties (1995)

Party Votes Polled Percentage of Ko/es

BJP 66,24,711 43.03Janata Dal 3,28,864 2.14Congress 51,34,181 33.35Samajwadi Party 850 0.01BSP 1,97,617 1.28Cong. Rebels 3,17,191 20.85BJP Rebels 71,221 0.46JD Rebels 42,839 0.28

Notes : 1. Out of 157 Cong, rebels, 16 were elected2. The JD, BJP and other rebels drew ii blank in terms of seats won.

Analaysis and OverviewA s a r e s u lt o f th e re o rg a n is a tio n o f e r s tw h ile B o m b a y S ta te , th e S ta te o f

G u ja ra t w a s fo rm e d o n M a y 9, 1960. It h a s f iv e m a jo r re g io n s — K u tc h , S a u ra s h tr a , S o u th G u ja ra t, N o r th G u ja ra t a n d C e n tra l G u ja ra t.

G u ja ra t is a le a d in g in d u s t r ia l is e d s ta te o f th e co u n try . I t r a n k s f ir s t in th e p r o d u c t io n o f to b a c c o , c o t to n a n d g ro u n d n u t . A ll th e s e h a v e a g o o d m a rk e t a n d p r o v id e a f o u n d a t io n fo r in d u s t r ie s lik e te x tile s , o il a n d so a p . It h a s m o re th a n 1,200 la rg e a n d m e d iu m a n d 1,40,000 sm a ll in d u s t r ia l u n its , c o v e r in g a w id e r a n g e o f in d u s t r ie s — te x tile s , c h e m ic a ls , p e tro c h e m ic a ls , d y e s , fe r tiliz e r, c e m e n t a n d su g a r.

G u ja ra t r e m a in e d a C o n g re s s s t r o n g h o ld fo r m o re th a n th r e e d e c a d e s a f te r in d e p e n d e n c e . T h e 1989 L ok S a b h a e le c tio n s w a s th e tu r n in g p o in t fo r th e BJP in G u ja ra t. T h e BJP a n d th e J a n a ta D a l jo in e d to g e th e r to d e f e a t th e C o n g ress . In th e S ta te A sse m b ly e lec tio n s o f F e b ru a ry 1990, BJP fo u g h t a g a in s t b o th th e C o n g re s s a n d th e BJD a n d m a n a g e d to p o ll 26 .7 p e r c e n t o f th e v o te s to w in 67 s e a ts o u t o f 182 se a ts . B ig le a p , h o w e v e r , c a m e in th e 1991 L o k S a b h a e le c tio n s . In 1995 A sse m b ly e le c tio n s , BJP w o n 121 s e a ts a n d fo rm e d th e m iru stry .

L a s t e le c tio n s to th e G u ja ra t A s se m b ly w e re h e ld in F e b ru a ry 1995. F o r th e f ir s t tim e , BJP G o v e rn m e n t w a s in s ta lle d in M a rc h 1995. B h a ra tiy a Ja n a ta P a r ty le a d e r K e sh u b h a i P a te l w a s s w o r n in a s th e 1 4 th C h ie f M in is te r o f

G u ja r a t . E a r l ie r BJP h a d s h a r e d p o w e r w i th v a r io u s n o n - C o n g r e s s co m b in a tio n s . F ro m M a rc h 1990 to N o v e m b e r 7 ,1 9 9 0 , BJP h a d a n in e -m o n th r e n d e z v o u s w i th J a n a ta D al C h ie f M in is te r C h im a n b h a i P a te l w h o la te r sw itc h e d o v e r lo y a lty to th e C o n g ress a n d fo rm e d th e m in is try w i th th e h e lp o f JD (G ), a b re a k -u p g ro u p o f th e Ja n a ta D al.

T h e 1995 e lec tio n s w e re a tw o -p a r ty a ffa ir — C o n g re s s v s BJP. T ill a s la te a s 1985, th e BJP w a s n o t a m a jo r fo rc e in G u ja ra t p o litic s . A lth o u g h th e S ta te h a d a p la c e fo r c o n s e rv a tiv e n o n -C o n g re s s p o lit ic s , r e p re s e n te d f i r s t b y th e S w a n ta ra P a r ty a n d th e n b y th e C o n g ress (O ) a n d th e Ja n a S an g h , th e y c o u ld n e v e r c ro ss th e 10 p e r c e n t m a rk in te rm s o f v o te s o r se a ts . T h e p ig g y -b a c k r id e th e JS g o t d u r in g th e Jq n a ta re g im e (1977-80) g a v e it th e le g itim a c y a n d s tr e n g th to e m e rg e as a fo rc e o f so m e c o n s e q u e n c e u n d e r th e n e w la b e l o f th e BJP. Its v o te s re a c h e d 14 a n d 15 p e r c e n t re s p e c tiv e ly in th e 1980 a n d 1985 A sse m b ly e lec tio n s. T h e 1989 L ok S ab h a e lec tio n s w a s th e tu r n in g p o in t fo r th e BJP in G u ja ra t. T h e BJP a n d th e J a n a ta D al c a m e to g e th e r to d e fe a t th e C o n g re s s . A s th e ju n io r p a r tn e r o f th e a l lia n c e th e BJP s e c u re d o v e r 30 p e r c e n t o f th e v o te s a n d le d in 76 A sse m b ly se g m e n ts . A fe w m o n th s la te r, in th e A s se m b ly e le c tio n s o f F e b ru a ry 1990, i t fo u g h t a g a in s t b o th — th e C o n g re s s a n d th e J a n a ta D al a n d m a n a g e d to p o ll 26 .7 p e r c e n t o f th e v o te s to w in 67 se a ts . T h e n ca m e th e b ig le a p in th e 1991 L ok S ab h a p o ll, h e ld a f te r th e Ja n a ta D al-BJP g o v e rn m e n t h a d sp lit a n d C h im a n b h a i P a te l h a d c o n v e r te d th e Ja n a ta D al in to Ja n a ta D al (G u jara t) to fo rm a n a llia n ce w ith th e C o n g ress . T h e BJP h a d to w a i t fo r fo u r y e a rs to g e t a c h a n c e to c o n v e r t th e n a t io n a l v ic to ry o f 1991 in to a re a l le g is la tiv e m a jo r ity in 1995 A s se m b ly e lec tio n s .

T h e BJP g a in e d c o n s id e ra b ly in th e 1995 A sse m b ly e le c tio n s , n o t o n ly in te rm s o f s e a ts b u t a lso in th e p e rc e n ta g e o f v o te s p o lle d . F o r th e f ir s t t im e th e BJP c o n te s te d all th e 182 se a ts a n d ro m p e d h o m e w ith 121 se a ts .

T h e C o n g re s s g a in e d 12 s e a ts m o re fo r a m a rg in a l im p ro v e m e n t o f 2 .48 p e r c e n t it h a d in 1995 e lec tio n s . C o n g re s s g o t 33.35 p e r c e n t a g a in s t 30.85 p e r c e n t in 1990. W ith th is n o m in a l g a in th e C o n g re s s g o t a to ta l o f 45 s e a ts a g a in s t 33 in th e la s t e lec tio n s .

T h e p e r fo rm a n c e o f th e C o n g ress rebe ls w a s q u ite im p re ss iv e . T h e reb e ls c o n te s t in g a s in d e p e n d e n ts g o t 16 w ith 2.06 p e r c e n t v o te s . In a ll th e re w e re 157 C o n g re s s rebe ls.

T h e Ja n a ta D a l d r e w b la n k in th e 1995 A sse m b ly e le c tio n s in G u ja ra t. T h e A sse m b ly e lec tio n s in d ic a te d th a t th e BJP in G u ja ra t w a s n o lo n g e r a n ex c lu s iv e ly u rb a n affair, it h a s g a in e d a c c e p ta b ility a m o n g fa rm e rs , t r ib a ls a n d la b o u re rs . T h e w id e s u p p o r t a m o n g th e fa rm e rs is te s tif ie d b y th e fa c t th a t it b a g g e d 34 o f th e 58 se a ts in S a u ra s h tra , 11 o f th e 14 in M e h sa n a , 6 o f th e 8 s e a ts in S a b a rk a n th a a n d 5 o f th e 9 in B a n a sk a n th a re g io n s d o m in a te d b y fa rm e rs . A m o n g th e T rib a ls i t g o t 16 o f th e 26 re s e rv e d se a ts .

T h e G u ja ra t re su lts re flec t th e u n re so lv e d in n e r c o n tra d ic t io n w i th in th e BJP. T h e P a r ty lo s t 4 s e a ts n o tw ith s ta n d in g th e fa c t th a t it w a s th e ru l in g p a r ty in th e S ta te . T h e BJP h a d a ll a lo n g c la im e d th a t it w a s a p a r ty w i th a d iffe ren ce . F o r th e m G u ja ra t w a s a m o d e l o f p o litica l a c h ie v e m e n t w h e r e th e C h ie f M in is te r h a d a c lea n im a g e a n d th e p a r ty fu n c tio n e d w i th o u t a n y


p o litic a l c o m p u ls io n a s it e n jo y ed a n a b s o lu te m ajo rity . T h e d a m a g e w a s d o n e b y th e V ag h e la g ro u p w h ic h led to a c ra c k in th e r a n k g e t t in g th e n ic k n am e s 'H a z u r ia s , (loyalists) a n d th e 'K h a ju r ia s ' ( th e g ro u p th a t h a d f lo w n to K h a ju ria s) to b r in g p re s s u re o n th e H ig h C o m m a n d fo r th e re m o v a l o f th e th e n C h ie f M in is te r K e sh u B hai P a te l. T h is in c id e n t h a d a n a ll In d ia re p e rc u s s io n s o n th e im a g e o f th e p a rty .

HARYANA: Fact SheetTable 12.34: Partywise Members in Eleven Lok Sabhas from Haryana

Party_______1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJP Not applicable 4Congress 7 7 - 5 10 4 9 2BLD - - 10 ..............................................HVP .........................................................1 -JD ..............................................6 - -JNP/LKD . . . 4 . . . .Independents and Others 2 2 - 1 - - - 1

Table 12J5: Percentage of Votes Polled by Parties (1977-1991)

Statewise Election Data 137

Party 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991

Congress 18.0 32.6 54.9 46.2 37.2BJP - - 7.5 8.3 10.2JD/JNP/BLD 70.3 28.1 1.4 38.9 12.5Left Front 0.6 - 0.9 0.2 .

JNPS/LKD - 33.5 19.1 0.1 0.1HVP - - - 5.3Others 4.8 0.4 10.5 2.6 29.2Independents 6.3 5.4 5.7 3.7 5.5Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00% o fvotes polled 73.3 64.8 66.8 64.4 65.8

Table 1236: Party Performance in Assembly Elections (1982 to 1991)

PartM 1982 1987 1991

Congress 36 (37.6%) 5 (29.2%) 51 (33.7%)BJP 6 (7.7%) 18 (10.1%) 2 (9.4%)Janata Dal 31 (23.9%) 60 (38.6%) 3 (4.6%)Independents and Others 17 7 6JP 60 16HVP 12Total 90 90 90

Lok Dal seats and votes in 1982, 1987, and 1991 included in Janata Dal figures in the parenthesis indicate percentage of votes polled.

Analysis and OverviewC a rv e d o u t f ro m U n ite d P u n ja b o n N o v e m b e r 1 ,1 9 6 6 , H a ry a n a is n o te d

fo r th e p o litics o f 'A y a R am , G ay a R am '. Its p o litic s h a s re m a in e d d o m in a te d b y th e tr io 'L a is ' — B ansi Lai, D ev i Lai a n d B h a jan Lai. A v e ry u n u s u a l p o litic a l e v e n t to o k p la c e in H a ry a n a in 1980 v^^hen B h a jan L ai w h o w a s th e C h ie f M in is te r d u r in g th e Ja n a ta te n u re , d e fe c te d f ro m th is p a r ty a n d jo in e d th e C o n g re s s w i th a lm o s t all h is m in is te ria l co lleag u es a n d p a r ty le g is la tu re s .

H a ry a n a is lo o se ly d iv id e d in to fo u r re g io n s fo r p o lit ica l p u rp o s e s . F irs t, th e re is th e J a t-d o m in a te d a re a o r th e 'J a t la n d ' w h ic h h a s m o re A sse m b ly se a ts . I t in c lu d e s R o h tak , S o n ep a t, B h iw an i, H is sa r a n d ru ra l a re a s o f K a m a l a n d K u ru k s h e tr a d is tr ic ts . It is t r a d i t io n a l ly a n ti-C o n g re s s b u t in th e 1991 e lec tio n s . C o n g re s s d id re m a rk a b ly w e ll h e re . T h e a d v a n c e d a re a s a lo n g th e G ra n d T ru r\k R o a d f ro m A m b a la to 1 -aridabad ( in c lu d in g K a m a l) a n d a lo n g th e D e lh i-J a ip u r h ig h w a y a re th e s e c o n d e le c to ra l re g io n . T h e B a n ia s , B ra h m in s , A h irs , a n d S i l^ s a n d p e o p le d is p la c e d f ro m P u n ja b fo rm th e m a jo r ity h e re . In 1991 th e BJP se c u re d m o re th a n 15 p e r c e n t v o te s in th e A m b a la a n d F a r id a b a d d is tr ic ts . T h is re g io n is t r a d i t io n a l ly p ro -C o n g re ss . T h e o th e r tw o a re d is tin c tly sm a lle r reg ions o f M e w a t a n d A h irw a l in s o u th e rn H a ry a n a . A ro u n d 62 p e r ce n t o f th e p o p u la tio n in M e w a t c o m p ris e s o f M u s lim v o te rs .

T h e th re e m a jo r p a r t ie s c o n te n d in g fo r p o w e r in H a ry a n a in th e 1996 e le c tio n s w e re th e C o n g re ss w ith th e C h ie f M in is te r B ha jan L ai d o m in a t in g it, th e H a ry a n a V ikas P a r ty (H V P), h e a d e d b y th e fo rm e r C h ie f M in is te r B an si L ai a n d th e th ird fo rce u n d e r D ev i L ai, fo rm e r D e p u ty P r im e M in is te r a n d C h ie f M in is te r a n d h is so n O m P ra k a sh C h a u ta la , fo rm e r C h ie f M in iste r.

in te re s t in g ly in 1989 JD w ith 38.9 p e r c e n t v o te s — a b o u t 7 p e r c e n t le ss th a n th e C o n g re s s (46.2 p e r cen t) g o t 6 w hereas^ th e C o n g re s s g o t o n ly 4 se a ts . In 1984 JD d r e w a, b la n k a l th o u g h it o b ta in e d 19.1 p e r c e n t v o te s as a g a in s t C o n g re ss ' sco re o f 55 p e r c e n t v o te s .

In th e 1996 e lec tio n s , H a ry a n a V ikas P a r ty le d b y B an si L ai a n a l lia n c e w i th th e BJP g a v e a c ru s h in g d e fe a t to th e ru lin g C o n g re s s in th e S ta te . In th e L o k S ab h a e lec tio n s a lso th e C o n g re s s P a r ty lo st. 7 se a ts , 4 to th e BJP cind 3 to th e H V P . It is o f in te re s t to n o te th a t fo r th e f ir s t t im e th e BJP m a rk e d its p re se n c e in th e P a r lia m e n t re p re se n tin g th e H a ry a n a e le c to ra te .

A th re e -m e m b e r H a ry a n a V ikas P a rty -B h ara tiy a Ja n a ta P a r ty g o v e rn m e n t h e a d e d b y B ansi Lai, th e H V P su p re m o , to o k o v e r th e re in s o f p o w e r in H a ry a n a . Im m e d ia te ly a f te r th e sw ea rin g -in ce rem o n y th e n e w C a b in e t s ig n e d o rd e r s to im p o s e to ta l p ro h ib itio n in th e S ta te f ro m Ju ly 1, 1996.

B o rn o n A u g u s t 26, 1927, a t G o la g a rh v illa g e in B h iw a n i d is tr ic t , B ansi Lai g ra d u a te d fro m P u n jab U n iv e rs ity a n d o b ta in e d a la w d e g re e . H e s ta r te d h is c a re e r a s a n a d v o c a te b u t so o n p lu n g e d in to p o litic s . H e w a s e le c te d to th e R ajya S ab h a in 1960. H e h a s b ee n a m e m b e r o f th e L ok S ab h a fo r th re e te rm s a n d h a s s e rv e d a s U n io n D efen ce M in iste r, U n io n R a ilw a y M in is te r a n d U n io n T ra n sp o r t M in is te r d u r in g a c h e q u e re d career. H e s e rv e d as H a ry a n a C h ie f M in is te r fro m 1968 to 1975 a n d a g a in fro m Ju n e 1986 to Ju n e 1987. H e is c re d ite d w ith h a v in g b ro u g h t a b o u t r a p id d e v e lo p m e n t in th e S ta te d u r in g h is p re v io u s te n u re s .


Statew ise Election D ata 139

H IM A C H A L P R A D E S H : Fact Sheet

Table 12.37: Partywise Members in Eleven Lok Sabhas from Himachal PradeshParty 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJP 3 2Congress 3 4 4 6 4 4 4 1 2 4ELD - - 4 - -

Table 12.38 :Percentage of Votes Polled by Different Parties (1977 to 1991)Party 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991

Congress 38.6 54.3 67.8 42.0 46.2BJP - - 23.3 45.3 42.8JD/JNP/BLD 571 37.9 3.6 7.2 7.0Left Front 2.2 3.4 0.9 1.8 0.7Others - 0.3 1.0 3.1 1.9Independents 2.2 4.1 3.4 0.6 1.4Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00Percentage o ftotal votes polled 59.6 58.7 61.5 63.9 57.4

Table 12.39: Latest Party Position in the State Assembly (1993)

YearOthers

No. of Seats

Congress BjS/BJP CPI CP1(M)JD Independents and

1952 36 24 _ _ - 3 (PSP) 91967 60 34 7 2 - 171972 68 53 5 - 1 91977 68 9 - - 53 61982 68 31 29 - - 81985 68 58 7 - - 21990 68 8 44 1 11 11993 68 52 8 - 1 7

* In 1990 elections were held in 65 constituencies.A n a ly s is a n d O v e rv ie w

H im a c h a l P ra d e sh b ec am e a a ill-f led g e d S ta te o n Ja n u a ry 25 ,1971. E a rlie r v\rith th e re o rg a n is a tio n o f P u n ja b o n N o v e m b e r 1 ,1 9 9 6 so m e a re as b e lo n g in g to it w e re in c lu d e d in H im a c h a l P ra d e sh .

L as t S ta te e le c tio n s in H im a c h a l P ra d e s h w e re h e ld in N o v e m b e r 1993 in w h ic h th e C o n g re s s w o n a n a b s o lu te m a jo r ity b y w in n in g 52 se a ts o u t o f 68 a n d w re s te d co n tro l fro m th e BJP. S ince 1952 u p to 1977, th e C o n g re ss w a s in p o w e r in H im a c h a l P ra d e sh . T h e p a r ty g o t its f irs t jo lt in H im a c h a l P ra d e s h in th e p o s t-E m e rg e n c y p e r io d . In th e 1977 A sse m b ly e lec tio n s it g o t 9 se a ts as a g a in s t 53 in 1972. T h e Ja n a ta w a v e w a s th e m a in c a u se o f its ro u t

in 1977. F iv e y e a rs la te r it g a in e d a n e d g e o v e r its e m e rg in g r iv a l BJP. A g a in , in 1985, it t ro u n c e d BJP a n d g o t 58 s e a ts a s connpared w ith th e 7 o f th e BJP. In 1990 e lec tio n it c o u ld w in ju s t 8 se a ts as a g a in s t B JP 's 51 sea ts . In th e 1993 A sse m b ly e lec tio n s , th e C o n g re s s c a p tu re d p o w e r a n d w o n 52 s e a ts as c o m p a re d w ith 8 o f th e BJP. T h e 1993 c o n te s t w a s p r im a r ily b e tw e e n th e C o n g re s s a n d th e BJP.

T h e BJP in H im a c h a l P ra d e s h m a d e its p re se n c e fe lt in 1982 w h e n it w a s ju s t s h o r t o f 3 s e a ts a s c o m p a re d to th e C o n g ress . T h e BJP m a d e its p re se n c e fe lt in 1990 w h e re it c a p tu re d 44 se a ts a n d fo rm e d its G o v e rn m e n t u n d e r S h a n ta K u m a r as th e C h ie f M in is te r A lo n g w ith th e o th e r BJP g o v e rn m e n ts in th e S ta te s o f M a d h y a P ra d e sh , R a ja s th an a n d U.P., BJP g o v e rn m e n t in H im a c h a l P ra d e s h w a s a lso d ism isse d b y th e P re s id e n t o f In d ia in th e w a k e o f p o s t-D e c e m b e r 6 ,1 9 9 2 e v e n ts in A y o d h y a . In th e 1993 A sse m b ly e le c tio n s , H im a c h a l P ra d e s h w a s lo s t b y BJP in th e face o f so m e h a rs h d e c is io n s ta k e n b y th e S h a n ta K u m a r G o v e rn m e n t.

In th e 1996 L ok S ab h a E lec tions , the C o n g re ss P a r ty c o n s o lid a te d its h o ld in th e s ta te b y w in n in g all th e fo u r sea ts . T h e BJP w a s s w e p t o ff f ro m th e p o lit ica l scene .

JANMMU & KASHMIR: A Fact Sheet

Table 12.40: Partywise Members — Jammu & Kashmir


Party 1951 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJP Not applicable . - - - . 1Congress 5 5 3 1 3 2 4NationalConference 1 2 3 3 3 *•

JD - - 1 - - 1Independents & Others - 1 1 1 - 1 -Total 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

* Did not contest; Elections not held iin 1989.

Table 12.41: Percentage of Votes Polled by Political Partiesand Independents in 1996 Lok Sabha Polls

Party Seats Won Votes Polled Percentage of votes polled

Congress 4 5,70,880 26.16BJP 1 4,07,560 18.68JD 1 3,65,874 16.77Independents and Others - 6,31,954 38.90Total 6 19,76,188 100.00

S ta tm ise Election Data 141

Table 1Z.42: 1996 Results of Six Parliamentaiy Constituencies in J & K

ANANTNAG CONSTITUENCYTotal VotesVotes Polled Valid Votes Invalid Votes JDCongress-IBJPPPAwami Conference PPFAwami League Cong (Tiwari)Total No. of candidates

1,65^713,83,8613,57,858

26,0031,17,221

59,13739,96015,44529,07019,51012,5905,865

16

BARAMULA CONSTITUENCYTotal VotesVotes Polled Valid Votes Invalid Votes Congress-I JDANC PP BJPTotal No. of candidates

JAMMU CONSTITUENCY

7,04,6013,28,6883,05,740

22,9481,10,331

25,55424,62821,03812,261

10

Total votesVotes polledInvalid votesValid votesCongress-IBJPBSPJanata Dal PPCong (Tewari)

12,06,4995,81,307

14,0095,67,2981,95,1661,47,494

91,48088,0723,2752,145

Total No. of candidates : 30LADAKH CONSTITUENCY Total votes : 1,27,729Votes polled : 1,06,347Invalid votes ; 1,570Valid Votes : 1,04,777Congress-I ; 54,592Independent 44,457BJP : 5,728Total No. of candidates 3

SRINAGAR CONSTITUENCYTotal votesVotes polledValid votesInvalid votesCongress-IJDPPBJPTotal No. of candidates

7,85,2933,21,9282,97,891

24,03755,50353,90436,30335,911

11

UDHAMPUR CONSTITUENCYTotal votesVotes polled Invalid votes Valid votes BJPCongress-IJDBSPPPCong (Tewari)Total No. of candidates

8,53,4604,59,456

16,9634,41,8521,66,206

96,15181,12332,01123,6119,269

40

(PP : Panthers Party, PPF : People's Patriotic Front, ANC : Aman Nawaz Conference)

Analysis and OverviewT h e S ta te o f J & K a c c e d e d to In d ia o n O c to b e r 27, 1947. W ith the-

a d o p t io n o f th e In d ia n C o n s ti tu t io n , J & K c a m e u n d e r th e te r r i to r ia l a n d C o n s ti tu t io n a l ju r is d ic t io n o f In d ia a n d b e c a m e a n in te g ra l p a r t o f th e In d ia n U n io n o n J a n u a r y 26, 1950. U n d e r A rtic le 370 o f th e In d ia n C o n s t i tu t io n it e n jo y s c e r ta in p r iv ile g e s n o t a v a ila b le to o th e r In d ia n S ta te s . P re c ise ly th is A rtic le o c c u p ie s a n im p o r ta n t p la c e in th e e le c tio n m a n ife s to e s . T h e BJP f ro m th e v e r y b e g in n in g is fo r its a b o litio n . T h e S ta te o f J & K h a s b e e n in tu r m o il o n a c c o im t o f P a k is ta n ’s a g g re s s iv e p o s it io n o n th is issu e .

J & K h a s 6 s e a ts in th e L o k S ab h a— 2 fo r J a m m u re g io n , 3 fo r K a sh m ir re g io n a n d 1 fo r L a d a k h reg ion . In th e 1984 L ok S ab h a e lec tio n s, th e C o n g ress a n d th e N a tio n a l C o n fe re n ce sh a re d th e se a ts e q u a lly i.e . 3 se a ts each . E arlie r in 1989, th e C o n g re s s w o n 2 se a ts , J a n a ta D a l 1 a n d th e N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e 3 se a ts .

In th e 1951 A s s e m b ly e le c tio n s th e N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e w o n a ll th e 75 s e a ts (73 a s im o p p o s e d ) . T h is is u n iq u e in th e h is to ry o f e le c tio n s . T h e s ta n d o f th e N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e h a s re m a in e d in c o n s is te n t. T h e N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e h a s b e e n h e a d e d b y S h e ik h A b d u lla h a n d a f te r h is d e a th P ra ja P a r is h a d h a s so m e s tro n g h o ld s in th e J a m m u re g io n . I t h a s a lw a y s p le a d e d fo r 'O n e C o n s ti tu t io n , O n e S y m b o l. ' T h e J a m m u P ra ja P a r is h a d m a y b e sa id to b e th e e x te n d e d w in g o f th e e rs tw h ile B h a ra tiy a Ja n a S a n g h (n o w re n a m e d a s B h a ra tiy a J a n a ta P a r ty ).

In M a y 1965, th e J a m m u & K a sh m ir C o n s ti tu t io n w a s a m e n d e d a n d th e d e n o m in a t io n o f 'P r im e M in iste r, a n d , S a d a r- i-R iy a s t ' w e re c h a n g e d to C h ie f M in is te r a n d G o v e rn o r resp ec tiv e ly .

In th e 1977 A sse m b ly e lec tio n s . N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e w o n 39 s e a ts o u t o f 42 in th e Valley, 7 s e a ts o u t o f 32 in th e J a m m u re g io n a n d b o th th e s e a ts f ro m L a d a k h . T h e C o n g re s s P a r ty w a s p ra c tic a lly w ip e d o u t in th e Valley. A f te r th e p a s s in g a w a y o f S h e ik h A b d u lla h , h is so n D r. F a ro o q A b d u lla J i w a s s w o rn in a s C h ie f M in is te r in S e p te m b e r 1982. A fte r th e 1983 A sse m b ly e le c tio n s . D r. F a ro o q A b d u lla h b e c a m e th e C h ie f M in is te r o f th e S ta te . In A p ri l 1984 Ja g m o h a n a s s u m e d th e c h a rg e o f th e p o s t o f G o v e rn o r. M ilita n c y h a d g r o w n r a p id ly in th e V alley a n d i t w a s fe lt th a t D r. A b d u lla h w a s n o t ta k in g a d e q u a t e s te p s to c h e c k m il ita n c y . T h e M in i s t r y h e a d e d b y D r. A b d u l la h w a s d is m is s e d . G .M . S h a h b e c a m e th e C h ie f M in is te r . G o v e rn o r 's r u le in M a rc h 1986 w a s fo llo w e d b y th e P re s id e n t 's ru le in S e p te m b e r 1986. In th e 1987 A sse m b ly e lec tio n s , c o a lit io n p a r t ie s i.e . th e C o n g re s s a n d th e N a tio n a l C o rife ren ce s w e p t th e p o lls . In F e b ru a ry 19,1990, D r. A b d u lla h 's M in is try w a s d is m is s e d o n a c c o u n t o f i ts f a ilu re to p r o v id e la w a n d o r d e r in th e S ta te . G o v e rn o r 's ru le w a s im p o s e d . W ith th e fo rm a tio n o f th e Ja n a ta M in is try o n e C e n tra l C a b in e t M in is te r w a s d e s ig n a te d a s M in is te r o f J & K, in a d d i t io n to h is o th e r n o rm a l d u tie s . In 1990-91 a b o u t3 la k h K ash m iri P a n d its w e re fo rced to leav e K ash m ir o n a c c o u n t o f m ilitancy . T h e BJP o rg a n is e d th e 'E k ta Y a tra ' f ro m K a n y a k u m a r i to K a sh m ir w h ic h e n d e d a t S r in a g a r o n J a n u a r y 1992 a n d th e BJP P re s id e n t M u rli M a n o h a r Jo sh i h o is te d th e N a tio n a l F lag a t L ai C h o w k , S rin a g a r. L o k S a b h a e le c tio n s in 1991 c o u ld n o t b e h e ld in J & K b e c a u s e o f in c re a se d m ilitan cy . L ik e w ise n o e le c tio n s to S ta te A sse m b ly c o u ld b e h e ld s in c e 1987.

T h e co n flic t-to rn S ta te o f Ja m m u a n d K ash m ir h a s b ee n w ith o u t a n e lec ted G o v e r n m e n t t o r o v e r f iv e y e a r s . O n J u n e 1, 1995 , th e R a jy a S a b h a u n a n im o u s ly a p p ro v e d a re so lu tio n e x te n d in g th e P re s id e n t 's ru le in J a m m u & K a sh m ir fo r s ix m o n th s f ro m Ju ly 18, 1995. T h e G o v e rn m e n t a s s u re d th e H o u s e a lso th a t " r e s to ra t io n o f p o lit ic a l p ro c e ss a n d re s to ra t io n o f p e a c e in th e V alley th r o u g h th e in s ta lla tio n o f a r e p re s e n ta t iv e a n d d e m o c ra tic a lly e le c te d G o v e rn m e n t as o p p o s e d to th e g u n c u l tu re w h ic h th e m e rc e n a ry e le m e n ts w a n t , is o n th e to p o f th e G o v e rn m e n t a g e n d a ." T h e f re s h sp e ll o f


e x te n s io n w a s fo r s ix m o n th s to c o n d u c t a n d c o m p le te th e e le c tio n p ro c e ss w i th o u t a n y o b s tru c t io n o r p re s s u re ."

T h e d e s tru c t io n o f C h a ra r -e -S h a r ie f b y P a k is ta n i m il i ta n ts h a s c a u s e d a s i tu a tio n in w h ic h e m o tio n s a re b e in g w h ip p e d u p in th e V alley b y P a k is ta n i a g e n ts . T h e s h r in e w a s d e s tro y e d in a p r e - d a w n b la z e o n M a y 11, 1995— th e 1 0 th o f th e A ra b ic m o n th o f Z ilh ijja (o n th e o c c a s io n o f E id -U l-A z h a)— fo llo w in g a f ie rc e g u n -b a tt le b e tw e e n h o le d -u p m ilita n ts emd th e s e c u r ity fo rces.

T h e th r e e - m e m b e r E le c t io n C o m m is s io n o n N o v e m b e r 10, 1995 u n a n im o u s ly re je c te d th e G o v e rn m e n t 's re c o m m e n d a tio n s to h o ld e le c tio n s in J a m m u a n d K a sh m ir in m id -D e c e m b e r 1995. I t w a s o f th e v ie w th a t c o n d itio n s in th e S ta te w e re n o t c o n d u c iv e fo r h o ld in g elec tions. T h e d ec is io n to h o ld e le c tio n s in J a m m u a n d K a sh m ir w a s c o m m u n ic a te d o n N o v e m b e r 4, 1995. T h e is s u e o f e lec tio n s a s s u m e d a leg a l b a t t le w h e n th e d e c is io n o f th e E C n o t to h o ld e le c tio n s w a s c h a lle n g e d in th e SC . T h e SC d ir e c te d th e G o v e rn m e n t o f In d ia a n d th e E C to se ttle th e m a tte r m u tu a lly . U ltim a te ly th e d a te s w e re fix ed . In 1991, L ok S ab h a e lec tio n s w e re n o t h e ld o n a c c o u n t o f d is tu rb e d c o n d itio n s in th e s ta te .

V oters V erdict: 1996 E lec tio n sT h e 1996 L o k S ab h a e le c tio n s in th e s ta te w e re h e ld in th r e e p h a s e s .

J a m m u a n d L a d a k h w e n t to p o lls o n M a y 7, B a ra m u la a n d A n a n tn a g o n M a y 23 a n d S r in a g a r a n d U d h a m p u r o n M a y 31, 1996. T h e Ja m m u a n d K a sh m ir G o v e rn m e n t m a d e e la b o ra te se c u r ity a r ra n g e m e n ts fo r h o ld in g free, f a ir a n d p e a c e fu l e lec tio n s . In all 183 n o m in a tio n s w e re f ile d fo r th e s ix L ok S a b h a S ta te s . T h e c a n d id a te s in c lu d e d 8 w o m e n a n d 113 in d e p e n d e n ts . In th e 1989 P a r lia m e n ta ry e lec tio n s 90 c a n d id a te s in c lu d in g 2 w o m e n h a d f ile d th e ir n o m in a tio n s . T h e N a tio n a l C o n fe re n c e d id n o t p a r t ic ip a te in th e e lec tio n s . T h e A ll P a r ty H u r r iy a t C o n fe re n c e (A P H C ) g a v e a b o y c o t t ca ll, a19 d a y s tr ik e ca ll w a s g iv e n b y p ro - P a k is ta n m ilita n ts w h ic h b e g a n o n M a y 13, 1996 i.e. a f te r th e f irs t p h a s e o f e lec tio n s .

F o r th e B a ra m u la , A n a n tn a g a n d S rin a g a r se a ts , a b o u t 98 ,000 m ig ra n t v o te r s l iv in g in J a m m u a n d D elh i w e re g iv e n sp e c ia l fac ilitie s to c a s t th e ir v o te s t h r o u g h p o s t . T h e r e g is te r e d m ig r a n ts w e r e s p r e a d o v e r th r e e c o n s titu e n c ie s - S r in a g a r 70 p e r c e n t, A n a n tn a g 18 p e r c e n t a n d B a ra m u la 12 p e r cen t.

S ix m ig ra n ts w e re in th e fie ld fo r th e th re e se a ts . T h e BJP c o n te s te d a ll th e th r e e s e a ts in th e v a lle y a n d p r im a r ily d e p e n d e d o n th e m ig ra n ts .

T h e a v e ra g e tu r n o u t o f v o te rs in 2 c o n s titu e n c ie s o f B a ra m u lla a n d A n a n tn a g o n M a y 23 w a s a b o u t 40 p e r cen t. A c c o rd in g to th e s ta te C h ie f E le c to ra l O fficer, th e m in im u m p e rc e n ta g e o f v o te s p o lle d a t a n y a s se m b ly s e g m e n t w a s 20 p e r c e n t w h ile th e m a x im u m w a s 65 p e r cen t. B a rr in g a few e x p lo s io n s in S o p o re in B a ra m u lla , p o llin g w a s , b y a n d la rg e , p e a c e fu l. D e m o n s tra tio n s w e re h e ld a t M a c h h p o ra o u ts id e P u lw a n a to w n in A n a n tn a g co n s titu e n cy . T h e th re e m a jo r n a tio n a l p a r tie s th e BJP, C o n g re s s a n d JD w e re in th e fray, a lo n g w ith th re e m il i ta n t g ro u p s . H e a v y s e c u r ity a r r a n g e m e n ts w e r e m a d e . N e a r ly 53,000 a d d i t io n a l p a ra m il i ta ry t ro o p s h a d b e e n ca lle d in


f ro m o u ts id e th e s ta te to re in fo rc e th e A rm y a n d s e c u r i ty fo rc es a l re a d y d e p lo y e d in th e valley.

T h e th ir d p h a s e o f p o llin g o n M a y 30, 1996 fo r tw o P a r l ia m e n ta ry c o n s titu e n c ie s o f S r in a g a r a n d U d h a m p u r in v o lv e d 7.85 la k h a n d 8.62 la k h v o te r s resp e c tiv e ly . T h e n u m b e r o f c o n te s ta n ts w a s 11 fo r S r in a g a r s e a t a n d40 fo r U d h a m p u r se a t. T h e m ilita n ts t r ie d to d is tu rb th e s i tu a t io n b y f ir in g ro ck e ts . T h e A ll P a r ty K a sh m ir H u r r iy a t C o n fe re n c e g a v e th e 72 h o u r b a n d h ca ll in p r o te s t a g a in s t th e P a r lia m e n ta ry e le c tio n s in th e valley . In sp ite o f all th is a b o u t 38 p e r c e n t p o llin g w a s re c o rd e d in S r in a g a r c o n s ti tu e n c y a n d o v e r 50 p e r c e n t in U d h a m p u r co n s titu e n cy . O n th e w h o le p o ll in g w a s re p o r te d to b e peacefu l. A ll a t te m p ts of th e m ilita n ts to s u b v e r t P a r lia m e n ta ry e le c tio n s in Ja m m u a n d K a sh m ir c o u ld n o t d e te r th e v o te rs f ro m c a s tin g th e ir v o te s . T h e su c c e ss fu l c o n d u c t o f e lec tio n s in J & K h a s to ta l ly e x p o s e d th e P a k p r o p a g a n d a th a t p e o p le o f th e s ta te w o u ld re jec t th e p o ll ca ll. It a lso p a v e d th e w a y fo r A sse m b ly p o lls .

KARNATAKA; Fact Sheet


Table 12.43: Partywise Members in Eleven Lok Sabhas — Karnataka

Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJP - - 4 6Congress 24 23 25 18 27 26 27 24 27 23 5JNP - - 1 1 4 1 -

SJP - - - -

JD - - 1 16LSS - 1 - - - - 1BLD - - - 2 - - -(KCP)SWA 5SSP - - 1 - - - -

ASDF - 1PSP - 1 2 - - - -

Independents & Othersi 1 1 - - -

Table 12.44; Party Position in the State Assembly (1989 and 1994)

1989 1994

Party Seats Won % of Votes Seats Won % of Votes

Congress 178 43.75 35 27.39Janata Dal 24 27.29 116 33.56Janata Party 2 11.33 - -

BJP 4 4.15 40 17.04Rajya RyotaSangha 2 3.73 10 7.07

(KCP) (KCP)Muslim Leagiue 1 0.44 - -

AIADMK 1 0.18 1 -

Independents & Othersl2 9 21 14.94BSP 9.13 1ToUl 224 100.00 224 100.00

"■Includes various small paries and independents.Analysis and Overview

K a rn a ta k a h a d fo r lo n g b e e n a s tro n g h o ld fo r th e C o n g re s s . S m t. I n d ira G a n d h i w o n f ro m C h ik m a g a lu r in 1980. E a r lie r in 1977 s h e w a s d e fe a te d in U.P.

T w o m o s t im p o r ta n t c a s te lo b b ie s in K a rn a ta k a h a v e b e e n th e L in g a y a ts a n d th e V o k k alig as

L a s t A s s e m b ly e le c tio n s w e re h e ld h e re in N o v e m b e r 1994 a n d JD w o n th e b a t t le o f b a llo t. E a r lie r in 1989, C o n g re s s h a d w o n w i th a c o n v in c in g m a rg in . T h e 6 2 -y ea r o ld G o w d a ra G o w d a ( ta lle s t o f th e G o w d a s ) a s th e V o k k a lig a s tro n g m a n D e v a G o w d a ) a s a f fe c tio n a te ly c a lle d b e c a m e th e f ir s t C h ie f M in is te r f ro m th e c o m m u n ity th a t h a d d o m in a te d th e p o lit ic a l sc en c e in th e O ld M y so re S ta te s ince th e reo rg a n isa tio n o f K a rn a ta k a in 1956. L ea d e rs o f th e J a n a ta D al— R a m K rish n a H e g d e , h is fo e - tu m e d f r ie n d D e v a G o w d a a n d p a r ty P re s id e n t S.R. B o m m ai p re s e n te d a u n i te d fro n t. A n ti-C o n g re s s w a v e a p a r t , th e J a n a ta D al e n c a s h e d o n s lo g a n s lik e c h e a p r ic e a t Rs. 3 .60 a kg .

S in ce th e r e s ig n a tio n o f R a m K rish n a H e g d e in 1988, th e S ta te h a s s e e n f iv e C h ie f M in is te rs , S.R. B o m m ai o f th e JD w h o su c c e e d e d H e d g e b a re ly la s te d n in e m o n th s b e fo re th e JD s u r re n d e r e d re ig n s to th e C o n g re s s a f te r p o o r s h o w in g in th e 1989 p o lls . T h e n fo llo w e d fo r s h o r t p e r io d s V ee re n d ra P a til , S. B a n g a ra p p a a n d V e e ra p p a M oily. In 1994 e le c tio n s . C o n g re s s lo s t p o w e r p r im a r i ly b e c a u s e o f in n e r b ic k e r in g s BJP a fo rc e in 1994.

T h e J a n a ta D a l o r its p re d e c e s s o r Ja n a ta P a r ty h a s n e v e r w o n m a jo r i ty o f th e L o k S a b h a s e a ts in K a rn a ta k a . T h e C o n g re s s c a r r ie d th e d a y in 1967, 1 977 ,1 9 8 9 , a n d 1991 L ok S ab h a e lec tio n s. In th e 1994 A sse m b ly e le c tio n s , th e Ja n a ta D a l se c u re d a m a jo r ity in th e 224- m e m b e r L eg is la tiv e A sse m b ly w h e n i t w o n 15 se a ts . D e v a G o w d a b e c a m e th e C h ie f M in is te r o f th e J a n a ta D a l G o v e rn m e n t. T h e v ic to ry o f th e J a n a ta D a l in th e A s se m b ly e le c tio n s w a s p r im a r ily a s c r ib e d to th e u n ity o f th e le a d e rs like D ev a G o w d a , R a m a k ris h n a H e g d e a n d S.R. B o m m ai. T h e BJP e m e rg e d as th e la rg e s t O p p o s i t io n g ro u p in th e A s s e m b ly b y s e c u r in g 40 se a ts a s c o m p a re d to th e C o n g re s s 's 36. T h e is s u e o f th e Id g a h M a id a n in H u b li h a d fa v o u re d th e BJP. In th e ta lu k a n d z illa p a n c h a y a t e le c tio n s o f M a rc h 1995, th e J a n a ta D a l c o n s o lid a te d its p o s i t io n b y s e c u r in g o v e r 60 p e r c e n t o f th e s e a ts b y c a p tu r in g a ll b u t o n e o f th e z illa p a n c h a y a ts . T h e C o n g re s s e m e rg e d th e r u n n e r u p , p u s h in g th e BJP to th e th ird p o s itio n . In th e c iv ic b o d ie s , in c lu d in g th e fo u r c o rp o ra tio n s o f M y so re , H u b li-D h a rw a d , G u lb a rg a a n d B e lg a u m o f th e 3,697 w a r d s w h e re e le c tio n s w e re h e ld , th e Ja n a ta D al w o n 1,299, th e C o n g re s s 783, th e BJP 404 a n d K a rn a ta k a C o n g re s s P a r ty 65 a n d In d e p e n d e n ts 1,136. I t is a s s u m e d th a t a la rg e n u m b e r o f th e in d e p e n d e n ts w e re J a n a ta D a l o r C o n g re s s reb e ls .


In the 1996 Lok Sabha elections, the Janata Dal won a spectacular victory. From nil in 1991, its tally rose to 15. This clearly reflected that the voters were fully satisfied w ith the performance of the Janata Dal Government which was formed in 1994. Besides, all the three prominent leaders, i.e. Deva Gowda, R.K. Hegde and S.R. Bommai presented a uruted front. The BJP raised its strength to 6 as against 4 in the 1991 elections, although it had high hopes.

H.D. Deva Gow da's prestige with this victory went so high that he was unanimously chosen the leader of the NF-Left Front. H is name was proposed by the Third Front for the post of the Prime Minister. A t the first instance he missed the bus as BJP as the largest single party was invited to form the Central Government but on 1st June 1996 he became 11th Prime M inister of India.

K E R A L A : Fact Sheel

Table 12.45: Partyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok S abhas from K erala


Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJP - - - - - - - - - - -

C ongress 6 6 6 1 6 10 5 13 14 13 7CPI - 9 6 3 3 4 3 - - - 2CPI(M) - - - 9 2 0 5 1 2 3 5JD/JP 1 - 1 - 2 1 - 1 - - 1

IMUL(RSP) . (RSP)

2 2(RSP) (RSP) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

KCM 1 1 - 3 3 2 2 0 0 0 -

K erala Cong. Joseph

(PSP (PSP) (SSP)

2 0 0 1CS (Cong. Socialist) 1 1 1 1

Independen ts 4 2 3 1 1 2 3 0 1 1(RSP)

1

Table 12.46: Party w isePercentage of Voles Polled (1977 to 1991)

1977 1980 1984 1989 1991Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats % Seats %

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Congress 10 29.1 5 24.7 13 33.3 14 41.7 13 38.8BJP - - - - 6 1.8 0 4.5 0 4.6JD /JP 0 7.2 0 6.9 1 2.1 0 1.9 0 4.5CPI 4 10.4 3 8.0 9 7.4 0 6.2 0 8.1CPI(M) 0 20.3 5 22.3 1 22.3 2 22.9 3 20.7lUML 2 6.0 2 5.4 2 S.3 2 5.2 2 5.0KCKerala

2 5.6 2 7.5 0 2.4 0 0.5 0 2.2

Statexvise Election Data 147

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Congress - - - 2 5.5 0 0.0 0 0.0(Joseph)CS . . 1 1 4.4 1 2.5 0 2.8(Congress Socialist) Others 1 12.7 2 13.0 0 3.8 1 5.2 1 5.5Independents & Others 1 8.7 1 12.2 0 11.7 0 9.3 0 7.8ToUl 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 100

Note: Figures in the brackets indicate percentage of votes obtained

Table 12.47: Voters Turn Out (1977-1996)

Year Voters Turn Out %

1977 63.21980 57.21984 66.71989 67.51991____________________ 548___________

Table 12.48 : Party Position in the Kerala Assembly (1987-1991)

Party 1987 1991

Congress 53 65CPI(M) 38 29CPI 16 12lUML 15 19Kerala Congress (M) 0 10Independents & Others 38 15Total 140 140

Analysis and OverviewT h e 1996 A s se m b ly e le c tio n s w a s th e 11 th s in c e th e f i r s t A s s e m b ly

e le c tio n s in 1957. It is o f g re a t im p o r ta n c e to n o te th a t T ra v a n c o re w h ic h b e c a m e a p a r t o f K era la S ta te a f te r its fo rm a tio n in 1956, w a s th e f i r s t re g io n o f In d ia to h a v e e le c tio n s o n th e b a s is o f U n iv e rs a l a d u l t f ra n c h is e in 1948. In 1954, th e P ra ja S o c ia lis t P a r ty (PSP) c a m e to p o w e r w i th th e s u p p o r t o f th e C o n g re s s in th e S ta te o f T ra v a n c o re -C o c h in — th e f ir s t a n d th e o n ly t im e th e S ocia lists c a m e to p o w e r in a n y s ta te o f In d ia . In 1957— th e f irs t A sse m b ly e le c tio n s in th e S ta te o f K e ra la , h i s to r y w a s c re a te d w h e n th e U n ite d C o m m u n is t P a r ty o f In d ia (C P I) c a m e in p o w e r . In th e 1962 e le c tio n s , C P I w a s d is p la c e d b y th e C o n g re s s -P S P co a litio n .

P o litica l a llian ces h a v e le d to th e e m erg en c e o f tw o co m b in es— th e U ru ted D e m o c ra tic F ro n t (U D F ) le d b y th e C o n g re s s a n d th e L eft D e m o c ra tic F ro n t (LD F) le d b y th e C P I (M ). T h is p ro c e ss s ta r t e d a t th e t im e o f 1977 e le c tio n s

in w h ic h th e U D F w a s v o te d in to p o w e r . T h e ru lin g f ro n t in c lu d e d th e C o n g re s s , th e M u s lim L e a g u e , th e RSP, th e K era la C o n g re s , th e P SP a n d th e N a tio n a l D e m o c ra tic P a r ty (N D P ). T h e N D P in th e 1996 e le c tio n s p a r te d w a y s w i th th e N D P a c c u s in g C h ie f M in is te r A .K . A n to n y o f n e g le c tin g a n d e v e n in s u l t in g th e N a ir co m m u n ity .

T h e LD F c o n s is te d o f th e C P I(M ) th e Ja n a ta P a r ty /o ld , o n e fa c tio n o f th e M u s l im L e a g u e , o n e fa c tio n o f th e K era la C o n g re s s , th e C o n g re s s R a d ic a ls , th e K e ra la S o c ia lis t P a r ty a n d th e R e v o lu tio n a ry S o c ia lis t P arty . T h e BJP fo r th e f i r s t t im e c o n te s te d L o k S ab h a e lec tio n s in 1984, p u t u p its c a n d id a te s o n5 s e a ts a n d p o lle d o n ly 1.72 p e r c e n t v o te s . T h e U D F sc o re d a n im p re s s iv e v ic to ry in th e e le c tio n s , w in n in g 17 o f th e 20 L o k S a b h a se a ts . T h e L D F g o t ju s t th re e se a ts , th o u g h it p o lle d 41.86 p e r c e n t v o te s . In th e 1989 L o k S a b h a e lec tio r\s , th e U D F a g a in w o n 17 se a ts . T h e s a m e s to ry w a s r e p e a te d in th e 1991 L o k S a b h a e lec tio n s .

In th e 1991 A sse m b ly e lec tio n s , th e U D F w o n 89 o f th e 140 se a ts , c a rv in g o u t a p e rc e n ta g e o f 48 .17 p e r c e n t o f th e v o te s . T h e lo s in g L D F m a n a g e d to g e t 50 se a ts a n d 45.95 p e r c e n t o f th e v o te s . T h u s w i th o n ly a li t t le m o re th a n 2 p e r c e n t v o te s , th e C o n g re s s g o t 39 m o re se a ts .

In th e 1996 e le c tio n s , th e U D F led b y th e C o n g re s s b a n k e d u p o n th e 'c le a n im a g e ' o f its C h ie f M in is te r A .K . A n tony . In th e A s s e m b ly p o lls , th e C o n g re ss c o n te s te d 93 o f th e 140 sea ts , fo llo w ed b y IM U L 23, K era la C o n g ress (M an i) 10, K era la C o n g re s s (Jacob) 4 , K era la C o n g re s s (P illa i) 2 a n d C P I(M ) 3. T h e U D F a lso tie d u p w ith th e b re a k w a y M a rx is t le a d e r K.R. G o w ria m m a 's p a r ty le a v in g 5 s e a ts fo r h er. A s fo r LDF, th e C P I(M ) c o n te s te d 76 se a ts , C P I 24, J a n a ta D a l 13, C o n g re s s -S 11, RSP 6 a n d K era la C o n g re s s (Jo sep h ) 10.

F o r th e L ok S a b h a p o lls , th e U D F d iv is io n w a s a s fo llo w s; C o n g re s s 17, lU M L 2, a n d K era la C o n g re s s (M an i) 1. T h e L D F 's c o m p o s itio n w a s : C P I(M ) 11, C P I 4, J a n a ta D a l 2 a n d 1 e a c h fo r C o n g re s s S, RSP a n d K e ra la C o n g re s s G oseph).

K era la C h ie f M in is te r A .K . A n to n y u s u a lly te rm e d a s 'c le a n ' b e c a m e th e C h ie f M in is te r o f th e S ta te a b o u t a y e a r ago . A n to n y 's t r u m p c a rd b e fo re th e e lec tio n s w a s a p a r t ia l l iq u o r b a n h is G o v e rn m e n t im p o s e d in th e S ta te f ro m A p ri l 1, 1996. If th e U D F w in s , A n to n y p ro m is e d , n o ty p e o f l iq u o r e x c e p t to d d y a n d b e e r w o u ld b e a l lo w e d to b e so ld in th e S ta te .

T h e p o llin g tu r n o u t in th e e lec tions h e ld o n M a rc h 27 to th e 140 A sse m b ly a n d 20 L o k S a b h a s e a ts in K era la w a s 70.80 p e r c e n t. T h is w a s th e lo w e s t s in c e th e 1957 e le c tio n s , w h ic h s a w a tu r n o u t o f 66.62 p e r cen t. T h o u g h th e to ta l n u m b e r o f v o te r s in c re a se d b y o v e r 10 la k h as c o m p a re d to 1991, th e p o llin g p e rc e n ta g e fe ll b y 2.70 p e r cen t. O f th e 20,633,067 v o te rs , 14,608,084 c a s t th e ir v o te s .

In th e 1996 L ok S ab h a a n d A sse m b ly e lec tio n s . C o n g re s s su f fe re d h e a v y re v e rse s . T h e 'c le a n ' im a g e o f A .K . A n to n y p ro v e d to b e n o h e lp in th e fac e o f se v e re in f ig h tin g a m o n g se v e ra l g ro u p s in th e C o n g ress . K. I ^ r im a k a r a n , fo rm e r C h ie f M in is te r a n d C a b in e t M in is te r a lo n g w itt i h is s o n lo s t e lec tio n s . T h e L e ft-F ro n t c a m e o u t v ic to r io u s . T h e K era la M in is try h e a d e d b y A .K . A n to n y w a s v o te d o u t o f p o w er.



CONGRESS HUES1. Indian N ational Congress (I) 5. Kerala Congress (Pillai) in Kerala2. Indian N ational Congress (T) 6. Kerala Congress (Joseph) in Kerala3. Kerala Congress (Mani) in Kerala 7. Tamil, M aanila Congress in Tamil N adu4. Kerala Congress (Jacob) in Kerala 8. Congress-S in Kerala

M A D H Y A P R A D E S H : Fact Sheet

Table 12.49: Partyw ise M em bers in E leven Lok S abhas — M adhya P radesh

Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996-

BJP - 3 10 11 . . - 27 12 17Congress 27 35 24 24 21 1 35 40 8 27 8P /B L D 37 4 0 4 0 -BSP Did n o t exist till 1982 1 2JP - 1' 1' - 4 - - - - -

RPK 3* 1SSP 1 1* 1Cong (T) D id no t exist till 1996 elections 1MPVP Did n o t exist till 1996 2O thers 2 ' 4 2 4 1 1 - 1 - -

Table 1230: Percentage of Votes Polled b y Parties

Party 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991

Congress 32.5 47.1 57.3 36.9 45.1BJP * 29.9 38.8 41.P 57.9 31.2 2.7 8.1 4.2Left Front 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.4BSP » * * 4.2 3.5O thers 1.3 7.4 0.0 1.7 1.5Independents 7.8 5.8 8.1 9.5 3.4LKD » 7.8 1.1 0.2 0.0

ro ta l 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

% o f to ta lvo tes polled 54.9 51.8 57.5 55.2 44.5

* N ot existed

Table 1231: Party Success Rate in M adhya P radesh — 1996

Party No. of Contestants Seats Won

BJP 39 27Congress 40 8BSP 28 2MPVC 3 2Cong T 33 1

Table 12^2: Party Position in the M.P. A ssem bly (1952-90)

Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1980 1985 1990

Congress 194 232 142 167 220 84 246 250 56BJS/BJP - 10 41 78 48 - 60 58 219P - - - - - 220 2 5 28RRP 3 5 10 - - 1 - - -Socialist Party 2 - 14 10 7 . . . .PSP 8 12 33 9 ......................................................


Independents& Ottiers 25 29 48 32 21 5 12 7 17

Total 232 288 288 296 296 320 320 320 320

% o f votescast 46.1 36.9 44.5 53.3 55.3 52.7 48.9 49.8 55.2

A nalysis and OverviewMadhya Pradesh has been the stronghold of the Congress except for the

year 1977 and 1990. The Congress tally had plunged down to 56 seats in1990 while the high point was the 1985 score of 250 in a 320-member Assembly. The Janata wave in 1977 had troiinced the party and restricted its total to a 84. The party however recovered in 1980 only to plunge as low as 56 legislatures in the face of the Hindutva wave of 1990.

The BJP has been increasing its share of votes and seats. W ith just 10 seats in 1957 it won as many as 219 in 1990. The BJP Government formed in 1990 was dismissed by the Centre in the wake of demolition at Ayodhya in December 1992. In fte 1993 Assem bly elections it could w in only 116 seats.

The 1996 Lok Sabha elections led to a near rout of the Congress which was the ruling party in the State. The Hawala scam cast its shadow over the State as some of the Congress stalwarts from this State had been named in infamous ']iin D ia r/. Madhav Rao Scindia floated the M P V C and along with Arjun Singh of the breakaway Congress inflicted severe damage to the electoral prospects of the Congress Party. The BJP which had lost the Assembly elections earlier fought with vigour and unity and thereby regained some of the lost groimd. Incidentally Arjun Singh himself lost the election but having caused a serious set back to the Congress. M P V C gained 2 seats which could otherwise have gone to the Congress.

In the 1996 elections the BJP and the Congress put up candidates eying the O BC 's which form about 48 per cent of the State's voters. The Congress (I) had put up 7 O BC candidates and the BJP 8. The BSP put up 14 O BC candidates out of 18.

Statew ise 1996 Election D ata 151

M A H A R A S H T R A : Fact Sheet

Table 12.53: Parlywise Members in Eleven Lok Sabhas — Maharashtra

Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJS/BJP 2 . 0 0 0 11 5 18Congress 36 2] 41 37 42 20 39 43 28 38 15CPI 4 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 -

CPI(M) - - 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 -

JD/JND/BLD- - - 1 19 8 1 5 0 -

YCS 1 5 2 1 2 4 15(SSP) (SSP) (RPI) (S.S)

PWP 1 4 2 5 0 1 0 0 -

PSP 1 1 1 1 - - - -

(INCU)Ind.& Others 3 8 2 1 1 1 3 - 4 -

Table 12.54: Percentage of Votes Polled by Parties (1977 to 1991)

Party 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991

Congress 47.0 53.3 51.4 45.4 48.4BJP/SS 0.7 10.1 25.0 29.6JD/JNP/BLD 31.4 20.4 7.3 10.9 10.5Left Front 4.2 1.5 2.4 3.2 2.3BSP 0.6 0.5JNPs/LKD 1.4 0.4 0.0 0.0PND 6.1 2.5 2.1 2.3 1.3Others 5.2 15.1 13.0 4.3 3.2Independents 6.1 5.0 13.3 8.3 4.2ToUl 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00% o f Votes 54.9 51.8 57.5 55.2 44.5Did not exist

Table 12.55; Party Position in Maharashtra in the State Assembly (1985-1995)

Party 1985 1990 1995

Congress 162 141 81BJP 16 42 65CPI 2 2 -CPI(M) 2 3 2Janata Party 20 - -PWP 13 8 6Indian Congress Socialist 54 1 _

RPI - - -RPI (Khobragade (Group) . 1Independents & Others 19 14 47

152 Elections in India: 1952-96Janata Dal . 24 11Shiv Sena - 52 73BSP - - _

SP - - 3Total 288 288 288

Table 12.56: Comparative Data on1 Electorate and Contestants (1978-1990)

Item 1978 1980 1984 1990

No. of Assembly seats 288 288 288 288Total Electorate 3,10,15,076 3,37,52,925 3,77,70,530 4,85,23,942Total contests 1,819 1,537 2,230 3,764Average Number of

contestants per seat 6.32 5.34 7.74 13No. of polling stations 38,548 40,420 44,615 55,088Average number of votes

per polling station 805 835 846 881Total votes polled 2,03,67,221 1,74,97,720 2,21,06,748 2,96,93,865Percentage of valid

votes polled 65.66 51.84 58.52 61.19

Table 12.57: Performance Partywise — 1985 Elections

Party Seats Seats % Sucess Valid %ValidContested Won w.r.t Seats Votes Votes

Contested Polled Polled

Indian National Congress 288 162 56.25 95,57,227 43.23Bharatiya Janata Party 67 16 23.88 1,590,351 7.19Communist Party of India 30 2 6.67 1,99,918 0.90CPI (Marxists) 15 2 13.33 1,77,492 0.80Janata Party 61 20 32.78 16,10,333 7.28Peasant's and Workers Party 29 13 44.83 10,24,559 4.63Indian Congress (Socialists) 126 54 42.86 37,90,846 17.15Republican Party of India 51 - 1,87,672 0.85RPI (Khobragade) 17' - 1,31,167 0.60’Independents and Others 1546 19 1.23 38,37,183 17.35

Table 12.58: Performance Party wise - 1990 Elections

Party Seats Seats %sucess Valid %validcontested won w.r.t.seats votes voles

contested polled polled

Indian National Congress 274 141 51.08 1,13,34,781 38.17Bharatiya Janata Party 104 42 40.38 31,80,482 10.71Communist Party of India 17 2 11.76 2,32,520 0.78

CPI (Marxists) 12 3 25.00 2,44,993 0.83Janata Dal 214 24 11.21 38,03,098 12.81Janata Party 10 - - 3,772 0.01Shiv Sena 183 52 28.41 47,31,481 15.93Peasant's and Workers Party 40 8 20.00 7,19,807 2.42Bahujan Samaj Party 122 - - 1,26,126 0.42Indian Congress (Socialists) 73 1 1.36 2,91,861 0.98Republican Party of India 13 - - 1,46,638 0.49RPI (Khobragade) 19 1 - 1,68,204 0.57♦Independents and Others 2,681 14 0.52 47,10,102 15.86

Analysis and OverviewM a h a r a s h t ra c a m e in to b e in g o n M a y 1 ,1 9 6 0 w i th th e r e o rg a n is a tio n o f

B o m b a y S ta te in to M a h a ra s h t ra a n d G u ja ra t. M a h a ra s h tra is a le a d in g S ta te in a g r ic u ltu re a n d in d u s try . W ith a p o p u la t io n o f 9 .2 p e r c e n t o f th e c o u n t ry M a h a r a s h tra c o v e rs (7 ,89,37,187) a b o u t 23 p e r c e n t o f th e in d u s t r ia l o u tp u t . H o w e v e r , a b o u t 70 p e r c e n t o f d ie p o p u la t io n d e p e n d s u p o n a g r ic u l tu r e fo r its l iv e lih o o d .

M a h a ra s h tra is d iv id e d in to fo u r m a jo r re g io n s o f w e s te r n M a h a ra s h tra V id a rb h a , M a ra th w a d a a n d K o n k an .

M a h a ra s h tra h a d b e e n a s t ro n g h o ld o f th e C o n g re s s . E v e r s in c e th e f irs t g e n e ra l e le c tio n s h e ld in 1952 C o n g re s s r e m a in e d th e la rg e s t s in g le p a r ty w i th a b r ie f e x c e p tio n . In 1978 (P o s t-E m e rg e n c y ) it w a s d is p la c e d f ro m its p o s it io n o f e m in e n c e b y th e Ja n a ta P arty . In th e p o lls h e ld in 1990 it m a n a g e d to h a v e a m a jo r i ty th ro u g h d e fe c tio n s a n d s p li t in S h iv S en a . L a s t A sse m b ly e le c tio n s w e r e h e ld in M a h a ra s h tra in 1995 a f te r w h ic h th e S h iv S ena-B JP c o m b in e f o rm e d its m in is try .

T h e B JP-Shiv S en a a llia n c e w o n a n e a r m a jo r ity in th e 2 8 8 -m e m b e r A sse m b ly w ith 29.8 p e r c e n t v o te s— a b o u t 1 p e r ce n t less th a n th e C o n g re ss— th e o u tg o in g ru l in g p arty . T h e S h iv S en a w o n 73 o f 170 se a ts i t c o n te s te d a g a in s t 52 h e ld b y it in th e 1990 A sse m b ly e lec tion . I ts p o p u la r v o te , h o w ev e r, r e g is te re d a s l ig h t d e c lin e f ro m 15.93 to 15.55 p e r cen t.

T h e BJP c o n te s te d 117 se a ts to w in 65 w i th 13.73 p e r c e n t v o te s — a n im p ro v e m e n t o f a b o u t 3 p e r ce n t in its p o p u la r v o te s . T h e p a r ty h a d c a p tu re d 42 s e a ts in th e 1990 e lec tio n s .

T h e C o n g re s s g o t 60 s e a ts le ss th a n w h a t it h a d m a n a g e d to w in f iv e y e a rs a g o , 81 s e a ts in 1995 a s a g a in s t 141 in 1990. T h e p a r ty p o lle d 30 .37 p e r c e n t v o te s a s a g a in s t 38 .17 p e r c e n t in th e p re v io u s e le c tio n s . T h u s a d e c lin e o f 7 .8 p e r c e n t c o s t it 60 se a ts .

T h e J a n a ta D a l fa re d bad ly . I ts s t r e n g th c a m e d o w n f ro m 34 in th e o u tg o in g A sse m b ly to 11 in th e n e w o n e . It p o lle d a m e re 5 .73 v o te s a g a in s t11.21 p e r c e n t s e c u re d b y it in 1990.

O n M a rc h 14 ,1995 , M a n o h a r Josh i o f th e S h iv S ena a n d G o p in a th M u n d e o f th e BJP w e r e s w o r n as th e C h ie f M in is te r a n d th e D e p u ty C h ie f M in is te r o f M a h a ra s h tra .

T h e C o n g re s s d e b a c le m a y b e a s s ig n e d to th re e m a in re a so n s : se rie s o f a lleg a tio n s lev e lled b y D e p u ty M u n ic ip a l C o m m iss io n e r G .R . K h a im a r a g a in s t


th e C h ie f M in is te r S h a ra d P a w a r , d is s a tis fa c tio n a m o n g M u s lim s fo r th e a l le g e d u s e o f T A D A a g a in s t th e m a n d in f ig h tin g a m o n g th e C o n g re s sm e n .

T h e 1996 L ok S ab h a h a s d e m o n s tra te d c lea rly th a t th e p e o p le feel sa tisfied w i th th e p e r fo rm a n c e o f th e B JP-Shiv S ena G o v e rn m e n t. In f ig h t in g c o s t C o n g ress dearly . T h e th re e m a in g ro u p s in th e C o n g ress , S h a ra d P a w a r g ro u p , V a sa n t D a d a fo llo w e rs a n d S.B. C h a v a n b lo ck , e a c h w o rk e d a t th e c ro ss p u r p o s e o f th e o th e r.

M A N IP U R : Fact Sheet


Table 12.59: Party Position in the Lok S abha (1980 to 1996)

Party 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

Congress 1 2 2 1 2BJP - - - - -CPI 1 - - - -

ID - - - 1 -Independents & O thers - - - 1 -ToUl 2 2 2 2 2

Table 12.60: Party Position in Manipur Assembly (1984 to 1995)

Party 1984 1990 1995

Congress 30 26 21BJP - - -CPI 1 3CPI (M) - - 2Janata Party 4 - -Congress (S) - 6 1M anipur People's Party (MPP) 3 11 18Independents & O thers 22 1 4Janata Dal - 11 7Sam ata Party - - 2Kaki N ational Assem bly (KNA) - 2 -Federal Party of M anipur - - 2C ounterm anded - - 1N ational People's Party - - 2

Total 60 60 60

Table 12.61 :Party Position in the Manipur Assembly - 1994

Party Seats Seats % Sucess Valid % ValidContested Won w.r.t.Seats Votes Votes


Indian N ational Congress 59 30 50.85 2,53,795 29.39Bharatiya Janata Party 13 - 0 5,626 00.65C om m unist Party of India 18 1 5.55 37,171 4.30

Siatewise 1996 Election Data 155

CPI (Marxists)Janata Party Congress (S)K[anipur Peoples' Party ‘Independents and Others

1 - 0 669 0.0821 4 19.05 52,415 6.0719 - 0 28,142 3.2634 3 8.82 91,026 10.54

198 22 11.05 3,94,676 45.70

Table 12.62; Seats Won by Political Parties, 1990

Party Seats Seats % Sucess Valid XValidContested Won w.r.t.Seats Votes Votes


Lidian National Congress 60Janata Dal 52Bharatiya Janata Party 16C!ommunist Party of India 14C:P1 (Marxists) 1Congress (S) 37f/lanipur Peoples' Party 46^4anipu^ Hill Peoples' Council 9 'Independents and Others 53

2611

611

43.3321.15

021.43

016.2223.9105.66

3,50,9752,06,833

28,18540,529

6071,37,5562,18,875

8,70075,684

32.8619.362.643.790.0005

12.8820.4940.0087.086

iVnalysis and OverviewT h e M a h a ra ja o f M a n ip u r s ig n e d a m e rg e r a g re e m e n t w i th In d ia b y

w h ic h th e S ta te w a s in te g ra te d w i th th e D o m in io n o f I n d ia o n O c to b e r 15, 1949. M a n ip u r w a s m a d e a 'C ' S ta te a d m in is te re d b y a C h ie f C o m m iss io n e r . U n d e r th e S ta te s R e o rg a n isa tio n A ct, 1956, i t b e c a m e a U n io n T e rr ito ry a n d in 1972, i t w a s m a d e a fu ll- f le d g e d S ta te w ith a L eg is la tiv e A s s e m b ly h a v in g (50 m e m b e rs .

L a s t A s s e m b ly e le c tio n s w e re h e ld in M a n ip u r in F e b r u a r y 1995. O n F e b ru a ry 25, 1995, a th re e -m e m b e r C o n g re s s M in is try h e a d e d b y C h ie f M in is te r R ish a n g K e ish in g a s s u m e d office in M a n ip u r. T h e G o v e rn o r in v ite d S h ri K e ish in g to fo rm th e M in is try a s th e C o n g re s s w i th 21 m e m b e rs w a s the s in g le la rg e s t p a r ty in th e 6 0 -m e m b e r A ssem b ly .

In th e p a s t th re e e le c tio n s a lso , i.e. in 1 9 8 0 ,1 9 8 4 a n d 1990, n o p a r ty h a d b e e n a b le to g e t e v e n a s im p le m ajo rity . T h e C o n g re s s w o n 13, 30 a n d 26 s e a ts in 1980, 1984 a n d 1990 resp e c tiv e ly .

T h e o u tg o in g A sse m b ly in 1990 h a d w itn e s s e d th e in s ta l la t io n a n d fa ll o f m in is tr ie s h e a d e d re s p e c tiv e ly b y R a n b ir S in g h , D o re n d ra S in g h a n d R ish a n g K e ish in g .

T h e f ir s t w a s a c o a lit io n le d b y M a n ip u r P e o p le 's P a r ty ; th e se c o n d C o n g re s s le d c o m b in a t io n a n d th e la s t w a s v ir tu a l ly a g r o u p o f d e fe c to rs . T h e le g is la to rs s h if te d th e ir lo y a lty so o ften . E th n ic c la sh e s b e tw e e n N a g a s a n d th e K u k i T rib a ls b a c k e d b y th e ir re sp e c tiv e u n d e r g r o u n d o u tf i ts h a d in te n s if ie d in N o v e m b e r a n d D e c e m b e r 1993.

A few m o n th s b e fo re th e F e b ru a ry 1995 e lec tio n s , th e M a n ip u r A sse m b ly S p e a k e r H . B o ro b a b u d is q u a lif ie d 23 p ro -K e ish in g M L A 's a n d th u s r e d u c e d th e C h ie f M in is te r 's s u p p o r t fo r d is o r d e r ly b e h a v io u r in th e H o u se . T h e y

w e re s u b s e q u e n tly e x p e lle d b y a r e s o lu t io n p a s s e d b y th e H o u se . T h e G u w a h a ti H ig h C o u r t s ta y e d th e O rd e r a n d th e S u p re m e C o u r t re je c te d th e S p ec ia l L e a v e P e tit io n f ile d b y th e S peaker. T h e C o n g re s s a g a in w a s in p o w e r w i th ju s t 21 s e a ts in a 6 0 -m e m b e r H o u s e in 1995. T h e s ix -p a r ty U n ite d L e g is la tu re F ro n t w o n 32 se a ts . T h e F ro n t c o m p ris e d th e M a n ip u r P e o p le 's P a r ty (M P P ), th e Ja n a ta D a l, th e C o n g re s s (S), th e S a m a ta P arty , th e C o m m u n is t P a r ty o f I n d ia a n d th e N a tio n a l P e o p le 's P a r ty (N P P ). O f th e 32 s e a ts , th e M P P b a g g e d 18; th e Ja n a ta D al 7; th e C P I 1; th e S a m a ta P arty , th e N P P 2 e a c h a n d th e C o n g re s s (S) g o t 1 sea t.

R e ish a n g K e ish in g w a s e le c te d le a d e r o f th e C o n g re s s L e g is la tu re P a r ty w h ile fo rm e r C h ie f M in is te r R.K. R a n b ir S in g h o f th e M a n ip u r P e o p le 's P a r ty w a s e le c te d a s th e U L F le ad e r. T h e U L F le a d e r s ta k e d h is c la im to f o rm th e M in is try a s h e c la im e d th e s u p p o r t o f 32 M L A s. H o w e v e r , w h e n a s k e d to su b stc in tia te , th e U LF c o u ld p ro d u c e a lis t o f 27 M L A s— M P P 18; JD 7 a n d C P I 2. T h e C o n g re s s M in is try h e a d e d b y R ish a n g K e ish in g w a s fo rm e d o n F e b ru a ry 25, 1995.

T h e 1996 L o k S a b h a e lec tio n s b ro u g h t a b o u t n o c h a n g e in th e p a r ty p o s itio n .

M IZORA M : Fact Sheet

Table 12.63: Party Position in the Lok Sabha (1980-1996)


Party 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996 Gain/Losses

Congress . 1 1 1 1BJP - - - - -CPI - - - - -CPI (M) - - - - -Janata - - - - -PPC 1 - - - -Others - - - - -Total 1 1 1 1

Table 12.64: Party Position in the Assembly Elections (1993)

Party Seats Won Gains / Losses

Congress, 16 7Mizo JD 8 +8MNF 14 -3Others 2 +2

ToUl 40 -

Note; Alliance of Congress with Mizo JD.

Table 12.65: Party Position in the Assembly Elections (1972 to 1989)

Party 1972 1978 1979 1984 1987 1989

Congress 6 - 5 20 12 23MNF - - - - 26 17People's Conference - 22 18 8 2 -Janata - - 2 . . .Independentsincluding Mizo Union 24 8 5 2 - -ToUl 30 30 30 30 40 40

After the Mizo joined MNF, contested the Assembly seats in 1987. Earlier it was a banned party.

A nalysis and OverviewM iz o ra m b e c a m e th e 2 4 th S ta te o f th e In d ia n U n io n in F e b ru a ry 1987.

Till 1972 it w a s o n e o f th e d is tr ic ts o f A ssa m w h e n it b ec am e a U n io n T erritory .E le c tio n s to th e 40 m e m b e r M iz o ra m A ssem b ly , th e th i r d a f te r th e M iz o

A c c o rd w a s s ig n e d a n d M iz o ra m b e c a m e a fu ll- f le d g e d S ta te w e re h e ld o n N o v e m b e r 1993. In th e f irs t e le c tio n s h e ld o n F e b ru a ry 16, 1987, a f te r th e M iz o A c c o rd w a s s ig n e d (June 30, 1986,) th e M iz o N a tio n a l F ro n t (M N F ), t r o u n c e d th e C o n g re s s w in n in g 26 s e a ts fo llo w e d b y th e C o n g re s s w ith 12 s e a ts a n d th e P e o p le 's C o n fe re n c e (PC ) o f Brig. T h e n p u n g a S a ilo w i th 2 se a ts . T h e G o v e rn m e n t fo rm e d b y L a ld e n g a h o w e v e r, c o u ld n o t la s t its te rm . A s p li t in th e M N F le d to th e d is s o lu t io n o f th e A sse m b ly a n d im p o s it io n o f th e P re s id e n t 's ru le . In th e se c o n d e le c tio n s h e ld o n J a n u a ry 21, 1989, th e C o n g re s s w o n 23 s e a ts a n d in a l lia n c e w i th M N F fo rm e d th e G o v e r n m e n t . In th e 1993 e le c tio n s . C o n g re s s f o rm e d a n a l l ia n c e w i th M izo(JD ). T h e C o n g re s s c o n te s te d 28 sea ts , M (JD ) 25 s e a ts a n d M N F 38 se a ts a n d th e BJP 8 (fo r th e f ir s t tim e). T h e re w e re 22 in d e p e n d e n ts . F o rm e r C h ie f M in is te r L a l th a n h a w a la w a s e le c te d C o n g ress -M (G D ) le a d e r fo r th e s e c o n d tim e . T h e M N F d id w e ll in th e u rb a n a re a s a n d th e C o n g re s s M (G D ) in th e r u ra l a re a s . T h e BJP c o u ld n o t m a k e a n y im p a c t.

N A G A L A N D : Fact Sheet

Table 12.66: Partywise Members in Eleven Lok Sabhas from Nagaland

Party 7952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

S ta tm ise 1996 Election Data 157

UFNI _ . . 1 _ _ .Congress - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1NPCI 1 -UDFl - - - - 1 - - - - -

Independents & Others - - - - - 1 - - - -


Analysis and O verviewA fte r in d e p e n d e n c e N a g a la n d b a s ic a lly a T rib a l la n d w a s m a d e a

C e n tra lly a d m in is te re d a re a in 1957, a d m in is te re d b y th e G o v e rn o r o f A ssa m . It w a s l ^ o w n a s N a g a H ills T u e n sa n g A rea . T h is fa ile d to q u e l l p o p u la r a s p ira tio n s a n d u n re s t b eg a n . In 1961, th is w a s re n a m e d as N a g a la n d a n d g iv e n th e s ta tu s o f S ta te o f th e In d ia n U n io n w h ic h w a s fo rm a lly in a u g u ra te d o n D ec em b e r 1 ,1963 . N a g a la n d h a s o n e P a r lia m e n ta ry S ea t a n d 60 A sse m b ly se a ts . C o n g re s s in th e ru lin g p a r ty in th e S ta te w i th 34 m e m b e rs in th e A ssem bly .

In th e 1996 L o k S a b h a e lec tio n s , th e C o n g re s s P a r ty re ta in e d its so li ta ry seat.

ORISSA : Fact Sheet

Table:12.67: Partywise Members in Eleven Lok Sabhas from Orissa

Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJP . . . . . . . . . . -

Congress 11 7 14 6 15 4 20 20 3 13 16CPI 1 1 - - 1 - - - 1 1 -

CPI (M) - - - 1- - 1 1JD . . . 8‘ 3' . . . 16 6 4JNP(S) 5* 7* 4* . - . 1 - - - -

JNP - 2- 1- 4 1 - - 1 - - -

BLD \** - 1” 1* 15 . - - - .

Ind &Others 2 3 - 1 - 1 - - - - - 1” *

» SWA; +GP; -PSP; ” Samata

Table:12.68 Party Position in the Assembly (1985 to 1995)

Party 1985 1990 1995

Congress 117 10 80Janata Party 19 - -

BJP 1 2 9CPI 1 5 1CPI (M) 0 1 -

Congress (Socialist) 0 - -

Jharkhand Party 0 - -

SUCI - .

Independents & Others 7 6 5Election Countermanded 2Janata Dal 123 46JMM - 4JPP - 1Total 147 147 147


Table 12.69: Comparative Statement — Seats, Electorate, Contestants etc.

1977 1980 1985* 1990

Total Seats 147 147 147 147Nximber of electorate 1,26,66,225 1,38,06,268 1,52,13,028 1,97,97,598Total contestants 604 736 793 913Average No.of contestants 4.10 5.00 5.47 6.21

per seatNumber of polling stations 14,174 16,977 19,926 24,047Average electorate per 894 813 763 823

polling stationTotal valid votes polled 51,40,589 62,95,330 77,21,534 1,09,60,827% of valid votes polled 40.58 45.60 50.76 55.36

The figures are for 145 constituencies as elections to Kakatpur (54) and Keonjhar (144) constituencies was countermanded.

Table 12.70: Partywise Performance in Assembly Elections (1985)

Party SeatsContested

SeatsWon

% Success w.r.t. Seat Contested

ValidVotesPolled

% ValidVotedPolled

Indian National Congress 145 117 80.68 39,51,873 51.19Janata Party 138 19 13.76 23,40,492 30.31Bharatiya Janata Party 67 1 1.49 2,03,580 2.63Communist Party of India 26 1 3.84 2,54,458 3.29CPI (Marxists) 10 0 89,225 1.15Indian Congress (Socialist) 1 0 - 263 0.00Jharkhand Party 11 0 - 21,847 0.28’Independents and Others 395 7 1.77 8,57,796 11.15Total 793 145* - 77,19,534 100

* Total seats are 147 but elections to Kakatpur (54) and Keonjhar (144) constitu-encies was countermanded.

Table 12.71: Partywise Performance in Assembly Elections in 1990

Party Seats Seats % Success Vdid % ValidContested Won w.r.t. Seat Votes Voted


Janata Dal 139 123 88.48 58,84,479 53.69Congress 145 10 6.90 32,64,300 29.78BJP 62 2 3.23 3,92,128 3.58CPI 9 5 55.56 3,26,364 2.98CPI (M) 3 1 33.33 91,767 0.84JP 61 - 0.00 95,628 0.87Others 494 6 1.21 9,85,251 8.26ToUl 913 147 1,09,60,827

Analysis and OverviewL a s t A s se m b ly E le c tio n s w e re h e ld in O ris s a in 1995. T h e se e le c tio n s

c a m e a s a s h o t in th e a r m fo r th e C o n g re s s w h ic h h a d b e e n se v e re ly b a t te re d in A n d h ra , B ihar, G u ja ra t, K a rn a ta k a a n d S ik k im in th e 1994 a n d 1995 A sse m b ly e le c tio n s . T h e J a n a ta D a l u n d e r B iju P a tn a ik , C h ie f M in is te r re c e iv e d th e s e v e re s t p o ss ib le b low . T h e C o n g re s s G o v e rn m e n t w a s fo rm e d w i th J.B. P a tn a ik a s C h ie f M in is te r. J.B. P a tn a ik h a s e a r l ie r b e e n th e C h ie f M in is te r o f th e S ta te fo r 10 y e a rs in th e 1980s.

In th e 1995 e le c tio n s , th e L eft P a r tie s d is ta n c e d th e m s e lv e s f ro m th e J a n a ta D al. T h e th i rd fo rces , c o m p ris in g th e S a m a jw a d i P a r ty a n d o th e rs o n ly d iv id e d th e J a n a ta D a l's t r a d i t io n a l v o te b a n k s .

T h e C o n g re s s P a r ty d is p la y e d a r a r e s h o w o f un ity . T h e h ig h lig h ts o f th e C o n g re s s m a n ife s to w e re so p s like re d u c tio n in th e e d u c a tio n a l q u a lif ic a tio n s fo r th e p o s t o f c o n s ta b le s , fo rm a tio n o f d e v e lo p m e n t b o a rd s fo r w e s te r n a n d T riba l re g io n s , m id - d a y m e a ls fo r p r im a ry sc h o o l c h ild re n , f re e fo o d in th e20 s ta rv a t io n p ro n e b lo c k s , Rs. 1,000 to e v e ry p o o r w o m a n to e n a b le h e r to s e t u p a b u s in e s s , e m p lo y m e n t to 2 m illio n p e o p le a n d a s t ip e n d to O B C sc h o o l c h ild re n .

T h e D e p u ty L e a d e r o f th e Ja n a ta D al in th e L ok S a b h a w a s o f th e v ie w th a t th e J a n a ta D a l lo s t b e c a u s e o f a n t i-e s ta b lis h m e n t fa c to r a n d b e c a u s e o f o v er-co m p lacen cy .

S in ce th e f ir s t P a r l ia m e n ta ry e le c tio n s in 1952, th e C o n g re s s in O ris sa s e c u re d th e h ig h e s t n u m b e r o f s e a ts a n d v o te s i.e. 20 s e a ts o u t o f 21 a n d 57.5 p e r c e n t v o te s in 1984 a n d th e lo w e s t n u m b e r o f s e a ts a n d v o te s i.e. 3 s e a ts a n d 33.3 p e r c e n t v o te s . In 1989 J a n a ta D al, a lo n g w i th th e C o m m u n is t P a r tie s w o n 18 s e a ts a n d se c u re d n e a r ly 55 p e r c e n t o f th e to ta l v o te s . In th e1991 L ok S abha E lections, th e Jan a ta D al's s l w e o f se a ts d ec lin ed f ro m 18 to 8.

In th e 1996 L o k S a b h a e lec tio n s , like th e p re v io u s o n e s , th e f ig h t in O ris s a w a s e s se n tia lly b e tw e e n th e C o n g re s s a n d th e J a n a ta D al. T h e re w e re e le c to ra l a d ju s tm e n t b e tw e e n th e Ja n a ta D a l a n d th e C o m m u n is t p a r tie s . T h e le a d e rs h ip fa c to r a n d th e f ig h t b e tw e e n th e tw o P a tn a ik s w a s a lso im p o r ta n t. T h e C o n g re s s t r ie d to h ig h lig h t th e c o r r u p t io n c h a rg e s a g a in s t th e fo rm e r C h ie f M in is te r B iju P a tn a ik B esid es th e tw o m a jo r p a r t ie s th e BJP w a s v e r y k e e n to p la c e i ts e lf o n th e e le c to ra l m a p o f th e S ta te . I t h a s n e v e r w o n a n y P a r l ia m e n ta ry s e a t in O ris sa . In th e 1991 L ok S ab h a e lec tio n s it h a d o b ta in e d n e a r ly 10 p e r c e n t o f th e to ta l v o te s . In th e la s t A sse m b ly e le c tio n s BJP h a d o b ta in e d 8 p e r c e n t o f th e v o te s a n d w o n 9 A sse m b ly se a ts .

In th e 1995 S ta te A sse m b ly e lec tio n s , O ris sa re p la c e d th e Ja n a ta D a l a n d r e tu r n e d th e C o n g re s s to p o w er.

In th e 1996 L o k S a b h a p o lls , a s th e C o n g re s s p lu m m e te d in S ta te a f te r S ta te , O ris sa m a n a g e d to s te m th e t id e a n d o p te d fo r 16 C o n g re s s c a n d id a te s o u t o f th e 21 c o n s titu e n c ie s . T h is p ic tu re a lso d o e s n o t c o n fo rm to th e p a t te r n th a t m a rk s C o n g re s s re s u lts a t th e n a t io n a l level. E v en th e b i t te r e s t c r it ic s o f th e C o n g re s s in O ris sa , b o th w ith in a n d w ith o u t, c o n c e d e th a t i t is a m a jo r a c h ie v e m e n t. A lso , it is n o t o n ly o n e fe a th e r b u t a p lu m e o f th e m fo r C h ie f M in is te r J.B. P a tn a ik , w h o n o t o n ly sp e a rh e a d e d th e c a m p a ig n , b u t m a n a g e d


to get Narasim ha Rao, considered a 'rank outsider' elected w ith a massive majority in Berhampur. The Congress had bagged 13 out of 21 Parliamentary seats in 1991 from Orissa. The third front parties were placed second w ith eight seats. The Congress had polled 44 per cent votes, while the Janata Dal was placed second w ith 35 per cent of the total votes polled.

In 1996 the Congress and the BJP were the only national parties which improved their vote-share in the State. The BJP was the major gainer, increasing its vote percentage from orJy rune per cent in 1991 to over 13 per cent in 1996 polls. The party, however, was at a too sm all percentage to w in a Parliamentary seat. The Congress bagged 16 seats this year, while the third front parties w on only four seats, losing three to the Congress and one to the Samata Party.

The m ost alarm ing things for the Janata D al in O rissa are some unbelievably flat statistics. The ditterence of votes between the Congress and the Janata D al sharply doubled from less than ten lakh in 1991 to over 20 lakh votes this year. In 1991, the Congress had bagged 9845358 more votes than the Janata Dal. This figures shot up to 204421 votes this year. In central Orissa the Janata Dal had polled 37 per cent votes in 1991. TTiis declined to 22 per cent in 1996.

In central O rissa spreading over ten Parliamentary seats, the BJP moved up to capture the second position in Mayurbhanj, Deogarh and Keonjhar constituencies, relegating the Janata Dal in the first two and the Congress in the last, to the third position. The BJP improved its vote-share from 12 to 19 per cent in Mayurbhanj, 14 to 30 per cent in Keonjhar. In Keonjhar, the BJP ate into the support-base of the Janata Dal by a staggering over 11 per cent votes, the latter losing about 19 per cent of its votes.

P U N JA B : Fact Sheet

Table 12.72: Party Position in the 1996 Lok Sabha Elections



Congress 2 10SAD (Badal) 8 +8BSP 3Independents & Others - +2ToUl 48

Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1980 1984 1989 1992 1996


Table 12.73: Partywise Members in Eleven Lok Sabhas — Punjab

BJS/BJP Congress CPICPI (M) P /B L D SAD 2BSPIndependents & Others

ADFS

16 211

314

V*31*»»

102

12 12

*Note: Elections were held in Punjab in 1992 and not in 1991. Almost all Akali Groups boycotted elections; *ADTS; ***SP

Table 12.74: Partywise Percentage of Voles Polled (1992)

Party Seats % of Votes

Congress 12 49.2BSP 1 19.3BJP 0 17.0JD 0 2.2SAD 0 1.9Independents & Others 0 10.4Total 13 100.00

Table 12.75: Partywise Position in State Assembly Elections (1952 to 1992)

Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1972 1977 1980 1985 1992

Seats 126 154 154 104 104 104 117 117 117 117BJP - 9 8 9 8 - - 1 6 6Congress 96 120 91 48 38 66 17 63 32 86CPI 4 6 9 5 4 10 7 9 1 4CPI (M) - - - 3 2 1 8 5 - 1JP - - - - - - 25 - 1 -

SAD 13 - 19 - 43 24 58 37 73 3*Others 4 6 11 30 5 - - - - -

Independents 9 13 6 9 4 3 2 2 4 8”BSP

* Akali Dal (Kabul)** Janata Dal 1, Independents and Others 7»»♦ BSP contested for the first time Note: SAD boycotted elections

Statewise 1996 Election Data

Table 12.76: Seals Contested and Won in Assembly Elections (1992)

163

Party Number of Seats Contested

Number of Seats Won

1 . Congress 117 862 . BSP 106 73. BJP 67 64. CPI 20 45. CPI (M) 17 16 . S. Akali Dal (Kabul Group) 61 37. Janata Dal 37 18 . Independents & Others 169 7

Total 594 117

Table 12.77: Total E lectorates (1952-92) Votes an d Turn O u t in A ssem bly E lections (Lakhs)

Year Electorates Votes Polled Invalid Votes Turn Out(%)

1952 67.2 49.9 NA 55.31957 92.1 71.8 1.7 55.01962 107.5 67.9 2.4 65.41967 63.1 42.9 2.0 71.11971 69.5 40.8 0.9 59.91977 81.6 56.1 1.1 70.11980 97.4 59.7 1.3 62.71984 107.0 69.3 3.0 67.61989 129.5 79.4 2.7 62.71992 131.7 28.4 1.26 21.6

T able 12.78:Rural U rban Turn O u t in A ssem bly E lections 1985 a n d 1992

1985 1992

1. Number of Constituencies (12) 57.7% 38.3%2. Semi-urban (11) 67.8% 26.5%3. Semi-rural (24) 68.4% 25.3%4. Rural (70) 68.8% 15.1%

Table 12.79: C h ief M inisters o f P un jab , 1947 to 1992

1947 August Gopi Chand Bhargava Congress1949 April Bhim Sen Sachar Congress1949 October Gopi Chand Bhargava Congress1951 June Presidents's Rule1952 April Bhim Sen Sachar Congress1956 January S. Pratap Singh Kairon Congress1964 June Gopi Chand Bhargava Congress1964 July Ram Kishan Congress1966 July President's Rule1966 November Giani Gurmukh Singh Congress1967 March Justice Gumam Singh Akali Dal

1967 N ovem ber1968 A ugu st1969 February1970 March 1972 March 1977 June 1980 February 1980 July 1983 October 1985 Septem ber 1987 M ay1992 February 1995 Sept

164

S. Lachman Singh Gill President's Rule B. G um am Singh S. Frakash Singh Badal Giani Zail SinghS. Prakash S ingh Badal President's RuleS. Darbara Singh President's Rule Surjit Singh Bamala President's Rule Beant Singh Harcharan Singh Brar


A kali Dal

A kali Dal A kali Dal C ongress A kali Dal

C ongress

A kali Dal

C ongressC ongress

A n a ly s is a n d O v e rv ie wA fte r th e r e o rg a n is a tio n o f P u n ja b in 1966, th e U n ite d F ro n t-A k a li 's

B h a ra tiy a Ja n S a n g h a n d C o n u n u n is te P a r tie s , fo rm e d th e g o v e rn m e n t w ith Ju s tic e (R e tired ) G u m a m S in g h (A k a li D al) a s th e C h ie f M in is te r , in M a rc h 1967. H e v^as s u c c e e d e d b y L a c h m a n S in g h G ill (A k a li D al) in N o v e m b e r 1967. P re s id e n t 's R u le w a s im p o s e d in A u g u s t 1968 a n d w h ic h c o n t in u e d u p to F e b ru a ry 17, 1969.

In th e 1969 A sse m b ly e lec tio n s , A k a li p a r ty u n d e r th e le a d e rs h ip o f S a n t F a te h S in g h w o n th e m a jo r ity o f sea ts . T h e m in is try w a s fo rm e d b y S h ri G u m a m S in g h w ith th e c o o p e ra tio n o f o th e r p a r t ie s e x c lu d in g th e C o n g re s s . In M a rc h 1970, P a rk a sh S in g h B adal o f th e A k a li D a l b e c a m e th e C h ie f M in is te r.

In th e 1972 A sse m b ly e lec tio n s , th e C o n g re s s p a r ty w o n a n a b s o lu te m a jo r ity a n d its m in is try w a s in s ta lle d u n d e r G ia n i ZaiJ S in g h .

In Ju n e 1977 e lec tio n s , A k a li p a r ty w o n a n d P ra k a s h S in g h B a d a l b e c a m e th e C h ie f M in is te r. In F e b ru a ry 1980, P re s id e n t 's R u le w a s im p o s e d w h ic h la s te d fo r a b o u t 4 m o n th s .

In th e 1980 Ju ly e le c tio n s . C o n g re s s w o n a n d D a rb a ra S in g h o f th e C o n g re s s a s s u m e d th e c h a rg e o f th e C h ie f M in is te r.

In th e 1985 e le c tio n s w h ic h to o k p la c e a f te r th e a s s a s s in a tio n o f S m t. I n d ira G a n d h i, P r im e M in is te r, A k a lis w e re v ic to r io u s w ith 73 se a ts o u t o f 117 to th e ir c re d it. In S e p te m b e r 1985, S u rjit S in g h B a m a la (A k a li D al) b e c a m e th e C h ie f M in is te r . H o w e v e r th e A k a li M in is t r y c o u ld n o t s t a y lo n g . T h e U n io n G o v e m m e n t f irs t d ism isse d th e A k a li G o v e r ru n e n t a n d la te r d is so lv e d th e A ssem bly . O n M a y 11, 1985, P re s id e n t 's R u le w a s im p o s e d . T h is g a v e P u n ja b th e lo n g e s t s p e ll o f th e C e n tr a l G o v e r n m e n t 's m le . In c id e n ta lly th is w a s th e th ird occas ion th a t th e A k a li M in is try w a s d ism is se d b y th e C e n tre .

A fte r a lo n g sp e ll o f a b o u t six y e a rs of P re s id e n t 's R u le , th e S ta te o f P u n ja b w e n t to th e p o lls o n F e b ru a ry 1 9 ,1 9 9 2 im d e r u n p re c e d e n te d s e c u r ity cover. I t m a y b e rec a lle d th a t th e P re s id e n t 's ru le w a s im p o s e d in P u n ja b o n M a y 11 ,1985. A fte r m u c h m isg iv in g s , th e e lec tio n p ro ce ss w a s se t in m o tio n a r o u n d m id n ig h t o f J a n u a ry 24 w ith th e is su a n c e o f n o tif ic a tio n b y th e

P re s id e n t fo r th e 13 L o k S a b h a se a ts . T h e G o v e rn o r o f P u n ja b a lso is s u e d a s im ila r n o tif ic a tio n fo r 117 A sse m b ly sea ts .

W h ile th o s e A k a lis b o y c o t tin g th e p o ll s tre s s e d th e n e e d fo r " p e rm a n e n t s o lu t io n f irs t, p o ll a n d G o v e rn m e n t a f te rw a rd s " , th o s e fo r th e p o ll a n d th e C P I a n d C P I (M ) le a d e rs s o u g h t t r a n s fe r o f U n io n T e rr ito ry o f C h a n d ig a rh , jo in t c a p ita l o f P u n ja b a n d H a ry a n a , to P im ja b u n d e r th e R a jiv -L o n g o w a l A c c o rd b e fo re th e e lec tio n s .

T h e C e n tre , h o w e v e r, f in a lly fe lt th a t a ll s u c h d is p u te s s h o u ld b e ta k e n u p w ith th e n e w e le c te d G o v e rn m e n t in P u n jab . T h e P r im e M in is te r m a d e i t c le a r th a t in s ta lla tio n o f a p o p u la r G o v e rn m e n t in th e S ta te w a s th e ir f ir s t p rio rity .

L o k S ab h a E lec tio n s in th e S ta te w e re h e ld in N o v e m b e r 1989 w h e n th e U n ite d A k a li D a l h e a d e d b y S im ra n jit S in g h M a n n w o n s ix se a ts . T h e C o n g re s s w o n tw o se a ts w h ile th e Ja n a ta D al a n d th e B a h u ja n S am aj P a r ty s h a re d o n e s e a t each .

T h e C o n g re s s s w e p t th e p o lls in 1992 e lec tio n s . In th is c o n te x t i t is v e r y n e c e s s a ry to re m e m b e r th a t a lm o s t a ll A k a li g ro u p s b o y c o t te d th e e le c tio n s T h e v o te r tu r n o u t w a s ju s t 21.58 p e r ce n t— all t im e lo w e s t. In 70 A s se m b ly co n s titu e n c ie s i t w a s as lo w a s 15.1 p e r cen t. In F e ro z e p u r d is t r ic t i t w a s 13.1 p e r c e n t a n d in S a n g ru r 13 p e r cen t. T h e r e s u lt o f th e C o n g re s s v ic to ry w a s a th u s fo re g o n e co n c lu s io n .

T h e L ok S a b h a p o lls e n d in g 1992 w e re b o y c o tte d b y a lm o s t a ll A k a li g ro u p s . T h e C o n g re s s w o n 12 o u t o f 13 se a ts . In 1996, th e A k a li D a l (B ad a l G ro u p ) p a r tic ip a te d w ith fu ll v ig o r in c o rp o ra tin g w ith it se v e ra l A k a li sp lin te r g ro u p s . T h e te r ro r is m w a s p u t in th e c o n tro l b u t A k a lis w e re s till u n h a p p y w i th th e C e n tre 's in d iffe re n c e w ith th e P u n ja b p ro b le m . T h e C o n g re s s C h ie f M iru s te r B e an t S in g h w a s n o lo n g e r a liv e . T h e A k a lis jo in e d h a n d s w i th th e BSP a n d g a v e a se v e re th ra s h in g to th e C o n g re s s P arty .

R A J A S T H A N : Fact S heet

Table 12.80: Partyw ise M em bers in Eleven Lok S abhas — R ajasthan


Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJP 1 1 3 4 . . _ 13 12 12Congress 9 19 14 10 14 1 18 25 - 13 12CPICPI (M) - - - - - - - - 1 -

JD - - - - - 24 - - 11 0SWA 1 - 3 8 3 - 4* - - -

JPS - - - - - - 2 - - -

INCO 3” - - - - - 1 - - -

Independents& Others 6 2 3 2 2 1 » » »

► JP; »*RRD; JP Congress (T).

166 Elections in India: 1952-96Table 12.81:: Peicentage o f Votes Polled by Parties (1977-1991)

Party 1977 1980 1984 1989 1990

Congress 29.5 42.6 52.7 37.0 43.2BJP As above 23.7 29.6 40.9JD /JN P /B L D 65.2 31.7 3.9 25.7 6.2Left Parties 0.9 0.8 0.5 2.2 0.8O thers 0.4 18.2 12.4 2.0 5.2Independents 4.0 6.9 6.8 3.5 3.7

Total 100 100 100 100 100

% o f Totalvo tes polled 56.9 54.7 57.0 56.5 47.2

Table 12.82: Party Position in the A ssem bly Elections (1993)

Party Seats Won Gain/Losses on Compared with 1990

Congress 76 +26BJP 95 +10P / J P 6 -49CPI -CPI (M) 1 N o ChangeIndependents & O thers 21 +12

Total 199

N ote : Total seats : 200 Election held : 199

Table 12.83: Party Position in the Assembly^Elections (1990)

Party Seats Contested Seats Won % c f Votes Polled

Congress 200 50 33.26JD 120 55 21.39BJP 128 85 25.47Lok D al (B) 38 - 0.17CPI 41 . 0.82CPI (M) 10 1 1.07Janata Party 44 - 0.53Independents an d O ti\ers 2198 9 17.29

Total 2788 200 100.00

Table 12.84: C om parativ t Perform ance of the C ongress an d theBJP in the A ssem bly E ltctions (1952 to 1990)

Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1980 1985 1990

Congress 82 119 88 89 145 41 133 113 50BJP 8 6 15 22 8 32 39 85

Table 12.85: Percentage of Votes in A ssem bly Elections (1977 to 1990)

Party 1977 1980 1985 1990

Congress 3L5 43^0 46^6 33.26BJP - 18.6 21.2 25.47JN P/JD 50.4 7.3 17.8 21.39Independents an d O thers 18.1 31.1 14.4 19.00

Total___________________________ 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

A nalysis and OverviewTThe C o n g re s s P a r ty in R a ja s th a n h a s d e m o n s tr a te d its s u p re m a c y in a ll

th e L o k S ab h a e lec tio n s e x c e p t in 1977 a n d 1979 v^here th e re w a s a Ja n a ta w a v e . In 1977 it c o u ld w in ju s t 1 s e a t o u t o f 25 w h ile in 1989-90 i t d r e w b la n k . In th e 1984 e lec tio n s i t s w e p t th e p o lls b y b a g g in g a ll th e 25 s e a ts in th e L o k S a b h a f ro m R a ja s th a n . In R a ja s th a n s m a ll s w in g s in v o t in g p e rc e n ta g e s h a v e g re a tly in f lu e n c e d th e n u m b e r o f se a ts , w i th a li t t le m o re th a n h a l f th e v o te s (5 2 .7 p e rcen t) in 1984 it w o n a ll th e 25 s e a ts a n d w i th 37 p e rc e n t v o te s in 1989, i t c o u ld n o t w in e v e n a s in g le se a t. I t is in te re s tin g to n o te th a t th e BJP in 1989, w ith less v o te s i.e. 29.6 p e rc e n t a s a g a in s t C o n g re s s 's 37 p e rc e n t v o te s w o n 13 se a ts . A s r e g a rd s A sse m b ly e lec tio n s b e tw e e n th e y e a rs 1952 a n d 1977, th e C o n g ress c o u ld a lw a y s se c u re o r m a n a g e a m a jo r ity to fo rm th e g o v e rn m e n t in th e S ta te . T h e p o s t-E m e rg e n c y J a n a ta w a v e to o k its to ll o f th e fo r tim e s in R a ja s th a n to o a s in o th e r p a r ts o f n o r th e r n In d ia . T h e J a n a ta P a r ty s e c u re d 151 se a ts in th e A sse m b ly w h ile th e C o n g re s s o n ly41 se a ts . T h e C o n g re s s P a r ty re c o v e re d th e lo s t g ro u n d in 1980 a n d e v e n r e ta in e d th e le a d in th e 1985 e lec tio n s . B u t th e 1990 e le c tio n s a g a in p u t th e C o n g re s s o u t o f p o w er. T h e BJP w ith th e h e lp o f th e J a n a ta D a l fo rm e d th e g o v e r ru n e n t th a t w a s d ism is se d b y th e C e n tre o n D e c e m b e r 15 ,1 9 9 2 . In th e1993 e le c tio n s , th e BJP e m e rg e d a s th e la rg e s t s in g le p a r ty w ith 95 s e a ts in a h o u s e o f 200 m e m b e rs . E le c tio n w e re h e ld to 199 se a ts . T h e BJP w a s o n ly6 s h o r t o f a n a b s o lu te m ajo rity . T h e re w e re 21 in d e p e n d e n ts , b e s id e s 6 J a n a ta D a l m e m b e rs . T h e BJP e le c te d th e fo rm e r C h ie f M in is te r B h a iro n S in g h S h e k h a w a t as its p a r ty le a d e r— a g re a t s tra te g is t w h o m a n a g e d to w in o v e r a fe w M L A 's a n d fo rm e d th e BJP M in is try fo r th e s e c o n d te rm .

T h e p o litica l scen e in R a ja s th an h a s little o r n o su rp rise s . T h e C ongress(T ) b a g g e d o n e s e a t a t th e co s t o f th e C ongress . T h e v o te rs w e re h a rd ly in flu e n ced b y th e p e r fo rm a n c e o f th e S ta te g o v e r ru n e n t w i th th e r e s u lt th a t th e s ta tu s q u o w a s n u in ta in e d .


SIKKIM : F ad Sheet

Table 12.86: Party Position in Lok S abha (1980 to 1996)


Party 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

Congress - - - . .

SDF - - - - 1SJP 1 - - - -SSP - - 1 1 •

Independents & O thers - 1 - - -

ToUl 1 1 1 1 1

Table 12.87: Party Position in S ikkim A ssem bly (1989 an d 1994)

Party Seats % of Votes Seats % ofVoles Won Polled Won Polled

SSP 32 70.41 10 34.86Congress - 18.05 2 13.63RSP - 8.59 - 1.53DPC (Denzong People's Chogpa) - SDF

0.2219 42.91

Independents and O thers - 2.73 1 6.76BJP - - - 0.14CPI - - - 0.17

Total 32 100.00 32 100.00

Analysis and OverviewS ik k im , a h ill S ta te in th e e a s te rn H im a la y a s b e c a m e In d ia ’s 2 2 n d S ta te

in 1975. E arlie r i t w a s ru le d b y a m o n arch . L ast e lec tions to th e S ta te A sse m b ly w e r e h e ld in 1994. T h e p r in c ip a l c o n te n d in g p a r t ie s w e re C o n g re s s , S ik k im S a n g ra m P a r is h a d (SSP), S ik k im D e m o c ra tic F ro n t (SD F), R is in g S u n P a r ty (RSP) a n d th e S ik k im U n ite d L ib e ra tio n F ro n t (SU D F).

N a tio rw l p o lit ic a l p a r tie s o th e r th a n th e C o n g re s s h a v e li t t le s ig n ific an c e in S ikk im .

S ik k im S a n g ra m P a r is h a d (SSP) le d b y S h ri N a r B a h a d u r B h a n d a r i d o m in a te d th e S ik k im p o litic s fo r a b o u t 14 y e a rs . T h e sp e ll w a s b ro k e n in1994 w h e n 44 y e a r o ld c o n s ta b le tu r n e d p o litic ijin P a w a n K u m a r C h a m lin g c a m e in to p o w e r . T h e S ik k im D em o c ra tic F ro n t (SDF) th o u g h o n ly o n e y e a r o ld m a n a g e d to g e t 19 o u t o f th e 32 A sse m b ly se a ts . T h e S D F c a m p a ig n e d fo r th e im p le m e n ta tio n o f th e M a n d a l C o m m iss io n r e c o m m e n d a tio n to in c lu d e th e b a c k w a rd N e p a le s e o f M o n g o lo id o r ig in in th e lis t o f o th e r B a c k w a rd C lasse s (O B C s). I t m a y b e re c a lle d th a t N e p a le s e o f M o n g lo id o r ig in c o n s ti tu te a b u lk o f p o p u la tio n in th e s o u th e rn d is t r ic t o f S ik k im . C h a m lin g 's v ic to ry d e a l t a se v e re b lo w to th e C o n g re s s in S ik k im . In th e 1996 e le c tio n s , th e lo n e s e a t w a s w o n b y S D F re p la c in g SSP.


T A M IL N A D U : Fact Sheet

Table 12.88; Partyw ise Lok M em bers in E leven Lok S abhas — Tam il N adu

1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJP ..................................................................................................................C ongress 31 31 3 9 14 20 25 27 28 -CPI 2 2 4 3 - - 1 - 2CPI(M) - 4 .......................................................................................FBLI . 1 . 1 - . . - . .AIADMK - 18 2 12 11 11DMK 7 25 23 1 16 2 - - 17INC (O) - - 1 3 ..............................................................TML 20Independentsand O thers 8 7 1 - 1 - - - -

In th e 1996 A sse m b ly e lec tio n s , A IA D M K lo s t to th e D M K a n d its a llies. K a n m a iu d h i a g a in b e c a m e th e C h ie f M in is te r. C o n g re s s d re w a b la n k .

A fte r th e A sse m b ly e lec tio ris in 1991, K m Ja y a la lith a o f th e A IA D M K (A ll I n d ia D ra v id a M im n e tra K a z h a k a m ) w a s s w o rn in a s th e C h ie f M in is te r o n Ju n e 24, 1991. S h e h e a d e d a g o v e rru n e n t v o te d to p o w e r w ith C o n g re s s (I) a lliance . A IA D M K g o t 163 se a ts a n d th e C o n g re s s (I) 61 o f th e 234 to ta l vo tes. D u rin g th e la s t f iv e y ea rs re la tio n s b e tw e e n th e ir tw o p a r tie s u n d e rw e n t s e v e ra l c h a n g es .

In M a rc h 1996 o n th e e v e o f e le c tio n s th e C e n tra l le a d e rs h ip o f th e C o n g re s s (I) e n te re d in to a n e le c to ra l a llia n ce w ith th e A IA D M K . T h is a c tio n o f th e h ig h c o m m a n d le d to a n e a r re v o lt in th e T am il N a d u C o n g ress . S e v e ra l p ro m in e n t le a d e rs in c lu d in g S h ri G K M o o p a n a r , P C h id a m b a ra iA (U n io n M in is te r) a n d A n m a c h a la m (U n io n M in is te r) le ft th e p a r t in p ro te s t . S h ri M o o p a n a r fo rm e d a n e w p a r ty c a lle d T am il N a d u M a k k a l C o n g re s s (T N M C ) a n d jo in e d h a n d s w ith th e D ra v id a M im n e tra K a z h a g a m (D M K ). O n M a rc h 31, 1996, S h ri M K a n m a n id h i,D M K P re s id e n t a rm o u n c e d th e fo rm a tio n o f th e n e w a llia n ce a t a jo in t c o n fe re n ce w ith S h ri M o o p a n a r . T h e a l lia n c e c o n s is te d o f D M K , C P I, T T ^ C , A ll In d ia F o rw a rd B lock (AIFB) a n d th e In d ia n N a tio n a l L e a g u e (IN L). N o te d f ilm a c to r S h ri R a jn ik a n t a n d P o litic a l c o m m e n ta to r S h ri C h o R a m a sw a m y b le s s e d th e a llian ce .

T h e th ir d lin e u p in th e s ta te c o m p ris e d th e M a ru m a la rc h i D ra v id a M u rm e tra K a z h a g a m (M D M K ) C P I(M ) a n d th e J a n a ta D al.

T am il N a d u w a s o n e o f th e 6 s ta te s w h e re s im u lta n e o u s w e re h e ld in tw o a n d A sse m b ly e le c tio n s w e re h e ld in tw o P h a se s o n A p r i l 27 a n d M a y 20. W h ile 749 c a n d id a te s w e re in th e f ra y fo r th e 39 L o k S a b h a se a ts in th e s ta te 5 ,0 1 7 c o n te s ta n ts v ie d fo r th e 234 A s s e m b ly se a ts . A m o n g th e p a r l i a m e n ta r y c o n s ti tu e n c ie s M a d ra s S o u th h a d th e la rg e s t n u m b e r of c a n d id a te s (39) a n d N a g a p a tta n a m (SC) th e sm a lle s t (6). A re c o rd 1,033

c o n te s ta n ts w e re in th e f ra y in M o d a k u ric h i A sse m b ly c o n s titu e n c y in P e r iy a r d is tr ic t o n e o f th e th re e c o n s titu e n c ie s in th e c o u n try w h e re th e EC p o s tp o n e d p o l in g c itin g a d m in is tra t iv e a n d o th e r d ifficu ltie s in v illa g e o f th e la rg e n u m b e r o f c a n d id a te s .

N a tio n a l p a r t ie s lik e th e C o n g re ss (I) C o n g re s s (T), th e C P I (M ), th e J a n a ta D a l a n d th e S a m a jw a d i P a r ty w e re in th e f ie ld in a llia n ce w ith o n e o r o th e r w ith th e v a r io u s re g io n a l p a r tie s . T h e C o n g re s s e n te re d in to a n a llia n ce w ith th e ru lin g A IA D M K , re s u lt in g s p li t in th e C o n g re s s itself. A se n io r le a d e r G K M o o p an cir fo rm e d th e T am il M a a n ila C o n g re s s (TM C ) w h ic h fo rm e d M in is te rs lik e C h id a m b a ra m a n d A rv in d N e ta m w h o re s ig n e d f ro m th e C o u n c il o f M in is te rs . T M C e n te re d in to a llia n ce w ith D M K . T h e J a n a ta D a l f o rm e d a n a l lia n c e w i th V G o p a la s w a m y 's M a ru m a la rc h i D ra v id a M im n e tra K a z h a g a m (M D M K ), T h e C P I a lso s ite d w ith M D M K . T h e n th e re w a s a lso th e P a tta li M a k k a l K a tc h i (PM K ). T h e BJP w e n t a lo n e .

F o r th e f irs t tim e in th e h is to ry of T am il N a d u , th e In d ia n N a tio n a l C o n g re s s (IN C ) g o es u n re p re s e n te d in th e A ssem b ly . IN C , w h ic h f ie ld e d 66 c a n d id a te s in th e ju s t c o n c lu d e d A sse m b ly e le c tio n s in th e S ta te , fa ile d to w in e v e n a s in g le sea t. I t is a lso fo r th e f irs t tim e th a t n o t a s in g le IN C c a n d id a te m a n a g e d to w in to r e p re s e n t th e p a r ty in th e L o k S a b h a f ro m T am il N a d u . T h e IN C w h ic h c o n te s te d th e 1996 p o lls in a l lia n c e w i th A IA D M K in th e S ta te h a d c o n te s t e d f ro m 30 o f th e 39 L o k S a b h a co n s titu e n c ie s . T h e D M K -T M C -C P I c o m b in e s w e p t th e p o lls b a g g in g a ll th e 39 L o k S ab h a , a n d c o n c e d in g a v e ry few o f th e 233 A sse m b ly se a ts . A IA D M K b a g g e d ju s t fo u r s e a ts o u t o f 163 it c o n te s te d in th e A sse m b ly e lec tio n s . In c id e n ta lly , th e A IA D M K -IN C c o m b in e d e fe a te d D M K in th e la s t tw o e le c tio n s in 1989 a n d 1991 to ta lly , le a v in g it u n re p re s e n te d in th e n in th a n d te n th L o k S ab h a .

T h e c o m p le t e r o u t o f th e C o n g r e s s in T a m il N a d u h a d s e r io u s re p e rc u s s io n s o n it a t th e n a t io n a l level. A lo ss o f 39 v o te s (28 C o n g re s s a n d11 A IA D M K ) w a s o n e o f th e im p o r ta n t re a so n s fo r th e fa ll o f th e C o n g re s s M in is try a t th e C e n tre .

P o l i t ic a l P a r t ie s in T a m il N a d uA p a r t f ro m th e m a in p o lit ic a l p a r tie s , m in o r p o lit ic a l p a r t ie s c o n te s tin g

e le c tio n s f ro m T am il N a d u in c lu d e d th e fo llo w in g . A M I (A m b e d k a r M a k k a l ly a k k a m o r A m b e d k a r P e o p le 's M o v e m e n t) , G M K (G ra m a M u n n e t r a K a z h a g a m o r V illage P ro g re ss iv e P a r ty ), M E L C H A (M arx -E n g e ls L e n in is t C om m vine H e a lth A sso c ia tio n ) , M P P (M a h a b h a ra t P e o p le 's P a r ty ) , T D I (T am ilar D e s iy a ly a k k a m o r T am ilian N a tio n a lis t M o v e m e n t) , TK (T am ilar K a z h a g a m o r T am ilian P a r ty ) , T M K (T h a y a g a M a ru m a la rc h i K a z h a g a m o r M o th e r la n d R e n a issan c e P a rty ), T M M (T h a ra su M a k k a l M a n ra m o r T h a ra s u P e o p l e 's F o r u m ) , a n d U M N M S K ( U la g a M a k k a l N a l a M a h iz h c h i S in th a n a iy a la r K a z h a g a m o r W o rld P e o p le 's W elfare H a p p in e s s In te lle c tu a ls P a rty ).


Statexvise Election D ata 171

U T T A R P R A D E S H : Fact Sheet

Table 12.89: Fartywise Members in Eleven Lok Sabhas — Uttar Pradesh

Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 19801 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJP 81 2 7 12 4 8 52 52Congress 70 62 47 73 51 83 15 5 5CPI 1 2 5 4 1 - 2 1 -

CPl(M) - 1 - - 1 - -JD - 3 - - - 54 22 2

(SWA)JP/JD(S) 4* 2* 2* 4 16

(PSP) (PSP) (PSP) (SP)Lok Dal - - 1 1 29 2 - - -

(DDP)JNP 2 - 1 8 1 3 -

(SP) (SP) (SSP) (INCO)BSP - 3 1 - - 2 1 6

(RPI) (RPI)ABHM 1 - 1 - - 1 - -BLD - - 85 - - - - -Independen tO thers & 1 8 4 8 2 1 - 2 - 4

Sam ata 1, Cong (T) 2, Independen t 1.

Table 12.90: Party Position in UP State A ssem bly (1989 to 1995)

Party 1989 1991 1993 1995

Congress 94 46 28 29BJP 57 221 177 176Janata Dal 208 91 28 4BSP/SP 13 30 (SJP) 176 127 (SP)CPI 6 4 4 1

(CPI 3, CPI (M) 1)CPI (M) 2 1 -Janata Party ® 1 - -Lok Dal (B) 2 - -

HMB 1 - - 10 (BSPR)BSP - - - 59Independents & O thers 41 21 9 17Vacant 11 3 2Total 425 425 425 425

* Before the Imposition of the President's Rule in UP.A n a ly s is a n d O v e rv ie w

E x c e p t fo r a b r ie f p e r io d , th e C o n g re s s P a r ty w a s c o m fo r ta b ly p la c e d in th e A s se m b ly till 1977. In 1977, th e J a n a ta P a r ty re p la c e d th e C o n g re s s a s th e

m a jo r ity p a rty . R a m N a re s h Y adav o f th e Ja n a ta b e c a m e th e C h ie f M in is te r. T h e J a n a ta G o v e rn m e n t d id n o t c o m p le te its fu ll te rm a n d th e C o n g re s s P a r ty c a m e in to p o w e r in th e m id d le o f th e y e a r 1980. In th e A sse m b ly e le c tio n s to U tta r P ra d e s h , th e C o n g re s s P a r ty w a s b a d ly d e fe a te d a n d M u la y a m S in g h Y adav— a n o n -C o n g re s s m a n b e c a m e th e C h ie f M in is te r w h o s e te rm la s te d b e tw e e n D e c e m b e r 1989 to J tm e 1991. In th e A sse m b ly e le c tio n s o f 1991, th e BJP fo rm e d th e G o v e rn m e n t h e a d e d b y K a ly a n S in g h . H e re s ig n e d in th e w a k e o f d e m o litio n o f th e B ab ri M a sjid s t r u c tu re o n D e c e m b e r 6 ,1 9 9 2 , h a v in g a te rm o f ju s t le ss th a n 2 y e a rs . In 1993 A s se m b ly e lec tio n s in U P w e re h e ld th e re afte r. M u la y a m S ingji Y ad av o f th e S a m a jw a d i P a r ty w a s s u p p o r te d b y th e BSP w h ic h a lso b e c a m e a p a r tn e r in th e G o v e rn m e n t a g a in b e c a m e th e C h ie f M in is te r.

T h e BJP fo u n d a re sp e c ta b le p la c e fo r th e f irs t t im e in U.P. A s s e m b ly in 1967 w h e n it c a p tu r e d 98 se a ts . I ts s tr e n g th s lu m p e d to h a lf th e n u m b e r in 1969. T h e re w a s m a rg in a l im p ro v e m e n t in 1974 (61 se a ts ) w h e n i t d e c id e d to m e rg e w i th th e Jaru ita. W h e n re v iv e d in 1989, i t c o u ld g e t o n ly 11 se a ts . In 1985 its ta lly im p ro v e d to 16. In th e 1989 e lec tio n s its sc o re w a s 57.

S ince 1977, g e n e ra lly th e re u s e d to b e a w a v e a n d a p o la r is a tio n o f v o te s o n a p a r t ic u la r is s u e th r o u g h o u t th e S ta te . In 1977 th e re w a s a s to r m in f a v o u r o f th e J a n a ta P a r ty w h e re a s in 1980 th e re w a s a w a v e in f a v o u r o f th e C o n g re s s . By w iim in g 29 s e a ts th e Ja n a ta P a r ty re a c h e d th e s e c o n d p o s it io n . In 1984 w i th th e a s s a s s in a tio n o f S m t. In d ira G a n d h i, th e C o n g re s s re v iv e d a s y m p a th y w a v e a n d w o n 83 o f th e 85 L ok S a b h a se a ts w i th 51 p e r c e n t v o te s .

In th e 1989 e le c tio n s w h e n B ofo rs w a s th e m a in is s u e a n d a ll th e O p p o s it io n p a r t ie s u n i te d to d e fe a t th e C o n g ress , th e re w a s a w a v e in f a v o u r o f V.P S in g h . In fac t, i t w a s a re p e a t o f 1980. J u s t a s in 1977 th e v o te r s v o te d fo r th e J a n a ta P arty , in 1980 th e y v o te d fo r th e C o n g re s s . In 1984 th e v o te rs fo r th e C o n g re s s , in 1989 th e y v o te d a g a in s t th e C o n g ress . In 1989 th e v o te p e rc e n ta g e o f th e C o n g re s s d e c lin e d to 31.8 p e r c e n t f ro m 51 p e r c e n t in 1984. A n d th e Ja n a ta D a l c a p tu r e d 54 s e a ts w i th 35.9 p e r c e n t v o te s . T h e J a n a ta P a r ty g o t o n ly o n e p e r c e n t v o te s , w h e re a s th e BJP in c re a se d its v o te p e rc e n ta g e to 7.6 a n d w o n 8 L ok S ab h a sea ts .

In 1989 w i th th e te m p le m o v e m e n t g a in in g m o m e n tu m th e p o lit ic s o f U P to o k a n a m a z in g tu r n . T h e BJP in c re a se d its m a ss b a s e b y le a p s a n d b o u n d s . T h e A y o d h y a m o v e m e n t h a d p la y e d a m a jo r ro le in d e c id in g B JP 's e le c to ra l fo r tu n e s . O n th e o th e r h a n d M u la y a m S in g h Y ad av a lso s ta r te d c a sh in g o n c a s te is t (Y ad av as) a n d c o m m u n a lis t (d a li t-M u s lim ) fee lin g s to o u tp la y V.P. s in g h . In th is g a m e o f c a s te ism h e s u c c e e d e d to so m e e x te n t.

In 1991 th e e n t ire U P a g a in tu r n e d sa ffro n . By in c re a s in g its v o te p e rc e n ta g e f ro m 7.6 to 32.8 p e r c e n t th e BJP c a p tu re d 51 L o k S a b h a s e a ts a n d e m e rg e d a s th e b ig g e s t p a r ty in th e S ta te . T h e C o n g re s s ta lly w a s r e d u c e d to o n ly 5 s e a ts w i th 18.2 p e r c e n t v o te s . W h ile th e J a n a ta D al w o n 22 se a ts w i th 21 .6 p e r c e n t v o te s a n d Ja n a ta P a r ty 4 s e a ts w ith 10 p e r c e n t v o te s . T h e BJP g o t a b s o lu te m a jo r ity in th e S ta te A sse m b ly a lso . B u t in D e c e m b e r 1992 th e C e n tr a l G o v e r n m e n t d is m is s e d th e BJP g o v e r n m e n t h o ld in g th e m re sp o n s ib le fo r th e d e m o litio n o f th e d is p u te d s tru c tu re a t A y o d h y a .


In th e A sse m b ly p o lls o f 1993, a ll non -B JP p a r t ie s u n i te d to d e fe a t th e BJP, b u t d e s p i te th is 'u n i ty ' BJP re m a in e d th e s in g le la rg e s t p a r ty b y w in n in g 176 s e a ts w i th 33 .36 p e r c e n t v o te s . T h e SP-BSP a llia n c e h a d w o n o n ly 168 s e a ts b u t i t fo rm e d a g o v e rn m e n t w h ic h w a s h e a d e d b y M u la y a m S in g h Y ad av w h ic h la s te d fo r o n e a n d a h a lf y ea r. T h e n d u e to d if fe re n c e s w i th th e SP, th e BSP S e c re ta ry G e n e ra l S m t. M a y a w a ti fo rm e d a n e w g o v e rn m e n t w h ic h r e m a in e d in p o w e r fo r 135 d a y s .

T h e BSP, th e ju n io r p a r tn e r in th e c o a lit io n G o v e rrim e n t in U tta r P ra d e sh , in a s w if t m o v e o n J im e 1,1995, h a d p u lle d o u t o f th e M u la y a m S in g h Y ad av M in is try in U tta r P ra d e s h p lu n g in g th e 18 m o n th -o ld m in o r i ty G o v e rn m e n t in to a m a jo r c r is is a n d s ta k e d its c la im to fo rm a n " a l te rn a t iv e G o v e rn m e n t im m e d ia te ly w ith th e s u p p o r t o f o p p o s it io n p a r t ie s , in c lu d in g th e BJP."

T h e U P A sse m b ly w a s d is s o lv e d o n O c to b e r 2 7 ,1 9 9 5 . T h e 1996 e le c tio n s d e m o n s tra te d th e s l id in g in f lu e n c e o f th e JD a n d th e L eft P a r tie s in U tta r P ra d e sh . T h e JD a l re a d y w e a k e n e d b y su c c e ss iv e sp li ts , w a s g iv e n a s e v e re b lo w b y M u la y a m S in g h Y adav, w h o s e G o v e rn m e n t th e JD h a d s u p p o r te d u n c o n d itio n a lly . F o u r M L A 's w e re le f t in th e JD a g a in s t 27 w h o w o n . T h e C P I m e t th e s a m e fa te . T w o o f th e th re e C P I M L A 's w e re in d u c e d to jo in th e SP. N e v e r th e le s s , th e C PI h a d to e n te r in to a n a llia n c e w i th th e SP. T h e C P I w a s g iv e n tw o se a ts — G h a z ip u r a n d B a n d a , its t r a d i t io n a l s tro n g h o ld s . T h e G h a z ip u r se a t w a s w o n b y th e C P I e v e n in 1991. B ut, th e p a r ty f in ish e d th ird in b o th c o n s titu e n c ie s . TTie C P I(M ) h a d b e e n g iv e n V a ra n a s i a n d K a n p u r se a ts , w h ic h its c a n d id a te s , Raj K ish o re a n d M s. S u h a s in i A li, h a d w o n in 1989. B u t, th e C P l(M ) lo s t in b o th c o n s titu e n c ie s b y h u g e m a rg in s . T h e le ft m o v e m e n t in U tta r P ra d e s h h a s b e e n d a m a g e d b y th e c a s te is t p o lit ic s , w i th th e r a n k a n d file , m o s t ly f ro m D a lit a n d O B C s, b e in g in f lu e n c e d m o re b y s e c ta r ia n a p p e a l. T h e la s t few e lec tio n s in U tta r P ra d e s h h a d s d e m o n s tr a te d th a t th e C o n g re s s , th e JD a n d L eft p a r tie s a re b e c o m in g p o lit ic a lly ir re le v a n t in th e la rg e s t p o p u la te d S ta te o f th e c o u n try OrUy th e SP a n d th e BSP fig h tin g e a c h o th e r is s u in g r a n k c a s te is t a p p e a l a n d in d u c in g M u s lim s , w o u ld fac e th e BJP. T h e BSP h o w e v e r , v a s tly im p ro v e d u p o n its e a r lie r p e r fo rm a n c e in1991. T h e g a in o f 69 A sse m b ly se a ts in th e 1993 e lec tio n s in a llia n c e w i th th e S a m a jw a d i P a r ty w a s a n ex c e p tio n . A fte r p a r t in g o f w a y s w i th th e SP, th e BSP h a s n o t lo s t its c lo u t a n d d e m o n s tr a te d th a t i t is e m e rg in g a s a fo rce to re c k o n w i th a n d th e D a lit v o te s a re so lid ly b e h in d it, p lu s a c h u n k o f lo w e r c a s te M u s lim s a n d O B C s. T h e m o s t s ig n if ic a n t a s p e c t is th e s u b s ta n tia l in c re a se in th e p o ll p e rc e n ta g e o f th e BSP, w h ic h to u c h e d a b o u t 18 p e r c e n t a g a in s t n e a r ly 19 o f th e SP. It is t r u e th a t th e SP c o n te s te d o n ly 64 s e a ts a g a in s t 85 b y th e BSP in U.P. H o w ev er, th e acc re tio n o f th e BSP v o te c o m p a re d to th a t o f th e SP is s ig n ific an t. T h e BJP v o te p e rc e n ta g e , w h ic h h a d s h o w e d a n in c re a se u p to 34 p e r c e n t in th e 1993 A sse m b ly e le c tio n s , c a m e d o w n to 31 p e r cen t.

A lth o u g h th e C o n g re s s c o u ld m a n a g e to w in f iv e s e a ts a t p a r w i th its1991 tally , th e lo ss o f R ae B areli, M is rik h a n d F a r ru k h a b a d w o n b y it in 1991, w o u ld a p p e a r s ig n ific a n t, s in c e in a ll th e s e se a ts , th e C o n g re s s f in ish e d fo u r th , lo s in g d e p o s its . T ak in g fo r in s ta n c e th e R ae B are li s e a t, w h ic h In d ira


Gandhi represented till her assassination and the Congress lost it only in 1977. The Congress candidate, Vikram Kaul, son of M rs. Sheila Kaul, could secure only 25,457 votes against 163,379 votes polled by the winner BJP candidate, Ashok Singh.

The BJP, which touched its 1991 victory in the recent elections, securing 52 seats, however, recorded more gains in the reserved constituaides, winning 13 of the 18 seats in Uttar Pradesh, against 10 in the last election. The BSP, party of dalits, got three seats, while the SP had to be content with two seats. In the 1991 elections, the Janata Dal secured six of the reserved seats and the Congress and the SP one each. But the Janata Dal could not retain any of these. The two seats the JD secured-Pilibhit and Khalilabad — are general constituencies. The Congress lost its lone seat M isrikh, where the Union M inister of State Ram Lai Rahi finished fourth. The SP not only retained its Barabanki seat, but could wrest Bansgaon from the BJP, the only reserved scat lost by the party. The BJP got three seats from the JD and one from the Congress. A ll three reserved seats secured by the BSP, half its tally of six seats, have been wrested from the JD. Significantly, the BJP could w in all reserved seats in Western U.P. in 1991 and retain all these. The BSP netted Akbarpur, Lalganj, and Saidpur all in eastern U.P. while the SP secured the Barabanki and Bansgaon seats. Incidentally, the BSP had fielded its candidates in all the reserved seats, while the SP had candidates in 16 of them leaving two to the JD-Ghatampur and Khurja, both annexed by the BJP. Incidentally, the BSP supremo, Kanshi Ram, although thick in Dalit politics, never contested from any reserved seat.

T R IPU R A : Fact Sheet

Table 12.91 Partywise Members in Eleven Lok Sabhas — Tripura


Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

Congress - 1 . 2 - 1 - 2 2 -

CPI 2 1 2 - - - - - - -

CPI (M) - - - - 2 - 2 2 - 2BLD/JD - - 1 - - 1 - - - -

A nalysis and OverviewEleven prominent leaders of four Tribal-based parties were in the fray.

Among others a keen contest was witnessed between the traditional rivals, the CPI (M ) and the Congress. Two members of Tripura's royal family — BJP leader Kumar Jishnu Debbarma and his sister-in-law Maharani Bibhu Kumari Devi — were opposing each other in the Tribal reserved Tripura East seat. Debbarma contesting as the BJP nominee, while the Maharani is contesting on an A ll India Indira Congress (Tiwari) ticket. She had won the seat (Tripura East) in the 1991 general elections as a Congress candidate with a huge margin defeating her CPI (M ) rival, Bajuban Reang. Former State Revenue Minister Bibhu Kumari Devi recently joined the Indira Congress and became its w orking committee member.

Even though as many as nine aspirants were in the contest for this tribal reserved seat, the contest was mairdy between the CP I (M ) nominee and Agriculture M inister Bajuban Reang and former Health M inister Kasi Ram Reang (Cong). For the first time, the Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti (TUJS) and Tripura Tribal National Conference (TTN C) fielded their candidates for both the seats, w hile the Tribal-based political party Tripura National Volunteers (TN V) had been supporting the Congress.

Another Tribal-based regional party - Tripura H ill People's Party (THPP) was supporting the ruling C P I (M ). Yet another factor w hich marked the polls, the estrangement between the Congress and its 14-year-old political partner TUJS. Since the 1983 Assembly polls, the Congress TUJS alliance had emerged as a major challenge to the CPI (M )-led Left Front. The combine had ousted the Left Front in the Assembly polls held in February 1988. W hile the ruling CPI (M ) had a strong base among the Tribals, the Congress, however, was dependent on the TUJS during the past 14 years to get the Tribal votes. Tribals constitute 31 per cent of the total population of the State. Failing to get the TUJS support, the Congress rushed to the TN V camp. The TNV, which fielded two candidates in both the seats, withdrew their nominees in support of the Congress. The TUJS had put up its advisory board chairman Shyama Charan Tripura in the Tripura West Lok Sabha Seat and Gauri Sar\kar Reang, TUJS vice-president and former Deputy Speaker of the Tripura Assembly, in the Tripura East seat (ST).

The newly-formed TTNC, formed by the breakaway leaders and workers of the TUJS, also fielded their candidates in both the seats. TTN C's founder president and former chief executive member of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) Harinath Debbarma contested from the Tripura West Lok Sabha.

W E ST BEN G A L: Fact Sheet

Table 12.92: PartywiseM embers in Eleven Lok Sabhas — West Bengal

Stateunse Election Pata 175

Party 1952 1957 1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996

BJS/BJP 2 . 1' . - . . . - -

Congress 24 23 22 14 13 3 4 16 4 5 9CPI 5 6 9 5 3 - 3 3 3 3 3CPI (M) - 2 - 5 20 17 28 18 27 27 23RSP - - 1 - 1 3 4 3 4 4 4FBKI - - 1 2 - 3 3 2 3 3 3GNLF - - 5 - 1 - -

BSP 1 2 - 1 1 15‘Independents& Others - 3 2 7 1 1

1. LSS; 2. SSP 3. AMBS; 4. AMBI; 5. ABHM; 6 . JP.

Party 1987 1991


Table 12.93: Party Position in the Bengal Assembly Elections (1987 and 1991)

CPI (M) 187 188Congress 40 43Forward Block 26 29RSP 18 18JD 0 1Independents & Others 23 15Total 294 294

Table 12.94: Percentage of Votes Polled in Assembly Elections

Party Congress CPI + CPI (M)Seats Won % Seats Won %

1982 49 35.7 181 40.031987 40 41.8 198 40.21991 43 35.1 195 38.5

Analysis and OverviewIn the 1991 Elections, the Congress got 36.2 per cent of the votes as

against 47.1 per cent for the Left Front. Both the Congress and the Left Front faced an erosion in votes— the swing being minus 5.2 per cent for the Congress and minus 3.68 per cent for the Left Front. In what was a major surprise, the BJP managed to corner 11.7 per cent of the votes.

The net result for the total 42 parliamentary seats was 37 for the Left Front and 5 for the Congress. In the simultaneous Assembly elections, the Congress got only 43 of the 294 seats while the CPM by itself had an absolute majority in the State. The 'swing away' votes seems to have deserted the BJP in the Mxmicipal elections in 1993 and 1994 where its share went down to 7.88 per cent.

In 1984, CPI and CPM was able to w in 26 seats with a bare 0.2 per cent more vote than the Congress which won 16 seats. C P I/C P M 48.4 per cent and Congress 48.2%. In 1989 C P I/C M P secured 37 seats with 50.9 per cent votes and Congress only 4 with 41.4 per cent votes. In 1991, C P I/C P M got 37 seats with 47.1 per cent and Congress 5 with 36.2 per cent votes.

In West Bengal a coalition government of 9 parties led by the CPI (M ) has looked invincible for much of its 19-year tenure. The West Bengal's Left Front has been the w orld's longest lasting democratically elected Communist government. The year 1996 is a special one in the political career of M arxist Supremo Jyoti Basu. It is his 50th year in elections and the 1996 elections to the West Bengal Assembly made him a veteran of 13 elections. Basu won his first election to the Legislative Assembly undivided Bengal held on M ay 14, 1946. He defeated the Congress heavyweight Humayun Kabir (later a member of Nehru's Cabinet) in the reserved seat for Railwaymen, by a margin of just 7 votes. In the first elections held in India in 1952, Basu contested the

Baranagore seat in the northern suburb of Calcutta. He beat his nearest candidate of the Congress by a margin of 5,000 votes and became the leader of the undivided CPI's Legislative Party in the West Bengal Assembly. Since 1977, he has been Chief M inister for the longest uninterrupted term. Addressing an election rally in the Satgachia constituency in March 1996, the Marxist leader urged workers of his party and the Front constituents to "go close to the people" laying stress on house-to-house campaign rather than holding mass rallies. "We should know what the people are thinking about us. And people have the right to know what we have done for them during the last 19 years. This interaction is possible only when we go close to them."

The Left Front dropped more than 80 sitting M LAs including 6 Ministers indicating that the younger ones should take the place of old ones. The CPI (M), the dominant partner in the Front dropped 58 M LAs including 4 senior Ministers from its list of candidates. The CPI also dropped 2 of its Ministers.

In the 1991 elections, the Front had 246 M LAs (the CPI(M ) 186) in a House of 246; the Congress 41. The Front won 37 of the 42 Lok Sabha seats from West Bengal.

Organisationally the Congress Party was in a shambles in West Bengal on the eve of 1996 elections. The State Youth President Mamta Banerjee and State Unit President Somen Mitra were involved in an ugly feud. The return of Siddhartha Shanker Roy from the USA where he was Indian Ambassador to politics in West Bengal also had its repercussions on the State politics.

The contest was largely between the Congress and the Left Front. There was a new 11-party combination with the Socialist Unity Centre in India (SU CI) and a few Naxalites groups. The BJP also tried to make inroads. For the first time the Left Front entered into an electoral alliance w ith the Janata Dal. The Front offered five Assembly seats and one Lok Sabha seats to the Janata Dal. Among the Left Front constituents, the CPI (M ) contested 208 seats. Forward Block 34, the CPI 12, the Samajwadi Party 4, the Revolutionary Communist Party in India 2, and the Democratic Socialist Party 2, Biplabi Bangla Congress 1, the Marxist Forward 2 and the Communist Revolutionary League of India. The GN LF fielded 4 candidates in the Darjeeling, Kurseong and Kalimpong Assembly constituencies in the hills and in Siliguri in the foothills. It boycotted the Darjeeling Lok Sabha elections because the Centre had not clarified the "Status" of Darjeeling and Kalimpong which according to the GN LF are "no-man's and leasehold lands." The Congress did not put up its candidates for the Darjeeling, Kurseong and Kalimpong constituencies. The BJP put up a Muslim candidate against Jyoti Basu. The Left Front received some set back in the Lok Sabha as w ell as Assembly elections. However Left Front Government was formed in the State for the fifth time.



Year No. of Seats Andaman Chandi- Dadra Daman Laksha- Pondi- & Nicobar garh & Nagar & D iu dweep cherry Islands H ao di

Union Territories; Fact Sheet

Table 12.95: Partywise Position in Union Territories in Lok Sabha Elections

19961991198919841980197719711967

Cong.Cong.Cong.Cong.Cong.Cong.Cong.Cong.

BJPCong.JDCong.Cong.BLDCong.BJP

Cong. Cong. Cong. Cong.Cong. BJP Cong. Cong.Ind. Ind. Cong. Cong.Ind. - Cong. Cong.Cong - Cong. Cong.Cong. - Cong. AIADMKCong. - Cong. Cong.Cong. - Cong. Cong.

Analysis and OverviewTlie Andaman & Nicobar Islands, a group of 572 islands as Union

Territories lie in the Bay of Bengal, 1,255 Km from Calcutta and 1,190 km from Madras. The original inhabitants of the islands lived in the forests by hunting and fishing. The number of electors is 161,731. It sends one representative to the Parliament. Since 1989 it is represented by the Congress Party. The city of Chandigarh and the areas surrounding it were constituted as a Union Territory on November 1, 1996. It serves as the joint capital of both Punjab and Haryana. The Akali Party has been claim ing Chandigarh as a part of Punjab.

The territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli was ruled by the Portuguese till its liberation by the people on August 2,1954. The territory was merged with the Indian Uniwi on August 11,1%1 and since tiien is being administered by the Government of India as a Union Territory through the Administrator. It sends one MP with an electorate of 74,956. In 1996 it was represented by Congress.

Daman and D iu along with Goa was a Portuguese Colony even after Independence. In 1961, it was made an integral part of India. It was part of the erstwhile Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu. After conferring Statehood on Goa on M ay 30,1987, Daman and D iu were made a separate Union Territory. It has an electorate of 57,286.

The Union Territory of Lakshadweep, a group of 10 islands witnessed a fam iliar electoral replay between the six times winner. Union M inister P.M. Sayeed, a Congress nominee, contesting against his five times rival K.K. Mohammed Koya of Janata Dal in the elections to the lone Lok Sabha seat.

Lok Sabha elections were introduced in 1967 in this M uslim domiiwted islands, spread in the Arabian sea, replacing nominations. Sayeed contested in 1967 as an Independent. There has been no looking back for him after that. Since 1977, he has contested on Congress ticket.

The territory of Pondicherry comprises the former French establishments of Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe, Yanas which lie scattered in South India. Pondicherry, ^ e capital of the territory was once the original headquarters of the French in India. The number of electors is 591,043.

13

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ConsHtuencyivise Lok Sabha Electwn Results 1991 and 1996 195

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Constituenq/wise Lok Sabha Election Results 1991 and 1996 197

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14

Religion and Caste Composition of Constituencies

It is commonly believed that religion and caste play a determining role in the electoral politics of India. Caste ccwisiderations are paramount in the selection of candidates for specific constituencies. Political parties, notwithstanding their secular credentials, invariably chose partymen belonging to the minority community for canvassing where the minority community caste forms a sizeable number of the electorate. Caste and religious considerations are not a new phenomenon. Even in the days of Pandit Nehru, nationalist Muslims were preferably put up from constituencies that had a large number of Muslim electors. ITie tradition continues although political commentators have started regarding the 'vote bank' concept more of a myth than reality. Caste is a social reality in India. Each town has pockets associated with special communities or castes. There are localities like Brahinpuri, Thakurdwara, Chamartoli, Sahukara, Teliwara, Kayasthwada and Islamgunj etc. where the majority of population comprises a particular caste or community. These localities have their aldermen and the politidar^s find it conver\ient to canvass through them. It is in this manner ^ a t caste factors come into play. There is very little official statistics available so far the caste composition of various constituencies within the states are concerned. Some of the available date relating to administrative districts is very obsolete. The boundaries of administrative districts are not always congruent w iA those of electoral constituencies. The Census provides data with respect to population distribution by religion which for broad considerations may be taken into account, for electoral considerations; the presimiption being that the 18 and above population for each group forms near equal percentage among all communities.

Keeping in view the importance of castewise distribution of electorate, constituency profiles presented in the following pages have been prepared on the basis of data obtained from a variety of secondary sources.

The Census figures provide uptodate data with respect to distribution of population by religion over the different States. Help from newspaper surveys and other election- related literature has been taken to compile constituencywise information. A number of economic factors keep on operating making significant changes in the caste distribution. The States in the North-East have a very porous border with Bangladesh. Illegal immigration has been responsible for making significant alterations in the religion-wise composition of a number of districts in the North-East. The problem extends even to some constituencies in Ihe national capital. With this backgroxmd, it would be appreciated that the

data provides at best a broad view of the caste composition of the electoral constituencies. It is important for there are certain issues that are exclusive to certain communities and influence their voting patterns significantly.

It would be naive to deny the caste factor. At the same time, it would be extremely unwise to take for granted that the communities vote en bloc irrespective of other electoral considerations.

A candidate belonging to a certain community keeps on winning from a constituency where his community has predominant number irrespective of the 'wave' being in favour of or against his party. A certain individual, not necessarily belcffiging to the community with majority presence in the constituency may be acceptable to the electors while someone else of the same or other community may not be acceptable. If the previous results are any guide, it would be unsafe’ to come out with any definite or precise hypothesis on this account. The information is there with all the limitations discussed above and it is for the readers to decide as to what use they would like to make of this information.

The Census data for 1991 is being reproduced to supplement the available information v«th respect to religion-wise distribution of population over the different States. Also the available data v«th respect to SC and ST distribution as released by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner for 1991 has bem relied upon where it could be of help in interpolation of statistics.

Table 14.1: Main Religious Communities in the Country as a Whole. (1991)

Religious and Caste Composition c f Constituencies 199

ReligiousCommunities* Persons Males Females

Sex ratio (Females per 1,000 males)

Hindus 687,646,m 357,258,m 330,393,888 925Muslims 101,596,057 52,631,365 48,964,692 930Christians 19,640,284 9,848,930 9,791,354 994Sikhs 16,259,744 8,610,508 7,649,236 888Buddhists 6,387,500 3,272,200 3,115,300 952Jains 3,352,706 1,722,715 1,629,991 946

* Excludes'figures of Jammu & Kashmir.

Table 14.2: Percentage of Main Religions (1991)

Religious % * % Decadal ** Rural % to Urban % toCommunities Total Popu- Growth Rate Popu- Total Rural Popu Total

lation 1981 - 91 lation Population lation UrbanPopulation

Hindus 82.00 22.78 522,896,625 83.96 164,750,096 76.35Muslims 12.12 32.76 65,563,695 10.53 36,032,362 16.70Christians 2.34 16.89 13,485,261 2.17 6,155,023 2.85Sikhs 1.94 25.48 12,473,430 2.00 3,786,314 1.75Buddhists 0.76 35.98 4,127,484 0.66 2,260,016 1.05Jains 0.40 4.42 997,718 0.16 2,354,988 1.09

* Excludes figures of Jammu & Kashmir ** Excludes figures of Assam and Jammu & Kashmir.


Table 14.3: State wise Population of Main Religion

HINDUS M U SU M S CHRISTIANS SIKHS

Pop. % Pop. V. Pop. % Pop. %India/SUite or Union Territory

TotalPop.

INDIA 816,169,666 672,599,428 82.41 95,222,853 11.67 18,895.917 2.32 16,243,252 1.99

STATE l..A ndhra Prad. 66,508,008 2. Arunachal Prad. 364,5583. Assam4. Bihar5. Goa6. Gujarat7. Haryana

2^414,32286,374,465

1,169,79341,309,58216,463,648

8. H iirad\al Prad. 5,170,8779. Jammu t Kash.

10. Karnataka 44,977,20111. Kerala 29,098,51812. Madhya Prad. 66,181,17013. Maharashtra 78,937,18714. Manipur15. Meghalaya16. Mizoram17. Nagaland18. Orissa19. Punjab20. Rajasthan21. Sikkim22. Tamil Nadu23. Tripura24. Uttar Prad.25. West Bengal

1,387,1491,774,778

689,7561,209,546

31,659,73620,281,96944,005,990

406,45755,858,946

2,757,205139,112,28768,077,965

59,281,950320,212

15,047,29371,193,417

756,62136,964,22814,686,5124,958,560

28,432,02716,668,58761,412,89864,033,213

1,059,470260,30634,788

122,47329,971,2576,989,226

39,201,099277,881

49332,0522,384,934

113,712,82950,866,624

89.14 5,923,95437.04 11,92267.13 6,373,20482.42 12,787,98564.68 61,45589.48 3,606,92089.21 763,77595.90 89,134

3,843,451 85.45 5,234,02357.28 6,788,36492.80 3,282,80081.12 7,628,75557.67 13333514.67 5.05

10.1294.67 34.46

61,4624338

20,642577,775239,401

89.08 3325,339 68.37 334988.67 3,052,717 86.50 196,49581.74 24.109,648 74.72 16,075,836

8,911.38

28.4314.815.258.734.64 1.72

64.1911.6423.33 4.96 9.67 7.273.46 0.66 1.71 1.83 1.18 8.01 0.955.47 7.13

17.33 23.61

1,21634889,013

744367843,717349,225181,75315.6994,4358,481

859,4785,621310

426398885,030626,669

1,146,092591,342

1,057,940666,220225,16347,98913,413

3,179,41046,472

199375383,477

1.8310.293.320.98

29.860.440.100.090.141.91

19.320.651.12

34.11643885.7387.47

2.101.110.113.305.691.680.14036

21,910 0.031,205 0.14

16,492 0.07

1,087 0.0933,044 0.08

956336 5.8152,050 1.01

10,101

2,224161,111161.184

13012,612

299732

17.29612,767,697

649,174375

5,449740

675,77555392

0.020.010.240.210.070.150.040.060.05

62.951.40.090.010.030.480.08

U N IO N T E R R IT O R IE S26. Andaman & N. 280,661 18932127. Chandigarh 642,015 486,89528. Dadra & N. HaveU138,477 132,21329. Danmn t Diu 101386 89,15330. D dhi 9,420,644 7,882,16431. Lakshadweep 51,707 233732. Pondicherry 807,785 695,981

673 3 21,354 7.61 67,211 23.9575.84 17,47795.48 3,34187.76 9,04883.67 889,641

2.722.418.919.44

432 48,765 94.31

5,030 0.782,092 1 312,904 2.86

83,152 0.88598 1.16

86.16 52,867 6.54 58362 7.23

1350 0.48130,288 20,29

20 0.01 101 0.10

455,657 4.841 N

29 N

Note*Exdudes Assam and Jammu & Kashmir.@ The 1991 Census could not be conducted in 33 villages of Akrani and Akkalkuwa tehsils of Dhule

district of Maharashtra. The population of these villages (i.e. 16,052 persons) has been cbtained from secondary sources and included in the population of Maharashtra and India. Hovirever, their further details are not available.

+ No Census was conducted in Assam and Jammu & Kashmir in 1981 and 1991 respectively.N Stands for Negligible.Sc Stands for Infinity.

Religious and Caste Composition of Constiti4encies

Distribution of Population (1991}

201

BUDDHISTS Pop. % Pop.

JAIN S%

OTHERS Pop. %

N O T STATE Pop. %

SL.No.

6 323,492 0.77 3,332,061 0.41 3,131,125 0.38 405,486 0.05

22,153 0.03 26,564 0.04 2364 N 12365 0.02 1111,372 12.88 64 0.01 313,118 36.22 17,652 2.04 264,008 0.29 20,645 0.09 138,230 0.62 10,083 0.05 3

3,518 N 23,049 0.03 1,443,258 1.67 1309 N 4240 0.02 487 .0.04 403 0.04 275 0.02 5

11,615 0.03 491,331 1.19 14,213 0.C3 6,478 0.02 62,058 0.01 35,296 0.21 156 N 3316 0.02 7

64,081 1.24 1,200 0.02 211 N 1,200 0.02 8q

73,012 0.16 326,114 0.73 6,325 0.01 36,121 0.08 10223 N 3,641 0.01 3,275 0.01 10,694 0.04 11

216,667 0.33 190324 0.74 62,457 0.09 128315 0.19 125,040,785 6.39 965,840 1.22 99,768 0.13 106360 0.14 13

711 0.04 1,337 0.07 14,066 0.77 60 N 142,934 0.16 445 0.02 298,466 16.82 2,461 0.14 15

54,024 7.83 4 N 1359 0.27 2,902 0.42 16581 0.05 1,202 0.10 5,870 0.48 106 0.01 17

9,153 0.03 6,302 0.02 397,798 1.26 13,935 0.04 1824,930 0.12 20,763 0.10 883 0.01 13,906 0.07 19

4467 0.01 562,806 1.28 1,191 N 13,925 ”0.03 20110,371 27.15 40 0.01 374 0.09 154 0.04 21

2,128 N 66,900 0.12 2,620 0.01 17,670 0.03 22128,260 4.65 301 0.01 2 N 1 N 23221,433 0.16 176,259 0.13 8392 0.01 8340 0.01 24203378 0.30 34,335 0.05 452,403 0.67 6300 0.01 25

322 0.11 17 0.01 256 0.09 630 0.22 26

699 0.11 1331 0.24 40 0.01 55 0.01 27200 0.15 529 0.38 82 0.06 - - 28

31 0.03 212 0.21 123 0.12 14 0.01 2913,906 0.15 94,672 0.00 936 0.01 516 0.01 30

1 N - . 2 N 3 0.01 3139 0.01 470 0.06 14 N 23 N 32


Table 14.4: Percentage of Main Religions (1991)

SI. India/State or Total Scheduled Castes Scheduled TribesNo. Union Territory Popu

lationCOOO)

PopulationCOOO)

Percentage of Total Population

PopulationCOOO)

Percentage of Total Population

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

INDIA* 838^84 138,223 16.48 67.758 8.08STATES

1. A ndhra Pradesh 66,508 10,592 15.93 4,200 6.312. Arunachal Pradesh 865 4 0.47 550 63.663. A ssam 22,714 1,659 7.40 2,874 12.824. Bihar 86,374 12,572 14.55 6,617 7.665. Goa 1,170 24 2.08 - 0.036, Gujarat 41,310 3,060 7.41 6,162 14.927. Haryana 16,464 3,251 19.75 - -8. H im achal Pradesh 5,171 1,310 25.34 218 4.229. Karnataka 44,977 7,369 16.38 1,916 4.26

10. Kerala 29,099 2,887 9.92 321 1.1011. M adhya Pradesh 66,181 9,627 14.55 15,399 23.2712. Maharashtra 78,937 8,758 11.09 7,318 9.2713. M anipur 1,837 37 2.02 632 34.4114. M eghalaya 1,775 9 0.51 1,518 85.5315. M izoram 690 1 0.10 654 94.7516. N agaland 1,210 - - 1,061 87.7017. Orissa 31,660 5,129 16.20 7,032 22.2118. Punjab 20,282 5,743 28.31 - -19. Rajasthan 44,006 7,608 17.29 5,475 12.4420. Sikkim 406 24 5.93 91 22.3621. Tamil N adu 55,859 10,712 19.18 574 1.0322. Tripura 2,757 451 16.36 853 30.9523. Uttar Pradesh 139,112 29,276 21.05 288 0.2124. W est Bengal 68,078 16,081 23.62 3,809 5.59

U N IO N TERRITORIES 1. A ndam an &

Nicobar Islands 281 27 9.542. Chandigarh 642 106 16.51 - -3. Dadra & N agar H aveli 138 3 1.97 109 78.994. D am an and Diu 102 4 3.83 12 11.545. DelW 9,421 1,795 19.05 - -

6. Lakshadweep 52 - - 48 93.157. Pondicherry 808 131 16.25 • •

• Excludes figures o f Jammu & Kashmir w here 1991 census w a s not taken.

Religious and Caste Composition of Constituencies 203

Table 14.5: Percentage of Castes and Subcastes

Caste % Caste %

Andhra PradeshR eddys 6.5Kam as 3Brahmins 3.5Other U pper Castes 3Scheduled Castes 15.9Schedtiled Tribes 6.3M uslim s 11.7Christians 2.0Otfier Backward Class 48.1T otal 100.00

BiharUPPER CASTES

(a) Brahmins 4(b) Rajputs 4(c) Bhimiihars 2(d) Kayastiias 1.0Yadavas 11.0Banias 3Kurm is 3.0Koeris 4.0Extrem ely Backward Caste 31.0 M uslim s 15.0Scheduled Caste 14.5Scheduled Tribes 7.5T otal 100.00

GujaratPatels 18Brahmins, Banias 14.5Rajputs and otiiers Harijans 7M uslim s 1.0A divasis 15.5O dier Backward classes 35.0T ota l 100.00

KarnatakaLingayats 18V oU ialigas 16Brahmins 1M uslim s 12Scheduled Castes 16Scheduled Tribes 4V oddas 6Tailgors 6

Kurubas 10Other Backward Classes 11T otal 100

M adhya P iadesh Brahmins 4Thakurs 3Banias 2Kaysthas 1M inorities 5Other Backward C lasses 48Scheduled Castes 14Scheduled Tribes 23T otal 100.00

MaharashtraMarathas 13Brahmins 4Dalits 13Adivasis 9M uslim s 10Other Backward Castes 51T otal 100.00

Uttar PradeshBrahmins 11Thakurs 9Vaish 4Kaysthas 1 ^Other Backward Castes 27Scheduled Castes 21M uslim s 18Jats and Bhum idhas 4Othes 5

T otal 100.00

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Parties Profile of Lok Sabha Constituencies(From 1952 to 1996)

T h e 543 C o n s titu e n c ie s a re u n iq u e in th e ir o w n w ay . In so m e cases th e g eo g ra p h ica l loca tion p u ts in to focus ce rta in p ro b lem s w h ich a re n o t sh a re d b y o th e rs . T h e caste co m p o sitio n s a re v a r ie d a n d so are th e po litica l loyalties. N o w o n d e r ea ch co n s titu e n cy h a s b ee n rea c tin g in its o w n ch arac teris tic m a n n e r a t th e tim e o f L ok S abha polls.

T h e p ro file p resen ts a d e ta iled v iew o f h o w th e constituencies h a v e ex p ressed th e ir cho ice fo r p o litica l p a r tie s o r in d e p e n d e n ts o v er th e y ea rs 1952 to 1996. T h e re a re co n s titu en c ie s w h e re p o li t ic k loya lties h a v e re m a in e d consisten t. A lso th e re a re constituencies w h ich a re qu ick to reac t a n d sh ift th e ir loya lties w ith o u t m u c h d ifficulties. T h ere h a s b e e n a g ra d u a l dec lin e in th e n u m b e r of co n s titu en c ie s a t o n e tim e w h ich w ere th e s tro n g h o ld for th e C o n g ress P arty . T h e BJP a n d th e JD h a v e g ra d u a lly b e e n b re a k in g in to th e fo rtresses.

P R I M E M I N I S T E R S ' C O N S T I T U E N C I E S

S.No Prime Minister Party Constituena/ Election Year

1. Jawaharlal N ehru INC Allahabad (UP) 1952Phulpur (UP) 1957, 1962

2. Gulzarilal N anda INC Sabarkantha (Gujarat) 1962(Officiating)

3. Lai B ahadur Shastri INC Allahabad (UP) 19624. Gulzarilal N anda INC Sabarkantha (Gujarat) 19625. Indira G andhi INC Rai Bareilly (UP) 1967, 19716. Moraji Desai JP Surat (Gujarat) 19777. C haran Singh JP Baghpat (UP) 19778. Indira Gandhi INC M edak (Karnataka) 19809. Rajiv G andhi INC Amethi (UP) 1984

10. V.P. Singh JD Fatehpur (UP) 198911. C handra Shekhar JD Ballia (UP) 198912. P.V. N arasim ha Rao INC N andyal (Andhra) 1991

Berham pur (Orissa) 199613. Atal Bihari Vajpayee BJP Lucknow, N ew Delhi 199614. H.D. Deve G ow da JD Hassan (Karnataka) 1991»

* D id not contest 1996 Lok Sabha Elections

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Reactions and Responses

16

M o st n e w sp a p e rs d e v o te d th e ir ed ito ria ls to e lec tion re su lts a s th e y s ta r te d p o u r in g M a y 9 ,1996 o n w a rd s . T he reaso n s fo r C o n g ress d eb acle w e re a n a ly se d a n d h o p e s h e ld o u t fo r th e n ew ly em erg in g scenario . T he c o m m en ts w e re h a r s h a n d th e fu tu re expecta tions v a ried . R elevan t p o r tio n s f ro m so m e o f th e p re ss reac tio n s a re re p ro d u c e d in th e fo llow ing pages.

CPI (M) and the Third FrontT h e C PI (M ) h a d s tu c k in th e p a s t to its d ec is io n o f n o t sh a rin g p o w e r a t

th e C en tre . U n less i t is rea so n ab ly su re o f " in d e p e n d e n t fu n c tio n in g " , th e C P I(M ) h a s b ee n w a r y o f jo in in g th e coa lition g o v e rn m e n t. It h as d r a w n its le ssons f ro m th e coa lition e x p e rim en t in W e st Bengal. T h e M arx is ts a re c lea rly a w a re o f th e v o te rs ' a p p re h e n s io n s o n th e v iab ility o f th e coa lition g o v e rn m e n ts o f d isp a ra te c o n s titu e n ts as p a s t experience h a s sh o w n . T h e ir po st-p o ll s tra te g y w ill b e to k eep th e BJP o u t o f p o w e r a n d en c o u rag e th e sp lin te re d an ti-R ao C o n g re s s (I) g ro u p s to jo in th e N F. B u t B asu h a s b e e n e m p h a s is in g th e n e e d fo r th e secu la r, d em o cra tic a n d n a tio n a l p a rtie s to w o rk to g e th e r o n th e b as is o f a m in im u m c o n u n o n p ro g ra m m e . Ideo log ical a n d o th e r d iffe rences c o n t in u e to c o m e in th e w a y o f fo rg in g a n a t io n a l a l te r n a t iv e to th e C o n g ress (I) o r th e BJP. D esp ite th e ir b itte r o p p o s itio n to C o n g ress (I)'s po licies, th e M arx is ts h a v e a so ft c o m e r fo r th e "secu la r" a n d "p ro g ress iv e" C o n g ressm en a n d seem to b e w illin g to ex ten d th e ir su p p o r t to ^ e s e factions.

W h ile th e p ost-e lec tion rea lig n m en ts fo r fo rm in g th e th ird f ro n t coa lition g o v e rn m e n t o f th e N F-LF co m b in e is d ifficu lt to p red ic t, th e p ro sp e c t o f a n u n s ta b le g o v e rn m e n t a t th e C e n tre in th e e v e n t o f a h u n g p a r lia m e n t m u s t b e w o rry in g th e C PI (M ) a n d its allies in th e LF. T h e rea lig n m e n ts se en o n ea rlie r occas ions in 1977, 1989 o r 1991 lacked politica l co h esio n a n d n a tu ra lly e n d e d in a fiasco. D esp ite B asu 's o p tim ism , th e N F h as fa iled to p u t u p a cohesive f ro n t e v e n th is tim e. W hile th e C o n g ress (I) h as sp lin te red , th e BjOP's im age , to o , h a s su ffe red a d e n t. T h e p ro sp ec ts fo r fu rth e r rea lig n m en ts in th e C o n g ress (I) n e e d to b e co n s id e red . T h e em ergence o f th e M o o p a n a r fac to r in T am il N a d u po litics w ill n a tu ra lly in fluence th e co u rse o f ev e n ts a t th e C en tre . A s th e N F h a d s tra in e d its re la tio n s w ith th e D M K b e y o n d rep a ir, th e D M K -T M C fro n t's s u p p o r t to th e N F-LF coalition a t th e C e n tre h a s b ee n ru le d o u t {The Hindu, M a y 9, 1996).

Indian Politicians Lose WeightA n u n p re c e d e n te d n u m b e r o f h eav y w eig jits o f In d ian po litics lo s t w e ig jit

a n d th e se v e re s t w e ig h t lo ss h a s ta k e n p lace in th e s ize o f th e egos. T h e

electCHrate h a s b e e n ex tre m e ly fa ir in th is re g a rd a n d h a s n o t s p a re d a n y po litica l p a r ty . Ju s t a d a y befo re , K. K aru n a k a ra n w a s p o sitio n in g h im se lf to s e n d a sh a rp s o u th e rn s tile tto in to th e b ack o f P rim e M in iste r P.V. N a ra s im h a R ao; h e d isc o v e re d o n T h u rs d a y m o rn in g th a t a C PI sick le ac ro ss h is n ec k h a d d o n e se rio u s d a m a g e to h is h ea lth . In d ee d , th e w h o le C ab in e t o f R ao lies th o ro u g h ly d em o lish e d a fte r five y ea rs o f sm u g p o w er: tfiose C ab in e t M in isters w ^ o escap ed d e s tru c tio n a t th e h a n d s o f th e ir o w n P rim e M in ister h a v e n o w b e e n sh o w n tfie ir p la ce b y th e e lec to ra te . G h u la m N ab i A za d , w h o w a s th e fb u rtt i m in is te r to b e sw o rn in a lo n g w ith R ao a n d su rv iv e d fiv e co m p le te y e a rs w ith o u t b e in g te m p te d b y e ith e r m o ra l p o s tu r in g o r c o n su m e d b y c o rru p tio n c h a rg es, h a s lo s t in A e p a r ty s tro n g h o ld o f Y eotm al in M a h arash tra .

A n d th a t w h ip la sh h a s tf ie e x tra o rd in a ry m e rit o f b e in g n o n -p a rtisa n . L aloo P ra sa d Y ad a v in B ihar, w h o se n o se h a s b ee n p e rm a n e n tly tilted u p w a rd s fo r fiv e y ea rs , is s u d d e n ly fee ling th e cool sh iv e r o f re a lity d o w n h is sp in e a s tiie a lliance o f sa f iro n a n d p in k u n d e rm in e s th e m y th o f inv inc ib ility w h ic h h e h a s c re a te d a ro u n d h im self.

It w o u ld b e in te re s tin g to ta k e a h e a d c o u n t o f th e n u m b e r o f w o u ld -b e P rim e M in iste rs w h o h a v e b e e n p u n c tu re d . E v en th e P rim e M in is te r h im se lf h a s b ee n b a d ly d a m a g e d , e v e n th o u g ji h e h a s w o n b o th th e sea ts h e c o n te s ted fix )m H is m a rg in in N a n d y a l is less th a n o n e -fo u rth o f w h a t i t w a s d u r in g th a t eu p h o ric tim e w h e n h e b ecam e P rim e M in ister. A n d h e h a s n o t b ee n ab le to d e liv e r h is h o m e S tate , w h e re tf\e C o n g r ^ s m a n a g e d o n ly h a lf th e sea ts in s tea d o f tfie sw e e p it w a s p ro m is in g . C h a n d ra B abu N a id u c a n a n d sh o u ld c la im m o ra l v ic to ry in A iid h ra P ra d esh ; h e n o t o n ly e lim in a te d h is bete noire M rs L ak sh m i P a rv a th i b u t n e a r ly d id in th e C o n g ress too . S econd level le a d e rs a re b e in g b u r ie d l ik e f lie s in s u m m e r : S u d h a k a r r a o N a ik , V a s a n t S a th e , S id d h a r th a S h an k a r R ay, K rish n a K u m ar, M rs Ja sw an t K au r (w ife o f th e fo rm e r P u n jab C h ie f M iruste r B ean t S ingh), Ja g d ish T y tle r a n d so o n a n d so fo rth . T h e C cm gress h a s th e f ^ l o f a ce m e te ry a b o u t it, w ith n o t a th o u g h t o f re su rre c tio n in a n y o n e 's m in d . N e v e r h a s it su ffe red su c h a co m p re h en s iv e d e fe a t in its h is to ry — aiKi if it d o e s n o t u n d e rs ta n d w h y th is h a s h a p p e n e d th e n th e p a r ty w ill re m a in b u r ie d . T h e C o n g ress is p a y in g th e p rice o f its rec en t h is to ry o f co m p ro m ise o n fu n d a m e n ta l p rin c ip les like co m m u n a lism , th e ab sen c e o f a n y n e w id e a , a n d a le a d e rsh ip w h ic h h ^ lo st trac k o f In d ia in its se a rch fo r so m e in te rn a tio n a l ch im era {The Asian Age, M a y 10, 1996).

T h e V e rd ic tT h e C o u n try h a s v o te d equ ivoca lly , e v e n m o re d isp a ra te ly th a n in 1991,

m ^ddng c e r ta in th a t th e n e x t g o v e rn m e n t a t th e C e n tre w ill b e b a se d o n a coa lition o f p a rtie s . H a v in g lo s t th e m o s t is th e C o n g ress (I), a n d b y e x ten s io n its le ad e r, P.V. N a ra s im h a R ao, w h o m a y n o t b e ab le to re p e a t 1991, w h e n d esp ite being in a m irxjrity, th e p a r ty fo rm ed th e g overnm en t. T h a t th e "m in o rity " s ta tu s w a s tra n s fo rm e d la te r in to a " m a jo r i t / ' is, o f cou rse , a n e n tire ly d iffe re n t m a tte r , a ttr ib u ta b le la rg e ly to th e m a n ip u la tiv e skills o f Rao. B u t th is tim e R ao h e h a s little to w o rk w ith , g iv e n th e d isa s tro u s sh o w in g o f h is p a rty . In fact, th e re su lts h a v e p e rh a p s re n d e re d h is fu tu re ex tre m e ly u n ce rta in .

RmcMc^ a ^ ■ S ^ tise s 267

O n th e econom ic p lane , th e w a rn in g w ill h a v e to b e s o u n d e d th a t th e fu n d a m e n ta l p a ra m e te rs o f D r. M a ru n o h a n S in g h 's re fo rm s p ro g ra m m e — su c h as g iv in g p r id e o f p lace to m a rk e t forces, c u ttin g d o w n o n reg u la tio n s a n d re s tr ic tio n s ac ro ss-th e -b o a rd , o p en in g u p th e d o m e s tic e c o n o m y to fo re ig n c o m p e ti tio n w ith in re a so n a b le lim its , a n d , g e n e ra lly , m a k in g it re la tiv e ly a t tra c tiv e fo r fo re ig n cap ita l to p a rtic ip a te in th e ec o n o m y — sh o u ld n o t b e d is tu rb e d . D r. M a n m o h ^ i S ingh h a s sa id m a n u m b e r o f occasicxis tt ia t th e re fo rm s n e e d a n o th e r fiv e y e a rs to s tr ik e d e e p e r ro o ts in th e In d ia n eccxiom ic sy stem . T h e n e w g o v e rn m e n t sh o u ld k eep th is in m in d so th a t th e m o m e n tu m g e n e ra te d o v e r th e p a s t co u p le o f y ea rs in p a r tic u la r d o e s n o t g e t d is s ip a te d , o n ce ag a in re d u c in g th e ec o n o m y to o n e o f d r if t a n d s tag n a tio n .

T h e h o p e fo r th e c o u n try 's p o o r lies a s m u c h in en la rg in g tiie n a tio n a l cak e as in d is tr ib u tin g it equ itab ly . T he m e ssag e In d ia 's po litic ians sh o u ld co n v e y to th e w o rld is th a t e v e n a coa lition g o v e rn m e n t ca n t e a p u rp o s iv e one , o p e n in g u p in th e p ro cess a to ta lly n e w d im e n s io n a s fa r as th e p rac tice o f p a r lia m e n ta ry d e m o c ra c y in th is c o u n try is co n cern ed {Business Line, M a y 10, 1996).

Sum of All Our FeaisE lections a re m e a n t to p ro d u c e g o v e rn m e n ts w ith a m a n d a te to ru le alcm g

ce rta in lines. T h is e lec tion h as g iven n o o n e a n y m a n d a te , a n d c a n y ie ld o n ly a sh a k y coalition . T h e loser m a y b e a c o u n try th a t is b a d ly in n e ^ o f f irm g o v ern a n ce . T h e p o litica l sy s tem a n d th e m a tu r ity o f its p la y e rs a re n o w c n test.

B h a ra tiy a Ja iw ta P arty , as th e la rg e s t sing le p a r ty , m a y n o t f in d e n o u g h allies to h e lp it g a in m a jo rity su p p o rt. T h e C o n g ress a s th e se co n d la rg e s t p a r ty h a s ac tu a lly g o t a s h a rp rebuff, seem ing ly se t a s it is to lose h a lf tite sea ts i t h e ld in th e o u tg o in g L o k S abha, a n d is a lm o s t ce rta in to b e ra c k e d b y in te rn a l co n v u ls io n s a n d a le ad e rsh ip battle . Its m o ra l a u th o r i ty to ru le is m in im al. T h e N a tio n a l F ron t-L eft F ro n t com bine, w ith its allies, w ill a lso b e w e ll s h o r t o f a m ajo rity . A p a r t f ro m all th e se , th e re a re sco res o f p a rlia m e n ta ria n s \^ ^ o b e lo n g to sp lin te r g ro u p s o r a r e in d e p en d e n ts , a n d w h o m a y w e ll h o ld th e fa te o f tfie n e w g o v e rn m e n t in th e ir h a n d s . T his is th e s im \ o f a ll o u r f ^ r s .

In d ia 's ex p e rien ce w ith coalitions is a n u n h a p p y one . B a rrin g th e ca se o f th e N aras im h a R ao g o v e rn m e n t m in o rity g o v ern m en ts to o h a v e b ee n sho rtlived . Invariab ly , su c h p e r io d s o f po litica l in stab ility h a v e a lso y ie ld e d m a jo r po litica l o r social u p h e a v a ls a n d / o r econom ic crises. It m u s t b e h o p e d th a t to d a y 's p la y e rs w ill h a v e le a m t f ro m p a s t experience, a n d w ill w o rk to w a rd s fo rm in g a g o v e rn m e n t th a t h a s a d ec e n t ch an ce o f ac h iev in g so m e th in g w o rth w h ile .

T w o o th e r tr e n d s a re a lso clear: th e C o n g ress is in dec line , a n d th e BJF is o n th e a sce n d an t. T his is v e ry e v id e n t in th e sea ts w o n , b u t a lso in th e sh a re o f v o te s (w h ich is a m o re r e l i ^ l e in d ic a to r o f th e u n d e r ly in g po litica l cu rren ts ). B u t w h o e v e r w a s h o p in g fo r a tw o -p arty sy s tem to ev o lv e m u s t b e d isa p p o in te d , a n d th e fra g m en ted n a tu re o f th e n e w L ok S abha reflects th e n a tu re o f In d ia n p o litics a n d th e e m erg en c e o f su b -n a tio n a lism , a n d c a s te a n d c o m m u n ity consc iousness . D r M a ru n o h a n S ingh ch a n g ed th e econom y . In a n im p la n n e d w a y , N a ra s im h a R ao th ro u g h h is e lec to ra l fa ilu re h a s ta k e n to its log ica l


co n c lu s io n a d e v e lo p m e n t w h ic h h a d b e g u n so m e y e a rs a g o {Business Standard, M a y 10, 1996).

K e ra la T u rn s L eftIn th e p o lit ic a l s e e -sa w in K era la in w h ic h th e C o n g re s s - le d U n ite d

D em o cra tic F ro n t a n d th e C P M -led Left D e m o a a t ic F ro n t a l te rn a te in office, th e LD F h a s e m e rg e d a s a c lea r w in n e r in th e A sse m b ly elections. A lfh o u g fi th e LTDF ta lly in th e L ok S ab h a po ll is n o t d isa p p o in tin g , th e C o n g ress h a s s i r r e d a s e tb a c k in th e d e fe a t o f U n io n M in is te r K. K a ru n a k a ra n a n d h is so n , M u ra lid h a ra n . K aru n ak a ra n , h o w e v e r, w ill re ta in h is m e m b ersh ip o f th e R ajya S ab h a b u t h is ro le in n a tio n a l po litics w ill b e re s tr ic te d o n acco im t o f h is re jec tion b y th e T ric h u r L ok S abha co n stitu en cy . E v en o th e rw ise , th e d ism a l p e rfo rm a n c e o f th e C o n g ress in tfie g en e ra l e lec tion h a s lim ite d th e sco p e o f K a ru n a k a ra n p la y in g a dec isive ro le in th e p o st-p o ll scenario . H a v in g b ee n d e fe a te d a t th e h u s tin g s , h e fin d s h im se lf m o re h a n d ic a p p e d in in flu e n c in g th e d e v e lo p m e n ts in th e C o n g ress p a rty . T h is is a se tb ack fo r h im b u t ce rta in ly n o t fo r h is S tate.

In a w a y , i t is q u ite sa d th a t th e g o o d w o rk A .K . A n to n y h a s d o n e to im p ro v e th e im a g e o f th e C o n g ress a n d th e U D F h a s n o t p ro d u c e d th e d e s ire d resu lts . E v en h is critics w ill co n c ed e th a t h e h a d tr ie d h is b e s t to p ro v id e a c lean a n d to so m e e x te n t efficien t g o v e rn m e n t fo r th e S ta te d u r in g h is sh o r t in n in g s a s C h ief M in ister. P e rh a p s th e fa te o f ti\e C o n g ress w o u ld h a v e b e e n d iffe re n t h a d h e b e e n b ro u g h t to K erala m u c h ea rlie r b u t th e re is n o p o in t in re flec tin g o n th e " ifs" a n d " b u ts " o f po litics. A g ain , it is a m o o t q u e s tio n w h e th e r th e A n to n y g o v e rn m e n t's p ro h ib itio n po livy h a s rea lly h e lp e d th e U D F in se cu rin g v o te s . T h e liq u o r lo b b y u n d o u b te d ly tu rn e d ag a in s t th e U D F b u t th e re is n o ev id en c e th a t th e o rd in a ry p eo p le ra llied ro u n d th e ru lin g co a litio n o n acco im t o f th e b a n o n th e m a n u fa c tu re a n d sa le o f a rrack . A n o th e r fac to r th a t m u s t h a v e g o n e a g a in s t th e A n to n y reg im e w a s th e co m m im al tu rn w h ic h K era la po litics h a d ta k e n in th e w a k e o f so m e o f its co n tro v e rs ia l dec isions. A n y w ay , a n e w c h a p te r h a s b e g u n in th e aru ia ls o f S ta te po litics a n d it is h o p e d th a t th e L D F G o v e rn m e n t w ill g iv e a g o o d a c co u n t o f itse lf a n d res is t ^ e te m p ta tio n to re so r t to p o p u lis m (The Hindustan Times, M a y 10, 1996).

S ta b il i ty F ac to r is K ey , W h a te v e r th e O u tc o m eE v en a s a c lea r p ic tu re o f th e p o st-p o ll po litica l scen ario h a d to em erg e , th e

tr e n d s sh o w e d th a t n e ith e r th e C o n g ress n o r a n y o th e r p a r ty o r co m b in a tio n o f p a rtie s w o u ld g e t a n ab so lu te m ajo rity . T he ch an ces o f a v ia b le co a litio n assxm iing office a t th e C e n tre d e p e n d s o n a n u m b e r o f im p o n d e rab le s . It jA^ould b e u n fo rtu n a te if th e c o u n try tak es lo n g in p re se n tin g a p ic tu re o f s tab ility . T h e v a lid ity o f th e C o n g ress p a r ty 's po ll p la n k o f s ta b ility a n d p ro g re ss h a s n o t lo s t its re lev an ce e v e n if th e v o te r h a d n o t g ra sp e d its im p o rta n c e in a fu ll m easu re . T h e q u e s tio n o f s tab ility com es u p p e rm o s t in re g a rd to p u r s u i t o f tiie h is to ric eco n o m ic re fo rm s la u n c h e d b y th e C o n g ress G o v e rn m e n t h e a d e d b y P.V. N a ra s im h a R ao w h e n it a s su m e d office in 1991. T h e p ro g ra m m e o f econom ic lib e ra lisa tio n a n d re fo rm w a s ca re fu lly p ilo ted , ta g g in g o n to it social w e lfa re sch em es in c lu d in g m a jo r s te p s to ta d d e p o v e r ty a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t (National Herald, M a y 10, 1996).

Reactions and Responses 269

Deliver, or Get OutT h e s ta rv e d , illitera te a n d to le ran t In d ian v o te r h a s once ag a in p ro v e d th a t

n o b o d y ca n ta k e h im fo r g ra n te d . H e is ca p ab le o f s ilen tly su ffe rin g th e dem ocra tica lly -e lec ted ru le rs fo r five years. B u t w h e n it com es to h is rig jit to vo te , h e u ses it like a s led g e-h am m er to p u n ish th o se w h o b e tra y h is t r u s t a n d ab u se po litica l p o w er. T h e p o litica l m a tu r ity sh o w n b y tiie v o te rs w h o ca s t th e ir v o te s in A ssem b ly elec tions in T am il N a d u , H ary an a , K erala, W e s t B engal a n d P o n d ic h e rry c o n fo m s th a t th e b iggest d em o cra tic e x p e rim e n t in th e w o r ld h as n o t g o n e aw a y , a n d , d e sp ite g rav e lim ita tions, d e m o c ra c y h a s ta k e n f irm ro o ts in th e In d ia n soil. T h e ava ilab le resu lts a n d tre n d s sh o w th a t v o te rs h a v e ca refu lly a ssessed th e p e rfo rm an ce o f ru lin g p artie s o r fro n ts in th e ir resp»ective S ta tes befo re ta k in g a d ec is ion as to w h ich p a r ty to v o te for.

T h e elec tion resu lts u n d e rlin e th e tr u th th a t th e re is n o su b s titu te to g o o d po litics a n d g o o d go v ern an ce . P o p u lis t slogans, electicai rh e to ric , e m o tiv e issu es a n d th e im age o f a p a rtic u la r po litica l le ad e r o r a p a r ty d o p la y a ro le in in flu e n c in g v o te rs , a t least te m p o ra r ily b u t, u ltim ate ly , it is th e re c o rd o f g o v e rn a n ce th a t m atte rs . T he o u tco m e o f tiie A ssem bly po lls is a c lea r in d ica tio n th a t if th o se e lec ted to ru le w a n t to re ta in th e ir p o w e i, th e y h a v e to d e liv e r th e g o o d s a n d p u t in a g o o d perfo rm ance . A lso , a s tra n g e fea tu re o f th e ju s t- co n c lu d e d g en era l elections is th a t w h ile ttie v o te rs h a v e e x p re ssed th em se lv es u n eq u iv o ca lly in A ssem b ly elections, th e y seem to h a v e p ro n o u n c e d a ra th e r co n fu s in g v e rd ic t in th e case o f th e Lok S abha {The Pioneer, M ay 10, 1996).

The Issue Is . . .A s th e re su lts o f th e g en e ra l elections com e in ev e r so slow ly— ^there is

n o th in g s lo w o r insign ifican t a b o u t th e im p a c t o n th e es tab lish ed p arties . T he p ic tu re is n o t u n ifo rm . H ie BJP, p ro jec ted to ach ieve sp ec tacu la r g a in s in th e v a r io u s o p in io n p o lls , h a s re a so n to p a u s e a n d p o n d e r w h e re its r a b id co m m u n a lism h a s led it, th e Jan a ta D ai-Left F ro n t co m b in e is d o in g b e tte r t h ^ a n y o n e ex p ected a n d tiie C ongress P a rty a p p e a rs se t to ach ieve a n e w lo w o n p erfo rm an ce . T h e la rg e n u m b e r o f sm all g ro u p s a re d o in g v e ry w ell a n d m u s t b e look ing carefu lly a t o p p o rtu n itie s as th e y xmfold. T h e ro u t o f th e A IA D M K in Tjim il N a d u w ith M iss Jayala litha 's o w n se a t in q u es tio n is q u ite c lea rly a v e rd ic t a g a in s t h e r c o r ru p t a n d h ig ^ -h an d e d ad m in is tra tio n . N a ra s im h a ^ o b lu n d e re d in g e ttin g in to a n a lliance w ith h e r b u t i t is w o r th reca ll th a t O iid a m b a ra m , fo r instance, h a d n o q u a lm s a b o u t b o w in g lo w a n d lo n g to h e r in p u b lic th e la s t tim e, b eg g in g fo r su p p o rt. T he d isc o v ery o f h e r c o rru p tio n a n d h i^ - ^ i a n d e d n e s s is a p p a re n tly o f recen t v in tage.

S p are a th o u g h t fo r S h an k aran an d , benevolarvt C h a irm a n o f th e d isc re d ite d Jo in t P a r l ia m e n ta ry C o m m itte e o n B ofo rs w h o h e lp e d th a t c o m p a n y 's rep re se n ta tiv es lie o n 22 occasions a n d th e m a n w h o m th e CBI w a n te d to p ro se c u te u n d e r th e In d ian Penal C o d e a n d the P re v en tio n o f C o rru p tio n A ct fo r h is in fam ous ro le in chan n ellin g in v e s tm e n t o f s u rp lu s fu n d s o f th e O il In d u s try in v io la tio n o f all n o rm s. H is an sw e r, g iv e n pub lic ly w a s th a t tiie q u e s tio n o f in n o c e n c e o r g u il t m u s t b e d e te rm in e d b y re fe re n c e to h is co n s titu en ts . T h a t exercise is, n o t co m p le te a n d h e h as lo s t h is se a t b y a h u g e m a rg in . A cco rd in g to th e logic, o r lack o f it, a d v a n ce d b y th e fo rm e r M in ister,


he is now ripe to be sent to jail where he belongs. {The Statesman, May 10, 1996).

Give BJP A ChanceThe ball is finally, and firmly, in the President's court. With no party

winning anything like a workable majority, he has to decide whom he should ask to form the next government. Two considerations will guide him. One is stability, tiie oti\er is precedent. These two considerations may not necessarily point in the same dir^cffi. But tiie rigjit thing for him to do would be to first call upon the single largest party to form tfie government, which it is now clear will be tiie BJP. But even with its electoral allies, the BJP will be short by between 60 and 70 seats. So if it wants to meet the other requirement, that is, satisfy the President that it can provide -a stable government, it will have to gamer support from elsev^êre. Whether it will be able to do so b ^ re forming the government is not certain (êrwards, of course, as Narasimha Rao showed anything is possible in Indian politics). Hence the apparent dilemma. The obôus, and tested way, of resolving this is for the President to ask the BJP to prove its majority on tfie floor of the House as quickly as possible, preferably in 10 days. Only if it fails to do so, should he c i l on tiie National Front-Left firont (NF-LF) arxl its allies to take a shot at forming the government. . . .

In sum, tha«fore, tfie BJP is entirely likely to prefer nationalism to liberalism as its calling card. But at a turning point in Indian politics, the country must hope tfiat it will be a more dvil nationalism than has occasionally been displayed, so tragically, in tiie past {Btisiness Standard, May 11, 1996).

A Negative VerdictThe three-phased nationwide general election has thrown up a severely

fractured verdict, with nor\e of the three major formations— the Congress (I), the BJP and the National Front-Left-Front combine—anywhere near the striking distaiKe of an absolute majority. Unlike in 1991 when the Congress(I), tiiough in a minority, could work up a functional majority support without much difficulty, this time the numbers game involved in the exercise of government formation promises to be a tricky and mindboggling business. What is the meaning of tiie splintered vote? First and foremost, it means a clear, firm and near-total rejection of the P.V Narasimha Rao-Ied Congress(I)'s claim for a renewed mandate. Between 1991 and now. States and regions considered to be its bastions have turned away from it, the South providing the latest example.

The party's debacle in the Lok Sabha poll is so pervasive that its Governments in ttw few States where it is still in power—Madhya Pradesh and Purqab for instance-may well become shaky. Whatever might have been Narasimha Rao's successes as tiie head of government, his calculated and crafty ways which destroyed the p a rt/s inner organisational core and the palpably cynical disregard he showed for the sentiments of the party cadres- as in Tamil Nadu over the alliance question—have left the Congress(I) in total disarray adding to its fravails at the hustings. The plight of the Bharatiya Janata Party which has long been priding itself as a cadre-based and disciplined alternative, a "party with a difference," is not very different either. In the


ru n n in g b a ttle b e tw e e n tiie V H P /R S S g ro u p a n d th e o th e r e lem e n ts in th e BJP in G u jara t, th e reb e l le a d e r, S h an k a rs in h W agjie la , h a s fallen v ic tim to sab o tag e b y th e p ro -K esh u b h a i P ate l faction.

A s fo r th e issu es, "econom ic re fo rm s" is th e o n e a re a w h e re th e N a ra s im h a R ao G o v e rn m e n t h a s d o n e rem a rk a b ly w e ll fo r \^W ch it co u ld le g itim ate ly ta k e cred it. If th e s lo g a n "s tab ility fo r p ro sp e r ity " fa iled to c a rry m u c h conv iction , th e " re fo rm s" m e ssag e fa iled to click b y a n d large . F or o n e , all th e p ro p a g a n d a h y p e t h r o u ^ th e e lec tron ic m e d ia n o t w ith s ta n d in g , th e o rd in a ry v o te rs a t th e lo w e r n m g s o f th e econom ic la d d e r a re in n o m o o d w a it fo r th e fiv e y e a rs th e C o n g ress(I) so u g h t fo r e n s u r in g th a t th e b en e fits o f th e lib e ra lisa tio n jan d g lo b a lisa tio n po lic ies to accrue. F or ano tfier, th e fac t th a t all n a tio n a l p a rtie s in c lu d in g tiie Left p a rtie s a p p ro p r ia te d "econom ic re fo rm s" a s th e ir p la tfo rm n e u tra lise d it as a ca m p a ig n issue. T h e p h e n o m e n o n o f "c o rru p tio n in h i ^ p laces" b u rs t o n to th e cen tres tag e in close p ro x im ity to th e elec tions, th a n k s to th e se rie s o f scan d a ls . (The Hindu, M ay 11, 1996)

R e q tiie m fo r R aoH is to ry o ften is a p itiless critic b u t i t w ill defin ite ly b e less u n k in d to

N a ra s im h a R ao th a n th e In d ian e lec to ra te h a s b ee n to h im ju s t n o w . N a ra s im h a R ac , w h o re s ig n e d as P rim e M in iste r o n F rid ay in th e w a k e o f th e m o s t se v ere d ru b b in g th e C o n g ress h a s e v e r rece iv ed a t th e h u s tin g s , is th e f irs t p e rso n o u ts id e th e N e h ru -G a n d h i fam ily to co m p le te a fu ll te rm as th e h e a d o f th e U n io n G o v ern m e n t. W h e n h e a s su m e d office a s P rim e M iiu ster b ac k in Ju n e 1991 f ^ g a v e h im a re ig n o f m o re th a n six m o n th s . O v e r th e p a s t fiv e y e a rs h e re m a in e d so lid in office ev e n as h is critics a n d d e tra c to rs n e v e r s to p p e d w ritin g h im off. A lw ays g iv ing th e im pressions o f indecisiveness a n d im m obility , N a ra s im h a R ao w a s th e p r im e m o v e r o f in d e p e n d e n t In d ia 's m o s t m o m e n to u s econom ic re fo rm p ro g ra n u n e a s a lso th e u n le ash e r o f a m u ltitu d e o f fo rces w h ic h w o u ld c h a n g e tiie v e ry ch a rac te r o f th e In d ia n polity .

B arring th e la st h a lf y e a r o f h is rule, R ao 's te n u re w a s m a rk e d b y a d iscern ib le sh ift fi-om th e po litics o f confrontaticM i in to th e po litics o f co n sen su s. N a ra s im h a R ao c o n t r i b u t e to lo w erin g th e d ec ibe l level o f po litica l d e b a te a n d v ir tu a lly b an ish ed th e la n g u ag e o f v io lence th a t ch a rac terised th e reg im es o f Rajiv G a n d h i a n d V .P S i n ^ . P eace in P u n jab a n d A ssa m o w e d m u c h to th e R ao g o v e rn m e n t's u n o b tru s iv e b u t h e lp fu l policy. W hile h e co u ld n o t re s to re d e m o c ra c y in th e C o n g ress h e a llo w e d a la rg e a m o u n t o f m in iste ria l a u to n o m y in th e ru n n in g o f h is g o v e rn m e n t. T h e p le th o ra o f sc am s a n d sc a n d a ls a n d th e u n c h e c k e d c o rru p tio n o f h is m in is te rs d id n o t p ro v e a d a m p e r o n th e v ib ra n c y o f th e f in a n d a l sec to r a n d th e s tre n g th o f th e econom y. In brief, N a ra s im h a R ao w a s a s g o o d a P rim e M in is te r as a n y Ind ia h a d h a d in th e p as t.

H o w ev er, th e d e b it s id e to o is telling. L ike h is p redecesso rs , R ao to o a llo w ed th e C o n g re ss p a r ty to d e c a y a t th e ro o ts b y n o t re v iv in g th e d e m o c ra tic in stitu tio n s. In s tea d o f s tre n g th e n in g th e p a r ty h e seem in g ly s tro v e to d e s tro y e v e n th e su rv iv in g ves tig es o f a n o rg an isa tio n a l s tru c tu re . H is c o m m u n ic a tio n b o th w ith h is m in is te ria l co lleagues a n d pcirtym en re m a in e d m in im al w h ile it w a s n e a r ly z e ro w ith th e m e d ia , th e ra n k a n d file o f th e p a r ty a n d th e p eo p le a t large. A s h e b ecam e m o re a n d m o re stab le in p o w er, h e ac q u ired au th o rita r ia n


te n d e n c ie s a n d b a s k e d in th e g lo ry o f u n c h a lle n g e d a u th o r i ty p re fe r r in g sy c o p h an ts ra th e r th a n fra n k o p in io n g ivers. R a o 's g re a te s t d isse rv ice to th e C o n g ress p a r ty ca m e in tw o p h ases . In th e firs t, h e s te a d fa s tly sh ie ld e d th e id en tif ied c o r ru p t a n d crim in als in th e p a r ty d is re g a rd in g all ev id en c e a n d ad v ic e to th e co n tra ry . In th e second , h e s t a r t ^ je ttiso n in g n o t o n ly th e ta in te d p a r ty m e n b u t a lso t f » s e w h o w e re p e rc e iv e d as p o te n tia l r iv a ls to h im . In b rief, h e w a s th e m o s t d isa s tro u s C o n g ress P re s id e n t th is c o u n try h a s e v e r h a d . In p ro v id in g a s tab le g o v e rn m e n t h e d es tab lised h is o w n p arty . H e m a d e indec is ion a n essen tia l in p u t o f dec ision -m ak ing . In s tea d o f ro o tin g o u t c o rru p tio n , h e w e n t o u t o f h is w a y to sh o w th a t ev e ry se g m e n t o f th e p o lity w a s c o rru p t. If h is a rr iv a l in 1991 w a s a b le ssin g fo r th e co u n try , h is d e p a r tu re o n F rid a y co u ld p ro v e to b e e v e n a g re a te r b lessing . {The Hindustan Times, M a y 11, 1996)

S o N e a r, S o F arT h e 1991 g en e ra l elec tions w a s sa id to h a v e re su lte d in th e w in n e r co m in g

second . T h is y e a r 's exercise h a s ce rta in ly co rrec ted th a t a b e rra tio n , a l th o u g h it co u ld still re su lt in th e ru n n e r-u p s ittin g o n th e T re a su ry benches. N o t th a t th e se q u irk s o f th e po litica l sy s tem sh o u ld d e tra c t f ro m th e B h a ra tiy a Jan a ta P a r ty 's im p ro v e d p e rfo rm a n c e in th e election . T he c lea r em erg en c e o f th e BJP as th e sing le la rg e s t p a r ty n a tio n a lly is n o t m e re ly sign ifican t, i t is th e m o s t m o m e n to u s po litica l d e v e lo p m e n t o f rec en t tim es. R eg ard le ss o f th e fac t th a t tiie p a r ty h a s po lled o n ly 25 p e r ce n t o f th e p o p u la r v o te a n d th a t its s tre n g th is d isp ro p o rtio n a te ly c o n c en tra ted in th e n o r th a n d w e s t, th e BJP h a s b ro k e n th e m o u ld o f In d ia n po litics. A p a r t f ro m th e b e lea g u e red C o n g ress , it h a s b ec o m e In d ia 's o th e r n a tio n a l p a r ty w ith a d is tin c tiv e iden tity .

A fter th re e e lec tions w h ich h a v e seen th e BJP c lim b in g f ro m th ird to firs t p o sitio n , it is c lea r th a t th e p a r ty h a s b o th ac q u ire d d e fin ite soc ia l b ases a n d c re a te d a p a n -In d ia n H in d u v o te b a n k o f its o w n . T lie d e sc r ip tio n o f th e BJP a s a B rahm in-B an ia , u p p e r-c a s te p a r ty n o w seem s like a ca rica tu re . W h ile th e p a r ty h a s n o t d o n e as w ell a s it ex p ected in K arn a tak a a n d O rissa its in c re ase d v o te sh o w s th a t it is n o lo n g e r co n fin ed to th e A ry a v a rta . T h e C o n g ress is still m o re a ll-In d ia in ch a rac te r, b u t th e BJP is s te ad ily clo sing th e gap .

In d e e d , th e p ro jec tio n o f A ta l B ihari V ajpayee a s th e p a r ty 's c a n d id a te for P rim e M in is te r h e lp « l tiie BJP to secu re th e s u p p o r t o f ev e n th o se w h o en te r ta in m isg iv in g s o v e r its H in d u tv a p h ilo so p h y . T h e p a r ty le a d e rsh ip m u s t r o w a d d re s s itse lf to e v o lv in g a b a l ^ d n g a c t w h ic h k eep s f lo a tin g v o te rs h a p p y w ith o u t, a t th e s a m e tim e, a n ta g o n is in g its co re s u p p o r t base . It w ill o b v io u sly n o t d o fo r th e p a r ty to c a p itu la te to sectional p re s su re g ro u p s su c h as th e V ishva H in d u P arish ad , th e S w ad esh i Jag ran M an ch o r, fo r th a t m a tte r, e v e n th e RSS. A m a ss po litica l p a r ty h as its o w n im p e ra tiv e s w h ic h a re d is tin c t f ro m tigh tl-kn it, cad re -b ase d g ro u p s . If th e BJP can d ra w th e r ig jit le ssons f ro m th e rec en t elections, its fu tu re is a s su re d . O th e rw ise , th e re is a lw a y s th e d a n g e r o f re tre a t a n d reg ression .

T h e V e rd ic t o f 1996 : A C o a lit io n o f H o p e a n d A n x ie tyIt is a co m p lex v e rd ic t, it is a fra c tu re d v e rd ic t, p e rh a p s ev e n a n im p a tie n t

v e rd ic t. B ut it w o u ld b e h ig h ly e rro n e o u s to d esc rib e th e re su lt o f th e E leventfi


Lok S abha elec tion as con fused . T h e e lec to ra te h as b ee n d ec is iv e o n sev era l coun ts . First, it h a s co m p reh en siv e ly rejected the C o n g ress p a rty . S econd , th e v e rd ic t signa ls a n e n d to th e co n cep t o f o n e d o m in a n t, ce n tr is t n a tio n a l p a r ty flanked b y Left a n d R igh t-w ing fo rm ations. T h ird , w h e re v e r S ta te A ssem b ly elec tions h a v e b ee n h e ld , th e e lec to ra te h as g iv e n re so u n d in g m a n d a te s to e n su re stab le g o v ern m en ts . H o w ev er, th e su m to ta l o f a ll th is d o e s n o t a d d u p to co m p arab le s tab ility a t th e C entre . T he e lec to ra te h a s rejected th e a p p e a l o f s ta b ili ty fo r its o w n sak e a n d p o se d th e qu es tio n : S tab ility fo r w h a t? A n e x p e rim en tin g e lec to ra te a p p e a rs u n fazed b y ^ e p ro sp ec t o f po litica l instability . S o m e m a y ev e n b e te m p te d to a rg u e th a t th e In d ia n v o te r h a s consc iously o p te d fo r in stab ility w ith th e a im o f u n leash in g a c h u rn in g p ro cess in th e p o lity w h ic h m ig jit th ro w u p n e w a n d un fo reseen forces o f change. A n e lem e n t o f im p a tien ce d iscern ib le in th is reaction . T he d isp o ssesse d a n d th e d o w n tro d d e n h a v e d isc o v e red th e p o w e r o f th e v o te a n d c o n c lu d e d th a t th e ir sectior\al in te rests a re b es t p ro tec ted w h e n th e re is political un certa in ty .

T he social coa lition w h ich th e C ongress re p re se n te d is d e a d , o r a t leas t b ra in d e a d . A n d n o n e w co n sen su a l a rran g e m en ts is in sigh t. T h e BJP h a s m a d e a n a t te m p t to rep lace th e C o n g ress as a u n ita rian , n a tio n a l force, b u t in th e ab sen ce o f e n d o rse m e n t fro m th e S o u th «md th e East, it c a n n o t m a k e a c red ib le c la im to th a t s ta tus. D espite ti\e s u p p o rt ap p a ren tly offered b y reg ional g roup ings, ti\e N F-LF, too , ca n h a rd ly c la im n a tio n a l s ta tu re . T he difficu lties o f g o v ern an ce , th e re fo re , cire d a u n tin g ly s tu p e n d o u s . It is a cha llenge befo re In d ia 's po litica l class to p u t in d iv id u a l c o m p o n en ts o f th is jig -saw p u z z le in p lace to m a k e a co m p o site p ic tu re . L ong y ea rs ago , M ao Z ed o n g h a d re m a rk e d , "S tra w sa n d a ls h a v e n o sh ap e ; th e y sh a p e th em se lv es in th e m ak in g ." T he v e rd ic t o f th e 1996 e lec tions fits in to th e ana logy . A m a tu re d em o crac y ca n b e tru s te d to g ive sh a p e to th e e lec to ra te 's v e rd ic t, p ro v id e d th e politica l class d o e s n o t a b d ica te its ro le a n d g e t m ire d in fractious se lf-ag g ran d isem en t (The Pioneer, M a y 11, 1996).

F O R E IG N M E D IA O N IN D IA N E L E C T IO N S

US M ed ia Finds Indian P o lls 'rem arkable experim ent'T h e U n ite d S tates, R ussia, Israel, an d o th e r co u n tries a re all s c h ed u le d to

g o to tiie p o lls th is y ea r. H o w ev er, th e ir electoral exercises p a le d b efo re th e " w o r ld 's g re a te s t d em o cra tic exercises" as In d ia w e n t to th e po lls fo r th e e leven th tim e since in dependence . This is h o w th e A m erican m e d ia characterised th e im m en se scale a n d scope o f th e In d ian elections as i t an a ly se d in d e ta il — th e strik ing ly ca lm a n d su b d u e d electoral cam paign a n d th e v e ry u n p red ic tab ility o f its o u tco m e. A n aly s ts sc ru tin ised th e absence o f a "p o w e rfu l, charism atic , d y n as tic " le a d e r a n d th e dec line o f th e C o n g ress a n d th e em erg en c e o f reg iona l p arties ; th e p h en o m en o n o f c o rru p tio n a s a n o n -issu e a n d v o te r anx ieties o v e r u n em p lo y m e n t a n d in flation; th e low -key ca m p a ig n d ev o id o f po licy deba tes; th e 110 m illion s tro n g M uslim m in o rity a n d the ir insecurities; th e em erg en ce o f th e BJP a n d its p ro b ab le a ttitu d e s to w a rd s n u c lea r w e a p o n ry a n d fo re ig n in v e s tm e n t sh o u ld it a s su m e p o w er; th e po ten tia lly frac tious n a tu re o f coa lition g o v e rn m e n ts ; th e 23 "w ise m e n " o f th e S u p re m e C o u r t a n d o f co u rse , a d o m in e e rin g e lec tion com m issioner n a m e d T .N . Seshan.


S easoned W ash in g to n ian s re m a rk th a t co v e rag e o f a n In d ia n ev e n t o n th is scale h a s b ee n u n p re c e d e n te d in th e A m eric an n e ty s m ed ia . In th e p a s t w eek , m a jo r A m eric an te lev ision n e tw o rk s , P ublic R ad io s ta tio n s as w e ll a s le ad in g dailies a n d jou rna ls h av e p ro v id e d ex tensive coverage o f th e far-reach ing changes u n fo ld in g o n In d ia 's po litica l landscape . E xperienced n e w sm e n w e re se n t to N e w DeUii to an ch o r special election coverage w h ich h a v e b ee n fa irly p ro m in e n t d u r in g p r im e tim e new scasts .

F or a c o u n try th a t h a s p e ren n ia lly b ee n acco rd ed p e r ip h e ra l co v e rag e h e re in th e U.S. m e d ia — n o ta b ly in co m p a riso n w ith C h in a-th is w e e k 's n e w s tre a tm e n t o f th e In d ia n elections h as b ^ q u ite im pressive . ABC, N B C , CBS h a v e ru n a s te a d y s tre a m of n ew s stories. N a tio n a l P ub lic R ad io d isp a tc h e d a specia l te a m fo r o n -th e -sp o t coverage. The Wall Street Journal, th e U.S. ed itio n o f th e Financial Times, th e Christian Science M onitor, T h e N ew York Times, The Washington Post, The Washington Times, The Los Angeles Times, Baltimore Sun, a n d th e v a rio u s n e w s m ag az in es a n d jo u rn a ls h a v e all h a d re g u la r In d ia d a te lin e d stories. W h e re d ailies d id n o t se n d th e ir o w n c o rre sp o n d e n ts , th e agencies A sso c ia ted P ress a n d R eu te rs co m p e te n tly filled th e b reach .

T h e d ie t o f s to rie s co v e red th e en tire sp e c tru m o f issues, po litic ians a n d o f cou rse , P h o o lan D evi. A n aly s ts a n d ed ito ria l w rite rs a lso p o n d e re d th is v a s t a n d s ta g g e rin g exercise g o n e a b o u t w ith co m m en d a b le s a n g fro id b y th e In d ian vo te r. T h e N ew York Times co m m en ta to r W illiam S afire 's p iece a b o u t a "g lo rio u s w e e k fo r th e w o r ld 's la rg est d em o crac y " w h ich c ru ise d th e In te rn e t tr ig g e re d o ff a n av a la n ch e o f le tte rs p ra is in g th e co m m en ta to r.

T h e U.S N ew s and World Report's c o rre sp o n d e n t co n c lu d ed : " In d ia 's re c o rd o f coa litions a t th e C e n tre is a n u n h a p p y one; n o n e h a s la s ted m o re th a n tw o y ears . T h e life o f th e n ex t g o v e rn m e n t is a lso likely to b e b ru tish a n d sh o rt- ....In d ep e n d en t In d ia ap p ro a ch es its 50 th b ir th d a y , 590 m illion v o te rs a re te llin g po litic ians; 'I t 's tim e y o u lea rn ed " . A le ad e r-w rite r in th e W all Street Journal w ro te : "C h in a a n d Ind ia, th e tw o n e ig h b o u rin g m ega-S tates, a r e try in g to d iffe ren t p a tiis to politica l s tab ility C h in a is ev o lv in g o n th e co n tro l-fre ak m o d e l. In d ia is s tick ing w ith dem o cracy " .

T he ed ito ritil w e n t o n "A ll th is d iv e rs ity a n d u n c e rta in ty h a s th e p u n d its issu in g g r im w a rn in g s a b o u t a n e ra o f u n s ta b le coa lition g o v e rn m e n ts a n d ac rim o n io u s in tra m u ra l d isp u te s d u r in g w h ic h In d ia w ill fall e v e n fu r th e r b eh in d in th e w o rld econom ic g ro w th s ta tes. M ay be. B ut th e firs t th in g w e n o tice a b o u t all th e se reg ional a n d e thn ic forces is th a t th e y 're o n th e c a m p a ig n trail, n o t th e w a rp a th . A n d th e y seem to b e tak in g In d ia in th e d irec tio n it sh o u ld h a v e g o n e lo n g ago; to w a rd d ecen tra lisa tio n " .

T h ere w e re a lso th e u su a l a la rm s a b o u t th e p ro sp ec t o f a BJP g o v e rn m e n t a s su m in g co n tro l in D elhi. A L o n d o n -b ased co lum nist, G w y n e D y er w ro te in th e r i ^ t - w i n g Washington Times: "W h a t 's ex tra o rd in a ry is h o w ca lm ev e ry b o d y is. In d ia is in th e m id s t o f a n elec tion th a t co u ld w re ck th e c o u n try 's econom ic m iracle , th re a te n its u n ity a n d ev e n d ra g th e su b -co n tin en t b ack to w a r a f te r a q u tir te r c e n tu ry o f peace. Yet e v e ry b o d y ac ts as th o u g h it w a s ju s t a n o rm a l election".

A n d th e n u b o f th is sacrify ing tfiesis? " In d ia co u ld g o th e w a y o f th e fo rm e r S ov ie t U n io n o r .Y ugoslavia (q u o tin g fo rm e r P rim e M in iste r Rao) a n d it co u ld


h a p p e n , if th e n a tio n alis ts a n d H in d u ch au v in is ts o f th e BJP a ttac k th e 120- m illion s tro n g M u slim m in o rity a t h o m e an d p e rh a p s b lu n d e r in to w a r w ith P ak is tan in th e p rocess".

T he c o lu m n is t w rite s in w o n d e rm e n t: " I t 's a v e ry im p re ss iv e exercise in d em o cracy , b u t it is a lso a p uzz le . D o n 't th e se p eo p le u n d e rs ta n d th a t if th e BJP com es to f)ow er, th e ir o ld In d ia is gone, a n d th e ir n e w o n e w ill b e a n in to le ran t n a tio n a lis t s ta te locked in to p e rm a n e n t co n fro n ta tio n w ith M u slim n e i^ ib o u rs a b ro a d a n d M u slim c itizens a t h o m e ?” ( The Times of India N e m Service, M ay 10, 1996).

UK Media Concerned Over Rise of BJPB ritish m e d ia 's a s se ssm en t o f th e post-po ll scenario in Ind ia is m a rk e d b y

a n a p p re c ia tio n o f th e d em o cra tic exercise a n d co n cern fo r em erg in g chao tic po lity , in stab ility a n d re lig ious fanaticism .

In a n ed ito ria l o n " In d ia 's p erilous d r ift" . The D aily Telegraph h ig h lig h ts th e d a n g e rs o f co n fu sio n a n d d iv is io n s b u t fin d s th a t Ind ia , in c o n tra s t to C h ina , " re m a in s a b eaco n fo r A sians w h o v a lu e ind i a d u a l freed o m " .

BJP's e lec to ra l p e rfo rm an ce h as n o t d im iiu sh e d c o m m e n ta to rs ' re se rv a tio n s a b o u t th e p a r ty 's "re lig ious fana tic ism " th a t can p ro v e d a n g e ro u s ly "d iv is iv e in a m u lti-re lig ious c o u n try like In d ia ." "T he BJP still re p re se n ts a th re a t to rac ia l to le ran ce a n d social h a rm o n y " , says The Guardian. " In d ia n po litics m a y n o w rev o lv e a ro u n d th e co n ta in m en t o f th e H in d u ch a u v in ism re p re se n te d by th e BJP, w h e th e r b y in v o lv in g th e m in ex igencies o f coalition g o v e rn m e n t o f k ee p in g th e m in o p p o sitio n ."

T h e BJP lead e r, A tal B ihari V ajpayee, h as n o t a t tra c te d a n y s tig m a o f ex tre m ism th a t ta in ts h is p a rty . V ajpayee, gen era lly d esc rib ed as m o d e ra te , is se en a lm o s t a s a m isfit in h is p a rty . T he In d e p e n d e n t calls h im th e "o n ly m o d e ra te " in th e BJP, w h o se g o v ern m en t, acco rd in g to The Times w o u ld d e s tro y In d ia 's "d e lica te ii:tem al balance".

BJP's c o m m itm en t to tu rn Ind ia in to a n u c lea r-w eap o n s S ta te h a s a ttra c te d h o stile com m en ts. Its a t t i tu d e to w a rd s th e m ino rities com es in fo r a h a rsh a ttack . BJP's s tan ce o n econom ic liberalisation seem s to lack cred ib ility in th e eyes o f co m m en ta to rs h e re d e sp ite V ajpayee re ite ra tin g th a t h is p a r ty is p r o liberalisation .

The Guardian sees C o n g re s s ' d e fe a t a s a te rm in a l b lo w to th e p a r ty 's a s su m p tio n o f a n a tu ra l r i ^ t to rule.

The Times to o o p ts fo r a Left coalition ra th e r th a n H in d u m ilitan ts w ith th e ir n u c lea r b o m b . Its ed ito ria l sees som e h o p e fo r C o n g ress in th e fu tu re since th e p e o p le w h o w e re d e te rm in e d to p u n ish th e C o n g ress d id n o t f in d a a l te rn a tiv e to it."

The Times says " In d ia is in fo r a p e rio d o f co n fu sed g o v e rn m e n t, b u t w ith lu c k it w ill escap e tiie tr a p o f H in d u m ilitancy" (The Times of India News Service, M ay 11, 1996).


Qironology of Main Events1996 Elections

1 7

16.1.1996; BJP P re s id en t L.K. A d v an i q u its Lok S abha a n d an n o u n c es h is decision n o t to co n test till c lea red in th e m u lti-c ro re H a w a la case filed b y th e CBI a g a in s t h im a n d six o th e r politica l le ad e rs in c lu d in g C ab in e t M in is te rs V.C. S huk la , M a d h a v R ao S cind ia a n d B alram Jakhar.

17.1.1996; C a b in e t M in is te rs V.C. S huk la , M a d h a v R ao S cindia a n d B a lram Ja k h a r resign .

22.1.96 : Ja n a ta D al P a r lia m e n ta ry P a r ty L ea d er S h arad Ja d av re s ig n fro m Lok S abha in th e w a k e o f H aw ala case a l th o u g h h e w a s n o t ch a rg esh ee ted . E n v iro n m e n t M in is te r R ajesh P ilo t a d m its accep tin g m o n e y d o n a tio n fro m th e Ja ins fo r fig h tin g elec tions in 1991 a n d w a n ts to q u it th e G o v ern m en t.

23.1.1996: L ea d e r o f th e O p p o s itio n in th e Lok S abha A ta l B ihari V ajpayee alleges th a t P.V. N aras irn h a R ao h a s accep ted a b o u t Rs.3.5 C ro re fro m S.K. Jain , P rim e accused in th e H aw a la case.

24.1.1996: L ea d er o f th e O p p o s itio n B ihar S tate A ssem b ly Y ash w a n t S inha re s ig n s h is m e m b ersh ip o f th e B ihar A ssem b ly in th e w a k e o f H a w a la case. M o n e y is n e e d e d in po litics, say s fo rm e r P rim e M in iste r V.P. S ingh . R ajesh P ilo t a sk s th e P rim e M in is te r to rev ea l all nam es.

271.1996: T h e C o n g ress P a rlia m en ta ry P a r ty (CPP) execu tive p asses a reso lu tio n in s u p p o r t o f P.V. N aras irn h a R ao d ism iss in g th e a lleg a tio n th a t h e h a d rece ived p a y m e n ts fro m H aw ala K in g p in S.K. Jain.

29.1.1996: S.K. B om m ai, Jan a ta D al P re s id en t, re s ig n s fo llo w in g ch a rg es o f in v o lv e m e n t in th e H a w a la case. T h e N a tio n a l E xecu tive o f th e Ja n a ta D al elects L aloo P ra sa d Y adav a s th e p a r ty 's P resid en t.

30.1.1996: T he S u p re m e C o u r t d irec ts th e CBI to e x p e d ite H a w a la p ro b e .

2.2.1996: E lection C o m m iss io n an n o u n c e s elec tion sch ed u le fo r 60 R ajya S abha seats.

4.2.1996; L.K. A d v a n i a n n o u n c e s a t a p u b lic ra lly in N e w D elh i th a t h e w o u ld ren o u n c e po litics if fo u n d g u ilty in th e Jain H aw a la case. H e also an n o u n c es tlia t th e p a r ty e lec tion m an ifes to w ill en v isag e a p o litica l 't r i s h u l ' (triden t) co m p ris in g th e issu es o f security , se lf-reliance a n d p u b lic p rob ity .

5.2.1996: C PI(M ) G en e ra l S ecre tary H .S. S urjeet m e e ts Jan a ta D al P re s id e n t a n d B ihar C h ie f M in is te r Laloo P ra sa d Y adav a n d a sse rts th a t th e re a re n o p ro b le m s b e tw e e n th e N a tio n a l F ro n t a n d Left F ront.

6.2.1996; L aloo P ra sa d Y ad av s ta te s th a t th e re w a s n o q u e s tio n o f o ffe r in g th e p o s t o f N a tio n a l F ro n t C h a irm a n to BSP L ea d er K ansh i R am .

7.2.1996: A D elh i C o u r t issu e n o n -b a ilab le w a r ra r ':s a g a in s t fo rm e r U n io n M in iste r K a lp a n a th Rai an d BJP M em b er o f P a rlia m en t Brij B h u sh an S h ara ri S in g h fo r a lleg e d ly h a rb o u r in g six associa tes o f u n d e rw o rld d o n , D a w o o d Ib rah im . L.K. A d v a n i d ec la re s h is a sse ts a n d s ta te s tlia t th e H a w a la ca se a g a in s t h im is political.

8.2.1996: S en io r S am a ta P a r ty le ad e r C h a n d ra jit Y ad av re s ig n s f ro m th e L ok S abha. BJP s u sp e n d s L ok S abha m e m b er Brij B h u sh an S h aran S in g h w h o w a s ch a rg esh ee ted b y th e CBI fo r h a rb o u rin g som e associa tes o f u n d e rw o rld d o n D a w o o d Ib rah im . K a lp a n a th R ai d en ies a n y lin k w ith Ib rah im .

12.2.1996: K a lp a n a th Rai se n t to ju d ic ia l cu s to d y . Brij B h u sh an S h a ran S in g h s u r re n d e rs in th e c o u rt o f A d d itio n a l C h ie f Jud ic ia l M ag istra te , G o n d a (U .P.) 19 c a n d id a te s e lec ted u n o p p o se d to R ajya S abha w ith p a r ty p o s it io n a s C ongress-10 , Ja n a ta Dal-4, BJP-3, CPI-1 a n d In d ep en d en t-1 .

15.2.1996: JD to s u p p o r t th e T elu g u D esa m fac tion led b y N .T. R a m a R a o 's w id o w L ak sh m i P a rv a ti in A n d h ra P rad esh .

19.2.1996: T extile M in is te r K am al N a th res ig n s fro m th e C a b in e t fo llo w in g m e n tio n o f h is n a m e in H aw a la p ay m en t. R esu lts o f 57 R ajya S ab h a sea ts d e c la re d w itli th e P a r ty p o sitio n as; C o n g ress 26, BJP 8, JD 8, C P M 5, A lA D M K 5, T D P (N a id u ) 4, Shiv-Sena 2, T D P (L akshm i) 1, F o rw a rd Block 1, C P I 1, o tlie rs 2. U n io n H o m e M in iste r S.B. C h a v a n a n d P o w e r M in is te r N .P .K . S alve e lec ted fro m M ah arash tra .

20.2.1996: U n io n F ood M in iste r B uta S ingh a n d M in is te r o f S tate fo r A g ric u ltu re A rv in d N e ta m res ig n s in th e w a k e o f th e H a w a la scan d a l. T lie M a d h y a P ra d e sh H ig h C o u rt se ts a s id e th e elec tion o f V id y a C h a ra n S h u k la fro m th e R a ip u r Lok S abha co n s titu en cy in 1991, o n th e g ro u n d s o f im p ro p e r rejection o f n o m in a tio n o f a riv a l can d id a te .

21.2.1996: M in is te r o f S ta te for U rb an D ev e lo p m e n t R.K. D h a w a n q u its h is p o s ts afte r h is n a m e lin k ed w ith H a w a la case.

22.2.1996; D ellii C h ie f M in is te r M a d a n Lai K h u ra n a res ig n s so o n a f te r th e CBI so u g h t sa n c tio n to c lia rg esh ee t h im in the m u lti-c ro re H a w a la scan d a l. 14 m o r e e m in e n t p o l i t ic ia n s w h o h a d a l le g e d ly r e c e iv e d m o n e y a re c h a rg esh e e te d a n d n o ev id en ce fo u n d ag a in s t 23 c h a rg esh e e te d p e rso n s in c lu d e fo rm e r M a d h y a P ra d e sh C h ief M in is te r K a ilash Josh i, fo rm e r M in iste rs L.P. Sahi, A sh o k K u m ar Sen, C.K. Jaffar Sharief, K. N a tw a r S in g h a n d H a rm o h a n D h aw an . O th e rs a re p re s id e n t o f C o n g ress (T), N .D . T iw ari, S en io r Jan a ta le a d e rs S h arad Y adav , R anjit S ing ji a n d B.D. D h ak n e .

23.2.1996; T h e D elh i H ig ji C o u rt issu es sh o w ca u se no tice to th e CBI a n d th e H o m e M in is try o n Suraj M an d al M Ps p a y o ff issue.

24.2.1996; BJP M e m b er o f P a rlia m en t S h a ilen d ra M ah a to a lleges tiia t h e w a s p a id Rs. 40 la k h a f te r h e a n d th re e o th e r JM M M e m b ers o f P a r lia m e n t v o te d a g a in s t th e m o tio n o f n o -con fidence in N a ra s im h a R ao G o v e rn m e n t in Ju ly 1993. V.N. G adg il, A IC C sp o k e sm en re fu te s th e allega tion .


29.2.1996; N o n -b a ila b le w a r ra n ts a g a in s t 9 po litic ians. L.K. A d v a n i g ra n te d a n t id p a to ry bail b y th e D elh i H ig h C o u r t a f te r th e issu e o f n o n -b a ilab le w a r ra n ts b y th e d e s ig n a te d CBI c o u r t o f A d d itio n a l S essions Ju d g e V.B. G u p ta . CBI co n firm s th a t se n io r Jh a rk h a n d M u k ti M o rch a (JM M ) le a d e r S ura j M ai g o t Rs. 30 la k h a s a lleg e d po litica l p a y off.

1.3.1996: A th ree -ju d g e b en c h o f th e S u p re m e C o u r t c o m p ris in g Ju stice J.S. V erm a , Ju stice S.P. B h aru ch a a n d Ju stice S.L. Sen, o rd e rs to re p o r t th e p ro g re ss o f investiga tio ris in th e m u lti-c ro re H a w a la sc an d a l o n ly to th e C o u r t a n d n o t to ta k e o rd e rs f ro m a n y o th e r a u th o rity . 6 p o litic ian s a n d 2 officials g e t b a ils in th e H a w a la case.

3.3.1996: T w o H a ry a n a M L A s K aran S ingh D ala i a n d C h a tte rp a l S in g h a llege ti ia t H a ry a n a C h ie f M in is te r B hajan Lai h a s a S w iss B ank A cco u n t. B hajan Lai d e n ie s th e a llega tions. T h e H o m e M in istry , G o v e rn m e n t o f In d ia issu es n o tic e s to 43 po litica l a n d re lig io u s le a d e rs o f J & K. a s k in g th e m to fu rn ish d e ta ils o f fo re ig n c o n trib u tio n s rece iv ed b y th e m in th e w a k e o f th e H a w a la scam . BJP to la im c h s tir o n M a rc h 10 to p re s s fo r th e re s ig n a tio n of P.V. N a ra s im h a R ao a n d to expose co rru p tio n in h ig h p laces in th e C o n g ress G o v ern m e n t.

4.3.1996: O rissa S ta te V ig ilance D e p a rtm e n t files seco n d ch a rg e sh e e t a g a in s t fo rm e r C h ief M in is te r Biju P a tn a ik fo r a lleg ed ly o b ta in in g p ec u n ia ry b en e fits a m o u n tin g to o v e r Rs. 16.50 cro re d u r in g h is te n u re as a p u b lic se rv a n t. T h e FIR filed o n F e b ru a iy 28 accused th e fo rm e r C h ie f M in is te r o f a b u s in g h is official p o s itio n in g ra n tin g concession o n B am boo ro y a lty to B a lla rp u r In d u s tr ie s L td ., a u n it o f th e T h a p a r g ro u p o f in d u s tr ie s . B ihar G o v e rn m e n t c o n s titu te s a o n e -m a n co m m iss io n o f in q u iry b y a re tire d ju d g e o f th e P a tn a H ig h C o u r t Ju stice S. A li A h m a d to go in to th e excess w ith d ra w n fro m v a r io u s tre a su r ie s b y officials o f th e A n im a l H u s b a n d ry D e p a r tm e n t in th e State.

6.3.1996: C e n tre s e n d s p o ll sc h ed u le to E lection C om m issio n . B oth H o u se s o f P a r lia m e n t re p e a te d ly a d jo u rn e d a fte r a d e te rm in e d b id o f th e O p p o s itio n to p r& su r is e th e G o v e rn m e n t d e m a n d in g P rim e M in is te r 's re s ig n a tio n fo llo w in g th e S u p re m e C o u r t d irec tiv e to th e CBI n o t to ta k e in s tru c tio n in th e H a w a la case fro m a n y au th o rity . K a lp a n a th R ai g e ts bail in H a w a la case.

7.3.1996: P a r lia m e n t p ro c e e d in g s ag a in s ta lled o v e r H a w a la issue.

8.3.1996: D e lh i H ig h C o u r t a sk s CBI to file a p ro b e r e p o r t o n th e a lleg a tio n th a t M e m b er o f P a r lia m e n t S uraj M a n d a l rece iv ed h u g e p a y m e n ts o f m o n e y to v o te a g a in s t th e n o -co n fid en ce m o tio n in 1993. Special Ju d g e o f th e H a w a la case issu es s u m m o n s to fo rm e r U n io n M in iste rs B uta S ingh , K am al N a th , A sh o k Sen, L.P. S ah i a n d A rv in d N e ta n , b e s id es fo rm e r M a d h y a P ra d e sh C h ie f M in is te r K ailash Joshi.

9.3.1996: A ta l B ihari V ajpayee flags o ff A d v a n i 's 3 5 -d ay 'S u ra jy a ' Y atra fro m Kochi.

Chronology of Main Events 279

11.3.1996; L ok S ab h a S p eak e r Shivraj P a til rejects fo rm e r M in is te r A rju n S ir\gh 's P riv ilege M o tio n a g a in s t P rim e M in iste r re g a rd in g h is in f lu e n c in g th e fo u r M P s b e lo n g in g s to JM M . T h e P a tn a H ig h C o u r t te lls CBI to p ro b e B ihar A n im a l H u s b a n d ry scam a n d su sp e n d all th e in v e s tig a tio n s b y th e S tate P o lice in th is reg a rd .

12.3.1996: O p p o s itio n n o t sa tisfied w ith P M 's re p ly in th e L ok S ab h a o n th e H a w a la issue. T iw ari C o n g ress to b e reg is te red a n d re c o g n ised a s th e A ll In d ia In d ira C ongress . V.P. S ingh a n n o u n c es a th ree -y e a r in te rm iss io n fro m e lec to ra l po litics o n ce th e Lok S abha p o lls w e re over.

14.3.1996: C o n g ress P re s id e n t P.V. N a ra s im h a R ao s ta te s th a t h e w o u ld ta k e a d ec is io n o n th e alliance issu e w ith A IA D M K o r D M K in T am il N a d u . F o rm e r H a ry a n a G o v ern o r D h an ik Lai M a n d a l jo in s C ongress.

16.3.1996: S am a ta P a r ty h e a d e d b y G eo rg e F e rn a n d e s m e rg e s w ith S am a jw ad i Ja n a ta P a r ty (SJP) h e a d e d b y fo rm e r P rim e M in is te r C h a n d ra S h ek h ar. F o rm e r J & K C h ie f M in is te r a n d N atio n a l C onference C h a irm a n F aro o q A b d u lla h s ta te s th a t h is p a r ty w ill h a v e n o tru c k w ith th e C o n g re ss p a r ty in th e elections.

17.3.1996: N . Ja y ak rish n a , th e e ld es t so n o f L ate N .T. R am a R ao jo in s th e T elegu D esa m P a r ty (TD P) led b y h is w id o w L akshm i P arvati. C o n g ress P re s id e n t P.V. N a ra s im h a R ao te lls th e C o n g ress C h ief M in is te rs a n d P C C P re s id e n ts th a t th e ir re c o m m e n d a tio n s a b o u t th e p a r ty c a n d id a te s fo r th e L ok S abha w o u ld b e accep ted b y a n d large.

19.3.1996: T h e E lection C o m m issio n re c o m m e n d s fo u r-p h ase G en e ra l E lections f ro m A p ril 27 to M a y 21. S im u lta n eo u s A sse m b ly p o lls in 5 S tates. J.K. in c lu d e d in L ok S abha schedu le . S.C. u p h o ld s P a tn a H ig h C o u r t O rd e r o n fo d d a r scam a n d rejects B ihar G o v e m m e n t ap p e a l. P re s id e n t 's n o to tw o O rd in an c es ; o n e seek in g to cu rta il th e ca m p a ig n p e r io d fo r th e L ok S abha e lec tions to 14 d a y s a n d tlie tw o to p ro m o te re se rv a tio n fo r D a lit C h ris tian s .

20.3.1996: T he C o n g ress d ec id e s to seek d o n a tio n s o p e n ly fro m b u s in e ss h o u se s ra th e r th a n ta k in g th e m secretly . CBI to file case a g a in s t JM M M P S uraj M a n d a l w h o a lleg e d ly rece iv ed m o n e y to v o te fo r th e P.V . N a ra s im h a R ao G o v e m m e n t in Ju ly 1993.

21.3.1996: A ta l B ihari V ajp ay ee d ism isse s M a h to 's a lle g a tio n tlnat h e w a s p re ssu r ise d to m a k e a s ta te m en t ag a in s t th e P rim e M in ister. A kali-B SP po ll tie -u p finalised in Punjab . C ongress P re s id e n t a p p o in ts sc reen in g co m m ittee to se lect C o n g ress n om inees.

22.3.1996: SC clarifies O rd e r o n H in d u tv a : U se o f re lig io n to seek v o te s n o t p e rm itte d . C o n g ress (T) g e ts 'la d y w ith flo w ers in h a n d s ' sy m b o l fro m th e E.C . T D P fac tion h e a d e d b y M rs. L ak sh m i P a rv a ti g e t th e 'l io n ' sy m b o l C PI(M ) m an ifes to released .

23.31996: JD finalised po ll tie -u p w ith M D M K led f ro n t in T am il N a d u a n d T D P(N TR ) led b y L akshm i P arvati. K a lp a n a th R a i's re fu sed p aro le , th e Ju d g e s ta te s th a t Rai co u ld file h is n o m in a tio n fro m Jail.


24.3.1996: E n co u n te r w ith m ilita n ts a t H az ra tb a l. Bill to sc u ttle J & K. p o lls to b e th w a r te d , w a rn s P rim e M in ister. T h e BSP ru le s o u t a llian ce w ith JD. B asu p le a d s fo r JD-SP alliance. L.K. A d v a n i cu rta ils 'S u ra jy a ' Y atra.

25.3.1996: N e w S ch ed u le fo r J K. SC to m o n ito r CBI p ro b e o f cases a g a in s t C h a n d ra sw a m y . JD e n te rs in to a lliance w ith S am a jw ad i P a r ty in U tta r P ra d esh . P.V. N a ra s im h a R ao, th e th e n M in is te r o f E x te rna l A ffa irs h a d a lim ited ro le in St. K itts — CBI.

263.1996: K a lp a n a th R ai q u its C o n g ress a n d accuses P rim e M in is te r a s e q u a lly in v o lv e d in h a rb o u r in g th e h itm a n o f D aw o o d Ib rah im .

27.3.1996: C o n g ress fo rg es po ll p a c t w ith A IA D M K in T am il N a d u . CBI files f irs t in fo rm a tio n re p o rts (FIR) ag a in s t Lok S abha M em b ers — Suraj M a n d a l, S h a ile n d ra M a h a tto , S h ib u S o ren a n d S im o n M arad i. BJP M P V ish w a n a th S h a rm a jo in s C ongress . P.V. N a n ra s im h a R a o 's fo rm e r po ll m a n a g e r Shri S esh asay an a to co n tes t a g a in s t h im as T D P (N TR ) n o m in e e f ro m N a n d y a l. E lections to b e h e ld in 5 p h ases — A pril 27, M ay 2 ,7 ,2 3 a n d 30. N o m in a tio n s o p e n fo r L ok S abha a n d to b e c lo sed o n A p ril 3. A p ril 6 a s th e la s t d a te fo r w ith d ra w a l. E lection C o m m iss io n re leases co d e fo r T\^ coverage.

28.3.1996: T .N . C o n g ress P arty m e m b ers u n h a p p y w ith A IA D M K . F o rm e r U n io n M in iste r M a n ek a G a n d h i jo ins JD. O n e h u n d re d o p p o s itio n m e m b e rs u rg e th e P re s id e n t to c u rb m e d ia m isuse . C o n g ress ru les o u t tie w ith K arn a tak a C o n g ress P a r ty (K C P) o f fo rm e r C h ie f M in is te r B an g arap p a . CBI files 8 FIRs in fo d d a r scam in Bihar.

31.3.1996: G.K. M o o p a n a r fac tion o f th e C o n g ress ties u p w ith D M K in T am il N a d u . K. N a tw a r S ingh a n d C o n g ress le a d e r fro m R ajasth an S h eesh R am O la jo in C o n g ress (T). JD a p p o in ts R a m S ingh a fo rm er M P fro m S u lta n p u r, as w o rk in g P re s id e n t o f U P Jan a ta D al. F o rm e r d a c o it P h o o la n D evi fie ld ed fro m M irz a p u r (UP) a s th e S am a jw ad i P a r ty ca n d id a te .

1.4.1996:12 M P s ask C o n g ress P re s id e n t to expel M o o p a n a r w h o jo in e d h a n d s w ith DM K. N o C o n g ress ticket fo r C ongress M in isters in v o lv ed in 'H a w a la '. BJP o ffe rs a tick e t to a 'tamasha queen' M an g a la B ansode fro m P a n d h a rp u r re se rv e d co n s titu e n cy in so u th M a h arash tra . S hri B hagw ati P ra sa d D ix it w h o h a s co n tes ted all th e p a r lia m e n ta ry elec tions since a n d lo st h is d e p o s its in all th e e lec tions ex cep t one , files h is p a p e r for th e K a n p u r seat. BJP v ice P re s id e n t A rif Beg res ig n s fro m BJP. Jan a ta D al M P fro m R a m P ra sa d K u sw a lh a fro m V ik ram ag an j jo in s th e S am a ta P arty . T am il s u p e r s ta r R a jn ik an t h a ils th e tie -u p b e tw e e n th e C o n g ress M o o p a n a r fac tion a n d the D M K .

2.4.1996: P ro b e a g a in s t C h a n d ra s w a m i t a r d y — SC. N a r a s im h a R ao f ile s n o m in a tio n fro m tw o p a r lia m e n ta ry constituencies— N a n d y a l in A n d h ra P ra d e sh a n d B e rh a m p u r in O rissa. F o llow ing d en ia l o f ticket fro m C h a n d n i C h o w k (D ellii) A rif A li Beg w h o re s ig n e d fro m th e p o s t o f V ice -P resid en t BJP, jo in s C o n g re ss a n d d ec la re s th a t h e w o u ld n o t con test. P e e v e d o v e r th e n o m in a tio n o f S hri S a tp a l Jain, th e BJP c a n d id a te fro m th e C h a n d ig a rh L ok S abha seat, a p a r ty w o rk e r P a ra s R am a tte m p ts to im m o la te h im se lf a t th e p a r ty office.


3.4.1996: U n io n C o m m erce M in iste r P. C h id a m b a ra n a n d M in is te r o f S ta te fo r In d u s try M . A ru n a c h a la m resign fro m th e U n io n C ouncil o f M in is te rs a n d file th e ir n o m in a tio n s for the Lok S abha from S ivaganga a n d T enkkasi co n s titu en c ie s respectively a s c a n d id a te s o f th e Tanrul M aan ila C o n g ress (TM C). F o rm e r U n io n M in ister M a d h a v R ao S cind ia files liis n o m in a tio n , p a p e rs fro m th e G w alio r a n d S cindia an n o u n c e s tlie fo rm a tio n o f a n e w p a r ty "M a d h y a P ra d e sh V ikas C o n g ress" . F o rm e r C e n tra l M in is te r a n d D P C C C h ie f H .K .L . B h a g a t re s ig n s f ro m th e p a r ty a f te r h is 5 0 -y ea r m e m b ersh ip a n d file n o m in a tio n p a p e rs fro m tw o co n stitu en cies— o f E ast D elh i a n d D elh i S adar. A n A d v o ca te Shri S. S rin ivasan file a n a ffid av it in th e SC th a t 8 re la tiv e s o r associa tes o f P rim e M in iste r R ao a re b enefic ia ries o f LPG q u o ta . SC d ism isses lU M L 's p lea seek in g a d irec tio n to th e E lection C o m m iss io n fo r p o s tp o n e m e n t o f th e p o llin g d a te fo r g en e ra l e lec tions f ro m A p ril 27 to a n y d a te in th e m o n th o f M ay in v ie w of Id -u l-Z u lia . P M 's so n Shri P ra b h a k a r R ao responsib le for su g a r scam — S hri K a lp a n a th Rai fo rm e r F ood M inister.

4.4.1996: SC rejects a p e titio n filed b y P res id en t o f th e Ja m m u a n d K ash m ir P a n th e rs P a rty B him S ingh , seek ing re sc h ed u lin g of th e e lec tions ixi th e S ta te o n ac co u n t o f u n d u ly lo n g ca m p a ig n p erio d . EC a p p o in ts 1,584 G o v e rn m e n t O fficials as poll observers.

5.4.1996; C h a n d ra S h ek h ar a n d JD ex ten d su p p o r t to M a d h a v R ao S cindia. P o litical crisis in M a d h y a P rad esh . BJP d e leg a tio n led b y fo rm e r C h ief M in is te r S u n d e r Lai P a tw a calls on th e G o v ern o r to d ire c t tlie S tate C h ief M in is te r to call tlie A ssem b ly session to p ro v e h is m ajo rity . EC re g is te r 442 u n rec o g n ised parties.

6.4.1996: H .K ..L. B hagat, K am al N a tli a n d A rv in d N e ta m (C ongress) w ith d ra w fro m th e con test. M ost p a rd e s d ec id e n o t to o p p o se Scind ia . N a tio n a l C o n g ress (J & K) expels tliree c a n d id a te s fo r filing n o m in a tio n .

8.4.1996: C o n g ress su sp e n d s M o o p a n a r a n d expels Scind ia , C liid a m b a ra m a n d A ru n ac lia lam . T lie T am il M aan ila C o n g ress (TM C) accuses C o n g ress H ig h C o m m a n d o f d o u b le s ta n d a rd . R a ja sth an JD C h ie f S a m p a t R a m jo in s C ongress.

9.4.1996: P o ll p o s o tp o n e d in tw o p a r lia m e n ta ry c o n s titu e n c ie s— N a lg o n d a (A n d h ra P radesh ) a n d B elgaum (K arnataka) a n d M o d ik u ru ch i (Tam il N a d u ) A ssem bly sea ts o n ac co u n t o f la rge n u m b e r o f ca n d id a te s n ecessita tin g b a llo t p a p e r boxes. P o lling d a te a d v a n c e d for tlie L u ck n o w P a r lia m e n ta ry se a t fro m M ay 7 to M ay 2 in v ie w o f a local festival.

10.4.1996: SP re leases its m an ifesto . F o rm e r U n io n S h ip p in g a n d T ra n sp o r t M in is te r C h a n d R a m clia rgeshee ted in H aw ala case a lleg ing liim rece iv in g Rs. 1.20 lak h from the Jain b ro thers. EC ask s th e C en tra l G o v e rn m e n t to sto p the a p p o in tm e n t o f UTl E xecutive D irector.

12.4.1996: C o n g ress re leases its election m an ifesto a n d v o w s a w a r a g a in s t co rru p tio n . Poll expenses lim it w o n 't be h ik e d — P rim e M inister.


13 .4 .1996 : S A D / B a d a l r e le a s e s its e le c tio n m a n ife s to . V o te fo r s ta b le g o v e rn m e n t— P.V. N a ra s im h a Fiao — C o n g ress p resen t.

14.41996; EC seek s r e p o r t o n S u k h R am , C o m m u n ic a tio n M in is te r 's m isu se o f s ta te d o w n e d D O T. CBI seek P re s id e n t 's a p p ro v a l to q u e s tio n Sm t. S heila K aul, G o v ern o r, H irrw chal P ra d e sh a n d fo rm e r U n io n U rb a n D ev e lo p m e n t M in is te r r e g a rd in g o u t o f tu rn a llo tm e n ts o f h o u se s to G o v e rn m e n t staff. S evera l officers w e re a lso a rre s ted in th is connection .

15.41996: JD m an ifesto re leased ; T w o C ongress o b se rv e rs refuse to v is it G aw alio r S c ie n d ia 's co n s titu en cy . M rs. Sheila K aul, G aw alio r ru le s o u t re s ig n a tio n in th e w a k e o f h o u s in g scam . F o rm e r U n io n M in is te r S hri R a m N a re sh Y ad a v a n d S am ata P a r ty le ad e r jo ins C ongress. T h e S am ata P a r ty re leases its m an ifesto , BJP a lle g e s pay -o ffs in R u ssian je t deal. C o n g ress n o m in e e T aj-M o h i-u d D in in J & K escapes b id o n life.

16.4.1996; JD re se n ts G o v e rn m e n t m o v e o n th e p u rc h a se o f R u ss ian jets. EC te lls U tta r P ra d e sh C h ie f E lecto ral O fficer to m a k e n ec essa ry ch a n g es in th e b ro a d c a s t sc rip t o f th e U P BJP le a d e r K alyan S ingh.

17.4.1996: M rs. Sheila K aul sh o u ld q u itid o n a c co u n t o f h e r in v o lv e m e n t in th e m u lti-c ro re h o u s in g scam . P re s id e n t w rite s to PM o n th e is su e o f M rs. K aul. C e n tre p ro p o se s Z+ se c u r ity fo r J & K ca n d id a te s . A n d lv a P ra d e sh H ig h C o u r t critic ises EC fo r ex c ee d in g its ju risd ic tio n b y in te rfe rin g w ith th e e x p o rt p o lic y o f th e U n io n G o v ern m e n t. K alyan S ingh d ec id e s to b o y co tt po ll te lecast sp e ec h o n ac c o u n t o f c u ts in th e sp eech b y th e D o o r D a rsh a n a n d th e EC.

18.4.1996: In v o lv e m e n t S heila K au l a n d M in is te r o f S tate P.K. T h u n g o n in th e m u lti-c ro re h o u s in g scam su sp ec ted .

19.4.1996: N o im m xin ity fo r S h e ila K aul, C a b in e t in fo rm s th e P re s id en t. P M 's six k in s in LPG agencies o u t o f tu rn a llo tm en t. R a jasthan P C C expe ls 7 m em b ers .

20.4.1996: S heila sh o u ld qu it: P re s id e n t te lls PM .

21.4.1996: T lie N a tio n a l G ene ra lS ecre ta ry o f the S am a jw ad i P a r ty R a g h u T h a k u r q u its th e p a r ty . Sheila K aul qu its . EC ask s U P G o v e rn m e n t to tra n sfe r tw o IPS officers c h a rg ed w ith b e in g b ia se d .

22.4.1996: A ssa m C h ie f M in is te r H ite s h w a r S aik ia p asses a w a y a fte r a b rie f illness. B. B a rm an M in is te r fo r H eaLth a s su m e s ch a rg e o f th e p o s t o f th e C h ie f M in is te r o f A ssam .

24.4.1996: SC asks g o v e rn m e n t to list flats a llo tte d a t P M O 's behest. F ive C ongress M L A 's ex p e lle d in M a d h y a P ra d e sh rea ff irm su p p o r t to Scindia.

25.4.1996: P re s id e n t issues O rd in an c e enabling': o v er 1.50 lakh K ashm iri m ig ra n ts to exercise th e ir franch ise th ro u g h po sta l b a llo t in th e L ok S abha e lec tions— th e firs t occas ion since 1952.

26.4.1996: F irst pha;se o f p o llin g begins.

Chronology cf Main Events 283

29.4.1996: In d ian G o v e rn m e n t in d ica tes its d isp le a su re o n th e s ta te m e n t o f P ak is tan H ig h C o m m issio n er reg a rd in g e lec tions in J & K..

30.4.1996: V ajpayee h in ts a t seek ing h e lp fro m l io n e s t ' C o n g ress m e n to fo rm a g o v e rn m e n t a t th e C en tre . EC tells B ihar G o v ern m e n t to d is a rm p r iv a te 'sen a s '.

1.5.1996: U tta r P ra d e sh G o v ern o r M otilal V o h ra a n d K erala G o v ern o r S hiv S h an k a r re s ig n afte r b e in g im p lica ted b y th e CBI in th e H a w a la scandal. P. B haskar R ao files a n a ffid av it th a t H a rsh a d M eh ta a n d S.K. Ja in p a y Rs. 20 c ro re to b u y o ff JM M M P s to d e fe a t th e no -co n fid en ce m o tio n a g a in s t th e G o v ern m en t.

I.5 .1996: G u lab S ingh R ag h u v an sh i R egional T ra n sp o r t O fficer o f th e M ad h y a P ra d e sh G o v ern m e n t resigns alleging th a t th e S tate T ra n sp o rt C o nun issioner p re ssu r ise d h im to p ro v id e 400 veh icles to C o n g ress ca n d id a tes . S eshan w a lk s o u t o f EC m e e tin g o n acco u n t o f d iffe rence o f o p in io n o v e r th e ru le s re g u la tin g th e c o u n tin g of vo tes. A ss is tan t R e tu rn in g O fficer P.C . M ish ra re p o rts th a t m o re th a n 10,000 ballo t p a p e rs w e re m issin g fro m the K astu rb a N a g a r se g m e n t o f th e N e w D elhi P arlia m en ta ry constituency . S hoo t o rd e rs in B ihar a n d p a r ts o f U tta r P rad esh . O v er 3,00,000 p re v e n tiv e a rre s ts m a d e on th e ev e of th e second p h a se of elections sc h ed u le d o n M ay 2, 1996. C o n g ress expels 2 ex -m in iste rs in K arnataka.

2.5.1996; V iolence m ars po lls in B ihar a n d o th e r p laces d u r in g th e second p h ase o f p o llin g o n M a y 2, 1996. CBI arres ts C h a n d ra sw am y . O n ly 6,604 ballo t p a p e rs m issin g in N e w D elh i co n stitu en cy — D elh i’s C h ief E lectoral Officer.

8.5.1996: A ll th e th ree fro n ts a p p e a r to fall sh o r t o f m ajority . R epoll o rd e re d in 202 p o llin g boo ths. C o u n tin g su sp e n d e d in P atna .

10.5.1996: R ao resigns. BJP, N F-LF stakes c la im to fo rm th e m in istry .

II.5 .1996: A ssam , H a ry a n a an d P o n d ich e rry C M 's resign.

12.5.1996: V ajpayee elected leader o f th e BJP in P arliam en t. B ansilal takes o v e r as C h ie f M in is te r o f H ary an a . R ao reelected C P P leader.

14.5.1996: T liird F ro n t n a m e s H . D. D eva G o w d a as le ad e r a n d h e em erg es as c a n d id a te fo r th e P rim e M inisteria l office.

15.5.1996: P re s id en t in v ites A tal B ihari V ajpayee to fo rm th e M inistry .

16.5.1996: A tal B iliari V ajpayee sw o rn in as tlie P rim e M inister.19.5.1196: P rim e M in is te r V ajpayee ad d re sses th e nation .22.5.1996: T he P re s id e n t a d d re ssess the P arliam ent.27.5.1996: D iscu ssio n o n th e vo te of con fidence in th e BJP G o v e rn m e n t s ta rts

in the P arliam en t.28.5.1996: A fter rep ly in g to the deba te . P rim e M in iste r V ajpayee an n o u n c es in

th e P arliam en t th a t h e is m eetin g the P resid en t to h a n d ov er h is resignations. V ajpayee resigns. P re s id e n t askes D eve G o w d a of th e U n ited F ro n t to fo rm th e g o v ern m en t.

31.5.1996: D eve G o w d a res ig n s as th e C h ie f M in is te r o f K arna taka . J.H . P ate l, D e p u ty C h ief M in ister K arnataka takes the o a th of tiie office o f the K arnataka


C h ie f M in iste r. R egional p a r tie s c o n s titu tin g th e U n ited F ro n t d ec id e to p a r tic ip a te in th e fo rm a tio n o f th e M in istry . C PI (M ) re ite ra te s its ea rlie r dec is io n to s u p p o r t th e U F G o v e rn m e n t from o u ts id e .

1.6.1996: 21- m e m b e r M in is try h e a d e d b y H D . D ev e G o w d a , sw o rn on. 2.6.1996: C PI d ec id e s to sh a re p o w e r a t th e C en tre .12.6.1996: H D . D ev e G o w d a w o n th e v o te o f C onfidence


1 8

13 Days to 13 PartiesFormation of Governments a t the Centre

T h e BJP fo rm e d its first M in is try in In d e p e n d e n t Ind ia o n M ay 16, 1996 w ith A ta l B ihari V ajpayee a s th e P rim e M inister.

Im m e d ia te ly a fte r th e d ec la ra tio n o f resu lts , th e BJP P a r lia m e n ta ry B e a rd u n a n im o u s ly e lec ted A tal B ihari V ajpayee as its leader. A d e leg a tio n o f its to p le a d e rs m e t th e R a sh trap a ti o n M ay 13 a n d req u e s te d h im to in v ite th e BJP le a d e r to fo rm th e M in is try a t the C entre.

T h e BJP-led b lo ck c o m m a d e d a s tre n g th of 194 in th e 54 3 -m em b er L ok S ab h a (of w h ic h e lec tions till th e n w e re h e ld fo r 537 seats). W liile th e BJP o n its o w n h a d a s tre n g th o f 160 seats, th e allied h a d b ag g ed 34 seats; S h iv Sena (15), S am ata P a r ty (8), A kali D al (8) a n d H V P (3).

A t a b o u t 2.30 p .m . o n M ay 15, 1996, A tal B ihari V ajpayee re tu rn e d fro m tlie R a sh trap a ti B h aw an w ith th e n e w s th a t h e w o u ld b e sw o rn as P rim e M in is te r o n 16th a t 12 n o o n . H e w a s re q u ire d to p ro v e h is m a jo rity in th e H o u se b y M ay 31, 1996.

A tal B ihari V ajpayee w a s sw o rn in as P rim e M in is te r a t th e h e a d o f a 12- m e m b e r BJP-led coa lition G o v ern m en t. S w o rn in a lo n g w ith h im w e re 11 M in iste rs o f th e C a b in e t rank . O n e rep re se n ta tiv e o f th e S hiv S ena w a s also in c lu d e d in th e M in istry . T he sw e a rin g in ce rem o n y w a s b o y co tted b y th e T h ird F ront.

BJP C A B IN E T : 1996

A ta l B ih ari V a jp a y ee : P rim e M in is te r

S ik an d a r B akht - U rban A ffairs a n d E m p lo y m en tSuraj B han - A g ricu ltu reR am Je th m a lan i - L aw , Justice, a n d C o m p a n y A ffairsV. D h an a n jay K u m ar - C ivil A v iation a n d T o u rismM u rli M a n o h a r Joshi - H o m e A ffairsP ra m o d M ahajan - D efence a n d P a rlia m en ta ry A ffairsK aria M u n d a - W elfareS u resh P ra b h u - In d u strySartaj S ingh - H ea ltli a n d Fam ily W elfareJa sw a n t S ingh - F inanceS u sh m a S w ara j - In fo rm ation a n d B roadcas ting

A ta l B ih a ri V a jp a y ee : A P ro f ile A ta l B ihari V ajpayee b o m o n (D ecem ber 2 5 ,1926) lia s b ee n im b u e d

w ith a n a tio n a lis tic sp ir it f ro m h is ch ild h o o d . H e to o k p a r t in th e Q u it In d ia M o v e m e n t a n d w a s im p riso n e d . H e o b ta in e d h is M .A . d e g re e in P o litica l Science f ro m D A V C ollege, K a n p u r. H e b e g a n h is ca ree r a s E d ito r o f H in d i Rashtra D hartm , w ee k ly Panchjanya, la te r d a ily Veer A r jm a n d Sxvadesh. F o u n d e r-m e m b e r o f B hara tiya Jana S an g h h e w a s its P re s id e n t in 1967-77. A fter in ca rce ra tio n in E m erg en cy (1975-77) h e w a s a c o -fo u n d e r o f th e Janata P a r ty a n d se rv ed a s E x terna l A ffairs M in is te r in Ja n a ta G o v e rn m e n t in 1977-79. In 1980, h e fo u n d e d th e B h a ra tiy a Jan a ta P a r ty a n d w a s its P re s id e n t d u r in g 1980-86. H e h as b ee n a M e m b er o f P a r lia m e n t a lm o s t u n in te r ru p te d ly since 1957. H e w a s L ea d e r o f th e B h a ra tiy a Ja n a S an g h a n d BJP P a r lia m e n ta ry P a rtie s d u r in g 1957-77, 1980-84 a n d 1986-91.

H e h a s b ee n sh in in g o n th e In d ia n P a rlia m en ta ry f irm a m e n t fo r the la s t n e a r ly fo u r d e c a d e s w ith all th e g lo ry a n d u n iv e rsa l acc la im fo r h is sp e ec h es in th e P a r lia m e n t o f Ind ia . W h e th e r in th e Lok S ab h a o r in th e I ^ jy a S abha h e h a s k e p t h is a u d ie n c e in c lu d in g h is m o s t v iru le n t critics a n d ev e n th e n o n -H in d i k n o w in g m e m b e rs sp e llb o u n d b y h is fo rcefu l a n d in sp ir in g sp e ec h es d e liv e re d in c risp p a w k y p ro se , w ith d e a d ly sq u e lc h e s , h ila r io u s o n e - lin e rs , s p a rk lin g w ittic is m a n d r e a s o n e d a r g u m e n ts o n n a t io n a l a n d in te rn a tio n a l issu es. H is a p p ro a c h is co n s tru c tiv e a n d p e rsu a s iv e a lw a y s e m p h a s iz in g w h a t is in th e b e s t n a t io n a l in te re s t . H is c o m p e ll in g in te r v e n t io n s h a v e in f lu e n c e d g o v e rn m e n t d ec is io n s o n severa l occasions. H is th o u g h ts w o rk a s a lin k b e tw e e n th e p a s t, th e p re se n t a n d th e fu tu re .

H e b ec am e L ea d e r o f th e O p p o s itio n in L ok S ab h a in 1993. H e h a s se rv e d o n sev era l p a r lia m e n ta ry co m m ittee s as C h a irm a n o r m e m b e r w i th d is t in c t io n , a n d h a s a ls o b e e n m e m b e r o f s e v e ra l I n d ia n P a r lia m e n ta ry D eleg atio n s g o in g ab ro a d . In 1994, h e led th e In d ia n D eleg atio n to th e U .N . C onference o n H u m a n R ights. H e w a s co n fe rred T a d m a V ib h u sh a n ' b y th e P re s id e n t a n d h o n o u re d b y th e P rim e M in is te r a s 'T h e Best P a r lia m e n ta r ia n A w a rd ' o f 1994. H e is a p o e t a n d a sc h o la r a n d h a s sev era l p u b lic a tio n s to h is cred it. H is la tes t b o o k is 'F o u r D ecad es in P a rlia m en t'.

13 Days 13 Parties 287

T h e 'C o n fid en c e M o tio n ' m o v e d o n M ay 2 7 ,1 9 9 6 b y A ta l B ihari V ajpayee a s th e P rim e M in is te r g e n e ra te d tw o d a y s o f a c rim o n io u s d e b a te in th e Lok S ab h a w h ic h w a s te lev ised live. E ven befo re it w a s v o te d , th e P rim e M in is te r a n n o u n c e d th a t h e w a s su b m ittin g th e re s ig n a tio n o f h is g o v e m m e n t. T h e re so lu tio n h a v in g b eco m e in fru c tu o u s , th e Lok S abha w a s a d jo u rn e d sine -d ie

In th e n e x t ro u n d , N a ra s im h a R ao c o n v e y ed h is u n w illin g n e ss to fo rm th e g o v e m m e n t. T h e P re s id e n t 's in v ita tio n w a s th en ex ten d e d to H .D . D eve G o w d a , le a d e r o f th e U n ite d F ron t. A tw e n ty -o n e m e m b e r C o u n c il o f M in is te rs w a s


sw o rn in o n Ju n e 1 ,1 9 9 6 a n d ex p a n d e d o n Ju n e 2 8 ,1 9 9 6 a n d fo r th e firs t tim e C P I ta s te d th e p o w e r a t C en tre .

U N IT E D F R O N T C A B IN E T : 28.6.1996

H.D. Deve Gowda Prime Minister

CABINET MINISTERSBalwant Singh Ramoowalia WelfareBirendra Prasad Baishya Steel and MinesC.M. Ibrahim Civil Aviation with additional charge of Information

& BroadcastingChaturanan Mishra Agriculture, excluding Department of Animal

Husbandry and DairyingDevendra Prasad Yadav Food, Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs and Pubhc

DistributionI.K. Gujral External AffairsIndrajit Gupta Home AffairsJaneshwar Mishra Water ResourcesM. Arunachalam LabourMulayam Singh Yadav DefenceMurasoli Maran IndustryP. Chidambaram Finance and Department of Company AffairsRam Vilas Paswan RailwaysS.R. Bommai Human Resource DevelopmentSrikanta Kumar Jena Parliamentary Affairs and Department of TourismT.G. Venkatraman Surface TransportYarran Naidu Rural Areas and Employment

MINISTERS OF STATE (INDEPENDENT CHARGE)Beni Parsad Verma CommunicationsBolla Buh Ramaiah CommerceDilip Kumar Ray Animal Husbandry and DairyingCapt. Jai Narayan Prasad Nishad Environment and ForestsKanti Singh CoalR.L. Jalappa TextilesRamakant D. Khalap Law, Justice and Company Affairs, excluding

Depjirtment of Company AffairsSaleem Iqbal Shervani Health and Family WelfareShees Ram Ola Chemicals and FertilisersYogendra K. Alagh Pleinning and Programme Implementation with

additional charge of Science & Teclinology

MINISTERS OF STATES.R. Balasubramanian Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions; and

Parliamentary AffairsChandradeo Prasad Verma Rural Areas and EmploymentR. Dhanushkodi Aduthan Human Resource Development (Department of

Youth Affairs and Sports)Md. Taslimuddin Home AffairsMuhi Ram Saikia Human Resource Development (Department of

Education)Dr. S. Venugopalachari : Power and Non-Conventional Energy SourcesDr. U. Venkateswarlu Urban Affairs and Employment; and Parliamentary

Affairs

H .D . D eve G o w d a — H ard an ah a lli D o d d e G o w d a D eve G o w d a (K arnataka) th e s ix th N o n -C o n g re ss P rim e M in is te r o f In d ia a n d th e firs t o n e to h e a d a co a litio n G o v e rn m e n t su p p o r te d b y 13 p arties . A la n d m a rk in th e h is to ry of P a r lia m e n ta ry d e m o c ra c y in In d ia th a t w ith 44 m e m b ers o f h is o w n p a r ty (JD), in a H o u se o f 543, H .D . D eve G o w d a b ecam e th e P rim e M in is te r o n Ju n e 1, 1996, in d e e d a ra re a c h ie v e m e n t b y G o w d a C h ie f M in is te r o f K a rn a ta k a (D ecem b er 1994 to M a y 1996), is th e a rch itec t o f th e JD v ic to ries in 1994 K arn a tak a A ssem b ly elections, P an ch a y a t a n d Z illa P a rish ad e lec tions a n d lastly L ok S ab h a E lections in 1996. H e h a s b een M e m b er o f th e 10th L ok S ab h a fro m H u ssa n P a r lia m e n ta ry C o n s titu e n cy in K am a ta k a th e o n ly se a t w o n b y JP in 1991. P re s id e n t K a m a ta k a Jan a ta P a r ty 1978-81, V ice P re s id e n t Jan a ta P a rty , in 1991. M e m b er o f K am a ta k a A ssem b ly fro m 1962 o n w a rd s excep t fo r a b rie f p e r io d in 1989 a n d L ea d e r o f th e O p p o s itio n in K am a ta k a f ro m 1972 to 1977.

H e w o n th e F irst A ssem bly seat in 1962 as a n In d e p e n d o it fro m H o len a rsip u r th e 'Karmabhoomi' o f h is e lec to ra l po litics fo r th e n ex t q u a r te r. In th e 1969 C o n g ress s p l i t , h e jo in ed th e C o n g ress O , h e a d e d b y N ija lin g a p p a w h ic h w a s in p o w e r in K am a ta k a . H e is D ip lom a h o ld e r in C ivil E ng ineering .

C o m m o n M in im iu n P ro g ram m eT h e U n ite d F ro n t G o v e rn m e n t cam e o u t w ith its C o m m o n M iru m u m

P ro g ra m m e o n Ju n e 5, 1996. T he fo llow ing a re th e h igh ligh ts.• T h e U n ited F ro n t G o v e rn m e n t p la n s to re fer th e R am Janam bhoom i-B abri

M asjid d is p u te to th e S u p re m e C o u r t fo r fresh a rb itra tio n u n d e r A rtic le 138 (2) o f th e C o n s titu tio n w h ic h w ill m a k e it b in d in g o n th e g o v e rn m e n t to ac ce p t th e c o u r t 's op in ion .

• L ay in g s tre s s o n " s tab ility a n d fed e ra lism ," th e d o c u m e n t p ro m ise s to im p le m e n t S ark aria C om m issionf rec o m m en d a tio n s th ro u g h leg isla tions a n d a d m in is tra tiv e actions. It w ill a lso se t u p a h igh-level co m m ittee sh o rtly o n d e v o lu tio n o f financia l p o w ers .

• U F su p p o r ts re se rv a tio n s for v a r io u s u n d e r-p re v ile g ed sections o f th e p u b lic in c lu d in g w o m e n , SCs, STs a n d O BCs. It h a s p ro m ise d spec ia l p ro g ra m m e s fo r a r tisa n s , c ra ftsp e rso n s , tra d e sp e rso n s , w e a v e rs a n d f ish e rm e n a n d o w n e rsh ip r ig h ts to s lu m a n d fo rest dw elle rs.

• U F w ill in tro d u c e in th e B u d g e t session a L okpal Bill co v e rin g the P rim e M in is te r 's O ffice a n d all M Ps.

• O n Ja m m u a n d K ashm ir, th e d o c u m e n t says th e s ta te w ill co n tin u e to en joy specia l s ta tu s u n d e r A rticle 370, a n d th e issue o f a u to n o m y w ill b e reso lv ed " th ro u g h c o n su ltin g th e w ish e s o f th e p eo p le ."

• O n th e v e x e d issu e o f in flu x o f " fo re ig n e rs" in A ssam , th e U F sa y s it w ill b e a d d re s se d u n d e r th e A ssa m A ccord . A po litica l d ia lo g u e is p ro m ise d to reso lv e issues re la tin g to in su rg en c y in the state.

• O n fo re ign re la tio n s, th e U F p ro m ise s to ab id e b y n o n -a lig n m en t, establi.sh frie n d ly re la tio n s w ith n e ig h b o u rs , ta k e " fu r th e r s te p s" to im p ro v e re la tio n s w ith C h in a , co n tin u e S ou th - S o u th d ia lo g u e a n d s tre n g th e n econom ic a n d com m erc ia l rela tions.

• T h e n u c lea r o p tio n is p ro p o sed to b e re ta ined till th e w o rld ach ieves u n iversa l n u c lea r d isa rm am e n t.

13 Days to 13 Parties 289

• O th e r p ro g ra m m e s in c lu d e re v ie w o f P ra sa r B iiarati A ct fo r g ra n tin g a u to n o m y to th e official electron ic m ed ia , a co n sis ten t e n v iro n m e n t policy , specific m e a su re s to h a rn e ss th e en e rg ies o f th e y o u n g m illions b y sp e n d in g six p e r cen t o f th e n a tio n 's g ro ss d om estic p ro d u c t - jud ic ia l refo rm s, a b o lit im o f d isc re tio n a ry q u o ta s en joyed b y m in iste rs , tra n sp a re n c y in a ll ag re em e n ts a n d e lec to ra l refo rm s.

• T h e F ro n t p le d g e d to b rin g d o w n th e g o v e rn m e n t's fiscal defic it to fo u r p e r ce n t o f G D P a n d ta lk ed o f ta rg e tin g su b sid ies o n ly a t th e p o o r. It sa id th e g o v e rn m e n t w ill em b a rk o n a p a th o f h ig h econom ic g ro w th o f sev en p e r c e n t a y e a r fo r th e n e x t 10 y ea rs a n d m ix it w ith social justice.

• F ro n t w ill se t u p a co m m issio n to o v ersee d is in v e s tm e n t a n d th e p ro ce ed s w ill b e u tilised in e d u c a tio n a n d hea lth . T h e g o v e rn m e n t w ill "carefu lly e x a m in e " w ith d ra w in g fro m th ese areas , sub ject to w o rk e r 's job se cu rity o r th e ir red e p lo y m en t.

• O n sick o r p o te n tia lly sick PSU s, it p ro p o se d a m e n u o f po licy o p tio n s in c lu d in g h a n d in g o v e r m a n a g e m e n t to p ro fe ssio n a l g ro u p s o r w o rk e rs coo p era tiv es .

• In a specific p le d g e to w a rd s g loba lis ing th e ec o n o m y th e F ro n t sa id : "T he p ro g re ss to w a rd s th e goal o f b rin g in g In d ia 's tariffs in acco rd w ith w o rld levels w ill b e m e asu red a n d ca lib ra ted ." T he d o c u m e n t sa id , a n in d e p e n d e n t ta riff co m m iss io n w ill be se t u p w ith in th ree m o n th s fo r th e p u rp o se .

• T h e F ro n t d ec la re d th a t in te rn a tio n a l trea ty o b liga tions w ill b e h o n o u re d . W ith o u t n a m in g th e W o rld B ank, th e In tem a tio n a l M o n e ta ry F u n d o r th e W o rld T ra d e O rg a n isa tio n (W TO ),it sa id th e se o rg an isa tio n s w ill p la y a n im p o r ta n t ro le in a n in c reasin g ly in te rd e p e n d e n t w o rld a n d tlie g o v e rn m e n t w ill a s se rt In d ia 's r ig h ts in these o rg an isa tio n s .

• In d ia w ill co n tin u e to b e a m e m b e r o f W T O a n d tlie o b lig a tio n s u n d e r th e W T O a g re em e n t, su c h as th o se fo r a m e n d in g th e In d ia n P a te n t A ct, w ill be m e t w h ile sa fe g u a rd in g th e in te res t o f th e c o u n try 's ag ric u ltu re , le ad in g in d u s tr ia l secto rs a n d gen e tic resources.

• T h e F o re ig n In v e s tm e n t P ro m o tio n B oard (FIPB) w ill b e re v a m p e d to m a k e it a n "effective a n d cred ib le in s tru m en t" to p ro m o te investm en t. "T ran sp a ren t ru le s a n d reg u la tio n s w ill be d ra w n u p to a ttra c t fo re ign in v e s tm e n t a n d fo r a w a rd o f co n trac ts ." T h e dec is io n p rocess in a w a rd in g su c h c o n tra c ts w ill b e m a d e public .

S tim m in g U pT h e reach o f In d ia n P ress, a n u rb a n w e a p o n fo r m o u ld in g p u b lic o p in io n

is h a rd ly o n e th ird w h e n m o re th a n tw o th ird o f th e p o p u la tio n lives in v illag es b u t co m m u n ica tio n b e tw een ru ra l a n d u rb a n areas h as tre m e n d o u s ly m ulH plied w h ic h h a s b een felt in th is b iggest election a n y c o u n try h a d seen.

T h e p re se n t p o litica l scenario is th e o u tco m e o f au tlio rita tiv e ad m in is tra tio n (N e h ru -G an d lii era) in th e p ast. A fter Rajiv G an d h i, n e w forces like b a c k w ard castes a n d c lasses h a v e em erg ed , a n d n e w p o w e r e q u a tio n s h a v e com e in to existence. T h e loss o f in stitu tio n s a n d em ergence of in d iv id u a l cen tred lead e rsh ip h a s ca u se d le ad e rsh ip conflicts in m o st o f tl"ve politica l parties. In d ia is p ass in g th ro u g h a tra n s ito ry p h a se o f political instability .


T h e 13 p a r ty co a litio n G o v e rn m e n t h a s to le an o n th e w h im s a n d fancies o f th e g ro u p s w ith in a n d th e C o n g ress p a rty . A n d to g o v e rn tlie c o u n try fo r fiv e y ea rs , th e y w ill h a v e to m a k e lo ts o f c o m p ro m ise s a n d m a n a g e ideo log ical d ish a rm o n y . T h is ca n b e p o ssib le if o u r all th e 'so -c a lled ' le a d e rs h a v e th e ob jective o f se rv ice to p eo p le . A n d th e y k eep the n a tio n p o litica lly stab le , soc ia lly h a rm o n io u s a n d eco n o m ically v ib ran t. T he d a y d o e s n o t se em to be v e ry fa r w h e n th e re w ill b e o n ly tw o po litica l p a r tie s (BJP a n d N on-B JP) in Ind ia .

13 Days to 13 Parties 291

IndexAbdullah, Dr. Farooq 142, 280 A dult franchise 1,10, 27 Advani, L.K. 277, 279 AGP 124-26AIDMK 70,169, 270, 280, 281 Akali Dal (Badal) 49 Akali Dal, Shlromani (SAD) 48, 282 Alliar\ces of parties 68-72 All India Indira Congress 280 All Party Kashmir Hurriyat Confer

ence 144 Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Caste-wise electorate percentage 204

Election data 178 Party profile 242

Andhra Pradesh 60,120-23Caste-wise percentage of elector

ate in L.S. Constituencies 204-6 Election data 120-123 Party profile o f L.S. Constituencies

242-243 Animal Husbandry Scam 280 Antony, A.K. 148, 269 Arjun Singh 280 Arunachalam, M. 282 Arunachal Pradesh


Election data 124-26 Party profile 242

Azad, Chulam Nabi 267

Babri Masjid 49, 172Backward classes 68Bahujan Samaj Party 29, 37, 281Ballot boxes 86Bansi Lai 48,138, 284Barman, B. 283Basu, Jyoti 176

Bhagat, H.K.L. 282 Bhartiya Jana Sangh 34 Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP) 29, 44, 49,

84,92-93135-36,150,167,173,174, 268, 271, 273, 274, 275, 291 Alliances of 71, 72, 153 Election Manifesto 44 First Goverrunent at Centre 286 Gujarat crisis 62, 136 Performance in 1996 Election 104,

112,117S u p p lem en tary M an ifesto for

Delhi 131 U.S. Media concerned on rise of

276Bhartiya Lok Dal 29 Bibhu Kumari Devi 174 Bihar

Caste-wise electorate percentage in L.S. Constituencies 208-10

Election data 127-29 Party profile for L.S. Constituen

cies 245-46 Bofors deal 19, 36,172 Bommai, S.R. 145, 277 Booth capturing 33 Boro Babu, H. 155 Brar, Harcharan Singh 49 Buta Singh 278, 279

Cabinet, expansion of 60-61 Candidates number of 28, 29

Fielded 32Largest num ber in one con sti

tuency 83 W omen 32-33

Caste, role in electoral politics 198 Casteist politics 173 CBl 277, 2§1 Census data, 1991 199


Centre for Study of Developing Societies 94

Cham ling 168 ChandigarhCaste-wise electronic percentage 211

Party profile 247 Chand Ram 282Chandra Shekhar 20, 23-24, 37, 282 Chandraswami 281 Charan Singh 23, 35, 36 Chara-e-Sharief, destruction of 143 Chavan, S.B. 278 Chidambaram, P. 169, 282 Chief Election Comm issioner 59

Election Commissioners and 59 Chronology of main events 277-85 Coalitions, India's experience of 268,

275Code for T.V. Coverage 67 Comm unalism 35Comm unist Party of India 34,36,105,

114,117,176, 285 Confidence vote, discussion on 284,

285, 287Congress 14, 22, 27-28, 29, 145, 150,

153, 157, 158, 160, 167, 170, 176, 177, 268, 271, 272, 273, 274, 280, 281, 282, 291 Alliances of 70, 72 Election M anifesto 45 Fighting 1996 elections 92 Kerala factions 149 Performance in 1996 elections 103,

111,117 Uncontested returns 31

Congress (Tiwari) 45, 167, 280 ConstituenciesC aste/religion-w ise distribution 198-

99Caste-wise electorate percentage 204-

40Double member 12 Party profile of L.S. 241-65 Prime Miruster's 241 Rationale for demarcation of 83 Reserved 11

Contestants to Lok Sabha 5,16,17,18, 28

Corruption 19 Corrupt practices 9

CPM 30, 36, 46, 49 ,105 ,114 ,117 ,176 , 266, 285

Criminal-politician nexus 59

Dadra and Nagar Haveli 178Caste-wise electorate percentage

2 1 1Party profile o f L.S. Constituency

247Dalit Christians 280 Daman and Diu 178

Caste-wise electorate percentage 2 1 1

Party profile of L.S. Constituency247

Debbarma, Harinath 175 Defeats, stabbing incident after 86 Defections

Haryana 138 Pre-poll 72

DelhiCaste-wise electoral percentage 211 Election data 129-33 Party profile o f L.S. constituencies

24Delhi High Court 278 Democratic institutions 272 Democratic system, achievem ents of

24Deposits, forfeiture of 31 Desai, Morarji 22,35, 36 Dhakna, B.D. 278 Dhawan, Har Mohan 278 Dhawan, R.K. 278 Dhillon, G.S. 22DMK 169, 280 Donations by business

houses 280 Doordarshan, Delhi Exit Poll 74

Economic liberation 269 Economic reforms 272 Election Com m ission 1 ,8 , 24, 279

Code for T.V. Coverage 67 Conduct of elections and 8-11, 81 Counting of votes 284

Election expenses 66 ]. & K. elections 143 Lessons for 81 -82 Requisitioning services of govern

ment servants 10

Index 295

Election Com m issioners 59 Election expenses, perm issible 12-13,

65Elections 8

Constituency-wise 1991 & 1996 L.S. results 180-197

Eleventh 1996 General, 44, 75, 82, 83 General 14Highlights o f first ten general 27-

33Kith and kin in 87 M anifestos 44-51Press reactions and responses on

results of 266-74 Tit-bits 83Uncontested returns 31

Election schedule 76 Electoral offences 9-10 Electoral politics, role o f religion and

caste 198 Electorate 3, 27

C aste/relig ion -w ise distribution 198

Caste-wise percentage in constituencies 204-40

Eleventh General Elections 1996 Alliances 93-94 A nalysis 92-94 Assem blies 120 Conduct of 81 Contestants 75-76 Election schedule 76 Electorate 75-76 Exit poll 94-95 Film star in 87 H eavy-weights 100 Hindi-speaking states, party p osi

tion in 118 Landmarks 96 Nomirwtions 78 Oldest and youngest 97 Party position 107-8 Players in 87Political parties, performance of

102-119 Polling 78, 79, 80 Prominent loosers, 99-100 Prominent w inners 97-99 Rao Ministers in 101 Regional parties in 102

Region-wise sw ings 107,116-19 Repolling 79, 80 Results at a glance 89-92 Security measures 79 Stability factor in 92 State-wise election data fact sheets

120-78 Tit-bits 83-101 Votes polled 94 Voting pattern 102

Exit poll 94-95

Fernandes, George 280 Fodder scam 280Foreign media on Indian elections 274-

76Forfeiture o f deposits 31-32 Forward Bloc 30

Gandhi, Indira 17-19, 23, 35, 36, 92 Gandhi, Menka 281 Oandhi, Rajiv 19, 20, 23, 36, 272, 290 Garibi Hatao 92 General Elections

First 14-15 Second 15 Third 15-16 Fourth 16-17 Fifth 17 Sixth 18 Seventh 18-19 Eighth 19 Ninth 19-20 Tenth 20Eleventh 44, 75-83

GoaCaste-wise electorate percentage

2 1 1

Election data fact sheet 133-34 Party profile o f L.S. Constituency

247Gowda, H.D. Deve 145,146,284, 285,

287-89 Gujarat

Caste-wise electora te percentage in L.S. Constituencies 212-13

Crisis in 62Election data fact sheet 134-37 Party profile of L.S. Constituencies

248

2% Elections in India: 1952-96

HaryanaCaste-wise electorate percentage in

L.S. Constituencies 214 Election data fact sheet 137-39 Party profile of L.S. Constituencies

Haryana Vikas Party 48,138 Hawala scam 1, 49, 63-65, 277, 279,

281Hegde, K.S. 23Hegde, Ram Krishan 145, 146 Himachal Pradesh

Caste-wise electorate percentage in L.S. Constituencies 215

Election data 139 Party position in State Assembly

139Party profile of L.S. Constituencies

249Party-wise position in Lok Sabhas

139Votes polled percentage

Hindi-speaking states, party position in 118

Hinduism 62 Hindu militancy 276 Hindutva

RSS campaign for 68 Supreme Court on 62, 280

Housing scam 283 Hume, A.O. 34

Ibrahim, Dawood 278 Illiteracy 14 Independents 28

State-wise performance of 115,118 Indian National Congress 14, 34, 92 Indian Press 290 Indian voter 270 Institutions loss of 290 Intelligence Bureau 59

Jain diary 150 Jakhar, Bal Ram 277 Jammu & Kashmir


Election data fact sheet 140-44 Elections in 81, 284 Party profile of L.S. Constitutencies

249

Party-wise members in Lok Sabha1 4 0

Votes polled percentage 140 Janta Dal 23,36,46,49,49,71,106,113,

117, 136, 145, 153, 160, 161, 172, 281,282, 289

Janta Party 18, 29,34, 35,36, 106,145, 172

Jayakrishna, N. 280 Jayalalitha 270Jharkhand Mukti Morcha 29,278,279 Joshi, Kailash 278, 279 Judiciary 24

Kabir, Humayun 176 Kalpanath Rai 278, 280, 281 Kalyan Singh 172, 283 Kamal Nath 278, 279, 282 Kanshi Ram 278 Karnataka


Election data fact sheet 144-46 Party profile in L.S. Constituencies

250-51Karnataka Congress Party 281 Karunakaran, K. 148, 267, 269 Karunanidhi, M. 169 Kashmiri migrants 283 Kaul, Shiela 283 Kerala


Election data fact sheet 146-49 Party profile in L.S. Constituencies

251Turning Left 269

Kerala Congress 148 Khaimar, G.R. 153 Khurana, M.L. 278 Kith and kin in elections 87-88 Koya, K.K. Mohammed 178 Krishak Mazdoor Praja Party 35 Krishnamurthy, G.V.G. 81

LakshadweepCaste-wise electorate percentage

219Party-profile in L.S. Constituency

252

Index 297

Lakshmi Parvati 278, 280 Laldenga 157 Lalthanhawla 157Left Democratic Front (LDF-Kerala)

147Left Front (W.B.) 176,177 Lok Dal 29, 36 Lok Sabha

Compositinn 3, 5 Constituency-wise election results

(1991 and 1996) 180, 97 Extension of Duration Act 22 Members, educational background

7M em bers, occupational back

ground 5-6 Party position 14-20 Pa rty profile of Constituencies 241 -

65Speakers of 25State-wise distribution of seats 4 State-wise -party position 107-8,

109-110 Tenures of 22, 25

Madhya PradeshCaste-wise electorate percentage in

L.S. Constitutencies 219-21 Election data fact sheet 149-50 Party profile of L.S. Constituencies

252-53Madhya Pradesh Vikas Congress 150,

282 Maharashtra

BJP-Shiv Sena alliance 153 Caste-wise elecorate percentage in

L.S. Constituencies 222-24 Election data fact sheet 151-54 Party profile of L.S. Constituencies

253Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party

134Mahato, Shailendra 278, 280 Mandal, Dhanik Lai 280 Mandal, Suraj 278, 279 Manifestos, election 44-51

Analysis of 49 Highlights 44-48 Import and issues in 50-51

ManipurCaste-wise electorate percentage in

L.S. Constituencies 225 Election data fact sheet 154-56 Merger agreement 155 Party profile of L.S. Constituencies

255Manipur Peoples Party 156 Manmohan Singh, Dr. 268 MARG opinion poll projections 73-74 Masani, M.R. 35 Mayawati 61Meghalaya, party profile of L.S. Con

stituencies 253 Members

Educational background 7 Occupational background 5-6

Militants, encounter with 281 Mizo Accord 157 Mizo National Front (MNF) 157 Mizoram


Election data fact sheet 156-57 Statehood for 157

Model Code of Conduct 82 Mookherji, Shyama Prasad 34 Moopanar, G.K. 72,169, 266, 281 Munshi, K.M. 35 Murlidharan 269 Muslim League 148 Muslim Voters 76

NagalandCaste-wise electorate percentage

225Election data fact sheet 157-58 Party profile of L.S. Constituencies

255Naidu, Chandra Babu 60, 267 Narayan, Jayaprakash 35 National Conference 142, 280 National Democratic Party 148 National Front-Left Front combine

271, 274, 277, 284 Natwar Singh 278, 281 Negative verdict 271 Nehru-Gandhi Family 272 Netam, Arvind 278, 279 Non-Congress Combinations 36 Non-Congress governments 23, 37 Nuclear Weapons 274


OBC candidates 150,168 Ordinances, return of , by President 66 Orissa

Caste-wise electorate percentage in I,.S. Constituencies 226

Election data fact sheet 158-61 Party profile of L.S. Constituencies

256

Pandiers Party 282 Parliament 1,10,279 Patel, J.H. 284 Patel, Keshubhai 134, 272 Patil, Shiv Raj 280 Party position

Comparative data 90-92 Hindi-speaking states 118 Lok Sabha 14-2Q, 21, 89, 90, 107,

109Rajasthan Assembly 166 Region-wise 116-19 State Assemblies 54 Ten elections 26 UP Assembly 58,171

Patnaik, Biju 160-279 Patnaik, J.B. 160 Pawar, Sharad 154 Phoolan Devi 275, 281 Pilot, Rajesh 277 Polarisation 35 PMO 86, 283 Political parties

Alliances of 68-72 Food temptations by 84 Hindi-speaking states 118 Indian 34 List of 37-43 Multiplicity of 28, 30 Natiorwl 37, 58 Regional 37-38,119 Registered 38-43, 68

Politician-criminal nexus 59 Politicians, loss of weight of 266 Polling stations witi^out voters 86 Pondicherry


Party profile of L.S. Constituency 257 Population

Caste/Sub-caste-wise in percentage 203

State-wise of main religions 200-1 Praja Socialist Party 35,147 President 7, 22

Address to Parliament 284 President's rule in states 53, 54

Uttar Pradesh 61-62 Prime Minister, rating for persons

capable to become 74 Private senas, banning of 284 Proportional representation 30 Punjab

Akali Government 164 Caste-wise electorate percentage in

L.S. Constituencies 227 Chief Ministers 163 Election data fact sheet 161-65 Electotrate 163 Party position 162 Party profile of L.S. Constituencies

257President's rule 164 Voter's turn out 163, 165 Votes polled 162

Rajagopalachari, C 35 Rajasthan


Congress & BJP performance 166 Election data fact sheet 165-67 Members in Lok Sabha 165 Party position in Assembly 166 Party profile of L.S. Constituencies

257-58 Vote percentage 167 Votes polled 166

Rajya Sabha 7 Ranbir Singh, R.K. 156 Ranga, N.G. 35 Ranjit Singh 278 Rao N.T. Rama 60 Rao, Prabhakar 282 Rao, P.V. Narasimha 60, 65, 70, 161,

267,271,272-73,275,277,279,280, 281, 282, 284, 287

Rashtriya Swayam Sewak Sangh (RSS) 34,68

Reddy, N. Sanjiva 22 Reddy, S. Jaipal 49 Regions, party position in various 116-

19

Index 299

Raishang Keishing 155,156 Religions

Percentage of main 199, 202 Role in electoral politics 198 Sta te-wise population of ma in200-

1

Use of, to seek votes 280 Religious communities 199 Representation of the People Act 33,

66Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP)

35Rising Sun Party (Sikkim) 168 Roy, Siddhartha Shanker 177

Sahi, L.P. 278, 279 SJP 72, 282 Salve, N.K.P. 278Samajwadi Party (SP) 47,71,173,282,

283Samata Party 47, 71, 280 SamyuKta Socialist Party (SSP) 35 Satta Market, States in 85 SayeeQ, P.M. 178 Scans, shadow of 92 Scheduled castes and Scheduled

Tribes 3,11Reserved Constituencies for 11 Voters 29

Scindia, Madhav Rao 150, 277, 282 Sen, A.K. 278, 279 Seshan, T.N. 59, 82,274, 284 Sharief, C.K. Jaffer 278 Shekhav^at, Bhairon Singh 167 Shankaranand, B. 270 Shiv Sena 62,153 Shukla, V.C. 277 Sikkim


Election data fact sheet 168 Party profile of L.S. Constituencies

258Sikkim Democratic Front 168 Sikkim Sangram Parishad 168 Sikkim United Liberation Front 168 Singh, Brij Bhushan Saran 278 S in ^ , V.P. 20, 23, 37,172, 272, 280 Socialisim 35 Socialist movement 35

Socialist Union Centre 177 Speakers of Lok Sabha 25 St. Kitts 281Stability factor 92, 269, 272 State Assemblies 52-27

Elections in 52-54, 120-78 Party position 54-57

State Legislations 11 State-wise Assembly electorate data

120-78States, parties ruling in 57 Supreme Court 62, 65, 156, 274, 277,

280, 282 Surjit, Harkishan Singh 49, 277 Swadeshi Jagran Manch 273 Swatantra Party 35

Tamil Maanila Congress 170, 282 Tamil Nadu

Caste-wise electora te percentage in L.S. Constituencies 230-32

Election data fact sheet 169 Moopanar factor 266 Party profile of Lok Sabha Constit

uencies 259-60 Routof AL^DMK 270

Telugu Desam, split in 60, 280 Thackray, Bal 62 Third Front 93, 266 Thungon, P.K. 283 Tinies Poll projections 73 Tiwari, N.D. 35, 278 Tripura

Caste-wise electora te percentage in L.S. Constituencies 232

Election data fact sheet 174 Party profile of L.S. Constituencies

260Party-wise Members in Lok Sabha

174Tripura Hill Peoples' Party 175 Tripura National Volunteers 175 Tripura Tribal National Conference

175Tripura Upjati Juba Samiti 175

Uncontested returns 31 Union Cabinet

Reshuffle 60-61 United Front 288


Union TerritoriesElection data fact sheet 178 Party-wise position in L.S. elec

tions 178United Democratic Front (Kerala) 147,

269 United Front

Cabinet 288Common Minimum Programme

289United Left Front (Manipur) 156 Universal franchise 27 U.S. Media on Indian elections 274-75 Uttar Pradesh

Assembly polls 173 Caste-wise electorate percentage in

L.S. Constituencies 232-37 Dissolution of Assembly 173 Election data fact sheet 171-74 Party position in Assembly 171 Party profile of L.S. Constituencies

260-63Party-wise members in 11th L.S.

171President's rule 61-62

Vajpayee, A tal Bihari 89,273,277,279, 280, 284, 286, 287

Verdict, negative 271Press reactions on 1996 elections

2 ^ - 7 4

Violence, language of 272 Vishwa Hindu Parishad 273 Vohra, N.N. 59 Vote banks concept 198

Vote of Confidence, discussion on 284, 285, 287

VotersChoice for 28 Female 86 Muslim 76Number of 2-3, 27, 75-76 Old and sick 85 Party preferences, exit poll 95 Turn out of 14, 27

Votes polled 27 Voting pattern 30,102-119

Waghela, Shanker Singh 272 West Bengal


Election data fact sheet 175 Party position in Assembly elec

tions 176 Party profile of L.S. Constituencies

264-65Party-wise members in Lok Sabha

175Vote percentage 176

WomenCandidates' victory 33 Members in ten Lok Sabhas 32 Reservation for 32-33 Voters 86

Yadav, Chandra Jit 278 Yadav, Laloo Prasad 267, 277, 278 Yadav, Mulayam Singh 61,172 Yadav, Ram Naresh 172 Yadav, Sharad 277, 278

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