dynamic cluster reconfiguration for power and performance

20

Upload: independent

Post on 21-Feb-2023

0 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

������� �

������� ������� ���������������

��� ����� ��� ������������

��Ù�Ö�Ó È�Ò���ÖÓ¸ Ê� �Ö�Ó ���Ò ��Ò�¸ �ÒÖ�ÕÙ� κ ��ÖÖ�Ö�¸ �Ò� Ì�Ð�Ú�Ö

À��Ø�

��Ô�ÖØÑ�ÒØ Ó� �ÓÑÔÙØ�Ö Ë ��Ò �

ÊÙØ��Ö× ÍÒ�Ú�Ö×�ØÝ

��Ô�Ò¸Ö� �Ö�Ó�¸Ú�Ò� �Ó¸Ø�Ð�Ú�Ö� ׺ÖÙØ��Ö׺��Ù

��×ØÖ� Ø

ÁÒ Ø��× Ô�Ô�Ö Û� ���Ö�×× ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö× Ó� ÛÓÖ�×Ø�¹Ø�ÓÒ× ÓÖ È�׺ ÇÙÖ �ÔÔÖÓ� � �× ØÓ ��Ú�ÐÓÔ ×Ý×Ø�Ñ× Ø��Ø �ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÐÐÝØÙÖÒ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÒÓ��× ÓÒ ß ØÓ �� ��Ð� ØÓ ��Ò�Ð� Ø�� ÐÓ�� �ÑÔÓ×�� ÓÒ Ø��

×Ý×Ø�Ñ �Æ ��ÒØÐÝ ß �Ò� Ó« ß ØÓ ×�Ú� ÔÓÛ�Ö ÙÒ��Ö Ð���Ø�Ö ÐÓ��º Ì�� ��Ý ÓÑÔÓÒ�ÒØ Ó� ÓÙÖ ×Ý×Ø�Ñ× �× �Ò �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ Ø��Ø Ñ���× ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ö� ÓÒ¬�Ù¹Ö�Ø�ÓÒ �� �×�ÓÒ× �Ý ÓÒ×���Ö�Ò� Ø�� ØÓØ�Ð ÐÓ�� �ÑÔÓ×�� ÓÒ Ø�� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ �Ò�

Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � �ÑÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× Ó� ��Ò��Ò� Ø�� ÙÖÖ�ÒØ ÓÒ¹¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒº Ì�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �× �ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�� �Ò ØÛÓ ÓÑÑÓÒ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¹��×��×Ý×Ø�Ñ×� � Ò�ØÛÓÖ� ×�ÖÚ�Ö �Ò� �Ò ÓÔ�Ö�Ø�Ò� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö�� Ý Ð�

×�ÖÚ�Ö׺ ÇÙÖ �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ�Ð Ö�×ÙÐØ× �Ö� Ú�ÖÝ ��ÚÓÖ��Ð�¸ ×�ÓÛ�Ò� Ø��Ø ÓÙÖ×Ý×Ø�Ñ× ÓÒ×�ÖÚ� �ÓØ� ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý �Ò ÓÑÔ�Ö�×ÓÒ ØÓ ØÖ���Ø�ÓÒ�Ð×Ý×Ø�Ñ׺

Ã�ÝÛÓÖ�×� ÄÓ�� ��Ð�Ò �Ò�¸ ÐÓ�� ÓÒ �ÒØÖ�Ø�ÓÒ¸ ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�Ø�ÓÒº

ÁÒØÖÓ�Ù Ø�ÓÒ

ÈÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ ��Ú� �ÐÛ�Ý× ���Ò Ö�Ø� �Ð ÓÒ �ÖÒ× �ÓÖÐ�ÔØÓÔ �Ò� ��Ò�¹��Ð� ��Ú� �׸ �× Ø��×� ��Ú� �× ��Ò�Ö�ÐÐÝ ÖÙÒ ÓÒ ��ØØ�Ö��×�Ò� �Ö� ÒÓØ ÓÒÒ� Ø�� ØÓ Ø�� �Ð� ØÖ� �Ð ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ö��º ÇÚ�Ö Ø�� Ý��Ö׸ �Ð�Ö�� �ÑÓÙÒØ Ó� Ö�×��Ö � ��× ���Ò ��ÚÓØ�� ØÓ ÐÓÛ¹ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� ÐÓÛ¹�Ò�Ö�Ý

�Ì��× Ö�×��Ö � ��× ���Ò ×ÙÔÔÓÖØ�� �Ý ÆË� ÙÒ��Ö �Ö�ÒØ � ��ʹ����¼��º

½

¾

��×��Ò �Ò� ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�Ø�ÓÒ ´�º�º �À�Ð���Ðи ¾¼¼¼� Ï��×�Ö �Ø �к¸ ½���� Ä��� ��Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼¼� �ÓÙ�Ð�× �Ò� ÃÖ�×�Ò�Ò¸ ½���� �Ð�ÒÒ �Ò� Ë�ØÝ�Ò�Ö�Ý�Ò�Ò¸½���℄µºÁÒ ÓÒØÖ�×Ø Û�Ø� Ø��× Ð�Ò� Ó� Ö�×��Ö �¸ �Ò Ø��× Ô�Ô�Ö Û� �Ó Ù× ÓÒ ÔÓÛ�Ö

�Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö× Ó� ÛÓÖ�×Ø�Ø�ÓÒ× ÓÖ È�׸ ×Ù � �×Ø�Ó×� Ø��Ø ×ÙÔÔÓÖØ ÑÓ×Ø ÁÒØ�ÖÒ�Ø ÓÑÔ�Ò��× �Ò� � Ð�Ö�� ÒÙÑ��Ö Ó� Ö�¹×��Ö � �Ò� Ø�� ��Ò� ÓÖ��Ò�Þ�Ø�ÓÒ׺ ÇÙÖ �ÔÔÖÓ� � ØÓ ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�Ò� ÔÓÛ�Ö�Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý �× ØÓ ��Ú�ÐÓÔ ×Ý×Ø�Ñ× Ø��Ø �Ò Ð�Ú�Ö��� Ø�� Û���×ÔÖ��� Ö�ÔÐ�¹ �Ø�ÓÒ Ó� Ö�×ÓÙÖ �× �Ò ÐÙ×Ø�Ö׺ ÁÒ Ô�ÖØ� ÙÐ�Ö¸ Û� ��Ú�ÐÓÔ ×Ý×Ø�Ñ× Ø��Ø �Ò �ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÐÐÝ ØÙÖÒ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÒÓ��× ÓÒ ß ØÓ �� ��Ð� ØÓ ��Ò�Ð� Ø�� ÐÓ���ÑÔÓ×�� ÓÒ Ø�� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ �Æ ��ÒØÐÝ ß �Ò� Ó« ß ØÓ ×�Ú� ÔÓÛ�Ö ÙÒ��Ö Ð���Ø�ÖÐÓ��ºÌ��× Ö�×��Ö � �× �Ò×Ô�Ö�� �Ý ÔÖ�Ú�ÓÙ× ÛÓÖ� �Ò ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¹Û��� ÐÓ�� ��Ð�Ò ¹

�Ò� ´�º�º ���Ö�� �Ò� Ä�³���Ò¸ ½���� ��ÓÖÑÐ�Ý �Ø �к¸ ½���� Ä�ØÞ�ÓÛ �Ò�ËÓÐÓÑÓÒ¸ ½��¾� È�Ò���ÖÓ �Ò� ���Ò ��Ò�¸ ½���� ��× Ó¸ ¾¼¼¼� ��×Ø�ÚÖÓ×�Ø �к¸ ½���℄µº Ï��Ò Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò� ÐÓ�� ��Ð�Ò �Ò�¸ Ø�� �Ó�Ð �× ØÓ �Ú�ÒÐÝ×ÔÖ��� Ø�� ÛÓÖ� ÓÚ�Ö Ø�� �Ú��Ð��Ð� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ö�×ÓÙÖ �× �Ò ×Ù � � Û�Ý Ø��Ø��Ð� ÒÓ��× �Ò �� Ù×�� �Ò� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � �Ò �� ÔÖÓÑÓØ��º Ì�� �ÒÚ�Ö×�Ó� Ø�� ÐÓ�� ��Ð�Ò �Ò� ÓÔ�Ö�Ø�ÓÒ ÓÒ �ÒØÖ�Ø�× ÛÓÖ� �Ò ��Û�Ö ÒÓ��׸ ��Ð�Ò�ÓØ��Ö ÒÓ��× Ø��Ø �Ò �� ØÙÖÒ�� Ó«º Ì��× ÐÓ�� ÓÒ �ÒØÖ�Ø�ÓÒ ÓÖ ÙÒ��й�Ò �Ò� ÓÔ�Ö�Ø�ÓÒ ×�Ú�× Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑ�� �Ý Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö��¹�ÓÛÒ ÒÓ��׸�ÙØ �Ò ���Ö��� Ø�� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � Ó� Ø�� Ö�Ñ��Ò�Ò� ÒÓ��× �Ò� ÔÓØ�ÒØ��ÐÐÝ�Ò Ö��×� Ø���Ö ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒº Ì�Ù׸ ÐÓ�� ÓÒ �ÒØÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÒÚÓÐÚ�× �Ò�ÒØ�Ö�×Ø�Ò� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � Ú׺ ÔÓÛ�Ö ØÖ���Ó«ºÇÙÖ ×Ý×Ø�Ñ× �ÜÔÐÓ�Ø ÐÓ�� ÓÒ �ÒØÖ�Ø�ÓÒ ØÓ ÓÒ×�ÖÚ� ÔÓÛ�Öº Ì���Ö ��Ý

ÓÑÔÓÒ�ÒØ �× �Ò �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ Ø��Ø Ñ���× ÐÓ�� ��Ð�Ò �Ò� �Ò� ÓÒ �ÒØÖ�¹Ø�ÓÒ �� �×�ÓÒ× �Ý ÓÒ×���Ö�Ò� �ÓØ� Ø�� ØÓØ�Ð ÐÓ�� �ÑÔÓ×�� ÓÒ Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö�Ò� Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � Ó� ��«�Ö�ÒØ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ׺ ÁÒÑÓÖ� ��Ø��и Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ Ù×�× � ÓÒØÖÓйØ��ÓÖ�Ø� �ÔÔÖÓ� � ØÓ ��Ø�Ö¹Ñ�Ò� Û��Ø��Ö ÒÓ��× ×�ÓÙÐ� �� ����� ØÓ ÓÖ Ö�ÑÓÚ�� �ÖÓÑ Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¸�Ò� �� ���× �ÓÛ Ø�� �Ü�×Ø�Ò� ÐÓ�� ×�ÓÙÐ� �� Ö�¹��×ØÖ��ÙØ�� �Ò �×� Ó�� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ ��Ò��º ÌÓ �� ��Ð� ØÓ ÙÒ��Ö×Ø�Ò� Ø�� �ÑÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× Ó�ÓÙÖ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ѹ Û� �ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�� �Ø �Ò ØÛÓ ÔÓÔÙÐ�Ö ØÝÔ�× Ó� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¹��×��×Ý×Ø�Ñ×� � Ò�ØÛÓÖ� ×�ÖÚ�Ö �Ò� �Ò ÓÔ�Ö�Ø�Ò� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ ´Ç˵ �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö�� Ý Ð� ×�ÖÚ�Ö׺ Ì�� �ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�Ø�ÓÒ× Û�Ö� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�� �Ò ØÛÓ Û�Ý×� ´½µ �ØØ�� �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ Ð�Ú�Ð �ÓÖ Ø�� Ò�ØÛÓÖ� ×�ÖÚ�Ö� �Ò� ´¾µ �Ø Ø�� ÇË Ð�Ú�Ð �ÓÖØ�� Ý Ð� ×�ÖÚ�Öº ÁÒ � ÔÖ�Ú�ÓÙ× Ø� �Ò� �Ð Ö�ÔÓÖØ �È�Ò���ÖÓ �Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼½�℄¸Û� �Ð×Ó ÓÒ×���Ö�� �ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�Ø�ÓÒ× Ø��Ø Ö�ÐÝ ÓÒ �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ»ÇË �ÒØ�Ö¹� Ø�ÓÒº�Ú�Ò Ø�ÓÙ�� Û� Ø�Ö��Ø ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�Ø�ÓÒ ÔÖ�Ñ�Ö�ÐÝ̧ ÓÙÖ �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ�Ð

Ö�×ÙÐØ× ×�ÓÛ Ø��Ø ÓÙÖ ×� ÓÒ��ÖÝ �Ó�Ð Ó� ×�Ú�Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý �× � ���Ú�� �× Û�ÐкÇÙÖ Ö�×ÙÐØ× ×�ÓÛ Ø��Ø Ø�� ÑÓ��¬�� Ò�ØÛÓÖ� ×�ÖÚ�Ö �Ò Ö��Ù � Ø�� ØÓØ�Ð

�ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ê� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖ ÈÓÛ�Ö �Ò� È�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ¿

ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ �Ý �× ÑÙ � �× �½± �Ò� Ø�� �Ò�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ�Ý ��± �Ò ÓÑÔ�Ö�×ÓÒ ØÓ Ø�� ÓÖ���Ò�Ð ×�ÖÚ�Ö ÖÙÒÒ�Ò� ÓÒ � ×Ø�Ø� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒº Ì�� ÑÓ��¬�� ÇË �Ò Ö��Ù � ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ �Ý �×ÑÙ � �× ��± �ÓÖ � ×ÝÒØ��Ø� ÛÓÖ�ÐÓ��¸ Û��Ð� �ØØ�ÑÔØ�Ò� ØÓ �ÚÓ�� �ÒÝÔ�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒ¸ ����Ò �Ò ÓÑÔ�Ö�×ÓÒ ØÓ Ø�� ÓÖ���Ò�Ð ×Ý×Ø�Ñ ÓÒ� ×Ø�Ø� ÐÙ×Ø�Öº Ì�� �Ò�Ö�Ý ×�Ú�Ò�× �Ø � ÖÙ�× �Ò Ø��× �×� �× ¿¾±º Ï��Ò� ¾¼± Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒ �× � �ÔØ��Ð�¸ ÓÙÖ ×Ý×Ø�Ñ ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�× ��±Ó� Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �¼± Ó� Ø�� �Ò�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×ÙÑ�� �Ý Ø�� ×Ø�Ø� ×Ý×Ø�ѺÌ�� Ö�Ñ��Ò��Ö Ó� Ø��× Ô�Ô�Ö �× ÓÖ��Ò�Þ�� �× �ÓÐÐÓÛ׺ Ì�� Ò�ÜØ ×� Ø�ÓÒ

��× Ù××�× ÓÙÖ ÑÓØ�Ú�Ø�ÓÒº Ë� Ø�ÓÒ ¾ ��× Ö���× ÓÙÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ�Ò� ÐÓ�� ��×ØÖ��ÙØ�ÓÒ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �Ò� �Ø× ��«�Ö�ÒØ �ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�Ø�ÓÒ׺ Ë� ¹Ø�ÓÒ ¿ ��× Ö���× ÓÙÖ �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ�Ð ×�عÙÔ �Ò� Ø�� Ñ�Ø�Ó�ÓÐÓ�Ý Ù×��º Ë� ¹Ø�ÓÒ � ��× Ù××�× ÓÙÖ �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ�Ð Ö�×ÙÐØ׺ Ë� Ø�ÓÒ � ��× Ù××�× Ø�� Ö�Ð�Ø��ÛÓÖ�º ��Ò�ÐÐÝ̧ ×� Ø�ÓÒ � ÓÒ ÐÙ��× Ø�� Ô�Ô�Öº

½º ÅÓØ�Ú�Ø�ÓÒ

ÇÙÖ ÑÓØ�Ú�Ø�ÓÒ �Ò ÔÙÖ×Ù�Ò� Ø��× Ö�×��Ö � �× Ø��Ø Ð�Ö�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö× ÓÒ¹×ÙÑ� ×��Ò�¬ �ÒØ �ÑÓÙÒØ× Ó� ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò�Ö�ݺ ÈÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ �×�Ò �ÑÔÓÖØ�ÒØ ÓÒ �ÖÒ �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö× �× �Ø ��Ö� ØÐÝ �Ò­Ù�Ò �× Ø���Ö ÓÓÐ�Ò�Ö�ÕÙ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ׺ ÁÒ �� ظ � Ñ���ÙÑ ØÓ Ð�Ö�� ÒÙÑ��Ö Ó� ����¹Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò �ÒÓ��× Ö� ��� ÐÓ×�ÐÝ ØÓ��Ø��Ö �Ò Ø�� ×�Ñ� ÖÓÓѸ �× �× Ù×Ù�ÐÐÝ Ø�� �×�Û�Ø� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö׸ Ö�ÕÙ�Ö�× � ×��Ò�¬ �ÒØ �ÒÚ�×ØÑ�ÒØ �Ò ÓÓÐ�Ò�¸ �ÓØ� �Ò Ø�ÖÑ×Ó� ×ÓÔ��×Ø� �Ø�� Ö� �× �Ò� ���Úݹ�ÙØÝ ��Ö ÓÒ��Ø�ÓÒ�Ò� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ׺ ��×���× ÓÓÐ�Ò� ÙÒ��Ö ÒÓÖÑ�Ð ÓÔ�Ö�Ø�ÓÒ¸ ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ �Ð×Ó �Ò­Ù�Ò �× Ø��Ö�ÕÙ�Ö�� �ÒÚ�×ØÑ�ÒØ× �Ò �� �ÙÔ ÓÓÐ�Ò� �Ò� �� �ÙÔ ÔÓÛ�Ö¹��Ò�Ö�Ø�ÓÒ�ÕÙ�ÔÑ�ÒØ �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö× Ø��Ø �Ò Ò�Ú�Ö �� ÙÒ�Ú��Ð��Ð�¸ ×Ù � �× Ø�Ó×� Ó� ÓÑÔ�Ò��× Ø��Ø ÔÖÓÚ��� ×�ÖÚ� �× ÓÒ Ø�� ÁÒØ�ÖÒ�غ Ì�� Ö� �ÒØ ØÖ�Ò� ØÓ¹Û�Ö�× ÙÐØÖ�¹��Ò×� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö× �ÊÄ� Ì� �ÒÓÐÓ���׸ ¾¼¼½℄ Û�ÐÐ ÓÒÐÝ ÛÓÖ×�Ò Ø�� ÓÓÐ�Ò� ÔÖÓ�Ð�ѺÌ���Ò� � �ÖÓ���Ö Ô�Ö×Ô� Ø�Ú�¸ Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö Ö�ÕÙ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ× Ó� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö× ��Ú�

�� ÓÑ� � Ñ��ÓÖ �××Ù� �ÓÖ ×�Ú�Ö�Ð ×Ø�Ø�׸ ×Ù � �× ��Ð��ÓÖÒ�� �Ò� Æ�Û�ÓÖ�¸ �Ø Ø�� �����Ø Ó� Ø�� � ÓÒÓÑ� �ÓÓÑ �Ò Ø�� ÍÒ�Ø�� ËØ�Ø�׺ �Ú�Ò�� Ø��×� ×Ø�Ø�× Ñ��� � ØÖ�Ñ�Ò�ÓÙ× �ÒÚ�×ØÑ�ÒØ �Ò Ò�Û ÔÓÛ�Ö ÔÐ�ÒØ× �ÒØ�� Ò�ÜØ ×�Ú�Ö�Ð Ý��Ö׸ ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�Ø�ÓÒ ×�ÓÙÐ� ×Ø�ÐÐ �� �Ò �ÑÔÓÖØ�ÒØ�Ó�Ð �Ò Ø��Ø ÑÓ×Ø ÔÓÛ�Ö¹��Ò�Ö�Ø�ÓÒ Ø� �ÒÓÐÓ���× ´×Ù � �× ÒÙ Ð��Ö �Ò� Ó�й��×�� ��Ò�Ö�Ø�ÓÒµ ��Ú� � Ò���Ø�Ú� �ÑÔ� Ø ÓÒ Ø�� �ÒÚ�ÖÓÒÑ�Òغ�Ò�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ �× �Ð×Ó �Ò �ÑÔÓÖØ�ÒØ ÓÒ �ÖÒ �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö× �Ò Ø��Ø

�ÓØ� Ø�� ÓÑÔÙØ�Ø�ÓÒ�Ð �Ò� Ø�� ��Ö ÓÒ��Ø�ÓÒ�Ò� �Ò�Ö�×ØÖÙ ØÙÖ�× ÓÒ¹×ÙÑ� �Ò�Ö�ݺ Ì��× �Ò�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ �× Ö�­� Ø�� �Ò Ø�� �Ð� ØÖ� �ØÝ ��ÐиÛ�� � �Ò �� ×��Ò�¬ �ÒØ �ÓÖ � Ð�Ö�� �Ò�»ÓÖ ��Ò×� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö �Ò � ���Ú�ÐÝ ��Ö¹

ÓÒ��Ø�ÓÒ�� ÖÓÓѺ Ê�×��Ö � �Ò� Ø�� ��Ò� ÓÖ��Ò�Þ�Ø�ÓÒ׸ �Ò Ô�ÖØ� ÙÐ�Ö¸Ñ�Ý ¬Ò� �Ø ��Æ ÙÐØ ØÓ ÓÚ�Ö ���� �Ò�Ö�Ý Ó×Ø׺Ì�� �ÓØØÓÑ Ð�Ò� �× Ø��Ø ØÓ ÓÒ×�ÖÚ� Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×ÙÑ��

�Ý ÐÙ×Ø�Ö× ��×�× ��ÔÐÓÝÑ�ÒØ �Ò� �Ò×Ø�ÐÐ�Ø�ÓÒ¸ ÔÖÓØ� Ø× Ø�� �ÒÚ�ÖÓÒÑ�Òظ�Ò� �Ò ÔÓØ�ÒØ��ÐÐÝ ×�Ú� � ÐÓØ Ó� ÑÓÒ�ݺ ÁÒ �� ظ �Ú�Ò Û��Ò �Ø �× ÒÓØÔÓ××��Ð� ØÓ Ö��Ù � Ø�� Ñ�Ü�ÑÙÑ ÔÓÛ�Ö Ö�ÕÙ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ× Ó� � ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ´�º�º�Ø �× ÒÓØ ÔÓ××��Ð� ØÓ ÙØ �ÓÛÒ Ø�� ÓÒ�¹Ø�Ñ� Ó×Ø Ó� ÓÓÐ�Ò� �Ò� �� �ÙÔÔÓÛ�Ö¹��Ò�Ö�Ø�ÓÒ ×Ý×Ø�Ñ×µ¸ Ö��Ù �Ò� Ø�� ÓÑÑÓÒ¹ �×� ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò¹�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ Ö��Ù �× Ø�� ÓÔ�Ö�Ø�ÓÒ�Ð Ó×Ø Ó� Ø��×� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ× �Ò� Ø���Ð� ØÖ� �ØÝ Ó×غ

¾º �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö �ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ò� ÄÓ�� ��×ØÖ��ÙØ�ÓÒ

¾º½ ÇÚ�ÖÚ��Û

ÈÓÛ�Ö Ú׺ Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò �º Ï� ÓÒ×���Ö Ø�� ØÖ���Ó« ��ØÛ��Ò ÔÓÛ�Ö�Ò� ØÛÓ ØÝÔ�× Ó� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò �¸ Ò�Ñ�ÐÝ Ø�ÖÓÙ��ÔÙØ �Ò� �Ü� ÙØ�ÓÒ Ø�Ñ�Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò �º Ì�ÖÓÙ��ÔÙØ �× Ø�� ��Ý �××Ù� �ÓÖ ×Ý×Ø�Ñ× ×Ù � �× ÑÓ��ÖÒÒ�ØÛÓÖ� ×�ÖÚ�Ö׸ �Ò Û�� � Ø�� �Ó�Ð �× ØÓ ×�ÖÚ� � �× Ñ�ÒÝ Ö�ÕÙ�×Ø× �×ÔÓ××��Ð�� Ø�� Ð�Ø�Ò Ý Ó� �� � Ö�ÕÙ�×Ø �Ø Ø�� ×�ÖÚ�Ö �× Ù×Ù�ÐÐÝ � ×Ñ�ÐÐ�Ö� Ø�ÓÒ Ó� Ø�� ÓÚ�Ö�ÐÐ Ð�Ø�Ò Ý Ó� Û���¹�Ö�� Ð��Òع×�ÖÚ�Ö ÓÑÑÙÒ� �Ø�ÓÒº�Ü� ÙØ�ÓÒ Ø�Ñ� �× ��Ý �ÓÖ ×Ý×Ø�Ñ× ×Ù � �× Ý Ð� ×�ÖÚ�Ö׸ �× Ù×�Ö× Ñ�ÝÓ��� Ø ØÓ ×��Ò�¬ �ÒØ ��Ð�Ý× �Ò Ø�� �Ü� ÙØ�ÓÒ Ó� Ø���Ö �Ó�׺Ì�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ò� ÐÓ�� ��×ØÖ��ÙØ�ÓÒ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ Û� ÔÖÓÔÓ×�

�� ���× Û��Ø��Ö ØÓ ��� ´ØÙÖÒ ÓÒµ ÓÖ Ö�ÑÓÚ� ´ØÙÖÒ Ó«µ ÒÓ��׸ � ÓÖ��Ò�ØÓ Ø�� �ÜÔ� Ø�� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � �Ò� ÔÓÛ�Ö �ÑÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× Ó� Ø�� �� �×�ÓÒº ��¹ �×�ÓÒ× �Ö� Ñ��� �ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÐÐÝ �ÓÖ �� � ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ò� ÙÖÖ�ÒØÐÝÓ«�Ö�� ÐÓ��º�ÓÖ ×�ÑÔÐ� �ØÝ̧ Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �××ÙÑ�× Ø��Ø Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö �× ÓÑÔÖ�×��

Ó� �ÓÑÓ��Ò�ÓÙ× Ñ� ��Ò�׺ �ÙÖØ��ÖÑÓÖ�¸ Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �××ÙÑ�× Ø��ØØ�� Ö�ÑÓÚ�Ð Ó� � ÒÓ�� �Ó�× ÒÓØ Ö�ÔÔÐ� Ø�� ¬Ð� ×Ý×Ø�Ѻ Ì��× �× � Ú�Ð���××ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ¸ ×�Ò �� ´½µ �Ò �ÖØ��Ò �ÒÚ�ÖÓÒÑ�ÒØ× �Ø �× ÔÓ××��Ð� ØÓ Ö�ÔÐ� �Ø�¬Ð�× �Ø �ÐÐ ÒÓ��×� �Ò� ´¾µ Û��Ò Ø��× �× ÒÓØ Ø�� �×�¸ Ø�� ¬Ð� ×�ÖÚ�Ö× �ÒØÖ�Ò×Ô�Ö�ÒØÐÝ �� ÖÙÒ ÓÒ Ñ� ��Ò�× Ø��Ø �Ó ÒÓØ ×ØÖ� ØÐÝ ��ÐÓÒ� ØÓ Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÖ Ø��Ø �Ö� ÒÓØ ×Ù��� Ø ØÓ Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ѻ����Ø�ÓÒ»Ö�ÑÓÚ�Ð �� �×�ÓÒº ÌÓ Ñ��� ÒÓ�� ����Ø�ÓÒ ÓÖ Ö�ÑÓÚ�Ð

�� �×�ÓÒ׸ Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ Ö�ÕÙ�Ö�× Ø�� ���Ð�ØÝ ØÓ ÔÖ��� Ø Ø�� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò ��Ò� Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ Ó� ��«�Ö�ÒØ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ׺ �Ü� ØÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ ÔÖ��� Ø�ÓÒ× �Ö� ÒÓØ ×ØÖ����Ø�ÓÖÛ�Ö�º Ì�� ÔÖÓ�Ð�Ñ�× Ø��Ø �Ø �× ��Æ ÙÐØ ØÓ ÔÖ��� Ø Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö ØÓ �� ÓÒ×ÙÑ�� �Ý � ÒÓ����Ø�Ö �Ø Ö� ��Ú�× ×ÓÑ� �Ö��ØÖ�ÖÝ ÐÓ��º �ÓÒÚ�Ö×�ÐÝ̧ �Ø �× ��Æ ÙÐØ ØÓ ÔÖ��� ØØ�� ÔÓÛ�Ö ØÓ �� ÓÒ×ÙÑ�� �Ý � ÒÓ�� ��Ø�Ö ×ÓÑ� Ó� �Ø× ÐÓ�� �× ÑÓÚ���Ð×�Û��Ö�º

�ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ê� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖ ÈÓÛ�Ö �Ò� È�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � �

Æ�Ú�ÖØ��Ð�×׸ �Ü� Ø ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ ÔÖ��� Ø�ÓÒ× �Ö� ÒÓØ Ö��ÐÐÝ Ò� ¹�××�ÖÝ �ÓÖ Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ ØÓ � ���Ú� �Ø× Ñ��Ò �Ó�и Ò�Ñ�ÐÝ ØÓ ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�ÔÓÛ�Öº Ì�� Ö��×ÓÒ �ÓÖ Ø��× �× Ø��Ø �� � Ó� ÓÙÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÒÓ��× ÓÒ×ÙÑ�×�ÔÔÖÓÜ�Ñ�Ø�ÐÝ �¼ Ï�ØØ× Û��Ò ��Ð� �Ò� �ÔÔÖÓÜ�Ñ�Ø�ÐÝ �� Ï�ØØ× Û��Ò�ÐÐ Ö�×ÓÙÖ �׸ �º�º �È͸ � ��׸ Ñ�ÑÓÖÝ̧ Ò�ØÛÓÖ� �ÒØ�Ö�� �¸ �Ò� ��×�¸ �Ö�×ØÖ�Ø ��� ØÓ Ø�� Ñ�Ü�ÑÙѺ Ì��×� Ñ��×ÙÖ�Ñ�ÒØ× Ñ��Ò Ø��Ø� ´�µ Ø��Ö� �×� Ö�Ð�Ø�Ú�ÐÝ ×Ñ�ÐÐ ��«�Ö�Ò � �Ò ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ ��ØÛ��Ò �Ò ��Ð� ÒÓ���Ò� � �ÙÐÐÝ ÙØ�Ð�Þ�� ÒÓ��� �Ò� ´�µ Ø�� Ô�Ò�ÐØÝ �ÓÖ ���Ô�Ò� � ÒÓ�� ÔÓÛ�Ö��ÓÒ �× ����¸ �Ú�Ò �� �Ø �× ��Ð�º Ì�Ù׸ Û� ¬Ò� �Ò ÔÖ� Ø� � Ø��Ø ØÙÖÒ�Ò� � ÒÓ��Ó« �ÐÛ�Ý× ×�Ú�× ÔÓÛ�Ö¸ �Ú�Ò �� �Ø× ÐÓ�� ��× ØÓ �� ÑÓÚ�� ØÓ ÓÒ� ÓÖ ÑÓÖ�ÓØ��Ö ÒÓ��׺ Ì�Ù׸ ÓÙÖ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �ÐÛ�Ý× �� Ö��×�× Ø�� ÒÙÑ��Ö Ó� ÒÓ��׸ÔÖÓÚ���� Ø��Ø Ø�� �ÜÔ� Ø�� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � Ó� �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× �× � �ÔØ��Ð�ºÈ�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ÔÖ��� Ø�ÓÒ× �Ò �Ð×Ó �� ��Æ ÙÐØ ØÓ Ñ���º Ï� ÔÖ��� Ø

Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � �Ý ���Ô�Ò� ØÖ� � Ó� Ø�� ��Ñ�Ò� �ÓÖ ´ÒÓØ Ø�� ÙØ�Ð�Þ�Ø�ÓÒ Ó�µÖ�×ÓÙÖ �× ÓÒ �ÐÐ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÒÓ��׺ Ï�Ø� Ø��× �Ò�ÓÖÑ�Ø�ÓÒ¸ ÓÙÖ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �Ò �×Ø�Ñ�Ø� Ø�� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒ Ø��Ø �Ò �� �ÑÔÓ×�� ÓÒ �ÒÓ�� Û��Ò Ò�Û ÐÓ�� �× ×�ÒØ ØÓ �غ Ì��Ö� �× � �Ú��Ø ��Ö�¸ Ø�ÓÙ��º ����Ö���Ø�ÓÒ ÔÖ��� Ø�ÓÒ �× Ñ��� ��×�� ÓÒ Ô�×Ø Ö�×ÓÙÖ � ��Ñ�Ò� ��×ØÓÖÝÓ� Ø�� ÐÓ�� ØÓ �� ÑÓÚ�� ÓÒ �Ø× ÙÖÖ�ÒØ ÒÓ��¸ ×Ó Ø�� ÔÖ��� Ø�ÓÒ �Ó�×ÒÓØ ÓÒ×���Ö ��Ñ�Ò� ��Ò��× �Ù� ØÓ ÙÒ�ÜÔ� Ø�� �ÙØÙÖ� ����Ú�ÓÖº ÁÒÔ�ÖØ� ÙÐ�Ö¸ Ø�� �Ò�Ø��Ð ×�ØØÐ�¹�ÓÛÒ Ô�Ö�Ó� �ÙÖ�Ò� Û�� � Ø�� � ��× �Ö�Û�ÖÑ�� ÙÔ Û�Ø� Ø�� Ò�Û ÐÓ�� �× ��×Ö���Ö���� Û� �Ö� ÑÓÖ� �ÒØ�Ö�×Ø�� �Ò×Ø���ݹ×Ø�Ø� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò �º� Ø�ÖÓÙ��ÔÙØ ÔÖ��� Ø�ÓÒ �Ò ��×�ÐÝ �� Ñ��� ��×�� ÓÒ Ø�� Ö�×ÓÙÖ �

��Ñ�Ò� �Ò�ÓÖÑ�Ø�ÓÒº ÌÓ ×�� �ÓÛ Ø��× ÛÓÖ�׸ Ð�Ø Ù× ÓÒ×���Ö Ø�� Ø�ÖÓÙ��¹ÔÙØ Ó� � ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¹��×�� Ò�ØÛÓÖ� ×�ÖÚ�Öº ËÙÔÔÓ×� � × �Ò�Ö�Ó Û�Ø� ¿ ÐÙ×Ø�ÖÒÓ��׸ �� � Ó� Û�� � Û�Ø� ��Ñ�Ò�× �ÓÖ ��×� Ó� �¼±¸ ¿¼±¸ �Ò� ¾¼± Ó�Ø���Ö ÒÓÑ�Ò�Ð ��Ò�Û��Ø�º �Ý ����Ò� ÙÔ �ÐÐ Ó� Ø��×� ��×� ��Ñ�Ò�× ´�Ò���×Ö���Ö��Ò� ÓØ��Ö Ö�×ÓÙÖ �× ØÓ ×�ÑÔÐ��Ý Ø�� �Ü�ÑÔÐ�µ¸ Û� ¬Ò� Ø��Ø Ø��×�ÖÚ�Ö ÓÙÐ� ÖÙÒ Û�Ø� ÒÓ Ø�ÖÓÙ��ÔÙØ ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒ ÓÒ ¾ ÒÓ��× ´½¿¼ �¾¼¼µ �Ò� Û�Ø� � ¿¼± Ø�ÖÓÙ��ÔÙØ ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒ ÓÒ ½ ÒÓ�� ´½¿¼ ¹ ½¼¼ �¿¼µº ÇÙÖ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ ×�ÓÙÐ� �� ��� ØÓ Ö�ÑÓÚ� ÓÒ� �Ø Ð��×Ø� ØÛÓ ÒÓ��× �� �¿¼± ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒ �× � �ÔØ��Ð�º�Ü� ÙØ�ÓÒ Ø�Ñ� ÔÖ��� Ø�ÓÒ× �Ö� ÑÙ � ÑÓÖ� ÓÑÔÐ�ܸ �× Ø��Ý ��Ô�Ò�

���Ú�ÐÝ ÓÒ Ø�� ×Ô� �¬ ��Ö� Ø�Ö�×Ø� × Ó� Ø�� �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× �Ò� ÓÒ Ø���ÑÓÙÒØ �Ò� Ø�Ñ�Ò� Ó� Ø�� ��Ñ�Ò� �ÑÔÓ×�� ÓÒ Ø�� ��«�Ö�ÒØ Ö�×ÓÙÖ �׺Ì��Ö��ÓÖ�¸ Û� ��Ú� ØÓ ×�ØØÐ� �ÓÖ ÓÔØ�Ñ�×Ø� �Ü� ÙØ�ÓÒ Ø�Ñ� ÔÖ��� Ø�ÓÒ×��×�� ÓÒ Ø�� ��Ñ�Ò� �ÓÖ Ö�×ÓÙÖ �׺ Ì�� ÔÖ��� Ø�ÓÒ× �Ö� ÓÔØ�Ñ�×Ø� ��¹ �Ù×� Ø��Ý �××ÙÑ� Ø��Ø Ø�� Ù×� Ó� Ö�×ÓÙÖ �× �× �ÙÐÐÝ Ô�Ô�Ð�Ò�� �Ò� ÓÚ�Ö¹Ð�ÔÔ��º ÌÓ ×�� �ÓÛ Ø��× ÛÓÖ�׸ Ð�Ø Ù× ÓÒ×���Ö Ø�� �Ü� ÙØ�ÓÒ Ø�Ñ� Ô�Ö�ÓÖ¹Ñ�Ò � Ó� �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× ÖÙÒÒ�Ò� ÓÒ � ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ó� Ý Ð� ×�ÖÚ�Ö׺ ËÙÔÔÓ×� �× �Ò�Ö�Ó Û�Ø� ¾ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÒÓ��× Û�Ø� ��Ñ�Ò�× �ÓÖ Ø���Ö �ÈÍ× Ó� �¼± �Ò�

�¼±º ÇÙÖ ÓÔØ�Ñ�×Ø� ÔÖ��� Ø�ÓÒ ×ØÖ�Ø��Ý ×�Ý× Ø��Ø Ø��×� �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× ÓÙÐ� ÖÙÒ Û�Ø� � ¾¼± �Ü� ÙØ�ÓÒ Ø�Ñ� ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒ ÓÒ ½ ÒÓ�� ´½¾¼ ¹ ½¼¼� ¾¼µº ÇÙÖ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ ×�ÓÙÐ� �� ��� ØÓ Ö�ÑÓÚ� ÓÒ� Ó� Ø�� ÒÓ��׸ �� �¾¼± ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒ �× � �ÔØ��Ð�º ´ÁÒ Ö��Ð�ØÝ̧ ¾¼± �× � ÐÓÛ�Ö �ÓÙÒ� ÓÒ Ø�����Ö���Ø�ÓÒºµÁØ �× Ð��Ö Ø��Ò Ø��Ø � ��Ý ÓÑÔÓÒ�ÒØ Ó� ÓÙÖ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �× Ø�� ��Ñ�Ò�

�ÓÖ Ö�×ÓÙÖ �× �Ø �� � ÔÓ�ÒØ �Ò Ø�Ñ�º ÀÓÛ�Ú�Ö¸ Ø�� �� �×�ÓÒ× Ñ��� �ÝØ�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ ÑÙ×Ø ÒÓØ �� ×ÓÐ�ÐÝ ��×�� ÓÒ �Ò×Ø�ÒØ�Ò�ÓÙ× ��Ñ�Ò�× ØÓ�ÚÓ�� Ö� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ× ØÖ����Ö�� �Ý ØÖ�Ò×��ÒØ ÐÓ�� Ú�Ö��Ø�ÓÒ׺ Ì�� �Ð�Ó¹Ö�Ø�Ñ ×�ÓÙÐ� �Ð×Ó Ø��� �ÒØÓ � ÓÙÒØ Ø�� Ô�×Ø ��×ØÓÖÝ Ó� ��Ñ�Ò�× �Ò�Ø�� ×Ô��� Ó� ��Ò�� �Ò ��Ñ�Ò�׺ �ÓÒØÖÓÐ Ø��ÓÖÝ ÔÖÓÚ���× � �ÓÖÑ�Ð �Ò�Û�ÐйÙÒ��Ö×ØÓÓ� �ÔÔÖÓ� � ØÓ ÓÒ×���Ö�Ò� Ø��×� ÔÖÓÔ�ÖØ��׺ Ì�Ù׸ Û� Ù×�� ÈÖÓÔÓÖØ�ÓÒ�йÁÒØ��Ö�й��«�Ö�ÒØ��Ð ´ÈÁ�µ ������ � ÓÒØÖÓÐÐ�Ö �ÓÖ �� �Ö�×ÓÙÖ � �× Ø�� ��×�× �ÓÖ ÓÙÖ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ³× �� �×�ÓÒ׺ Ì�� ÓÒØÖÓÐÐ�Ö Û�Ø�Ø�� Ð�Ö��×Ø ÓÙØÔÙØ ´�Ò ��×ÓÐÙØ� Ú�ÐÙ�µ �× Ù×�� ØÓ ��Ø�ÖÑ�Ò� Ø�� ����Ð ÐÙ×¹Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ø �� � ÔÓ�ÒØ �Ò Ø�Ñ�º Ì�� �ÓÖÑÙÐ� Ø��Ø ��× Ö���× Ø��ÓÙØÔÙظ Ӵص¸ Ó� �� � ÓÒØÖÓÐÐ�Ö �×�

Ӵص � ���´Øµ · ��

��

¼

�´Øµ · ��¡�´Øµ

�� � ÓÒØÖÓÐÐ�Ö �Ð ÙÐ�Ø�× Ø�� ÙÖÖ�ÒØ �Ü �×× ��Ñ�Ò� ´Û�Ø� Ö�×Ô� ØØÓ Ø�� ÙÖÖ�ÒØ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒµ �ÓÖ � Ö�×ÓÙÖ �¸ � ÙÑÙÐ�Ø�× �Ü �××��Ñ�Ò� ÓÚ�Ö Ø�Ñ�¸ �Ò� ÓÑÔÙØ�× Ø�� Ö�Ø� Ó� ��Ò�� �Ò �Ü �×× ��Ñ�Ò�׺Ì��×� �Ö� Ø�� ÔÖÓÔÓÖØ�ÓÒ�и �ÒØ��Ö�и �Ò� ��«�Ö�ÒØ��Ð ÓÑÔÓÒ�ÒØ× Ó� Ø�� ÓÒØÖÓÐÐ�Ö¸ Ö�×Ô� Ø�Ú�Ðݺ �� � Ó� Ø��×� ÓÑÔÓÒ�ÒØ× �× Û����Ø�� Û�Ø� �ØÙÒ��Ð� ÓÒ×Ø�Òظ Û�� � ×�ÓÙÐ� Ö�­� Ø �ÓÛ ÑÙ � �ÑÔÓÖØ�Ò � Û� Û�ÒØ ØÓ��Ú� ØÓ �� � ÓÑÔÓÒ�Òغ ÁÒ ÓÙÖ �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ׸ Û� Ù×�� �� � ¼��¸ �� � ¼�½�¸�Ò� �� � ¼�½�º �ÙÖØ��ÖÑÓÖ�¸ Û� ×�ØÙÖ�Ø� Ø�� �ÒØ��Ö�Ð ÓÑÔÓÒ�ÒØ �ØØ�� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � �Ô� �ØÝ Ó� � ×�Ò�Ð� ÒÓ��¸ �º�º ½¼¼± ÔÐÙ× Ø�� � �ÔØ��Ð�Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒº ´Ì��×� ÓÒ×Ø�ÒØ× �Ò� ×�ØÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ Ú�ÐÙ� Û�Ö� �Ó×�Ò ��Ø�Ö ×ÓÑ� �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ�Ø�ÓÒ Û�Ø� ÓÙÖ ×Ý×Ø�Ñ׺µ Ì�� ÓÙØÔÙØ Ó�Ø�� ÓÒØÖÓÐÐ�Ö �× Ø�� ×ÙÑ Ó� Ø�� Û����Ø�� ÓÑÔÓÒ�ÒØ׺ Ì�� ÓÒØÖÓÐÐ�Ö �×�Ü� ÙØ�� �Ú�ÖÝ ½¼ ×� ÓÒ�׺ÌÓ �Ù�Ö�ÒØ�� ×Ø���Ð�ØÝ̧ ÓÙÖ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ ÓÑÔÙØ�× �Ü �×× ��Ñ�Ò�× Û�Ø�

Ö�×Ô� Ø ØÓ Ø�� �Ö�Ø�Ñ�Ø� Ñ��Ò Ó� Ø�� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � �Ô� �Ø��× Ó� Æ �Ò� ƹ½ ÒÓ��× �ÓÖ � ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ Û�Ø� Æ ÒÓ��׺ ÅÓÖ�ÓÚ�Ö¸ Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�ÑÓÒÐÝ ØÖ����Ö× � Ö� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �� Ø�� ��×ÓÐÙØ� Ú�ÐÙ� Ó� Ø�� ÓÒØÖÓÐÐ�Ö³×ÓÙØÔÙØ �× �Ö��Ø�Ö Ø��Ò ��Ð� Ó� Ø�� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � �Ô� �ØÝ Ó� � ×�Ò�Ð� ÒÓ�� ÔÐÙ×½¼± Ó� Ø��× Ú�ÐÙ�º ÌÓ �� ��� �ÓÛ Ñ�ÒÝ ÒÓ��× ØÓ ��� ÓÖ Ö�ÑÓÚ�¸ Ø���Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ ��Ú���× Ø�� ÓÙØÔÙØ Ó� Ø�� ÓÒØÖÓÐÐ�Ö Ñ�ÒÙ× ��Ð� Ó� Ø�� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � �Ô� �ØÝ Ó� � ÒÓ�� �Ý Ø�� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � �Ô� �ØÝ Ó� � ÒÓ��º �ÓÖ �Ò×Ø�Ò �¸ �ÓÖ

�ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ê� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖ ÈÓÛ�Ö �Ò� È�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � �

� �¹ÒÓ�� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ò� � ¾¼± � �ÔØ��Ð� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒ¸�Ü �×× ��Ñ�Ò�× ÛÓÙÐ� �� ÓÑÔÙØ�� Û�Ø� Ö�×Ô� Ø ØÓ ��¼± ´Ø�� �Ú�Ö���Ó� � � ½¾¼ �Ò� � � ½¾¼µº ÁÒ Ø��× × �Ò�Ö�Ó¸ � ÓÒØÖÓÐÐ�Ö ÓÙØÔÙØ Ó� ¹��± Ñ��Ò× Ø��Ø Ø�� ÙÖÖ�ÒØ ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ ×�ÓÙÐ� ÒÓØ �� �ÐØ�Ö�� ´��� ��µº �Ò ÓÙØÔÙØ Ó� ¹¿¼¼± ×�ÓÙÐ� ØÖ����Ö Ø�� Ö�ÑÓÚ�Ð Ó� ØÛÓ ÒÓ��×´�´� � ¿¼¼� � �¼µ�½¾¼� � ¾µºÏ� Ö���Ö ØÓ Ø�� � �ÔØ��Ð� ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒ �Ò� Ø�� Ñ�Ò�ÑÙÑ Ø�Ñ� ��¹

ØÛ��Ò Ö� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ× �× Ø�� ���Ö�� �Ò� �Ð�Ô×� Ô�Ö�Ñ�Ø�Ö× Ó� ÓÙÖ�Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ѻ Ì�� ���Ö�� Ô�Ö�Ñ�Ø�Ö �Ò �� ×Ô� �¬�� �Ý Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ��¹Ñ�Ò�×ØÖ�ØÓÖ ÓÖ �Ý �� � �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ ´�º�º Ù×�Öµº Á���ÐÐÝ̧ Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ ÓÙÐ� �Ð×Ó ØÖÝ ØÓ �Ù�Ö�ÒØ�� � Ñ�Ü�ÑÙÑ Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒº Ì��×�× Ð��ÖÐÝ ÒÓØ ÔÓ××��Ð� �ÓÖ �Ü� ÙØ�ÓÒ Ø�Ñ� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò �¸ �ÙØ �× ÓÒ ��Ú��Ð��ÓÖ Ø�ÖÓÙ��ÔÙØ Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò �º ÀÓÛ�Ú�Ö¸ �Ú�Ò �Ò Ø�� �×� Ó� Ø�ÖÓÙ��ÔÙظ×Ù � � ×ØÖÓÒ� �Ù�Ö�ÒØ�� �ÒÒÓØ �� Ñ���¸ ��Ú�Ò Ø��Ø Ø�� ÐÓ�� ÓÒ Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ñ�Ý �Ò Ö��×� ��×Ø�Ö Ø��Ò Ø�� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ �Ò Ö�� Ø ØÓ ×Ù � �Ò Ö��×�ºÊ�Ø��Ö¸ Û� Ù×� ÓÙÖ � �ÔØ��Ð� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒ Ô�Ö�Ñ�Ø�Ö ØÓØÖ����Ö � Ø�ÓÒ× Ø��Ø �Ò Ö��Ù � ÓÖ �Ð�Ñ�Ò�Ø� �ÒÝ ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒºÄÓ�� ´Ö�¹µ��×ØÖ��ÙØ�ÓÒ �� �×�ÓÒº ��Ø�Ö �Ò ����Ø�ÓÒ ÓÖ Ö�ÑÓÚ�Ð

�� �×�ÓÒ �× Ñ���¸ Ø�� ÐÓ�� Ñ�Ý ��Ú� ØÓ �� Ö�¹��×ØÖ��ÙØ��º Á� Ø�� �� �×�ÓÒ�× ØÓ ��� ÓÒ� ÓÖ ÑÓÖ� ÒÓ��׸ Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ ÑÙ×Ø ��Ø�ÖÑ�Ò� Û��Ø Ô�ÖØ Ó�Ø�� ÙÖÖ�ÒØ ÐÓ�� ×�ÓÙÐ� �� ×�ÒØ ØÓ Ø�� ����� ÒÓ��׺ Ç�Ú�ÓÙ×ÐÝ̧ Ø�� ÐÓ��ØÓ �� Ñ��Ö�Ø�� ×�ÓÙÐ� ÓÑ� �ÖÓÑ ÒÓ��× ÙÒ��Ö�Ó�Ò� �Ü �××�Ú� ��Ñ�Ò��ÓÖ Ö�×ÓÙÖ �׺Á� Ø�� �� �×�ÓÒ �× ØÓ Ö�ÑÓÚ� ÓÒ� ÓÖ ÑÓÖ� ÒÓ��׸ Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ ÑÙ×Ø

��Ø�ÖÑ�Ò� Û�� � ÒÓ��× ×�ÓÙÐ� �� Ö�ÑÓÚ�� �Ò�¸ �� Ò� �××�ÖÝ̧ Û��Ö� ØÓ×�Ò� Ø�� ÐÓ�� ÙÖÖ�ÒØÐÝ �××��Ò�� ØÓ Ø�� ×ÓÓÒ¹ØÓ¹��¹Ö�ÑÓÚ�� ÒÓ��׺ Ç�¹Ú�ÓÙ×ÐÝ̧ Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ ×�ÓÙÐ� ��Ú� ÔÖ���Ö�Ò � ØÓ Ð���ØÐÝ ÐÓ���� Ú� Ø�ÑÒÓ��× �Ò� ��×Ø�Ò�Ø�ÓÒ ÒÓ��× Ø��Ø ÛÓÙÐ� ÒÓØ ÙÒ��Ö�Ó �Ü �××�Ú� ��Ñ�Ò��ÓÖ Ö�×ÓÙÖ �× ��Ø�Ö Ö� ��Ú�Ò� Ø�� Ò�Û ÐÓ��ºÌ�� ��Ø��Ð× Ó� �ÓÛ ØÓ ×�Ð� Ø Ú� Ø�Ñ ÒÓ��× �Ò� Ó� �ÓÛ ØÓ Ñ��Ö�Ø� ÐÓ��

�ÖÓÙÒ� Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ��Ô�Ò� ÓÒ Ø�� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ �ÓÖ Û�� � Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �×�ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ��¸ ×Ó Û� Ð��Ú� Ø�� ��× Ö�ÔØ�ÓÒ Ó� Ø��×� �� �×�ÓÒ× �ÓÖ Ø�� Ò�ÜØ×Ù�×� Ø�ÓÒº

¾º¾ ÁÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�Ø�ÓÒ×

ÇÙÖ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ ��× ���Ò �ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�� Û�Ø� Ñ�ÒÓÖ Ú�Ö��Ø�ÓÒ× �Ò ØÛÓ��«�Ö�ÒØ �ÒÚ�ÖÓÒÑ�ÒØ×� ´½µ �Ø Ø�� �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ Ð�Ú�Ð �ÓÖ � Ò�ØÛÓÖ� ×�ÖÚ�ÖØ��Ø ÖÙÒ× �ÐÓÒ� ÓÒ � ÐÙ×Ø�Ö� �Ò� ´¾µ �Ø Ø�� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ Ð�Ú�Ð �ÓÖ � ÇË �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö�� Ý Ð� ×�ÖÚ�Ö׺ÁÒ �ÓØ� �ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�Ø�ÓÒ׸ Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �× ÖÙÒ �Ý � Ñ�×Ø�Ö ÒÓ�� ´ÒÓ��

¼µ¸ Û�� � �× � Ö��ÙÐ�Ö ÒÓ�� �Ü �ÔØ Ø��Ø �Ø Ö� ��Ú�× Ô�Ö�Ó�� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � ��¹

Ñ�Ò� Ñ�××���× �ÖÓÑ �ÐÐ ÓØ��Ö ÒÓ��× �Ò� �Ø �ÒÒÓØ �� ØÙÖÒ�� Ó«º Ï� �Ó×� �ÒØÖ�Ð�Þ�� �ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�Ø�ÓÒ× Ó� Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �Ù� ØÓ Ø���Ö ×�ÑÔÐ� ¹�ØÝ �Ò� Ø�� �� Ø Ø��Ø ÐÓ�� Ñ�××���× �Ò �� �Ò�Ö�ÕÙ�Òغ �ÓÖ ��ÙÐØ ØÓÐ�Ö¹�Ò �¸ � ��×ØÖ��ÙØ�� �ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�Ø�ÓÒ ÛÓÙÐ� �� ��×ظ �ÙØ Ø��Ø �× ��ÝÓÒ�Ø�� × ÓÔ� Ó� Ø��× Ô�Ô�ÖºÈÓÛ�Ö¹�Û�Ö� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¹��×�� Ò�ØÛÓÖ� ×�ÖÚ�Öº Ï�ÑÓ��¬�� ÈÊ�ËË

���ÖÖ�Ö� �Ò� ���Ò ��Ò�¸ ¾¼¼½℄¸ � ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¹��×��¸ �Ú�Òع�Ö�Ú�Ò ÏÏÏ ×�ÖÚ�ÖØÓ �ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ ÓÙÖ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ ÓÑÔÐ�Ø�ÐÝ �Ø Ø�� �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ Ð�Ú�к Ì��×�ÖÚ�Ö �× ��×�� ÓÒ Ø�� Ó�×�ÖÚ�Ø�ÓÒ Ø��Ø ×�ÖÚ�Ò� � Ö�ÕÙ�×Ø �ÖÓÑ �ÒÝ Ñ�ѹÓÖÝ � ��¸ �Ú�Ò � Ö�ÑÓØ� � ��¸ �× ×Ù�×Ø�ÒØ��ÐÐÝ ÑÓÖ� �Æ ��ÒØ Ø��Ò ×�ÖÚ¹�Ò� �Ø �ÖÓÑ � ��×�¸ �Ú�Ò � ÐÓ �Ð ��×�º �××�ÒØ��ÐÐÝ̧ Ø�� ×�ÖÚ�Ö ��×ØÖ��ÙØ�×ÀÌÌÈ Ö�ÕÙ�×Ø× � ÖÓ×× ÒÓ��× ��×�� ÓÒ � �� ÐÓ �Ð�ØÝ �Ò� ÐÓ�� ��Ð�Ò �Ò� ÓÒ×���Ö�Ø�ÓÒ׸ ×Ó Ø��Ø ¬Ð�× �Ö� ÙÒÐ���ÐÝ ØÓ �� Ö��� �ÖÓÑ ��×� �� Ø��Ö� �×� � ��� ÓÔÝ ×ÓÑ�Û��Ö� �Ò Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Öº Ë�Ò � Ø�� � ����Ð� ¬Ð�× �Ö�×Ø�Ø� ¸ �� � ÒÓ�� ×ØÓÖ�× � ÓÔÝ Ó� �ÐÐ ¬Ð�× ÓÒ �Ø× ÐÓ �Ð ��×�ºÏ� �ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�� Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ò� ÐÓ�� ��×ØÖ��ÙØ�ÓÒ �й

�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �Ò Ø�� ×�ÖÚ�Ö Ñ���Ò� �ÐÐ ÒÓ��× Ô�Ö�Ó�� �ÐÐÝ �Ò�ÓÖÑ Ø�� Ñ�×¹Ø�Ö ÒÓ�� ��ÓÙØ Ø���Ö �È͸ ��×�¸ �Ò� Ò�ØÛÓÖ� �ÒØ�Ö�� � ��Ñ�Ò�׺ Ì���ÈÍ ��Ñ�Ò� �× ÓÑÔÙØ�� �Ý Ö����Ò� �Ò�ÓÖÑ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÖÓÑ Ø�� »ÔÖÓ ��Ö� ¹ØÓÖÝ̧ Û��Ö��× Ò�ØÛÓÖ� �Ò� ��×� ��Ñ�Ò�× �Ö� ÓÑÔÙØ�� ��×�� ÓÒ �ÒØ�ÖÒ�Ð×�ÖÚ�Ö �Ò�ÓÖÑ�Ø�ÓÒº ÌÓ ×ÑÓÓØ� ÓÙØ ×�ÓÖØ �ÙÖ×Ø× Ó� � Ø�Ú�ØÝ̧ �� � Ó� Ø��×���Ñ�Ò�× �× �ÜÔÓÒ�ÒØ��ÐÐÝ �ÑÓÖØ�Þ�� ÓÚ�Ö Ø�Ñ� Ù×�Ò� Ø�� �ÓÐÐÓÛ�Ò� �ÓÖ¹ÑÙÐ�� «�ÓÐ� ��Ñ�Ò�·´½�«µ� ÙÖÖ�ÒØ ��Ñ�Ò�º �ÓÖ ÓÙÖ �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ׸« � ¼�� �Ò� Ø�� �ÒØ�ÖÚ�Ð ��ØÛ��Ò ��Ñ�Ò� ÓÑÔÙØ�Ø�ÓÒ× �× ½¼ ×� ÓÒ�׺ÁÒ �×� Ó� Ø�� ×�ÖÚ�Ö¸ Û� �Ö� �ÒØ�Ö�×Ø�� �Ò Ø�ÖÓÙ��ÔÙØ Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò �ºÏ�Ø� �Ò�ÓÖÑ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÖÓÑ �ÐÐ ÒÓ��׸ Ø�� Ñ�×Ø�Ö ÖÙÒ× Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�Ù¹

Ö�Ø�ÓÒ �Ò� ÐÓ�� ��×ØÖ��ÙØ�ÓÒ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ ��× Ö���� �Ò Ø�� ÔÖ�Ú�ÓÙ× ×� Ø�ÓÒºÁ� � Ö�ÑÓÚ�Ð �� �×�ÓÒ �× Ñ���¸ Ø�� Ñ�×Ø�Ö ��Ø�ÖÑ�Ò�× Ø�� Ñ�Ü�ÑÙÑ ��¹Ñ�Ò� �ÓÖ �ÒÝ Ö�×ÓÙÖ � �Ø �� � ÒÓ�� �Ò� Ô� �× Ø�� ÒÓ��´×µ Û�Ø� Ø�� ÐÓÛ�×ØÓ� Ø�� Ñ�Ü�ÑÙÑ ��Ñ�Ò�× �× Ø�� Ú� Ø�Ѻ �ÓÖ Ø�� ÏÏÏ ×�ÖÚ�Ö¸ �Ø �× ÒÓØÒ� �××�ÖÝ ØÓ Ñ��Ö�Ø� ÐÓ�� �ÖÓÑ � ÒÓ�� ØÓ �� �Ü ÐÙ��� �ÖÓÑ Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�ÖºÌ�� ÐÓ�� �Ò �� Ò�ØÙÖ�ÐÐÝ Ö���×ØÖ��ÙØ�� �ÑÓÒ� Ø�� Ö�Ñ��Ò�Ò� ÒÓ��׸ �ÝØ�� ×�ÖÚ�Ö³× ÓÛÒ ÀÌÌÈ Ö�ÕÙ�×Ø ��×ØÖ��ÙØ�ÓÒ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �Ò�»ÓÖ � ÐÓ����Ð�Ò �Ò� �ÖÓÒع�Ò�º Ë�Ñ�Ð�ÖÐÝ̧ Ø�� ����Ø�ÓÒ Ó� � Ò�Û ÒÓ�� ØÓ Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö�Ó�× ÒÓØ Ö�ÕÙ�Ö� Ñ��Ö�Ø�Ò� �ÒÝ ÐÓ�� �ÖÓÑ ÓØ��Ö ÒÓ��× ØÓ �غÆÓØ� Ø��Ø �Ø Ø�� �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ Ð�Ú�Ð �Ø �× �ÑÔÓ××��Ð� ØÓ ��Ø�ÖÑ�Ò� Ø��

��Ñ�Ò� �ÓÖ Ò�ØÛÓÖ� �ÒØ�Ö�� � ´�Ù� ØÓ �Ù«�Ö�Ò� �Ò Ø�� ��ÖÒ�е �Ò� �ÈÍ´�Ù� ØÓ Ø�� �� Ø Ø��Ø Ø�� ×�ÖÚ�Ö �× ×�Ò�Ð�¹ÔÖÓ �××µ Ö�×ÓÙÖ �׸ ×Ó ÓÙÖ ×�ÖÚ�Ö �ÒÒÓØ ���Ð Û�Ø� � Ø�ÖÓÙ��ÔÙØ ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒ Ø��Ø �× �Ö��Ø�Ö Ø��Ò ¼±ºÁÒ �� ظ �Ò ÓÙÖ �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ× Û� �××ÙÑ� Ø��Ø Ø�� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � �Ô� �ØÝ Ó� �×�Ò�Ð� ÒÓ�� �× ��Ø��Ö �¼± ÓÖ ��± Ó� �Ø× � ØÙ�Ð �Ô� �ØÝ̧ �º�º Û� ×ØÙ�Ý���Ö�� Ô�Ö�Ñ�Ø�Ö× Ó� ¹¿¼± �Ò� ¹½�±º Ì��×� Ú�ÐÙ�× ÔÖÓÚ��� ×ÓÑ� ×Ð� �

�ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ê� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖ ÈÓÛ�Ö �Ò� È�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � �

ØÓ ÓÑÔ�Ò×�Ø� �ÓÖ Ø�� Ø�Ñ� �Ø Ø���× �ÓÖ � ÒÓ�� ØÓ �� �ÓÓØ��¸ �ÔÔÖÓÜ�¹Ñ�Ø�ÐÝ ½¼¼ ×� ÓÒ�׺ Ï� ×�Ø Ø�� ����ÙÐØ Ú�ÐÙ� Ó� Ø�� �Ð�Ô×� Ô�Ö�Ñ�Ø�ÖØÓ ½¾¼ ×� ÓÒ�׺ ��Ú�Ò Ø��Ø Ø�� �ÒØ�ÖÚ�Ð ��ØÛ��Ò ��Ñ�Ò� ÓÑÔÙØ�Ø�ÓÒ×�× ½¼ ×� ÓÒ�׸ Ø��× ×�ØØ�Ò� �ÓÖ �Ð�Ô×� �ÐÐÓÛ× Ø�� ×�ÖÚ�Ö ØÛÓ Ó�×�ÖÚ�Ø�ÓÒ×Ó� Ø�� ×Ø�Ø� Ó� � Ö� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ���ÓÖ� �ÒÓØ��Ö Ö� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �×Ô�ÖÑ�ØØ��ºÈÓÛ�Ö¹�Û�Ö� ÇË �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö׺ Ï� ÑÓ��¬�� ÆÓÑ�� �È�Ò���ÖÓ �Ò�

���Ò ��Ò�¸ ½���℄¸ � Ä�ÒÙܹ��×�� ×�Ò�Ð�¹×Ý×Ø�ѹ�Ñ��� ÇË �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö× Ó�ÙÒ� �Ò�»ÓÖ ÑÙÐØ�ÔÖÓ �××ÓÖ Ý Ð� ×�ÖÚ�Ö׺ �ÓÖ Ø�� ÔÙÖÔÓ×�× Ó� Ø��× Ô�Ô�Ö¸Ø�� ÑÓ×Ø �ÑÔÓÖØ�ÒØ ��Ö� Ø�Ö�×Ø� × Ó� Ø�� ÇË �Ö� Ø��Ø ´�µ �Ø ��× � ×��Ö��¬Ð� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ� ´�µ �Ø ×Ø�ÖØ× �� � �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ ÓÒ Ø�� ÑÓ×Ø Ð���ØÐÝ ÐÓ���� ÒÓ��Ó� Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö �Ø Ø�� ÑÓÑ�ÒØ� �Ò� ´ µ �Ø Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ× �ÝÒ�Ñ� �� �ÔÓ�ÒØ�Ò��Ò� Ñ��Ö�Ø�ÓÒ Ó� Û�ÓÐ� �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× ´Û�Ø� �ÐÐ �Ø× ÔÖÓ �××�× �Ò� ×Ø�Ø�¸�Ò ÐÙ��Ò� ÓÔ�Ò ¬Ð� ��× Ö�ÔØÓÖ׸ ×Ø�Ø� Ð��Ö�Ö��׸ ��Ø�¸ ×Ø� �¸ Ö���×Ø�Ö× �Ò�Ø�� Ð���µ ��ØÛ��Ò ÒÓ��× ØÓ ��Ð�Ò � ÐÓ��º Ê�×ÓÙÖ � ��Ñ�Ò� �× ÓÑÔÙØ���ÓÖ �� � ÒÓ�� �Ò Ø�� Ç˸ �Ý �� ��Ò� Ø�� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � ÕÙ�Ù�× �Ú�ÖÝ ×� ÓÒ�ºÏ��Ò�Ú�Ö Ø�� �Ú�Ö��� �ÈÍ ��Ñ�Ò�¸ Ø�� Ñ�ÑÓÖÝ ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ¸ ÓÖ Ø��Á»Ç ��Ñ�Ò� Ó�×�ÖÚ�� ÐÓ �ÐÐÝ �Ø � ÒÓ�� Ö�Ñ��Ò× �����Ö Ø��Ò � Ø�Ö�×�ÓÐ��ÓÖ � ×� ÓÒ�׸ Ø�� ÇË ÓÒ×���Ö× Ø�� ÒÓ�� ØÓ �� ÙÒ��Ö�Ó�Ò� �Ü �××�Ú���Ñ�Ò� �Ò� �ØØ�ÑÔØ× ØÓ Ñ��Ö�Ø� ×ÓÑ� Ó� �Ø× ÐÓ�� ÓÙØ ØÓ � ÑÓÖ� Ð���ØÐݹÐÓ���� ÒÓ�� Û�Ø� Ö�×Ô� Ø ØÓ Ø�� ���Ú�ÐÝ ��Ñ�Ò��� Ö�×ÓÙÖ �ºÌÓ �ÚÓ�� �Ü �××�Ú� Ñ��Ö�Ø�ÓÒ � Ø�Ú�ØÝ̧ Ø�� Ñ��Ö�Ø�ÓÒ Ó� �Ò �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ

�Ò ÓÒÐÝ ��ÔÔ�Ò �� � ��Û ÓÒ��Ø�ÓÒ× �Ö� Ú�Ö�¬��º ��Ö×ظ �Ò �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ �Ò ÓÒÐÝ �� Ñ��Ö�Ø�� �� �Ø ��× �ÐÖ���Ý �Ü� ÙØ�� �Ø Ð��×Ø �× ÐÓÒ� �× Ø���×Ø�Ñ�Ø�� Ø�Ñ� ØÓ Ñ��Ö�Ø� � ÔÖÓ �×× Ó� �Ø× ×�Þ�º Ë� ÓÒ�¸ � ÒÓ�� Ø��Ø ��×�Ù×Ø Ñ��Ö�Ø�� �Ò �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ �Ð×�Û��Ö� Û�ÐÐ ÒÓØ Ñ��Ö�Ø� �ÒÓØ��Ö ÓÒ� ÙÒØ�Ð� Ô�Ö�Ó� Ó� ×Ø���Ð�Þ�Ø�ÓÒ¸ ÙÖÖ�ÒØÐÝ ×�Ø ØÓ ¿¼ ×� ÓÒ�׸ ��× �Ð�Ô×��º Ì��Ö�¸ÒÓ �Ò ÓÑ�Ò� Ñ��Ö�Ø�ÓÒ Û�ÐÐ �� � �ÔØ�� �Ý � ÒÓ�� Ø��Ø ��× ���Ò ��Ø��ÖØ�� ×ÓÙÖ � ÓÖ Ø�� ��×Ø�Ò�Ø�ÓÒ Ó� � Ñ��Ö�Ø�ÓÒ �ÙÖ�Ò� Ø�� ×Ø���Ð�Þ�Ø�ÓÒÔ�Ö�Ó�º ��Ò�ÐÐÝ̧ Ø�� ÇË Û�× ��×��Ò�� �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö�� Ý Ð� ×�ÖÚ�Ö׸ �º�ºØ�Ñ�¹×��Ö�� �Ü� ÙØ�ÓÒ Ó� ×�ÕÙ�ÒØ��Ð �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× ÓÒ ÙÒ�ÔÖÓ �××ÓÖ ÒÓ��×�Ò� Ó� Ô�Ö�ÐÐ�Ð �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× ÓÒ ÑÙÐØ�ÔÖÓ �××ÓÖ ÒÓ��׸ ×Ó �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× Ø��Ø�Ó ÒÓØ ÓÒ�ÓÖÑ ØÓ Ø��×� Ö�×ØÖ� Ø�ÓÒ× �ÒÒÓØ �� Ñ��Ö�Ø�� �Ý Ø�� ×Ý×Ø�Ѻ����Ò¸ Û� �ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�� Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ò� ÐÓ�� ��×ØÖ��ÙØ�ÓÒ

�Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �Ò Ø�� ÇË Ñ���Ò� �ÐÐ ÒÓ��× Ô�Ö�Ó�� �ÐÐÝ �Ò�ÓÖÑ Ø�� Ñ�×Ø�ÖÒÓ�� ��ÓÙØ Ø���Ö �È͸ Ñ�ÑÓÖÝ̧ �Ò� Á»Ç ��Ñ�Ò�׺ Ì�� �ÈÍ ��Ñ�Ò��Ò� Ø�� Ñ�ÑÓÖÝ ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ �Ö� ÓÑÔÙØ�� �Ý Ö����Ò� �Ò�ÓÖÑ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÖÓÑ»ÔÖÓ ¸ Û��Ö��× Á»Ç ��Ñ�Ò�× �Ö� ��Ø�ÖÑ�Ò�� �Ý �Ò×ØÖÙÑ�ÒØ�Ò� Ö��� �Ò�ÛÖ�Ø� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ �ÐÐ× �Ò� ��ØØ�Ò� ×Û�Ô �Ò�ÓÖÑ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÖÓÑ »ÔÖÓ º ÌÓ ×ÑÓÓØ�ÓÙØ ×�ÓÖØ �ÙÖ×Ø× Ó� � Ø�Ú�ØÝ̧ Ø�� ��Ñ�Ò�× �Ö� �ÑÓÖØ�Þ�� Ù×�Ò� Ø�� ×�Ñ��ÓÖÑÙÐ� Ù×�� �Ý Ø�� ÏÏÏ ×�ÖÚ�Öº �ÓÖ ÓÙÖ �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ׸ « � ¼�� �Ò�Ø�� �ÒØ�ÖÚ�Ð ��ØÛ��Ò ��Ñ�Ò� ÓÑÔÙØ�Ø�ÓÒ× �× ½¼ ×� ÓÒ�׺ ÁÒ �×� Ó� Ø��

½¼

ÇË �ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�Ø�ÓÒ Ó� ÓÙÖ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ѹ Û� �Ö� �ÒØ�Ö�×Ø�� �Ò �Ü� ÙØ�ÓÒ Ø�Ñ�Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò �ºÏ�Ø� �Ò�ÓÖÑ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÖÓÑ �ÐÐ ÒÓ��׸ Ø�� Ñ�×Ø�Ö �Ò ÖÙÒ ÓÙÖ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ѻ

Á� � Ö�ÑÓÚ�Ð �� �×�ÓÒ �× Ñ���¸ Ø�� Ñ�×Ø�Ö ×�Ð� Ø× Ø�� ÒÓ��× Û�Ø� Ø��ÐÓÛ�×Ø ��Ñ�Ò�× �ÓÖ �� � Ö�×ÓÙÖ � �× �Ò����Ø� Ú� Ø�Ñ׺ ÍÒÐ��� Ø��ÏÏÏ ×�ÖÚ�Ö¸ �Ò Ø�� ÇË �×� Ø�� ÐÓ�� Ó� Ø�� Ú� Ø�Ñ ÑÙ×Ø �� Ñ��Ö�Ø�� ØÓÓØ��Ö ÒÓ��׸ ×Ó Ø�� Ñ�×Ø�Ö ×�Ð� Ø× Ø�� ØÛÓ ÒÓ��× Û�Ø� Ø�� Ð���Ø�×Ø ÐÓ��Û�Ø� Ö�×Ô� Ø ØÓ �� � Ö�×ÓÙÖ � ´�È͸ Á»Ç¸ �Ò� Ñ�ÑÓÖݵ �Ò� ×�Ð� Ø× Ø��×ÓÙÖ �»��×Ø�Ò�Ø�ÓÒ Ô��Ö Ø��Ø ÛÓÙÐ� Ð��� ØÓ Ø�� ÐÓÛ�×Ø ÓÚ�Ö�ÐÐ ��Ñ�Ò��ÓÖ Ö�×ÓÙÖ �׺ ÌÓ ×�ÑÔÐ��Ý ÓÙÖ ÔÖÓØÓØÝÔ� �ÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�Ø�ÓÒ¸ Ø�� ��×Ø�Ò�¹Ø�ÓÒ ÒÓ�� Ö� ��Ú�× �ÐÐ �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× Ø��Ø �Ö� ÖÙÒÒ�Ò� ÓÒ Ø�� Ú� Ø�Ñ ÒÓ��º�ÒÝ ÐÓ�� �Ñ��Ð�Ò �× �Ö� Ð�Ø�Ö ÓÖÖ� Ø�� �Ý Ø�� ÇË � ÓÖ��Ò� ØÓ �Ø× ÐÓ����Ð�Ò �Ò� ÔÓÐ� ݺÁÒ Ø�� ÑÓ��¬�� Ç˸ � ÒÓ�� ����Ø�ÓÒ �× ÒÓØ �«� Ø�� �� ÓÒÐÝ ÓÒ� �ÔÔÐ� �¹

Ø�ÓÒ �× Ö�×ÔÓÒ×��Ð� �ÓÖ Ø�� �Ü �××�Ú� ��Ñ�Ò�º ��Ø�Ö � Ò�Û ÒÓ�� �× ØÙÖÒ��ÓÒ¸ Ø�� ÇË Û�ÐÐ ×Ø�ÖØ Ñ��Ö�Ø�Ò� �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× ØÓ �ظ ×Ó Ø��Ø Ø�� ÐÓ�� Û�ÐÐ�� ��Ð�Ò �� ����Òº ��Ú�Ò Ø��Ø ����Ò� ÒÓ��× Ø���× � ×��Ò�¬ �ÒØ �ÑÓÙÒØÓ� Ø�Ñ� ´��ÓÙØ ½¼¼ ×� ÓÒ�×µ¸ �Ø Ñ���Ø Ø��� � Û��Ð� ���ÓÖ� Ø�� ��Ñ�Ò� �ÓÖÖ�×ÓÙÖ �× �� ÓÑ�× � �ÔØ��Ð� ����Ò¸ ��Ø�Ö � ÐÓÒ�¹Ð�×Ø�Ò� ×ÙÖ�� Ó� � Ø�Ú�ØݺÏ� �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ Û�Ø� ØÛÓ Ú�ÐÙ�× �ÓÖ ���Ö��� ¼± �Ò� ¾¼±º Ì�� �Ð�Ô×�Ô�Ö�Ñ�Ø�Ö �× ×�Ø ØÓ ½�¼ ×� ÓÒ�׺ Ì��× ×�ØØ�Ò� �ÐÐÓÛ× Ø�� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ Ø�Ñ�ØÓ Ö� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�¸ Ñ��Ö�Ø� �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× ØÓ ��Ð�Ò � Ø�� ÐÓ��¸ �Ò� Ö�¹�Ú�ÐÙ�Ø�Ø�� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � ��Ñ�Ò�× ���ÓÖ� �ÒÓØ��Ö Ö� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �× �ÐÐÓÛ��º

¿º Å�Ø�Ó�ÓÐÓ�Ý

ÌÓ ×ØÙ�Ý Ø�� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � Ó� ÓÙÖ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �Ò� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ׸ Û� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ���ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ× Û�Ø� � ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ó� � È�× ÓÒÒ� Ø�� �Ý � ��×Ø �Ø��ÖÒ�Ø ×Û�Ø ��Ò� � ����Ò�Ø ×Û�Ø �º �� � Ó� Ø�� ÒÓ��× ÓÒØ��Ò× �Ò �¼¼¹ÅÀÞ È�ÒØ�ÙÑÁÁÁ ÔÖÓ �××ÓÖ¸ �½¾ Å�ÝØ�× Ó� Ñ�ÑÓÖÝ̧ ØÛÓ �¾¼¼ ÖÔÑ ��×�× ´ÓÒÐÝ ÓÒ���×� �× Ù×�� �Ò ÓÙÖ �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ×µ¸ �Ò� ØÛÓ Ò�ØÛÓÖ� �ÒØ�Ö�� �׺ Ë�ÙØØ�Ò�� ÒÓ�� �ÓÛÒ Ø���× �ÔÔÖÓÜ�Ñ�Ø�ÐÝ �� ×� ÓÒ�× �Ò� �Ö�Ò��Ò� �Ø �� � ÙÔØ���× �ÔÔÖÓÜ�Ñ�Ø�ÐÝ ½¼¼ ×� ÓÒ�׺�ÐÐ Ñ� ��Ò�× �Ö� ÓÒÒ� Ø�� ØÓ � ÔÓÛ�Ö ×ØÖ�Ô Ø��Ø �ÐÐÓÛ× �ÓÖ Ö�ÑÓØ�

ÓÒØÖÓÐ Ó� Ø�� ÓÙØÐ�Ø׺ Å� ��Ò�× �Ò �� ØÙÖÒ�� ÓÒ �Ò� Ó« �Ý ×�Ò��Ò� ÓÑÑ�Ò�× ØÓ Ø�� ÁÈ ���Ö�×× Ó� Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö ×ØÖ�Ôº Ì�� ØÓØ�Ð �ÑÓÙÒØ Ó�ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑ�� �Ý Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÒÓ��× �× Ø��Ò ÑÓÒ�ØÓÖ�� �Ý � ÑÙÐØ�Ñ�Ø�Ö ÓÒÒ� Ø�� ØÓ Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö ×ØÖ�Ôº Ì�� ÑÙÐØ�Ñ�Ø�Ö ÓÐÐ� Ø× �Ò×Ø�ÒØ�Ò�ÓÙ×ÔÓÛ�Ö Ñ��×ÙÖ�Ñ�ÒØ× ¿¹� Ø�Ñ�× Ô�Ö ×� ÓÒ� �Ò� ×�Ò�× Ø��×� Ñ��×ÙÖ�Ñ�ÒØØÓ �ÒÓØ��Ö ÓÑÔÙØ�Ö¸ Û�� � ×ØÓÖ�× Ø��Ñ �Ò � ÐÓ� �ÓÖ Ð�Ø�Ö Ù×�º Ï� Ó�Ø��ÒØ�� ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑ�� �Ý ��«�Ö�ÒØ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ× �Ý �Ð��Ò�Ò� Ø��ÐÓ� �Ò� ÓÙÖ ×Ý×Ø�Ñ׳ ×Ø�Ø�×Ø� ׺

�ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ê� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖ ÈÓÛ�Ö �Ò� È�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ½½

Æ�ØÛÓÖ� ×�ÖÚ�Ö �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ׺ ��×���× Ø�� Ñ��Ò ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¸ Û� Ù×��ÒÓØ��Ö ½� È�ÒØ�Ùѹ��×�� Ñ� ��Ò�× ØÓ ��Ò�Ö�Ø� ÐÓ�� �ÓÖ Ø�� ÑÓ��¬��ÏÏÏ ×�ÖÚ�Öº �ÓÖ ×�ÑÔÐ� �ØÝ̧ Û� ��� ÒÓØ �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ Û�Ø� � �ÖÓÒع�Ò���Ú� � Ø��Ø ÛÓÙÐ� ���� Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö�Ò� �ÓÛÒ Ó� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÒÓ��× �ÖÓÑ Ð��ÒØ׺ÁÒ×Ø���¸ Ð��ÒØ× ÔÓÐÐ �ÐÐ ×�ÖÚ�Ö× �Ú�ÖÝ ½¼ ×� ÓÒ�× �Ò� �Ò Ø�Ù× ��Ø� Ø ÐÙ×¹Ø�Ö Ö� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ× �Ò� ���ÔØ Ø���Ö ����Ú�ÓÖ � ÓÖ��Ò�Ðݺ Ì�� Ð��ÒØ××�Ò� Ö�ÕÙ�×Ø× ØÓ Ø�� �Ú��Ð��Ð� ÒÓ��× Ó� Ø�� ×�ÖÚ�Ö �Ò Ö�Ò�ÓÑ�Þ�� ��×�¹�ÓÒ � ÓÖ��Ò� ØÓ � ØÖ� � Ó� Ø�� � �××�× ØÓ Ø�� ÏÓÖÐ� �ÙÔ ³�� ×�Ø� �ÖÓѽ¾ÔÑ ÓÒ ¼�»½¾ ØÓ ½¾ÔÑ ÓÒ ¼�»½�º Ì�� ØÖ� � �Ò ÐÙ��× Ø�� ��Ý Ó� Ø�� ��ÑÔ�ÓÒ×��Ô Ñ�Ø �º ÌÓ ×�ÓÖØ�Ò Ø�� �ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ Ó� Ø�� �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ׸ Û�� �Ð�Ö�Ø�� Ø�� ØÖ� � ¾¼ Ø�Ñ�׺��×ØÖ��ÙØ�� ÇË �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ׺ Ì�� ×ÝÒØ��Ø� ÛÓÖ�ÐÓ�� Ù×�� �ÓÖ ÓÙÖ

ÑÓ��¬�� ÇË �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ× �Ö�Û× �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× �ÖÓÑ � ÒÙÑ��Ö Ó� ×ÓÙÖ �×��ÐÐ �ÒØ���Ö �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× �ÖÓÑ Ø�� ËÈ��¾¼¼¼ ��Ò �Ñ�Ö�¸ Ø�� ��Ö��Ð�ÝÅÈ�� ÑÓÚ�� �Ò Ó��Ö¸ �Ò� ØÛÓ Á»Ç ��Ò �Ñ�Ö�׸ ÁÇ �ÐÐ �Ò� ÁÇÞÓÒ�ºÁÇ �ÐÐ �× � ��Ò �Ñ�Ö� ØÓ Ñ��×ÙÖ� ÇË Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ÓÒ Á»Ç �ÐÐ׸ �×Ô�¹ ��ÐÐÝ ¬Ð� Ö��� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ �ÐÐ׺ ÁÇÞÓÒ� �× � ¬Ð� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ ��Ò �Ñ�Ö��Ò� ØÓÓÐ�ÁÇÞÓÒ�¸ ¾¼¼¼℄� �Ø ��Ò�Ö�Ø�× �Ò� Ñ��×ÙÖ�× Ø�� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � Ó� � Ú�Ö��ØÝÓ� ¬Ð� ÓÔ�Ö�Ø�ÓÒ׺ �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× �Ö� �Ö��ØÖ�Ö�ÐÝ �××��Ò�� ØÓ ÒÓ��× �Ò��Ö� ÖÙÒ �Ò �Ö��ØÖ�ÖÝ �ÖÓÙÔ׺ �� �Ù×� Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ×�Þ� Ú�Ö��× �ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÐÐÝ� ÓÖ��Ò� ØÓ Ø�� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � ��Ñ�Ò� �ÑÔÓ×�� ÓÒ �ظ Û� ×Ø�ÖØ Û�Ø� ÓÒÐÝ ÓÒ�Ñ� ��Ò� ÔÓÛ�Ö�� ÓÒ ´Ø�� Ñ�×Ø�Öµ¸ Û�� � �× Ö�×ÔÓÒ×��Ð� �ÓÖ Ð�ÙÒ ��Ò� �ÐÐ�ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× �Ò Ø�� ÛÓÖ�ÐÓ��º Ì�� Ó«�Ö�� ��Ñ�Ò� ÓÒ�ÓÖÑ× ØÓ � ��Ðй×��Ô�� ÙÖÚ�º ÌÓ ×�ÓÖØ�Ò Ø�� Ð�Ò�Ø� Ó� Ø�� �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ׸ Û� ��Ò�Ö�Ø�×��Ò�¬ �ÒØ ��Ò��× �Ò Ó«�Ö�� ��Ñ�Ò� �Ò Ú�ÖÝ Ð�ØØÐ� Ø�Ñ�º

�º �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ�Ð Ê�×ÙÐØ×

ÈÓÛ�Ö¹�Û�Ö� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¹��×�� Ò�ØÛÓÖ� ×�ÖÚ�Öº Ï� ��× Ö��� ØÛÓ�ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ× Û�Ø� ÓÙÖ ×�ÖÚ�Öº ÁÒ Ø�� ¬Ö×Ø �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�Òظ Ø�� Ô�Ö�Ñ�Ø�Ö×�ÓÖ Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ö� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �Ö� ×�Ø ØÓ �Ù�Ö�ÒØ�� ÕÙ� � Ö�� ¹Ø�ÓÒ ØÓ ­Ù ØÙ�Ø�ÓÒ× �Ò ÐÓ��¸ ×Ó Ø��Ø Û� �Ò Ø� �Ð� ×��Ò�¬ �ÒØ �Ò Ö��×�× �ÒÐÓ�� Û�Ø�ÓÙØ Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒº ÅÓÖ� ×Ô� �¬ �ÐÐÝ̧ Ø�� �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�ÑØÖ��× ØÓ ���Ô ¿¼± ×Ô�Ö� Ö�×ÓÙÖ �× �ÓÖ �ÒÝ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒº ���¹ÙÖ� ½º½ ÔÖ�×�ÒØ× Ø�� �ÚÓÐÙØ�ÓÒ Ó� Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ò� ��Ñ�Ò�×�ÓÖ �� � Ö�×ÓÙÖ � �× � �ÙÒ Ø�ÓÒ Ó� Ø�Ñ� �Ò ×� ÓÒ�× �ÓÖ Ø��× �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒغÌ�� ��Ñ�Ò� �ÓÖ �� � Ö�×ÓÙÖ � �× ÔÐÓØØ�� �× � Ô�Ö �ÒØ��� Ó� Ø�� ÒÓÑ�Ò�ÐØ�ÖÓÙ��ÔÙØ Ó� Ø�� ×�Ñ� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � �Ò ÓÒ� ÒÓ��ºÌ�� ¬�ÙÖ� ×�ÓÛ× Ø��Ø �ÓÖ Ø��× Ô�ÖØ� ÙÐ�Ö ÛÓÖ�ÐÓ�� Ø�� Ò�ØÛÓÖ� �Ò¹

Ø�Ö�� � �× Ø�� �ÓØØÐ�Ò� � Ö�×ÓÙÖ � Ø�ÖÓÙ��ÓÙØ Ø�� Û�ÓÐ� �Ü� ÙØ�ÓÒ Ó�Ø�� �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ ´½�¼ Ñ�ÒÙØ�×µº Ï� ×Ø�ÖØ�� Ø�� �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ Û�Ø� � ØÛÓ¹ÒÓ�� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒº Ì�� ØÖ�Æ ��Ö� Ø�� ØÓ Ø�� ×�ÖÚ�Ö �Ò�Ø��ÐÐÝ �Ò Ö��×�×

½¾

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Load (

% o

f one n

ode)

Num

ber

of N

odes

Time(sec)

CPU loadDisk loadNet load

Number of Nodes

���ÙÖ� ½º½º �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö �ÚÓÐÙØ�ÓÒ �Ò� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � ��Ñ�Ò�× �ÓÖ Ø�� ÏÏÏ ×�ÖÚ�Öº ������

� ½¾¼ ×� ÓÒ�×� ������ � ¹¿¼±º

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Pow

er(

W)

Time(sec)

Static ConfigurationDynamic Configuration

���ÙÖ� ½º¾º ÈÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ �ÓÖ Ø�� ÏÏÏ ×�ÖÚ�Ö ÙÒ��Ö ×Ø�Ø� �Ò� �ÝÒ�Ñ� ÐÙ×¹Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ׺ ������ � ½¾¼ ×� ÓÒ�×� ������ � ¹¿¼±º

×ÐÓÛÐÝ̧ ØÖ����Ö�Ò� Ø�� ����Ø�ÓÒ Ó� � ÒÓ��¸ ���ÓÖ� �Ò Ö��×�Ò� ×Ù�×Ø�ÒØ��ÐÐÝ�Ò� ØÖ����Ö�Ò� Ø�� ����Ø�ÓÒ Ó� ×�Ú�Ö�Ð Ò�Û ÒÓ��× �Ò ÕÙ� � ×�ÕÙ�Ò �º Ì��ØÖ�Æ Ø��Ò ×Ù�×���׸ ÙÒØ�Ð �ÒÓØ��Ö Ô�Ö�Ó� Ó� ���� ØÖ�Æ Ó ÙÖ׸ Û�� ��× �ÓÐÐÓÛ�� �Ý � ×Ù�×Ø�ÒØ��Ð �� Ð�Ò� �Ò ØÖ�Æ º ÆÓØ� Ø��Ø Ø�ÖÓÙ��ÓÙØ Ø���ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ Ø�� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ Ö�� Ø× ÕÙ� �ÐÝ ØÓ �Ò Ö��×�× �Ò ØÖ�Æ ¸ �� �Ù×� Ó�Ø�� ×Ô�Ö� �Ô� �ØÝ �Ø ÓÒ×�×Ø�ÒØÐÝ Ö�Ø��Ò׺ �× � Ö�×ÙÐØ Ó� Ø�� ×Ô�Ö� �¹Ô� �ØÝ̧ Ø�� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � Ó� Ø�� ×�ÖÚ�Ö �× ÒÓØ �«� Ø�� �Ý Ø�� �ÝÒ�Ñ� Ö� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ Ó� Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Öº

�ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ê� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖ ÈÓÛ�Ö �Ò� È�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ½¿

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 80000

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Load (

% o

f one n

ode)

Num

ber

of N

odes

Time(sec)

CPU loadDisk loadNet load

Number of Nodes

���ÙÖ� ½º¿º �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö �ÚÓÐÙØ�ÓÒ �Ò� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � ��Ñ�Ò�× �ÓÖ Ø�� ÏÏÏ ×�ÖÚ�Öº ������

� ½¾¼ ×� ÓÒ�×� ������ � ¹½�±º

���ÙÖ� ½º¾ ÔÖ�×�ÒØ× Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ Ó� Ø�� Û�ÓÐ� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö �ÓÖ ØÛÓÚ�Ö×�ÓÒ× Ó� Ø�� ×�Ñ� �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ �× � �ÙÒ Ø�ÓÒ Ó� Ø�Ñ�º Ì�� ÐÓÛ�Ö ÙÖÚ�´Ð���Ð�� ��ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ�µ Ö�ÔÖ�×�ÒØ× Ø�� Ú�Ö×�ÓÒ �Ò Û�� � Û�ÖÙÒ Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö¹�Û�Ö� ×�ÖÚ�Ö¸ �º�º Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �× �ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÐÐÝ���ÔØ�� ØÓ Ö�×ÔÓÒ� ØÓ Ú�Ö��Ø�ÓÒ× �Ò Ö�×ÓÙÖ � ��Ñ�Ò�º Ì�� �����Ö ÙÖÚ�´Ð���Ð�� �ËØ�Ø� �ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ�µ Ö�ÔÖ�×�ÒØ× � ×�ØÙ�Ø�ÓÒ Û��Ö� Û� ÖÙÒ Ø��ÓÖ���Ò�Ð ×�ÖÚ�Ö¸ �º�º Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �× ¬Ü�� �Ø � ÒÓ��׺ �× �Ò �� ×��Ò �Ò Ø�� ¬�ÙÖ�¸ ÓÙÖ ÑÓ��¬�� ÏÏÏ ×�ÖÚ�Ö �Ò Ö��Ù � ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ ×��Ò�¬ �ÒØÐÝ �ÓÖ ÑÓ×Ø Ó� Ø�� �Ü� ÙØ�ÓÒ Ó� ÓÙÖ �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒغÈÓÛ�Ö ×�Ú�Ò�× � ØÙ�ÐÐÝ Ö�� � �½± Û��Ò Ø�� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � ��Ñ�Ò�× Ö�ÕÙ�Ö�ÓÒÐÝ ØÛÓ ÒÓ��׺ ÇÙÖ �Ò�Ö�Ý ×�Ú�Ò�× �Ö� �Ð×Ó ×��Ò�¬ �Òغ ��Ð ÙÐ�Ø�Ò� Ø���Ö�� ��ÐÓÛ Ø�� ØÛÓ ÙÖÚ�׸ Û� ¬Ò� Ø��Ø Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö¹�Û�Ö� ×�ÖÚ�Ö ×�Ú�׿�± �Ò �Ò�Ö�ݺ Ì�Ù׸ Ø�� ÐÓ�� ÓÒ Ø�� ÓÓÐ�Ò� �Ò�Ö�×ØÖÙ ØÙÖ� ÓÚ�Ö Ø�Ñ� �×�Ð×Ó Ö��Ù �� �Ý ¿�±º�Ú�Ò Ø�ÓÙ�� Ø��×� �Ö� ×��Ò�¬ �ÒØ ���Ò׸ Û� �Ò �Ó ��ØØ�Öº Ì�� Ö��¹

×ÓÒ �× Ø��Ø ���Ô�Ò� ×Ô�Ö� �Ô� �ØÝ ÔÖÓÑÓØ�× Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � �Ø Ø�� Ó×ØÓ� �����Ö ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒº Á� Û� �Ò �×Ø�Ñ�Ø� �ÓÛ ��×ØØ�� Ó«�Ö�� ØÖ�Æ �Ò �Ò Ö��×�¸ Û� �Ò Ö��Ù � Ø�� ×Ô�Ö� �Ô� �ØÝ ØÓ Ø��Ñ�Ò�ÑÙÑ Ö�ÕÙ�Ö�� ØÓ �ÚÓ�� �Ü �××�Ú�ÐÝ ÐÓÒ� Ö�ÕÙ�×Ø Ð�Ø�Ò ��׺ �ÓÖ ÓÙÖØÖ� �¸ Ø��× Ñ�Ò�ÑÙÑ �× ½�±º Ì�Ù׸ ¬�ÙÖ� ½º¿ ÔÖ�×�ÒØ× Ø�� �ÚÓÐÙØ�ÓÒ Ó�Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ Û��Ò Ø�� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ �ØØ�ÑÔØ× ØÓ Ö�Ø��Ò Ø��× ÑÙ �×Ô�Ö� �Ô� �Øݺ �ÓÑÔ�Ö�Ò� ¬�ÙÖ�× ½º½ �Ò� ½º¿ Û� �Ò ×�� Ø��Ø �ÙÖ�Ò�ÑÓ×Ø Ó� Ø�� �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ Ø�� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ ÒÓÛ Ö�ÕÙ�Ö�× ��Û�Ö � Ø�Ú� ÒÓ��× ØÓ��Ò�Ð� Ø�� Ó«�Ö�� ÐÓ��º ÁÒ Ø��× �×�¸ Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý ���Ò× Ø��Ø

½�

�Ò �� � ���Ú�� �Ò ÓÑÔ�Ö�×ÓÒ ØÓ � ×Ø�Ø� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ Û�Ø� � ÒÓ��× �Ö� �½±�Ò� ��±¸ Ö�×Ô� Ø�Ú�ÐݺÁÒ ��Ò�Ö�и �Ø Ñ���Ø ÒÓØ �� ÔÓ××��Ð� ØÓ ��Ø�ÖÑ�Ò� Ø�� Ñ�Ü�ÑÙÑ Ö�Ø� Ó�

ÛÓÖ�ÐÓ�� ��Ò�� � ÔÖ�ÓÖ�º ÁÒ Ø��×� �×�׸ Ñ�×Ñ�Ø ��× ��ØÛ��Ò Ø�� Ö�Ø�Ó� ÛÓÖ�ÐÓ�� ��Ò�� �Ò� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ö� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ ��Ð�Ý× �Ò �� �ÐÐ�Ú��Ø���Ý ���Ù×Ø�Ò� Ø�� �Ð�Ô×� �Ò�»ÓÖ ���Ö�� Ô�Ö�Ñ�Ø�Ö× �ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÐÐݺ Ï���Ð��Ú� �ÓÛ�Ú�Ö Ø��Ø �Ò ÔÖ� Ø� � Ú�ÐÙ�× Ó� � ��Û Ñ�ÒÙØ�× �ÓÖ �Ð�Ô×� �Ò�� ��Û Ô�Ö �ÒØ �ÓÖ ���Ö�� ×�ÓÙÐ� ÛÓÖ� �Ù×Ø ¬Ò�¸ ×�Ò � Ö��Ð Ò�ØÛÓÖ� ×�ÖÚ�ÖÛÓÖ�ÐÓ��× Ù×Ù�ÐÐÝ ��Ò�� ÑÓÖ� ×ÐÓÛÐÝ Ø��Ò �Ò ÓÙÖ �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ׺ÈÓÛ�Ö¹�Û�Ö� ÇË �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö׺ ���ÙÖ� ½º� ÔÖ�×�ÒØ× Ø�� �ÚÓÐÙØ�ÓÒ Ó�

Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ò� ��Ñ�Ò�× �ÓÖ �� � Ö�×ÓÙÖ � Û�Ø� �Ð�Ô×� �½�¼ ×� ÓÒ�× �Ò� ���Ö�� � ¼±¸ �× � �ÙÒ Ø�ÓÒ Ó� Ø�Ñ�º Ì�� �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØÐ�×Ø�� ��ÓÙØ �� Ñ�ÒÙØ�׺ Ì�� �ÈÍ �× �ÐÛ�Ý× Ø�� �ÓØØÐ�Ò� � Ö�×ÓÙÖ ��ÙÖ�Ò� Ø�� �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�Òغ Ì�� �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ ×Ø�ÖØ× Û�Ø� � ×�Ò�Ð�¹ÒÓ�� ÓÒ¹¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒº Ì��× ÒÓ�� �× Ö�×ÔÓÒ×��Ð� �ÓÖ ×Ø�ÖØ�Ò� �ÐÐ Ø�� �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× �ÒØ�� ÛÓÖ�ÐÓ��º �× Ò�Û �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× �Ö� ×Ø�ÖØ��¸ Ø�� �ÈÍ ��Ñ�Ò� �Ò¹ Ö��×�× �Ò� �Ú�ÒØÙ�ÐÐÝ ØÖ����Ö× Ø�� ����Ø�ÓÒ Ó� � Ò�Û ÒÓ��º Ï��Ò Ø��Ò�Û ÒÓ�� �× ����� �Ý Ø�� Ñ�×Ø�Ö¸ Ø�� ÇË �ØØ�ÑÔØ× ØÓ ��Ð�Ò � Ø�� ÐÓ���Ý Ñ��Ö�Ø�Ò� ×ÓÑ� �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× ØÓ Ø�� Ò�Û ÒÓ��º �× Ø�� ÒÙÑ��Ö Ó� �Ô¹ÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× ×Ø�ÖØ�� �Ò Ö��×�׸ Ø��Ý ØÖ����Ö Ø�� ����Ø�ÓÒ Ó� ÓØ��Ö ÒÓ��׸ ÓÒ��Ø � Ø�Ñ�º Ì�� ÇË �× ��Ð� ØÓ ØÖ� � Ø�� ��Ñ�Ò� �Ò Ö��×�× ���ÖÐÝ Û�ÐÐ �Ý�Ò Ö��×�Ò� Ø�� ×�Þ� Ó� Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Öº �Ø ��ÓÙØ ��Ð� Û�Ý Ø�ÖÓÙ�� Ø�� �ÜÔ�Ö�¹Ñ�Òظ Ø�� ��Ñ�Ò� �ÓÖ �ÈÍ �� ÓÑ�× ÑÙ � �����Ö Ø��Ò �Ò �� Ñ�Ò�����Ý �Ò �¹ÒÓ�� ÐÙ×Ø�Öº Ê���Ø ��Ø�Ö Ø��× Ô��� �Ò ��Ñ�Ò� �ÓÛ�Ú�Ö¸ ×ÓÑ��ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ× ×Ø�ÖØ ØÓ ¬Ò�×� �Ò� Ø�� ��Ñ�Ò� �ÓÖ Ö�×ÓÙÖ �× �ÖÓÔ× ÕÙ� �ÐݺÌ�� Ñ�×Ø�Ö Ö�×ÔÓÒ�× ØÓ Ø��× ��Ò�� �Ò ÐÓ�� �Ý �Ü ÐÙ��Ò� Ø�� ÒÓÛ ��Ð�ÒÓ��׸ ÓÒ� �Ø � Ø�Ñ�º ����Ò¸ Ø�� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ �Ó�× � �ÓÓ� �Ó� Ó� ØÖ� ��Ò� Ø���� Ö��×� �Ò Ö�×ÓÙÖ � ��Ñ�Ò�º���ÙÖ� ½º� ÔÖ�×�ÒØ× Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ Ó� Ø�� Û�ÓÐ� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö �ÓÖ

ØÛÓ Ú�Ö×�ÓÒ× Ó� Ø�� ×�Ñ� �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ �× � �ÙÒ Ø�ÓÒ Ó� Ø�Ñ�º �× �Ò ��×��Ò �Ò Ø�� ¬�ÙÖ�¸ ÓÙÖ ÔÓÛ�Ö¹�Û�Ö� ÇË �Ò Ö��Ù � ÔÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ×��Ò�¬ �ÒØÐÝ �ÓÖ ÑÓ×Ø Ó� Ø�� �Ü� ÙØ�ÓÒ Ø�Ñ� Ó� Ø�� �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�Òغ ÈÓÛ�Ö×�Ú�Ò�× � ØÙ�ÐÐÝ Ö�� � ��± Û��Ò Ø�� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � ��Ñ�Ò�× Ö�ÕÙ�Ö� ÓÒÐÝ �×�Ò�Ð� ÒÓ��º �Ò�Ö�Ý ×�Ú�Ò�× �Ö� �Ð×Ó ×��Ò�¬ �Òغ Ì�� �Ö�� ��ÐÓÛ Ø�� ØÛÓ ÙÖÚ�× �Ò�� �Ø�× Ø��Ø Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö¹�Û�Ö� ÇË ×�Ú�× ¿�± �Ò �Ò�Ö�Ý �ÓÖ Ø��×ÛÓÖ�ÐÓ��ºÁØ �× �ÒØ�Ö�×Ø�Ò� ØÓ ÒÓØ� Ø��Ø Ø�� ÛÓÖ�ÐÓ�� Ù×�� �Ò Ø��× �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ

¬Ò�×��× � Ð�ØØÐ� ��ÖÐ��Ö ÓÒ Ø�� ×Ø�Ø� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ ´�ÖÓÙÒ� �� Ñ�ÒÙØ�×µØ��Ò ÓÒ Ø�� �ÝÒ�Ñ� ÓÒ� ´�ÖÓÙÒ� �� Ñ�ÒÙØ�×µº Á� Û� ÓÑÔ�Ö� Ø�� �Ò�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×ÙÑ�� �Ý Ø�� ×Ø�Ø� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÙÖ�Ò� Ø�� ¬Ö×Ø �� Ñ�ÒÙØ�× Ó� Ø���ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ ����Ò×Ø Ø��Ø Ó� Ø�� �ÝÒ�Ñ� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖ Ø�� Û�ÓÐ� �ܹÔ�Ö�Ñ�Òظ Û� ¬Ò� Ø��Ø ÓÙÖ �Ò�Ö�Ý ×�Ú�Ò�× �Ö� ÓÒÐÝ ×Ð���ØÐÝ ×Ñ�ÐÐ�Ö¸ ¿¾±º

�ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ê� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖ ÈÓÛ�Ö �Ò� È�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ½�

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 30000

2

4

6

8

10

Load (

% o

f one n

ode)

Num

ber

of N

odes

Time(s)

CPU loadMem load

I/O loadNumber of nodes

���ÙÖ� ½º�º �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö �ÚÓÐÙØ�ÓÒ �Ò� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � ��Ñ�Ò�× �Ò Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö¹�Û�Ö� Ç˺ ������� ½�¼ ×� ÓÒ�×� ������ � ¼±º

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Pow

er(

W)

Time(s)

Static ConfigurationDynamic Configuration

���ÙÖ� ½º�º ÈÓÛ�Ö ÓÒ×ÙÑÔØ�ÓÒ �ÓÖ Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö¹�Û�Ö� ÇË ÙÒ��Ö ×Ø�Ø� �Ò� �ÝÒ�Ñ� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ׺ ������ � ½�¼ ×� ÓÒ�×� ������ � ¼±º

´Ì��× ÓÑÔ�Ö�×ÓÒ �× ÒÓØ Ö��ÐÐÝ ���Ö �ÓÛ�Ú�Ö¸ ×�Ò � Ö��и �º�º ×Ø�Ø� ¸ Ý Ð�×�ÖÚ�Ö× �Ö� Ò�Ú�Ö ØÙÖÒ�� Ó«µº ÁÒ �ÒÝ �×�¸ �Ø �× Ð��Ö Ø��Ø Ø�� ÐÓ�� ÓÒØ�� ÓÓÐ�Ò� �Ò�Ö�×ØÖÙ ØÙÖ� �× Ö��Ù �� �Ý �Ø Ð��×Ø ¿¾± ÙÒ��Ö Ø�� �ÝÒ�Ñ� ×Ý×Ø�ѺÌÓ �ÒÚ�×Ø���Ø� Ø�� ØÖ���Ó« ��ØÛ��Ò Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � �Ò� ÔÓÛ�Ö¸ Û� �Ð×Ó

Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�� �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ× �Ò Û�� � ÓÙÖ �ÒØ�Ò��� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒ�× ¾¼±º Ï� ��ÔØ �Ð�Ô×� �Ø ½�¼ ×� ÓÒ�׺ ���ÙÖ� ½º� �ÐÐÙ×ØÖ�Ø�× Ø���ÚÓÐÙØ�ÓÒ Ó� Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ò Ø��× �×�º �× ÓÒ� ÛÓÙÐ� �ÜÔ� ظ

½�

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 30000

2

4

6

8

10

Load (

% o

f one n

ode)

Num

ber

of N

odes

Time(s)

CPU loadMem load

I/O loadNumber of nodes

���ÙÖ� ½º�º �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö �ÚÓÐÙØ�ÓÒ �Ò� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � ��Ñ�Ò�× �Ò Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö¹�Û�Ö� Ç˺ ������� ½�¼ ×� ÓÒ�×� ������ � ¾¼±º

�ÐÐÓÛ�Ò� �ÓÖ ×ÓÑ� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ���Ö���Ø�ÓÒ ��× Ø�� �«� Ø Ó� ×ÐÓÛ�Ò� �ÓÛÒØ�� ����Ø�ÓÒ Ó� Ò�Û ÒÓ��× �Ò� ×Ô����Ò� ÙÔ Ø�� Ö�ÑÓÚ�Ð Ó� ÙÒÒ� �××�ÖÝÒÓ��׺ �× � Ö�×ÙÐظ Ø�� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ �� ���× ØÓ �ÙÑÔ ��Ö� ØÐÝ �ÖÓÑ � ØÓ �ÒÓ��× Û��Ò Ö�ÑÔ�Ò� ÙÔ �Ò� ØÓ �ÙÑÔ ��Ö� ØÐÝ �ÖÓÑ � ØÓ � ÒÓ��× Û��Ò�ÓÛÒ¹×�Þ�Ò�º ÇÚ�Ö�Ðи ÓÙÖ ×Ý×Ø�Ñ ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�× ��± �Ò� �¾± Ó� Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö�Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×ÙÑ�� �Ý �Ø× ×Ø�Ø� ÓÙÒØ�ÖÔ�ÖØ �Ò Ø��× �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�Òغ Á� Û� ÓÒ×���Ö Ø��Ø Ø�� ÛÓÖ�ÐÓ�� ¬Ò�×��× ¾ Ñ�ÒÙØ�× Ð�Ø�Ö ÓÒ Ø�� �ÝÒ�Ñ� Ø��ÒÓÒ Ø�� ×Ø�Ø� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ¸ Ø�� �Ò�Ö�Ý ���Ò× �Ö� Ó� �¼±º

�º Ê�Ð�Ø�� ÏÓÖ�

ÅÓ×Ø Ó� Ø�� ÔÖ�Ú�ÓÙ× ÛÓÖ� ÓÒ ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�Ø�ÓÒ ��× ���Ò �Ó Ù×�� ÓÒ Ð�Ô¹ØÓÔ ÓÑÔÙØ�Ö× �Ò� �Ñ������ �Ò� ��Ò�¹��Ð� ��Ú� �׺ Ê�×��Ö � ÓÒ Ø��×���Ú� �× ��× �Ò ÐÙ��� ÓÔØ�Ñ�Þ�Ø�ÓÒ× �ÓÖ Ø�� ÔÖÓ �××ÓÖ ´�º�º �Ï��×�Ö �Ø �к¸½���� À�Ð���Ðи ¾¼¼¼� À×Ù �Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼¼℄µ¸ �ÓÖ Ø�� Ñ�ÑÓÖÝ ´�º�º �Ä��� ��Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼¼� Î���Ý�Ö�×�Ò�Ò �Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼¼� ��Ð�ÐÙÞ �Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼½℄µ¸ �ÓÖ Ø�� ��×�´�º�º �Ä� �Ø �к¸ ½���� �ÓÙ�Ð�× �Ò� ÃÖ�×�Ò�Ò¸ ½���� À�ÐÑ�ÓÐ� �Ø �к¸ ½���℄µ¸�Ò� �ÓÖ Ó¯Ó���Ò� ÓÑÔÙØ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÖÓÑ Ø��Ñ ØÓ ÒÓÒ¹��ØØ�ÖݹÓÔ�Ö�Ø�� ÓѹÔÙØ�Ö× ´�º�º �ÊÙ��Ò�Ó �Ø �к¸ ½���� ÃÖ�Ñ�Ö �Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼¼℄µºËÓÑ� Ó� Ø��× Ö�×��Ö � �Ò �� Ù×�� ØÓ ÓÔØ�Ñ�Þ� �� � ÒÓ�� Ó� � ÐÙ×Ø�Ö

�Ò��Ô�Ò��ÒØÐÝ̧ ×Ó Û� �Ò �Ð×Ó ��Ò�¬Ø �ÖÓÑ �غ ÀÓÛ�Ú�Ö¸ ÓÙÖ Ö�×��Ö � �×ÓÖØ�Ó�ÓÒ�Ð ØÓ Ø��×� ÓÒØÖ��ÙØ�ÓÒ× �Ò Ø�� ×�Ò×� Ø��Ø Û� �Ó Ù× ÓÒ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¹Û��� ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�Ø�ÓÒ¸ �º�º ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�Ø�ÓÒ Ø��Ø ÓÒ×���Ö× �ÐÐÓ� Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ö�×ÓÙÖ �× �Ò� Ø�� ÐÓ�� Ó«�Ö�� ØÓ Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö �× � Û�ÓÐ�º

�ÝÒ�Ñ� �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ê� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖ ÈÓÛ�Ö �Ò� È�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � ½�

Ï� ÓÖ���Ò�ÐÐÝ ÔÖÓÔÓ×�� Ø�� ����× �Ò� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ× ��× Ö���� ��Ö� �Ò �È�Ò¹���ÖÓ �Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼½�℄º � ×�ÓÖØ�Ö �Ò� Ö�Ú�×�� Ú�Ö×�ÓÒ Ó� Ø��Ø Ô�Ô�Ö �ÔÔ��Ö×�Ò �È�Ò���ÖÓ �Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼½�℄º Ì��× Ô�Ô�Ö �ÜØ�Ò�× ÓÙÖ ÓÖ���Ò�Ð ÛÓÖ� �Ò ×�Ú¹�Ö�Ð Û�Ý×� ´�µ ÓÙÖ ÓÖ���Ò�Ð ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ò� ÐÓ�� ��×ØÖ��ÙØ�ÓÒ�Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ ��� ÒÓØ ÓÒ×���Ö Ø�� Ô�×Ø ����Ú�ÓÖ �Ò� ×Ô��� Ó� ��Ò�� Ó� Ø��Ó«�Ö�� ÛÓÖ�ÐÓ�� Û��Ò Ñ���Ò� �Ø× �� �×�ÓÒ×� ´�µ ÓÙÖ ÓÖ���Ò�Ð ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ö�¹ ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �� �×�ÓÒ× Û�Ö� Ð�Ñ�Ø�� ØÓ ����Ò� ÓÖ Ö�ÑÓÚ�Ò� � ×�Ò�Ð� ÒÓ���Ø � Ø�Ñ�� �Ò� ´ µ ÓÙÖ ÓÖ���Ò�Ð �Ú�ÐÙ�Ø�ÓÒ Ó� Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö¹�Û�Ö� ×�ÖÚ�Ö�××ÙÑ�� � ×ÝÒØ��Ø� ÛÓÖ�ÐÓ��º �ÜØ�Ò×�ÓÒ× ´�µ �Ò� ´�µ �Ò Ö��×�� ÓÙÖ���Ð�ØÝ ØÓ ØÖ� � �Ò� ÕÙ� �ÐÝ ���Ù×Ø ØÓ Ú�Ö��Ø�ÓÒ× �Ò Ó«�Ö�� ÐÓ��¸ Û��Ö��×�ÜØ�Ò×�ÓÒ ´ µ �ÐÐÓÛ× Ù× ØÓ ��ÑÓÒ×ØÖ�Ø� Ø�� Ù×��ÙÐÒ�×× Ó� ÓÙÖ �ÔÔÖÓ� � �ÒÖ��Ð�×Ø� × �Ò�Ö�Ó׺ÌÛÓ Ö� �ÒØ Ô�Ô�Ö× ����×� �Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼½� �ÐÒÓÞ��Ý �Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼¾℄ �Ð×Ó

���Ð Û�Ø� ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý Ö�×��Ö � �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö׺ ���×� �Ø �к ����×��Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼½℄ Ø� �Ð�� Ø�� ��Ò�Ö�Ð ÔÖÓ�Ð�Ñ Ó� Ö�×ÓÙÖ � �ÐÐÓ �Ø�ÓÒ �Ò �Ó×ع�Ò� �ÒØ�Ö× Ù×�Ò� Ñ�Ö��ع��×�� ÔÓÐ� ��׺ ÁÒ Ø�ÖÑ× Ó� ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�Ø�ÓÒ¸ Ø��Ý �Ú�ÐÙ�Ø�� � Ö�×ÓÙÖ � �ÐÐÓ �Ø�ÓÒ ÔÓÐ� Ý �ÓÖ � ÐÙ×Ø�Ö��ÏÏÏ ×�ÖÚ�Ö Ø��Ø �× ×�Ñ�Ð�Ö ØÓ Ø�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ Û�×ØÙ�Ý ��Ö�º �ÐÒÓÞ��Ý �Ø �к ��ÐÒÓÞ��Ý �Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼¾℄ �Ú�ÐÙ�Ø�� ��«�Ö�ÒØ ÓÑ��Ò�Ø�ÓÒ× Ó� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ö� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ò� �ÝÒ�Ñ� ÚÓÐØ��� × �Ð�Ò� �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö׺ Ì��Ý ×�ÓÛ�� Ø��Ø Ø�� ��Ò�¬Ø× Ó� ÓÙÖ Ø� �Ò�ÕÙ� �Ò �� �Ò Ö��×���Ý ÓÙÔÐ�Ò� �Ø Û�Ø� ÓÓÖ��Ò�Ø�� ´ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¹Û���µ ÚÓÐØ��� × �Ð�Ò�º�× ��ÓÖ�Ñ�ÒØ�ÓÒ��¸ ÐÓ�� ÓÒ �ÒØÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �× �Ò×Ô�Ö�� �Ý ÔÖ�Ú�ÓÙ× ÛÓÖ�

�Ò ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¹Û��� ÐÓ�� ��Ð�Ò �Ò� ´�º�º ���Ö�� �Ò� Ä�³���Ò¸ ½���� ��ÓÖѹÐ�Ý �Ø �к¸ ½���� Ä�ØÞ�ÓÛ �Ò� ËÓÐÓÑÓÒ¸ ½��¾� �ÓÙ�Ð�× �Ò� ÇÙ×Ø�Ö�ÓÙظ½��½� È�Ò���ÖÓ �Ò� ���Ò ��Ò�¸ ½���� ��× Ó¸ ¾¼¼¼� ��×Ø�ÚÖÓ× �Ø �к¸ ½���℄µºËÓÑ� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ× �Ó Ù×� ×ÓÑ� �ÓÖÑ Ó� ÐÓ�� ÓÒ �ÒØÖ�Ø�ÓÒ¸ �ÙØ ÓÒÐÝ �× � Ö�¹Ñ����Ð Ø� �Ò�ÕÙ� Ð��� �Ò ×Ý×Ø�Ñ× Ø��Ø ��ÖÚ�×Ø ��Ð� ÛÓÖ�×Ø�Ø�ÓÒ× ´�º�º ���Ö�� �Ò� Ä�³���Ò¸ ½���� Ä�ØÞ�ÓÛ �Ò� ËÓÐÓÑÓÒ¸ ½��¾℄µ ÓÖ �× � Ñ�Ò¹���Ñ�ÒØ Ø� �Ò�ÕÙ� �ÓÖ Ñ�ÒÙ�ÐÐÝ �Ü ÐÙ��Ò� � ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÒÓ��º Ï� Ù×� ÐÓ�� ÓÒ �ÒØÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �× � ¬Ö×ع Ð�×× Ø� �Ò�ÕÙ� �ÓÖ ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�Ò� ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý�Ò ÐÙ×Ø�Ö׺Ì�� Ø� �Ò�ÕÙ� Ø��Ø �× ÐÓ×�×Ø �Ò ×Ô�Ö�Ø ØÓ ÐÓ�� ÓÒ �ÒØÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖ ÔÓÛ�Ö

�Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý �× Ó¯Ó���Ò� ÓÑÔÙØ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÖÓÑ � ��ØØ�ÖݹÓÔ�Ö�Ø�� ��Ú� � ØÓ� Ö�ÑÓØ� ÒÓÒ¹��ØØ�ÖݹÓÔ�Ö�Ø�� ÓÑÔÙØ�Ö ´�º�º �ÊÙ��Ò�Ó �Ø �к¸ ½����ÃÖ�Ñ�Ö �Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼¼℄µº ÀÓÛ�Ú�Ö¸ ÐÓ�� ÓÒ �ÒØÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �× ��× Ö���� ��Ö��ÒÚÓÐÚ�× ��«�Ö�ÒØ ��ÐÐ�Ò��× �Ò� ØÖ���ӫ׸ Ñ��ÒÐÝ �� �Ù×� Ø�� ÐÓ�� ÓÒØ�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö �Ò� Ø�� �«� Ø Ó� �ÔÔÐÝ�Ò� Ø�� Ø� �Ò�ÕÙ� ÑÙ×Ø �� ��Ø�ÖÑ�Ò�����ÓÖ� �ÒÝ � Ø�ÓÒ �Ò �� Ø���Òº� ��Û ÓØ��Ö ÔÖÓ�� Ø× ���Ð Û�Ø� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ö� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ ´�º�º ��ÓÜ �Ø �к¸

½���� �ÔÔÐ��Ý �Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼½� Î�Ò Ê�Ò�××� �Ø �к¸ ½���� �ÓÐ�×ÞÑ��Ø �Ò�ÀÙÒظ ½���℄µº �Ú�Ò Ø�ÓÙ�� Ø��×� ÔÖÓ�� Ø× �Ó ÒÓØ ÓÒ×���Ö ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò¹

½�

�Ö�Ý �××Ù�׸ Ø��Ý Ð�Ò� Ø��Ñ×�ÐÚ�× Ò� �ÐÝ ØÓ Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö�Ò� �ÓÛÒ Ó� ÙÒÙ×��×Ý×Ø�Ñ׺ÁÒ Ø�ÖÑ× Ó� ÓÙÖ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ѹ Ø�� ÑÓ×Ø ÐÓ×�ÐÝ Ö�Ð�Ø�� ÛÓÖ� �× Ø��Ø Ó�

Ë���ÖÓÒ �Ø �к �Ë���ÖÓÒ �Ø �к¸ ¾¼¼¾℄º Ì��Ý ÔÖÓÔÓ×�� Ø�� Ù×� Ó� ÓÒØÖÓйØ��ÓÖ�Ø� Ø� �Ò�ÕÙ�× �ÓÖ �ÝÒ�Ñ� Ø��ÖÑ�Ð Ñ�Ò���Ñ�ÒØ Ó� Ñ� ÖÓÔÖÓ �×¹×ÓÖ׺ Ï� �ÔÔÐÝ ×�Ñ�Ð�Ö Ø� �Ò�ÕÙ�× ØÓ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö Ö� ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖ ÔÓÛ�Ö�Ò� Ô�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò �º

�º �ÓÒ ÐÙ×�ÓÒ×

ÁÒ Ø��× Ô�Ô�Ö Û� ���Ö�××�� ÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý ÓÒ×�ÖÚ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖ ÐÙ×¹Ø�Ö׺ Ï� ÔÖÓÔÓ×�� � ÓÒØÖÓйØ��ÓÖ�Ø� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö ÓÒ¬�ÙÖ�Ø�ÓÒ �Ò� ÐÓ����×ØÖ��ÙØ�ÓÒ �Ð�ÓÖ�Ø�Ñ �Ò� �ÔÔÐ��� �Ø ÙÒ��Ö ØÛÓ ��«�Ö�ÒØ × �Ò�Ö�Ó׺ ÇÙÖ�ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ× ×�ÓÛ�� Ø��Ø �Ø �× �Ò���� ÔÓ××��Ð� ØÓ ÓÒ×�ÖÚ� ×��Ò�¬ �ÒØÔÓÛ�Ö �Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý �Ò Ø�� ÓÒØ�ÜØ Ó� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö׺ ��×�� ÓÒ ÓÙÖ �ÜÔ�Ö�Ñ�ÒØ�ÐÖ�×ÙÐØ׸ Û� ÓÒ ÐÙ�� Ø��Ø �ÜÔÐÓ�Ø�Ò� Ô�Ö�Ó�× Ó� Ð���Ø ÐÓ�� �Ò ÔÖÓÚ���ØÖ�Ñ�Ò�ÓÙ× ���Ò× �ÓÖ ÓÖ��Ò�Þ�Ø�ÓÒ× �Ò� ÓÑÔ�Ò��× Ø��Ø Ö�ÐÝ ÓÒ Ð�Ö�� ÐÙ×Ø�Ö× Ó� ×�ÖÚ�Ö׺

� �ÒÓÛÐ����Ñ�ÒØ×

Ï� ÛÓÙÐ� Ð��� ØÓ Ø��Ò� ��ÖÐ� �ÐÐ�׸ �Ö�ØØ �Ð��× �¸ �Ò� Ä�Ú�Ù Á�ØÓ�� �ÓÖ ÓÑÑ�ÒØ× ÓÒ Ø�� ØÓÔ� Ó� Ø��× Ö�×��Ö �º Ï� �Ð×Ó Ø��Ò� ÍÐ� ÃÖ�Ñ�Ö¸ Å���À×��Ó¸ �Ò� Ø�� Ö�×Ø Ó� Ø�� Ô�ÓÔÐ� �Ò Ø�� ÈÖÓ�Ö�ÑÑ�Ò� Ä�Ò�Ù���× Ö����Ò��ÖÓÙÔ¸ Û�Ó ��ÐÔ�� Ù× �ÑÔÖÓÚ� Ø�� ÕÙ�Ð�ØÝ Ó� Ø��× Ô�Ô�Öº ��Ò�ÐÐÝ̧ Û�ÛÓÙÐ� Ð��� ØÓ Ø��Ò� ÍÐ� ÃÖ�Ñ�Ö �ÓÖ Ð�ØØ�Ò� Ù× Ù×� Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö Ñ��×ÙÖ�Ñ�ÒØ�Ò�Ö�×ØÖÙ ØÙÖ� Ó� Ø�� �Ò�Ö�Ý �Æ ��Ò Ý �Ò� ÄÓÛ¹ÈÓÛ�Ö ´��ĵ Ð�� �ØÊÙØ��Ö׺

Ê���Ö�Ò �×

�ÔÔÐ��Ý̧ ú¸ ����ÓÙÖ�¸ ˺¸ �ÓÒ�¸ ĺ¸ �ÓÐ�×ÞÑ��ظ �º¸ Ã�Ð�ÒØ�Ö¸ ź¸ ÃÖ¹�×�Ò��ÙÑ�Ö¸ ˺¸ È�Þ�и �º¸ È�Ö×��Ò�¸ º¸ �Ò� ÊÓ �Û�Ö��Ö¸ �º ´¾¼¼½µºÇ ��ÒÓ ¹ ËÄ� ��×�� Å�Ò���Ñ�ÒØ Ó� � �ÓÑÔÙØ�Ò� ÍØ�Ð�Øݺ ÁÒ ÈÖÓ¹ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø�� �Ø� Á�ÁÈ»Á��� ÁÒØ�ÖÒ�Ø�ÓÒ�Ð ËÝÑÔÓ×�ÙÑ ÓÒ ÁÒØ��Ö�Ø��Æ�ØÛÓÖ� Å�Ò���Ñ�Òغ

��Ö��¸ �º �Ò� Ä�³���Ò¸ Ǻ ´½���µº Ì�� ÅÇËÁ� ÅÙÐØ� ÓÑÔÙØ�Ö ÇÔ�Ö¹�Ø�Ò� ËÝ×Ø�Ñ �ÓÖ À��� È�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö �ÓÑÔÙØ�Ò�º ÂÓÙÖÒ�Ð Ó��ÙØÙÖ� ��Ò�Ö�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÑÔÙØ�Ö ËÝ×Ø�Ñ׸ ½¿´�¹�µ�¿�½ß¿�¾º

��×Ø�ÚÖÓ׸ �º¸ �ÖÓÚ�ÐÐ�¸ ź¸ Ä�Ù¸ º¸ �Ò� Å�ÖØ�Ò¸ �º ´½���µº ��×ØÖ��ÙØ��È� ��Ø Ê�ÛÖ�Ø�Ò� �Ò� �Ø× �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ ØÓ Ë �Ð��Ð� Ë�ÖÚ�Ö �Ö ��Ø� ØÙÖ�׺ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø�� ÁÒØ�ÖÒ�Ø�ÓÒ�Ð �ÓÒ��Ö�Ò � ÓÒ Æ�ØÛÓÖ� ÈÖÓØÓ ÓÐ׺

��ÖÖ�Ö�¸ �º κ �Ò� ���Ò ��Ò�¸ ʺ ´ÂÙÒ� ¾¼¼½µº �Æ ��Ò Ý Ú׺ ÔÓÖØ���Ð�ØÝ�Ò ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¹��×�� Ò�ØÛÓÖ� ×�ÖÚ�Ö׺ ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø�� �Ø� ��Å ËÁ�¹

Ê���Ê�Æ��Ë ½�

ÈÄ�Æ ËÝÑÔÓ×�ÙÑ ÓÒ ÈÖ�Ò �ÔÐ�× �Ò� ÈÖ� Ø� � Ó� È�Ö�ÐÐ�Ð ÈÖÓ�Ö�ѹÑ�Ò�º

���×�¸ º¸ �Ò��Ö×ÓÒ¸ �º¸ Ì�� ��Ö¸ Ⱥ¸ Î����ظ �º¸ �Ò� �ÓÝÐ�¸ ʺ ´Ç ØÓ��Ö¾¼¼½µº Å�Ò���Ò� �Ò�Ö�Ý �Ò� ×�ÖÚ�Ö Ö�×ÓÙÖ �× �Ò �Ó×Ø�Ò� �ÒØ�Ö׺ ÁÒÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø�� ½�Ø� ËÝÑÔÓ×�ÙÑ ÓÒ ÇÔ�Ö�Ø�Ò� ËÝ×Ø�Ñ× ÈÖ�Ò �ÔÐ�׺

��× Ó ´¾¼¼¼µº ��× Ó ÄÓ �Ð��Ö� ØÓÖº �ØØÔ�»»ÛÛÛº �× Óº ÓÑ»º��Ð�ÐÙÞ¸ κ¸ Ã�Ò��Ñ�Ö¸ ź¸ Î���Ý�Ö�×�Ò�Ò¸ ƺ¸ Ë�Ú�×Ù�Ö�Ñ�Ò��Ѹ �º¸�Ò� ÁÖÛ�Ò¸ ź º ´Â�ÒÙ�ÖÝ ¾¼¼½µº �Ö�Ñ �Ò�Ö�Ý Ñ�Ò���Ñ�ÒØ Ù×�Ò�×Ó�ØÛ�Ö� �Ò� ��Ö�Û�Ö� ��Ö� Ø�� ÔÓÛ�Ö ÑÓ�� ÓÒØÖÓк ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�×Ó� Ø�� ÁÒØ�ÖÒ�Ø�ÓÒ�Ð ËÝÑÔÓ×�ÙÑ ÓÒ À���¹È�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � �ÓÑÔÙØ�Ö �Ö¹ ��Ø� ØÙÖ�º

�ÓÙ�Ð�׸ �º �Ò� ÃÖ�×�Ò�Ò¸ Ⱥ ´½���µº ���ÔØ�Ú� ��×� ×Ô�Ò¹�ÓÛÒ ÔÓÐ� ��×�ÓÖ ÑÓ��Ð� ÓÑÔÙØ�Ö׺ �ÓÑÔÙØ�Ò� ËÝ×Ø�Ñ׸ �´�µ�¿�½ß�½¿º

�ÓÙ�Ð�׸ �º �Ò� ÇÙ×Ø�Ö�ÓÙظ º ´½��½µº ÌÖ�Ò×Ô�Ö�ÒØ ÈÖÓ �×× Å��Ö�Ø�ÓÒ���×��Ò �Ò� �ÐØ�ÖÒ�Ø�Ú�× �Ò� Ø�� ËÔÖ�Ø� ÁÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�Ø�ÓÒº ËÓ�ØÛ�Ö��ÈÖ� Ø� � �Ò� �ÜÔ�Ö��Ò �¸ ¾½´�µ����ß���º

�ÐÒÓÞ��Ý̧ �º ƺ¸ Ã�×ØÐ�Ö¸ ź¸ �Ò� Ê���ÑÓÒÝ̧ ʺ ´���ÖÙ�ÖÝ ¾¼¼¾µº �Ò�Ö�ݹ�Æ ��ÒØ Ë�ÖÚ�Ö �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö׺ ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø�� ¾Ò� ÏÓÖ�×�ÓÔ ÓÒ ÈÓÛ�Ö¹�Û�Ö� �ÓÑÔÙØ�Ò� ËÝ×Ø�Ñ׺

�Ð�ÒÒ¸ º �Ò� Ë�ØÝ�Ò�Ö�Ý�Ò�Ò¸ ź ´½���µº �Ò�Ö�ݹ�Û�Ö� ���ÔØ�Ø�ÓÒ �ÓÖÑÓ��Ð� �ÔÔÐ� �Ø�ÓÒ׺ ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø�� ½�Ø� ËÝÑÔÓ×�ÙÑ ÓÒ ÇÔ�Ö¹�Ø�Ò� ËÝ×Ø�Ñ× ÈÖ�Ò �ÔÐ�׸ Ô���× ��ß�¿º

�Óܸ �º¸ �Ö���Ð�¸ ˺¸ ���Û�Ø��¸ �º¸ �Ö�Û�Ö¸ �º¸ �Ò� ��ÙØ���Ö¸ Ⱥ ´½���µº�ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¹��×�� Ë �Ð��Ð� Æ�ØÛÓÖ� Ë�ÖÚ� �׺ ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø�� ÁÒØ�Ö¹Ò�Ø�ÓÒ�Ð ËÝÑÔÓ×�ÙÑ ÓÒ ÇÔ�Ö�Ø�Ò� ËÝ×Ø�Ñ× ÈÖ�Ò �ÔÐ�׸ Ô���× ��ß�½º

��ÓÖÑÐ�Ý̧ �º¸ È�ØÖÓÙ¸ �º¸ ÊÓ�Ö��Ù�׸ ˺¸ Î����ظ �º¸ �Ò� �Ò��Ö×ÓÒ¸ ̺´½���µº �ÄÍÒ�Ü� � �ÐÓ��Ð Ä�Ý�Ö ÍÒ�Ü �ÓÖ � Æ�ØÛÓÖ� Ó� ÏÓÖ�×Ø�Ø�ÓÒ׺ËÓ�ØÛ�Ö�� ÈÖ� Ø� � �Ò� �ÜÔ�Ö��Ò �º

�ÓÐ�×ÞÑ��ظ �º �Ò� ÀÙÒظ �º ´½���µº Ë �Ð�Ò� ÁÒØ�ÖÒ�Ø Ë�ÖÚ� �× �Ý �ݹÒ�Ñ� �ÐÐÓ �Ø�ÓÒ Ó� �ÓÒÒ� Ø�ÓÒ׺ ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø�� �Ø� Á�ÁÈ»Á���ÁÒØ�ÖÒ�Ø�ÓÒ�Ð ËÝÑÔÓ×�ÙÑ ÓÒ ÁÒØ��Ö�Ø�� Æ�ØÛÓÖ� Å�Ò���Ñ�Òظ Ô���×½�½ß½��º

À�Ð���Ðи ̺ ´���ÖÙ�ÖÝ ¾¼¼¼µº ÌÖ�Ò×Ñ�Ø� �Ö���× Ø�� Ü�� ÐÓÛ¹ÔÓÛ�Ö ��Ö¹Ö��Öº ÁÒ Å� ÖÓÔÖÓ �××ÓÖ Ê�ÔÓÖغ

À�ÐÑ�ÓÐ�¸ �º Ⱥ¸ ÄÓÒ�¸ �º �º �º¸ �Ò� Ë��ÖÖÓ�¸ �º ´½���µº � �ÝÒ�Ñ� ��×� ×Ô�Ò¹�ÓÛÒ Ø� �Ò�ÕÙ� �ÓÖ ÑÓ��Ð� ÓÑÔÙØ�Ò�º ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø��¾Ò� ÁÒØ�ÖÒ�Ø�ÓÒ�Ð �ÓÒ��Ö�Ò � ÓÒ ÅÓ��Ð� �ÓÑÔÙØ�Ò� ´ÅÇ�Á�ÇÅ��µ¸Ô���× ½¿¼ß½�¾º

À×Ù¸ �º¹Àº¸ ÃÖ�Ñ�Ö¸ ͺ¸ �Ò� À×��Ó¸ ź ´ÆÓÚ�Ñ��Ö ¾¼¼¼µº �ÓÑÔ�Ð�Ö¹��Ö� Ø�� �ÝÒ�Ñ� �Ö�ÕÙ�Ò Ý �Ò� ÚÓÐØ��� × �Ð�Ò�º ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø��ÏÓÖ�×�ÓÔ ÓÒ ÈÓÛ�Ö¹�Û�Ö� �ÓÑÔÙØ�Ö ËÝ×Ø�Ñ׺

ÁÇÞÓÒ� ´ÆÓÚ�Ñ��Ö ¾¼¼¼µº ÁÓÞÓÒ� ¬Ð�×Ý×Ø�Ñ ��Ò �Ñ�Ö�º �ØØÔ�»»ÛÛÛº�ÓÞÓÒ�ºÓÖ�º

¾¼

ÃÖ�Ñ�Ö¸ ͺ¸ À� �׸ º¸ �Ò� Ê���¸ º ´Ç ØÓ��Ö ¾¼¼¼µº �ÓÑÔ�Ð�Ö¹��Ö� Ø��Ö�ÑÓØ� Ø�×� �Ü� ÙØ�ÓÒ �ÓÖ ÔÓÛ�Ö Ñ�Ò���Ñ�Òغ ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø��ÏÓÖ�×�ÓÔ ÓÒ �ÓÑÔ�Ð�Ö× �Ò� ÇÔ�Ö�Ø�Ò� ËÝ×Ø�Ñ× �ÓÖ ÄÓÛ ÈÓÛ�Öº

Ä��� �¸ �º ʺ¸ ��Ò¸ �º¸ ��Ò�¸ Àº¸ �Ò� �ÐÐ�׸ �º ˺ ´¾¼¼¼µº ÈÓÛ�Ö �Û�Ö�Ô��� �ÐÐÓ �Ø�ÓÒº ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø�� �Ø� ÁÒØ�ÖÒ�Ø�ÓÒ�Ð �ÓÒ��Ö�Ò �ÓÒ �Ö ��Ø� ØÙÖ�Ð ËÙÔÔÓÖØ �ÓÖ ÈÖÓ�Ö�ÑÑ�Ò� Ä�Ò�Ù���× �Ò� ÇÔ�Ö�Ø�Ò�ËÝ×Ø�Ñ× ´�ËÈÄÇË Á�µ¸ Ô���× ½¼�ß½½�º

Ä�¸ ú¸ ÃÙÑÔ�¸ ʺ¸ ÀÓÖØÓÒ¸ Ⱥ¸ �Ò� �Ò��Ö×ÓÒ¸ ̺ ´½���µº � ÕÙ�ÒØ�Ø�Ø�Ú��Ò�ÐÝ×�× Ó� ��×� �Ö�Ú� ÔÓÛ�Ö Ñ�Ò���Ñ�ÒØ �Ò ÔÓÖØ��Ð� ÓÑÔÙØ�Ö׺ ÁÒÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø�� ½��� Ï�ÒØ�Ö ÍË�ÆÁ� �ÓÒ��Ö�Ò �¸ Ô���× ¾��ß¾�½º

Ä�ØÞ�ÓÛ¸ ź º �Ò� ËÓÐÓÑÓÒ¸ ź ´½��¾µº ËÙÔÔÓÖØ�Ò� ��� �ÔÓ�ÒØ �Ò�ÈÖÓ �×× Å��Ö�Ø�ÓÒ ÇÙØ×��� Ø�� ÍÆÁ� Ã�ÖÒ�к ÁÒ Í×�Ò�Ü �ÓÒ��Ö�Ò �ÈÖÓ ����Ò�׸ Ô���× ¾�¿ß¾�¼¸ Ë�Ò �Ö�Ò �× Ó¸ ��º

È�Ò���ÖÓ¸ �º �Ò� ���Ò ��Ò�¸ ʺ ´�� �Ñ��Ö ½���µº ÆÓÑ��� � × �Ð��Ð� ÓÔ¹�Ö�Ø�Ò� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ �ÓÖ ÐÙ×Ø�Ö× Ó� ÙÒ� �Ò� ÑÙÐØ�ÔÖÓ �××ÓÖ׺ ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�×Ó� Ø�� ½×Ø Á��� ÁÒØ�ÖÒ�Ø�ÓÒ�Ð ÏÓÖ�×�ÓÔ ÓÒ �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö �ÓÑÔÙØ�Ò�º

È�Ò���ÖÓ¸ �º¸ ���Ò ��Ò�¸ ʺ¸ ��ÖÖ�Ö�¸ �º κ¸ �Ò� À��Ø�¸ ̺ ´¾¼¼½�µº ÄÓ����Ð�Ò �Ò� �Ò� ÍÒ��Ð�Ò �Ò� �ÓÖ ÈÓÛ�Ö �Ò� È�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � �Ò �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¹��×�� ËÝ×Ø�Ñ׺ Ì� �Ò� �Ð Ê�ÔÓÖØ ��˹Ìʹ��¼¸ ��Ô�ÖØÑ�ÒØ Ó� �ÓѹÔÙØ�Ö Ë ��Ò �¸ ÊÙØ��Ö× ÍÒ�Ú�Ö×�Øݺ

È�Ò���ÖÓ¸ �º¸ ���Ò ��Ò�¸ ʺ¸ ��ÖÖ�Ö�¸ �º κ¸ �Ò� À��Ø�¸ ̺ ´¾¼¼½�µº ÄÓ����Ð�Ò �Ò� �Ò� ÍÒ��Ð�Ò �Ò� �ÓÖ ÈÓÛ�Ö �Ò� È�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � �Ò �ÐÙ×Ø�Ö¹��×�� ËÝ×Ø�Ñ׺ ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø�� ÁÒØ�ÖÒ�Ø�ÓÒ�Ð ÏÓÖ�×�ÓÔ ÓÒ �ÓѹÔ�Ð�Ö× �Ò� ÇÔ�Ö�Ø�Ò� ËÝ×Ø�Ñ× �ÓÖ ÄÓÛ ÈÓÛ�Öº

ÊÄ� Ì� �ÒÓÐÓ���× ´ÂÙÒ� ¾¼¼½µº Ë�ÖÚ�Ö�Ð���º �ØØÔ�»»ÛÛÛºÖÐÜØ� �ÒÓÐÓ���׺ ÓÑ»ºÊÙ��Ò�Ó¸ �º¸ Ê����Ö¸ Ⱥ¸ ÈÓÔ��¸ �º º¸ �Ò� ÃÙ�ÒÒ�Ò�¸ �º Àº ´½���µºË�Ú�Ò� ÔÓÖØ��Ð� ÓÑÔÙØ�Ö ��ØØ�ÖÝ ÔÓÛ�Ö Ø�ÖÓÙ�� Ö�ÑÓØ� ÔÖÓ �×× �ܹ� ÙØ�ÓÒº ÅÓ��Ð� �ÓÑÔÙØ�Ò� �Ò� �ÓÑÑÙÒ� �Ø�ÓÒ× Ê�Ú��Û¸ ¾´½µ�½�ß¾�º

Ë���ÖÓÒ¸ ú¸ ËØ�Ò¸ ź¸ �Ò� ����ÐÞ���Ö¸ ̺ ´���ÖÙ�ÖÝ ¾¼¼¾µº �ÓÒØÖÓйØ��ÓÖ�Ø� Ø� �Ò�ÕÙ�× �Ò� Ø��ÖÑ�Ð¹Ö ÑÓ��Ð�Ò� �ÓÖ � ÙÖ�Ø� �Ò� ÐÓ �й�Þ�� �ÝÒ�Ñ� Ø��ÖÑ�Ð Ñ�Ò���Ñ�Òغ ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø�� ÁÒØ�ÖÒ�¹Ø�ÓÒ�Ð ËÝÑÔÓ×�ÙÑ ÓÒ À���¹È�Ö�ÓÖÑ�Ò � �ÓÑÔÙØ�Ö �Ö ��Ø� ØÙÖ�º

Î�Ò Ê�Ò�××�¸ ʺ¸ ��ÖÑ�Ò¸ ú¸ À�Ý��Ò¸ ź¸ Î�Ý×�ÙÖ�¸ �º¸ �Ò� Ã�ÖÖ¸ �º´½���µº �Ù�Ð��Ò� ���ÔØ�Ú� ×Ý×Ø�Ñ× Ù×�Ò� �Ò×�Ñ�Ð�º ËÓ�ØÛ�Ö� ÈÖ� Ø� ��Ò� �ÜÔ�Ö��Ò �¸ ¾�´�µ���¿ß���º

Î���Ý�Ö�×�Ò�Ò¸ ƺ¸ Ã�Ò��Ñ�Ö¸ ź¸ ÁÖÛ�Ò¸ ź º¸ Ã�Ѹ Àº ˺¸ �Ò� ��¸Ïº ´¾¼¼¼µº �Ò�Ö�ݹ�Ö�Ú�Ò �ÒØ��Ö�Ø�� ��Ö�Û�Ö�¹×Ó�ØÛ�Ö� ÓÔØ�Ñ�Þ�Ø�ÓÒ×Ù×�Ò� ×�ÑÔÐ�ÔÓÛ�Öº ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø�� ¾�Ø� �ÒÒÙ�Ð ÁÒØ�ÖÒ�Ø�ÓÒ�ÐËÝÑÔÓ×�ÙÑ ÓÒ �ÓÑÔÙØ�Ö �Ö ��Ø� ØÙÖ�¸ Ô���× ��ß½¼�º

Ï��×�Ö¸ ź¸ Ï�Ð �¸ �º¸ ��Ñ�Ö׸ �º¸ �Ò� Ë��Ò��Ö¸ ˺ ´½���µº Ë ���Ùй�Ò� �ÓÖ Ö��Ù �� ÔÙ �Ò�Ö�ݺ ÁÒ ÈÖÓ ����Ò�× Ó� Ø�� ½×Ø ËÝÑÔÓ×�ÙÑ ÓÒÇÔ�Ö�Ø�Ò� ËÝ×Ø�Ñ ��×��Ò �Ò� ÁÑÔÐ�Ñ�ÒØ�Ø�ÓÒº