OXFORD HANDBOOK OF

THEARCHAEOLOGY

OF RITUALAND RELIGION

Edired by

TIMOTHY INSOLL

oxroRDT-INIYERSITY PRESS

OX-FORDLTNIVERSITY PRESS

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British Library Cataloguing iu Publication Data

Data available

Libran' of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Libraq, of Congress Control Number: uoro94o3z9

Typeset b,y SPI Publisher Senices, Pondicherry, lndiaPrinted in Great Britainon acid free paper by

CPI Antony Rorve, Chippenham, Wiltshire

lSBN 978-o-i9-923244-4

135791o8642

CoNrBNrs

List of FiguresList of Tables

List of Contributors

Introduction: Ritual and Religion in Archaeoiogical Perspecti".e

TirvrotHv INsotr

PART I: ELEMENTS AND EXPRESSION

r Monumentality

Currs ScaRnr

z Landscape

RaNor Haalauo aNo GuNN.tn HealeNo

3 Water

TEnIE Onsrrca.+no

4 Fire

ANosr.s Kelrrp

5 M)'th and Folklore

Atrtr Caztl S,-Hrr lr t z

6 Cosmogorry

Tr,RIr Opsrrca,q.no

7 DeathTrrloruv TevroR

8 Taboo

Nrcr<v MrlNEn

9 The Many Dimensions of Ritual

MaRc VoRHoEvrN

xxll1

24

38

5t

63

76

B9

105

115

VI CONTENTS

10 Personhood and the Body

Crinrs Fowr-s,n

rr Sacrffice

TruorHv INsorr

u Ideology

RaNoalr McGuInE aNp RrINueno BeRxsecr

r3 Feasting and Fasting

Micuapl DtEtr.En

14 Gender and Religion in Archaeology

Sanau Mrru,ocr, Ner-sox

r5 Archaeologies of the Senses

YaNNrs Haulmrrs

16 Syncretism and Religious Fusion

Truorsv Cracr

r7 Technology

OrrvrpR P. Gossrmnr

r8 Rites of Passage

Paur- Ganwooo

r9 The Archaeology of Contemporary Conflict

Zor CnossraNo

zo Rock Art, Religion, and RitualDevro S. WHmrEy

PART II: PREHISTORIC EUROPEANAND RELIGION

zr Religion and Ritual in the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic

P,qur PErrrrr

zz Religion and Ritual in the Upper Palaeolithic

Paur G. BauN

z3 The Mesolithic

CsaNtar Coi.iNELleR

r33

757

t66

179

195

zoB

z6r

307

243

285

RITUAL

329

344

358

n anthropology;lies, and history.:bal span-Africe'ope, altl the Ameearliest prehistorrreolithir) to modepters focus upon rn landscape to dern gender to rites olsting ald feastinlcialists, renownedttutndbook preseiclarship, and rvill s

sive introduction r

:ulus to further re

rothy Insoll is Prole Univcrsity of M

CONTENTS

24 Ritual and Religion in the Neolithic

Jur.raN Tuorraas

z5 Fire, Earth, Water: An Elemental Cosmographyof the European Bronze Age

JoANNA BRUCK

z6 The Iron Age

foov )ov

PART III: RELIGION AND RITUALIN WORLD PREHISTORY

z7 Sub-Saharan Africa

Tluorgv hvsorr

z8 The Prehistory of Religion in China

Luras Nrcxel

z9 The Archaeology of Religion and Ritual in the Prehistoric

|apanese Archipelago

SrrraoN KeNEn

3o Ritual and Religion in South-east Asia

Cnanrrs Hrcunira

3r Historicizing Cosmologies in Australia and Papua New Guinea

Bnullo Devro

Pacific and New Zealand

Peul. RcrNsrno

Walking Upside-Down and Backwards: Art and Religionin the Ancient Caribbean

Pprnn G. Ror

Recognizing Religion in Mesoamerican Archaeology: Maya

RoseiraeRv A. ]ovca

Aztecs

Mrcuesr E. Stvttrn

Inca

Krvm LaNE

t/ t

387

442

482

405

425

457

470

505

5r9

541

556

571

35

36

v11l CONTENTS

37 Moche Religion

)Errruv Qur:rrr

38 North America: Pueblos

Ksrr-rv H.rvs-GrrprN

39 North America: Eastern Woodlands

Vp,r.Noli ]alrls KNrcur

4o The Religious System of the Northwest Coast of North America

Rov L. Cenr.soN

4r R.itual and Archaeological Visibility in the Far Northeastof North America

Bnrax S. RosrNsoN

PART IV: RELIGION AND CULTOF THE OLD WORLD

4z Prehistoric Religions in the Aegean

CorrN REwrnEw

43 Ancient Greece

fulia KrNor

44 Etruscan Rituai and Religion

Totvt RtslutussEN

45 E$?tANNa SrErrENs

46 Rome: Imperial and Local Religions

RrcH,A.RD HrNci-r,v

47 Maltese Prehistoric Religion

CanoltNg MaloNr, aNo Swrors SroooeRt

Mesopotamia

Mrcn,A.Er Ssvuoun

Retrieving the Sr,rpernatural: Ritual and Religionin the Prehistoric Levant

MeRc VEnsoevru

585

623

6lg

6s6

6oo

68r

7to

775

795

696

745

758

48

CONTENTS L\

50 IranDenrr,r- Porrs

5r AnatoliaKenrxa CRoucunn

5z Old Norse and Germanic Religion

ANorns ANDREN

53 Pre-Christian Practices in the Anglo-Saxon WorldMenrm Wrrcn

54 The Archaeology of Baltic Religions

ToNNo JoNurs

PART V: ARCHAEOLOGY OF WORLD RELIGIONS

8u

826

846

863

8lz

55 The Archaeology of Ritual and Religion in Ancient Israeland the Levant, and the Origins of ]udaismAenoN A. BURrB

56 The Archaeology offudaism from the Persian Period to theSixth Century eo

|ar,ms F. SrnaNct

57 Archaeology of HinduismNaura SucaNosr aNo KetuLEnN MonnrsoN

58 Buddhism

RosrN CoNrNcriar'4

59 ChristianitySeu Tunwrn

6o Islam

ANonrw Pr,tpnssr.r

8gl

908

927

934

948

967

6t

PART VI: ARCHAEOLOGY OF INDIGENOUSAND NEW RELIGIONS

Shamanism 983

Nrrr Pruce

Animism and Totemism rco4Trlroruy Iusoll

CONTENTS

63 Neo-Shamanism: Pagan and 'Neo-Shamanic' Int€ractionswith Archaeology

|ruNv Brew

64 Druidism and Neo-Paganism

Ar-rrs Plusrowsrl

65 Ancestor Cults

Truornv Insort

66 Divine Kings

PEnnE oe MaREr

Index

to17

to32

7043

1059

to69

The }xJard. HaRitual o,nd Reor.ervierv bv perarchaeological r

methodolog-v, d

Although, as thupon archaeoloand religion, b1,

fiom orher discthern arrthropolstudies, and hisa global span-Europe, and thrthe earliest prelPalaeolithici tochapters focus rfrom lanclscape

from gender to .

to fastirrg and fespecialists, renothe Handboakyscholarship, anchdnsivc introdu,stimulus to furt.

Timothy lnsoll,at the Universitr