design, fabrication and testing of aqua silencer - new

Design, Fabrication and Testing of Aqua Silencer

PROJECT WORK [AUT84]

Submitted by

B Padmanabhan 1NH16AU005

Bharath Yadav N 1NH16AU006

J Joshua Bosco 1NH16AU017

Mirza Shadman Raza 1NH17AU408

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

Under The Guidance of Dr. Shridhar Kurse

Professor & HOD Automobile Department

Department of Automobile Engineering, NHCE

May, 2020

DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Work [AUT84]

On

“Design, Fabrication and Testing of Aqua Silencer”

Is a bonafide work carried out by,

B Padmanabhan [1NH16AU005]

Bharath Yadav N [1NH16AU006]

J Joshua Bosco [1NH16AU017]

Mirza Shadman Raza [1NH17AU408]

In partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in

Automobile Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological university, Belgaum

during 8th Semester, 2019-20. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions

indicated for internal assessment has been incorporated in the report

deposited in the department library.

The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements

in respect of Mini Project Work prescribed for the said Degree.

Signature of Internal Guide Signature of HOD Signature of Principal

Dr. Shridhar Kurse Dr. Shridhar Kurse Dr. Manjunatha Professor & HOD

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1.

2.

Design and Development of Aqua Silencer

Dept of Automobile Engineering, NHCE Page 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our heartfelt thanks to Dr. Mohan Manghnani, Chairman, New Horizon

Educational Institutions for providing this endower.

We would also like to thank Dr. Shridhar Kurse, HOD, Automobile Department. New

Horizon College of Engineering and Dr. Manjunatha, Principal of New Horizon College of

Engineering who has given us a constant support with motivation in completion of the

project work

We sincerely thank Dr. Shridhar Kurse, Professor & HOD, Department of Automobile

Engineering, New Horizon College of Engineering who has guided us throughout in

completion of the project work.

We thank entire staff members of Automobile Department, New Horizon College of

Engineering and everyone who has directly or indirectly helped us in completion of the

project work.



Content

Sl.No. CHAPTER Page No.

1 Introduction 11

2 Literature Review 13

3 Objectives 17

4 Methodology 18

5 Work done 19

5.1 Perforated tube 19

5.1.1 Inner perforated tube 19

5.1.2 Outer perforated tube 20

5.2 Wire Mesh 20

5.3 Activated charcoal 20

5.4 Lime Water 22

5.5 Outer shell and Cap: 22

5.6 Full Aqua Silencer 16

5.7 Non Return Valve: 25

6 Working 26

7 Analysis using ANSYS 28

7.1 Analysis 28

7.2 ANSYS 28

7.3 Structural Analysis 28

7.4 Test carried out on the different material 29



7.5 Structural Analysis 29

7.5.1 Material properties 29

7.5.2 Mesh 29

7.5.3 Total Deformation 30

7.5.4 Equivalent (Von-Mises) Stress 30

7.5.5 Equivalent Elastic Strain 30

7.5.6 Directional Deformation 31

7.5.6.1 Directional Deformation in (X-Axis) 31

7.5.6.2 Directional Deformation in (Y-Axis) 32

7.5.6.3 Directional Deformation in (Z-Axis) 32

7.6 Aluminum Alloy Analysis 33

7.6.1 Material Properties 33

7.6.2 Mesh 33

7.6.3 Total Deformation 34

7.6.4 Equivalent (Von-Mises) Stress 34

7.6.5 Equivalent Elastic Strain 35

7.6.6 Directional Deformation 35

7.6.6.2 Directional Deformation (Z-Axis) 35

7.6.6.2 Directional Deformation (X-Axis) 36

7.6.6.3 Directional Deformation (Y-Axis) 36

8 Material Used 37

8.1 Mild Steel 37

../../Rajendra/AppData/Roaming/Ansys/v160/Mechanical_Report/Mechanical_Report.htm#EngineeringData1



8.2 Perforated metal 38

8.3 Activated Charcoal 39

9 Fabrication process 41

9.1 Work Done 41

9.2 Absorption 42

9.2.1 Absorption Process 42

9.2.2 Advantages of Absorption Process 42

9.2.3 Merits and Demerits 43

9.3 Effect of Dissolved Gases on Water 43

9.4 Chemical Reactions that takes place 44

10 Testing Procedure 47

11 Results and Discussion 49

12 Conclusion 50

13 Scope of future Work 52

14 References 53



List of Figures

Sl.No Fig.No Figures Name Page No

1 5.1 3D view of inner perforated tube 19

2 5.2 2D view of the inner perforated tube with dimensions 19

3 5.3 3D view of outer perforated tube. 20

4 5.4 2D view of outer perforated tube with dimensions 20

5 5.5 Stainless steel Wire mesh 11

6 5.6 Activated charcoal (powder and pellets) 21

7 5.7 3D view of the Outer shell. 23

8 5.8 2D view of the Outer shell with dimensions. 23

9 5.9 3D view of the cap 23

10 5.10 2D view of cap with dimensions. 24

11 5.11 3D view of the Aqua silencer. 24

12 5.12 2D view of the Aqua silencer 24

13 5.3 Non Return Valve 25

14 6 Working of Aqua Silencer. 26

15 7.1 Ansys model of Aqua Silencer. 28

16 7.2 Total Deformation 30

17 7.3 Equivalent (Von-Mises) Stress 30

18 7.4 Equivalent Elastic Strain 31

19 7.5 Directional Deformation in (X-Axis) 31



20 7.6 Directional Deformation in (Y-Axis) 32

21 7.7 Directional Deformation in (Z-Axis) 32

22 7.8 Total Deformation. 32

23 7.9 Equivalent (Von-Mises) Stress 32

24 7.10 Equivalent Elastic Strain 33

25 7.11 Directional Deformation (Z-Axis) 33

26 7.12 Directional Deformation (X-Axis) 34

27 7.13 Directional Deformation (Y-Axis) 34

28 8.1 Mild Steel Material 37

29 8.2 Perforated Tube 38

30 8.3 Activated Charcoal 39

31 9.1 Outer Shell 41

32 9.2 Assembled Aqua-Silencer 41

33 10.1 Certificate of Computerized Pollution Check Center 47



List of Tables

Sl.No Tab.No Table Name Page No

1 7.1.1 Structural Steel properties 29

2 7.1.2 Isotropic Elasticity 29

3 7.1.3 Meshing Statistics 30

4 7.1.4 Total Deformation 30

5 7.1.5 Equivalent (Von-Mises) Stress 31

6 7.1.6 Equivalent Elastic Strain 31

7 7.1.7 Directional Deformation in (X-Axis) 31

8 7.1.8 Directional Deformation in (Y-Axis) 32

9 7.1.9 Directional Deformation in (Z-Axis) 32

10 7.1.10 Aluminum Alloy Properties 33

11 7.1.11 Isotropic Elasticity 33

12 7.1.12 Meshing Statistics 33

13 7.1.13 Total Deformation. 32

14 7.1.14 Equivalent (Von-Mises) Stress 32

15 7.1.15 Equivalent Elastic Strain 33

16 7.1.16 Directional Deformation (X-Axis) 33

17 7.1.17 Directional Deformation (Y-Axis) 34

18 7.1.18 Directional Deformation (Z-Axis) 34

19 10.1.1 Comparison Table of Ordinary and Aqua-Silencer 48

20 11.1.1 Different Results of Silencer 49




Abstract

The main objective of this working is to develop a silencer that can reduce air pollution

emission and noise produced in the silencer so aqua silencer is one of the attempts

taken to reduce the noise, emission and air pollution. As we know global warming is

increasing on our planet earth, all people are facing a wealth of new and challenging

environmental problems every day. Nowadays, more importance is being given to

environmental issues like air pollution and noise pollution.

The major pollutants contributed by factories are sulphur-dioxide and from automobiles

are carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (Nox) and

lead. Automobiles are not only source of air pollution, other sources such as electric

power generating stations, industrial and domestic fuel consumption, mining

operations, industrial processing etc. also provide contamination of our environment

heavily. Noise pollution is the disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or

balance of human life. The main source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by

machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and trains. An aqua

silencer is an attempt in this direction to reduce air and noise pollution. The aqua

silencer reduces noise pollution because, the sound produced under water has less

amplitude than in open atmosphere. It happens because the water molecules are

converted into low mass bubble which lowers amplitude of emission gases and lowers

the sound level. The charcoal layer is pasted over perforated tube. The emission of

polluted gases can be controlled by using the activated charcoal and highly porous extra

free valences due to this they have high absorption capacity.

Aqua Silencer deals with control of emission and noise in automobile exhaust which is

achieved by using activated charcoal, perforated tube and outer shell. An aqua silencer

is fitted to the exhaust pipe of engine. The main pollutants contributed by automobiles

include CO, UBHC, NOx and Lead etc. The activated charcoal layer filters this harmful

nitrous and sulphur content produced from the engine. Sound produced under water is

less audible than it produced in atmosphere. This is mostly because of small sprockets in

water molecules, which lowers its amplitude thus, sound level decreases. Due to this



water is required in this silencer and hence its name AQUA SILENCER. Serious attempts

should be made to reduce this pollutants and save our environment.

In aqua silencer main perforated tube which consist of different diameter holes

generally there are holes on perforated tube, charcoal layers is pasted over the tube and

it is used to convert high mass bubbles to low mass bubbles aqua silencer reduces

emissions, noise because the sound produces in aqua silencer under water having less

amplitude than the sound produced in open atmosphere. The charcoal layer can control

the emission using activated charcoal and highly porous extra free valences so there

layers having high absorption capacity.



CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Silencer is device which is used to control the noise and emission in IC engines. The

silencer is an important component of any locomotive which is fuel operated. As most of

locomotives in present time is use petrol as fuel. On burning, petrol produces a high

value of carbon monoxide and many other pollutants. These pollutants pollute the air

and in return causes physical ill effects to the human beings and also the environment.

The main contribution of the air pollution is automobiles releasing flue gases. In order to

avoid this type of gases to mix in air, we introduce silencer in our automobiles. Silencer is

fitted to the exhaust pipe of the engine. The silencer in the Automobile controls these

pollutants from making a big impact in the atmosphere and in people’s health.

Automobile is the field which is known for pollution in many ways. Air pollution is most

important from the public health point of view, because every individual person

breathes approximately 22000 times a day, inhaling about 15 to 22 kg of air daily.

Polluted air causes physical ill effect, undesirable aesthetic and physiological effects. Air

pollution can be defined as addition of any material into the atmosphere, which will

have a destructive effect on life in our planet. The main pollutants contributed by

automobile are carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of

nitrogen (NOx) and Lead. Automobiles are not the only sources of air pollution, other

sources such as electric power generating stations, industrial and domestic fuel

consumption, refuse burning, industrial processing etc. also contribute heavily to

contamination of our environment so it is imperative that serious attempts should be

made to conserve of our environment from degradation. An Aqua Silencer is an attempt,

in this direction; it is mainly dealing with control of emission and noise. An Aqua Silencer

is fitted to the exhaust pipe of engine. Sound produced under water is less hearable than

it produced in atmosphere. This mainly because of small sprockets in water molecules,

which lowers its amplitude thus, lowers the sound level. Because of this property water

is used in this silencer and hence its name aqua silencer. The noise and smoke level is



considerable less than the conventional silencer, it is cheaper, no need of catalytic

converter and easy to install.

An aqua silencer System is designed to replace conventional single unit engine silencers

on board structures. It offers a minimal 'footprint' while optimizing the entire exhaust

system for low noise and reduced back pressure. It is used to control the noise and

emission in IC engines. The reason why we go for aqua silencer is, in today life the air

pollution causes physical ill effects to the human beings and also the environment.

This emission is controlled by the activated charcoal layer around perforated tube and

lime water.The charcoal layer having high capacity to absorb emission gases from

engine. These charcoal layer with lime water reacts chemically with emission gases and

change the chemical structure of emission gases.The smoke or emission gases and noise

level in aqua silencer is very less than the commonly used silencers.

Engines are used for various purposes in power plants, automobiles, locomotives and in

various manufacturing. Noise created by these engines becomes a vital concern in

residential areas or areas where noise creates various hazard. Generally noise level of

more than 80 dB is hazardous for human being. The main sources of noise in an engine

are the exhaust and that produced due to friction of various parts of the engine. . As a

consequence, authorities now demand that noise levels are kept below certain limits. An

aqua silencer System is designed to replace conventional single unit engine silencers on

board structures. It is used to control the emission and noise in I.C. engines.



CHAPTER 2

Literature Review

The early developments in the Aqua silencer started with the use of aqueous

ammonia as the liquid medium to control the toxic flue gas. The exhaust gases

containing SO2, NOx, and CO2 from the combustion chamber enter the absorber

through the spreader. A definite flow rate of aqueous ammonia is capable of

absorbing maximum amount of CO2 and the others. The direction of flow of aqueous

ammonia is anti-parallel to that of the flue gases. There is continuous flow of

aqueous. The function of storage cylinder is to hold aqueous ammonia in case of rise

in level due to pressure of the exhaust gases. Further the gases, flowing through the

pipe and a pair of filters in the filter cylinder, are ejected to the atmosphere.

The gases that are ejected to the atmosphere are found to contain 10% to 25% less

carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.It was seen that the carbon

dioxide content of exhaust gases was reduced by an average of 25% as compared to

that of the ordinary silencer. Also reduction in the emission of gases such as nitrogen

oxides was noted. Along with the above gases, absorption of hydrocarbons from the

exhaust gases was seen.Aqua Ammonia with proper concentration can be very useful

for reducing the rate of pollution from I.C. engines. Future research work will be

modifications in this concept and design for efficient absorption of carbon monoxide,

carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide and nitric oxides in the ammonia solution. Work will

also be conducted to determine the mechanism of the reactions involved in the

absorption and regeneration reactions.[1][2]

The later developments included the usage of water instead of the aqueous ammonia

as the liquid medium, also developments in this field introduced the usage of

perforated tube of different diameters, and this was mainly concentrated on reducing

the noise of the engine. The exhaust gas enters the silencer as they consist of three

tubes of varying diameters. The tubes are being arranged one above the other

according to the diameters; tubes are drilled with holes of different diameters. The

exhaust gas enters the varying pipe arrangements in the silencer through inner pipe



and they circulate inside and are given to the second pipe as the flow of gas occurs

through the different diametric holes and gas comes out through the pipes as they

are covered by the outer shell. The carbon deposits along the surface of the given

pipes as they are passed through the holes of the different diameters. Then the gas

are passed to the reservoir tank through the given exhaust valve opening of the

silencer. The reservoir tank is filled with distilled water. The exhaust gases are then

made to pass through the distilled water. When the exhaust gases are passed through

the distilled water the oxides of nitrogen and sulphur are being precipitated. Then the

gases are being given to the atmosphere that was made less toxic. With the use of

distilled water there was, up to 60%reduction in carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide

emission compared to a conventional silencer. Due to the use of perforated tube

sound of the exhaust was reduced.[3]

The further development led to introduction of Activated Charcoal pellets along with

perforated tubes and instead of aqueous ammonia or water, lime water was used to

react with the activated charcoal to reduce the acids that formed due to the reaction

between the flue gases and the water.The exhaust gases enter in to the aqua silencer

and are received into the perforated tube which converts high mass bubbles into low

mass bubbles after which they passes through the charcoal layer which exonerate the

gases. This layer is highly porous and posses extra free valences so it has high

absorption capacity. After passing through the charcoal layer some of the gases may

dissolved into the water and finally the Exhaust gases liberate through the opening in

to the atmosphere. Hence aqua silencer reduces noise and pollution. The aqua

silencer is more effective in reducing emission from the engine exhaust using

perforated tube, lime water and charcoal. By adopting perforated tube the back

pressure remains constant, fuel consumption remains same as conventional system.

Noise produced in water is less and also by employing activated charcoal we can

control the exhaust emission to a greater level. The water pollution is found

negligible in aqua silencer as it is smokeless and pollution free emission.[4]



Simultaneously another method was introduced by using Activated charcoal powder,

this powder was coated on the wire mesh covering the perforate tube, and lime

water was also used to reduce the reaction that led to the formation of acids As the

exhaust gases enter in to the aqua silencer, the perforated tube converts high mass

bubbles in to low mass bubbles after that they come in to contact with lime water

they chemically react with it and pass through the charcoal layer which again purify

the gases. It is highly porous and posses extra free valences so it has high absorption

capacity. Since the charcoal layer is covered with outer shell which is filled with

water. Sound produced under water is less hearable than it produced in atmosphere.

This is mainly because of small sprockets in water molecules, which lowers its

amplitude thus, lowers the sound level hence aqua silencer reduces noise and

pollution, up to 35% reduction in carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, 40%

reduction in unburnt hydrocarbons emission than the conventional silencer.

A lot of effort is being made to reduce the air pollution from petrol and diesel engines

and regulations for emission limits are also imposed. Furthermore, developments in

petrol and diesel engines, combined with improvements in the vehicles, will make

fuel consumption reduction of 40% or more in the future cars. One such development

is improvement of the silencer unit of an engine. This is where an Aqua Silencer

comes into play. An Aqua Silencer mainly deals with control of emission and noise in

engine exhaust .It basically consists of a perforated tube which is installed at the exit

of the exhaust from the engine, which may have holes of variable diameters. This is

done to divide the gas molecules of large proportions to form gas molecules of

smaller diameter. Theoretically, four or more sets of holes are made on the

perforated tube using drilling. The other end of the perforated tube is sealed using a

plug. A small coating of activated charcoal is provided all around the perforated tube

using an inner box which holds the charcoal in place and separates the charcoal and

lime water from the water in the Aqua Silencer. This unit is then placed in a container

in which water is filled to a certain level. A small opening is provided on the lid of the

inner box which carries the exhaust from it to the outside using a small diameter

pipe. A U-bend of pipe is constructed at the end of perforated tube which doubles as

a non-return valve which prevents the back flow of engine exhaust or lime water back



into the engine. After passing over the charcoal layer, a portion of the gases dissolve

into the water and finally the exhaust gases escape through the opening in to the

atmosphere. Emission is a term that is used to describe the totality of undesired

gases and particulates which are released into the air or emitted by numerous

sources. Its amount and type change with changes in the industrial activity,

technology, and a number of other factors, such as air pollution regulations and

emissions controls. [8]



CHAPTER 3

Objectives

To study the Aqua silencer and its components, that is already in use and to learn it

drawbacks.

With the collected information, to fabricate an Aqua silencer and effectively reduce

emission of harmful components to the atmosphere, by the use of different

combination of the activated charcoal and different percentage of lime added.

To study the effect of different forms of activated charcoal, such as pellets and

powder on exhausts gases.

To study the reduction of noise at the exhaust by the use of Aqua silencer.

To compare the results obtained from the conventional silencer and aqua silencer

and tabulate the values.

There have been increasing concerns in recent years over discharge of industrial waste

waters into environment. The engine emission contains air pollutants and other species.

Almost all pollutants are toxic in nature. Hence removal of these pollutants was selected

as a primary concern. Though in developing countries, adsorption technique which is

less expensive and economically feasible is used. It has been selected for the present

study using some cheap cost chemicals as an effective adsorbent. Therefore the

objective of the present work is to test the ability of an aqua silencer in removing air

pollutants, reduce toxic emissions and reduce noise of emission from engine.



CHAPTER 4

Methodology

Literature study on aqua silencer

Design of aqua silencer

CAD/ANSYS modeling of aqua silencer

Procurement of required components/ materials

Machining and fabrication of required parts

Assembly of aqua silencer

Fitting of aqua silencer to the engine

Emission testing of the engine with regular stock silencer and aqua

silencer and compare the results

Corrections if any required and re design



CHAPTER 5

Design of Aqua-Silencer

5.1 Perforated tube:

The perforated tube consists of number of holes of different diameters. It is used to

convert high mass bubbles to low mass bubbles. The charcoal layer is applied over the

perforated tube. They stand as the frame to hold the charcoal layer that is added to the

aqua silencer. They are made up of Galvanized Iron. The reason for using galvanized iron

is that, the tubes will be submerged under water and galvanization helps to prevent

rusting. They are weightless compared to other metals. They are made by dipping iron in

molten zinc, after the surface of the iron has been cleaned, or by spraying. They have

melting point of 1538°c. This helps to with stand the temperature of hot flue gas.

5.1.1 Inner perforated tube: This tube is 50mm in diameter and 300mm in length

with holes of 12mm and 14mm of diameter. They are welded with a 19 size

bolt for easy removal.

Fig 5.1: 3D view of the inner perforated tube.

Fig 5.2: 2D view of the inner perforated tube with dimensions.



5.1.2 Outer perforated tube: This tube is 75mm in diameter and 320mm in

length with holes of 10mm and 12mm in diameter.They are welded with a

14 size bolt for easy removal.

Fig 5.3: 3D view of outer perforated tube.

Fig 5.4: 2D view of outer perforated tube with dimensions.

5.3 Activated charcoal:

The charcoal layer has more absorbing capacity because it has more surface area. This

charcoal is called as activated charcoal. It is produced by heating the charcoal above

1500°c for several hours in a burner. Its surface area gets increased. Activated carbon,

also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon processed to have small, low-volume

pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions.

Activated is sometimes substituted with active.

Due to its high degree of micro porosity, just one gram of activated carbon has a surface

area in excess of 3,000 m2 (32,000 sq ft), as determined by gas adsorption. An activation

level sufficient for useful application may be attained solely from high surface area;

however, further chemical treatment often enhances adsorption properties.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction




Activated carbon is usually derived from charcoal and is sometimes utilized as biochar.

Those derived from coal and coke are referred as activated coal and activated coke

respectively. One major industrial application involves use of activated carbon in the

metal finishing field. It is very widely employed for purification of electroplating

solutions. For example, it is a main purification technique for removing organic

impurities from bright nickel plating solutions. A variety of organic chemicals are added

to plating solutions for improving their deposit qualities and for enhancing properties

like brightness, smoothness, ductility, etc. Due to passage of direct current and

electrolytic reactions of anodic oxidation and cathodic reduction, organic additives

generate unwanted breakdown products in solution. Their excessive build up can

adversely affect the plating quality and physical properties of deposited metal. Activated

carbon treatment removes such impurities and restores plating performance to the

desired level.

Filters with activated carbon are usually used in compressed air and gas purification to

remove oil vapors, odor, and other hydrocarbons from the air. The most common

designs use a 1-stage or 2 stage filtration principle in which activated carbon is

embedded inside the filter media.Activated carbon is also used in spacesuitPrimary Life

Support Systems.Activated carbon filters are used to retain radioactive gases within the

air vacuumed from a nuclear boiling water reactor turbine condenser. The large charcoal

beds adsorb these gases and retain them while they rapidly decay to non-radioactive

solid species. The solids are trapped in the charcoal particles, while the filtered air

passes through.

Fig 5.6: Activated charcoal (powder and pellets)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_%28fuel%29

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacesuit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacesuit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Life_Support_System



5.4 Lime Water:

Carbon dioxide passed into limewater gives a milky solution. This is due to the insoluble

suspension of calcium carbonate formed:

Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

If excess CO2 is added, the following reaction takes place:

CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) → Ca(HCO3)2(aq)

The milkiness disappears since calcium bicarbonate is water-soluble.

Waste gases from industries containing sulfur dioxide can be cleaned by bubbling

through limewater, a process called sulfation, in which the toxic sulfur dioxide is trapped

as a precipitate:

Ca(OH)2(aq) + SO2(g) → CaSO3(s) + H2O(l)

The lime water is a good absorbing medium. In aqua silencer the gases are made to be

dissolved in lime water. When these gases dissolved in water they form acids,

carbonates, bicarbonates etc.

The water is treated with the calculated quantities of slaked lime. One should have the

quantitative analysis of water to go for this process. After mixing the heavy precipitates

settle down as sludge at the bottom of the tank are removed from time to time. Lime

can neutralize any acid present in the water. SO2, gases are removed from the flue gases

forming calcium sulphate. The precipitates dissolved carbon dioxide as calcium

carbonate and converts bicarbonate ions into carbonates as show in the equations.

5.5 Outer shell and Cap:

Outer shell houses the whole arrangement of the perforated tube, wire mesh, activated

charcoal and the lime water. The outer shell consists of two holders with inner threading

to hold the two perforated tubes. At the end of the outer shell there is an outer

threading to fix cap. The cap has internal threading to fix without water leak. The outer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_bicarbonate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide



shell is drilled with two holes, one on the top and the other on the bottom respectively,

for introducing and draining the lime water. The cap is welded with a bolt of standard 14

size bolt, for easy removal. The cap also has a small hole drilled with a diameter of

20mm for the exhaust outlet. The outer shell and cap is made of mild steel. Mild steel is

the most widely used steel which is not brittle and cheap in price. Mild steel is not

readily tempered or hardened but possesses enough strength. Mild steel AISI 1018

contains - carbon 0.16 to 0.18 % (maximum 0.25% is allowable), Manganese 0.70 to

0.90 %, Silicon maximum 0.40% , Sulfur maximum 0.04% , Phosphorous maximum

0.04% . It has a melting point that ranges from 1370°c to 1510°c.

Fig 5.7: 3D view of the Outer shell.

Fig 5.8: 2D view of the Outer shell with dimensions.

Fig 5.9: 3D view of the cap.



Fig 5.10: 2D view of cap with dimensions.

5.6 Full Aqua Silencer:

Fig 5.11: 3D view of the Aqua silencer.

Fig 5.12: 2D view of the Aqua silencer.



5.7 Non Return Valve:

Non return valve is used to stop any of the lime water to enter into the engine

combustion chamber and also to stop the exhaust gas to return back. This ensures

better combustion. It is a mechanical device which normally allows fluid (liquid/gas) to

flow through it in only one direction. Check valves are two port valves, meaning they

have two opening in the body, one for fluid inlet and other for fluid outlet. The Non

return valve is 38mm in standard diameter. It is made of brass. Brass is binary alloy

composed of copper and zinc that has been produced for millennia and is valued for its

workability, hardness, corrosion resistance and attractive appearance. It has a melting

point of 900-940°c.

Fig 5.13: Non return valve.

5.2 Wire Mesh:

The wire mesh does the job of holding the activated charcoal in the aqua silencer. The

wire mesh used is fine and allow the exhaust gas to pass through it easily. Wire mesh is made

of stainless steel. It is made with mixing steel alloy with 10.5% of chromium content by mass, it is

widely known for its resistance against corrosion. It has a melting point of 1325°c – 1530°c.

Fig 5.5: Stainless steel Wire mesh



CHAPTER 6

Working

Fig 6: Working of Aqua Silencer.

The flue gas from the exhaust pipe comes into the aqua silencer. As the gases go

through the perforated tubes, the gas molecules are broken down to small pockets and

the reaction takes place between the activated charcoal and the lime water mixture in

the silencer.

The activated charcoal is highly porous and possess extra free valences so it has high

absorption capacity. Hence it absorbs the impurities from the gases directly into the

charcoal. Hence it is highly porous it allows the gas to pass through the outer perforated

tube and again react with the activated charcoal that is place on that tube. This reduces

the toxicity of the exhaust gases to a high level. The lime water base helps in preventing

the formation of the acids that happens if only water was used.The lime water is a good

absorbing medium. In aqua silencer the gases are made to be dissolved in lime water.

When these gases dissolved in water they form acids, carbonates, bicarbonates etc. The

water is treated with the calculated quantities of slaked lime. After mixing the heavy

precipitates settle down as sludge at the bottom of the tank are removed from time to

time.Lime can neutralize any acid present in the water. SO2, gases are removed from the

flue gases forming calcium sulphate. The precipitates dissolved carbon dioxide as

calcium carbonate and converts bicarbonate ions into carbonates



1. Action of dissolved SO2: When SOx is mixed in water, it form SO2, SO3, SO4,

H2SO4 i.e. sulfur Acid ( H2SO3), it forms Hydrogen Sulphide which causes fol

rotten egg smell, acidify and corrosion of metals.

2. Action of dissolved CO2: The dissolved carbon dioxide forms bicarbonate at

lower PH and Carbonates at higher PH. This levels 40-400 mg/liter. The

carbon dioxide mixes with water to form Carbonic acid. It is corrosive to

metals and causes green house effect.

3. Effect of dissolved NOx: The NOx in exhaust gas under goes Oxidation to form

ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Nitric acid. This synthesis of protein and amino

acids is affected by Nitrogen. Nitrate usually occurs in trace quantities in

exhaust gas. (NOx is negligible in case of petrol engines)

Absorption Process: Activated charcoal is available in granular or powdered form. As

it is highly porous and Possess free valences. So it possesses high absorption capacity.

Activated carbon is more widely used for the removal of taste and odorous from the

public water supplies because it has excellent properties of attracting gases, finely

divided solid particles and phenol type impurities, The activated carbon, usually in the

powdered form is added to the water either before or after the coagulation with

sedimentation. But it is always added before filtration. Feeding devices are similar to

those used in feeding the coagulants.



CHAPTER 7

Analysis using ANSYS

Fig 7.1: Ansys model of Aqua Silencer.

7.1 Analysis

Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in

order to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study

of mathematics logic and studied by engineers. It is also looking at different factors

incorporated within the design.

7.2 ANSYS

ANSYS is analysis software enables you to solve complex structural engineering

problems and make better, faster design decisions. With the finite element analysis

(FEA) solvers available in the suite, you can customize and automate solutions for your

structural mechanics problems and parameterize them to analyze multiple design

scenarios. You can also connect easily to other physics analysis tools for even greater

fidelity. ANSYS structural analysis software is used throughout the industry to enable

engineers to optimize their product designs and reduce the costs of physical testing.

7.3 Structural Analysis

It’s the determination of the effects of loads on physical structures and

their components. Structures subject to this type of analysis include all that must

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering#Structural_elements



withstand loads Structural analysis employs the fields of applied mechanics, materials

science and applied mathematics to compute a structure's deformations,

internal forces, stresses, support reactions, accelerations, and stability. The results of

the analysis are used to verify a structure's fitness for use, often precluding physical

tests. Structural analysis is thus a key part of the engineering design of structures.

7.4 Test carried out on the different material

1. Structural Steel

The physical properties of steel include high strength, low weight, durability,

ductility and corrosive resistance. Steel offers great strength, even though it is

light in weight.

2. Aluminum Alloy

The most important cast aluminum alloy system is Al–Si, where the high levels of

silicon (4.0–13%) contribute to give good casting characteristics. Aluminum alloys

are widely used in engineering structures and components where light weight or

corrosion resistance is required.

7.5 Structural Analysis

7.5.1 Material properties

Structural Steel

Table 7.1.1: Structural Steel properties

Density 7.85e-006 kg mm^-3

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 C^-1

Specific Heat 4.34e+005 mJ kg^-1 C^-1

Thermal Conductivity 6.05e-002 W mm^-1 C^-1

Compressive Ultimate Strength MPa 250

Tensile Yield Strength MPa 250

Tensile Ultimate Strength MPa 460

Reference Temperature C 22

Mass 4.2118 kg

Environment Temperature 22. °C

Isotropic Elasticity

Table7.1.2: Isotropic Elasticity

Young's Modulus MPa Poisson's Ratio Bulk Modulus MPa

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_(engineering)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_stability

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_test

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_test

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silumin



2.e+005 0.3 1.6667e+005

7.5.2 Mesh

Table 7.1.3: Meshing Statistics

Statistics

Element size 5mm

Nodes 11220

Elements 11059

7.5.3 Total Deformation

Fig 7.2: Total Deformation

Table 7.1.4: Total Deformation

Time [s] Minimum [mm] Maximum [mm]

1. 0. 1.2674

7.5.4 Equivalent (Von-Mises) Stress

Fig 7.3: Equivalent (Von-Mises) Stress



Table 7.1.5: Equivalent (Von-Mises) Stress.

Time [s] Minimum [MPa] Maximum [MPa]

1. 0. 940.69

7.5.5 Equivalent Elastic Strain

Fig 7.4: Equivalent Elastic Strain

Table 7.1.6: Equivalent Elastic Strain

Time [s] Minimum [mm/mm] Maximum [mm/mm]

1. 0. 4.7657e-003

7.5.6 Directional Deformation

7.5.6.1 Directional Deformation in (X-Axis)

Fig 7.5: Directional Deformation in (X-Axis)

Table 7.1.7: Directional Deformation in (X-Axis)


1. -0.2560 0.2543



7.5.6.2 Directional Deformation in (Y-Axis)

Fig 7.6: Directional Deformation in (Y-Axis)

Table 7.1.8: Directional Deformation in (Y-Axis)


1. -0.26774 0.25213

7.5.6.3 Directional Deformation in (Z-Axis)

Fig 7.7: Directional Deformation in (Z-Axis)

Table 7.1.9: Directional Deformation in (Z-Axis)


1. -1.2674 0.10634



7.6 Aluminum Alloy Analysis

7.6.1 Material Properties

Aluminum Alloy

Table 7.1.10: Aluminum Alloy Properties

Density 2.77e-006 kg mm^-3

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 2.3e-005 C^-1

Specific Heat 8.75e+005 mJ kg^-1 C^-1

Thermal Conductivity 6.05e-002 W mm^-1 C^-1

Tensile Yield Strength MPa 280

Tensile Ultimate Strength MPa 310

Reference Temperature C 22

Mass 1.4862 kg

Environment Temperature 22. °C

Isotropic Elasticity

Table 7.1.11: Isotropic Elasticity

Young's Modulus MPa Poisson's

Ratio Bulk Modulus MPa

71000 0.33 69608

7.6.2 Mesh

Table 7.1.12: Meshing Statistics

Statistics

Element size 5mm

Nodes 1491

Elements 1442






7.6.3 Total Deformation

Fig 7.8: Total Deformation.

Table 7.1.13: Total Deformation


1. 0. 2.435

7.6.4 Equivalent (Von-Mises) Stress

Fig 7.9: Equivalent (Von-Mises) Stress

Table 7.1.14: Equivalent (Von-Mises) Stress

Time [s] Minimum [MPa] Maximum [MPa]

1. 0. 668.72



7.6.5 Equivalent Elastic Strain

Fig 7.10: Equivalent Elastic Strain

Table 7.1.15: Equivalent Elastic Strain

Time [s] Minimum [mm/mm] Maximum [mm/mm]

1. 0. 9.5433e-003

7.6.6 Directional Deformation

7.6.6.1 Directional Deformation (X-Axis)

Fig 7.11: Directional Deformation (X-Axis)

Table 7.1.16: Directional Deformation (X-Axis)


1. -0.2560 0.2543



7.6.6.2 Directional Deformation (Y-Axis)

Fig 7.12: Directional Deformation (Y-Axis)

Table 7.1.17: Directional Deformation (Y-Axis)


1. -1.2674 0.10634

7.6.6.3 Directional Deformation (Z-Axis)

Fig 7.13: Directional Deformation (Z-Axis)

Table 7.1.18: Directional Deformation (Z-Axis)


1. -2.435 0.19897



CHAPTER 8

Material Used

8.1 Mild Steel

Mild steel is a type of carbon steel with a low amount of carbon – it is actually also

known as “low carbon steel.” Although ranges vary depending on the source, the

amount of carbon typically found in mild steel is 0.05% to 0.25% by weight, whereas

higher carbon steels are typically described as having carbon content from 0.30% to

2.0%. If any more carbon than that is added, the steel would be classified as cast iron.

Mild steel is not an alloy steel and therefore does not contain large amounts of other

elements besides iron; you will not find vast amounts of chromium, molybdenum, or

other alloying elements in mild steel. Since its carbon and alloying element content are

relatively low, there are several properties it has that differentiate it from higher carbon

and alloy steels.

Fig 8.1: Mild Steel Material



Less carbon means that mild steel is typically more ductile, machine ability and wield

ability than high carbon and other steels. However, it also means it is nearly impossible

to harden and strengthen through heating and quenching. The low carbon content also

means it has very little carbon and other alloying elements to block dislocations in its

crystal structure, generally resulting in less tensile strength than high carbon and alloy

steels. Mild steel also has a high amount iron and ferrite, making it magnetic.

The lack of alloying elements such as those found in stainless steels means that the iron

in mild steel is subject to oxidation (rust) if not properly coated. But the negligible

amount of alloying elements also helps mild steel to be relatively affordable when

compared with other steels. It is the affordability, weld ability, and machinability that

make it such a popular choice of steel for consumers.

8.2 Perforated metal

Perforated metal, also known as perforated sheet, perforated plate, or perforated

screen, is sheet metal that has been manually or mechanically stamped or punched to

create a pattern of holes, slots, or decorative shapes. Materials used to manufacture

perforated metal sheets include stainless steel, cold rolled steel, galvanized

steel, brass, aluminum, tinplate, copper, Inconel, titanium, plastic, and more.

Fig 8.2: Perforated Tube

The process of perforating metal sheets has been practiced for over 150 years. In the

late 19th century, metal screens were used as an efficient means of separating coal. The

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_metal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_rolled_steel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanized_steel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanized_steel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic




first perforators were laborers who would manually punch individual holes into the

metal sheet. This proved to be an inefficient and inconsistent method which led to the

development of new techniques, such as perforating the metal with a series of needles

arranged in a way that would create the desired holes pattern.

Modern day perforation methods involve the use of technology and machines. Common

equipment used for the perforation of metal includes rotary pinned perforation rollers,

die and punch presses, and laser perforations.

8.3 Activated Charcoal

Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon processed to

have small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available

for adsorption or chemical reactions. Activated is sometimes substituted with active.

Due to its high degree of micro porosity, just one gram of activated carbon has a surface

area in excess of 3,000 m2 (32,000 sq. ft.),]as determined by gas adsorption. An

activation level sufficient for useful application may be attained solely from high surface

area; however, further chemical treatment often enhances adsorption properties.

Activated carbon is usually derived from charcoal and is sometimes utilized as bio char.

Those derived from coal and coke referred as activated coal and activated

coke respectively.

Fig 8.3: Activated Charcoal

One major industrial application involves use of activated carbon in the metal finishing

field. It is very widely employed for purification of electroplating solutions. For example,

it is a main purification technique for removing organic impurities from bright nickel

plating solutions. A variety of organic chemicals are added to plating solutions for

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_(mechanical)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochar


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)



improving their deposit qualities and for enhancing properties like brightness,

smoothness, ductility, etc. Due to passage of direct current and electrolytic reactions of

anodic oxidation and cathode reduction, organic additives generate unwanted

breakdown products in solution. Their excessive build up can adversely affect the plating

quality and physical properties of deposited metal. Activated carbon treatment removes

such impurities and restores plating performance to the desired level.



CHAPTER 9

Fabrication Process

9.1 Work Done

Fig: 11 Extended Pipes for connecting Exhaust Manifold

Fig: 12 Inner and Outer perforated Tube

Fig: 13 Cap and Outer Shell

Fig: 14 Full Aqua Silencer

Fig.15 Aqua Silencer fixed to Single cylinder Generator



9.2 Absorption

Activated charcoal is accessible in granular or powdered structure. For what it's worth

profoundly permeable and possess free valences. So it have high ingestion limit.

Initiated carbon is all the more broadly utilized for the expulsion of taste and putrid from

the open water supplies since it has superb properties of pulling in gases, finely

partitioned strong particles and phenol type polluting influences, The initiated carbon,

as a rule in the powdered structure is added to the water either previously or after the

coagulation with sedimentation. In any case, it is continuously included before filtration.

Taking care of gadgets are like those utilized in taking care of the coagulants.

9.2.1 Absorption process: Activated charcoal is available in powdered or granular form. As it is highly possess

free valences and it is highly porous. Hence it possesses high absorption capacity.

Activated carbon is mainly used for the removal of taste and impurities from the

public water supplies.

Because it has high properties of attracting gases, it divided solid particles and phenol

type impurities. The activated carbon, usually in the powdered form is added to the

water either before or after the coagulation with sedimentation.

9.2.2 Advantages of Absorption Process: It increases the coagulation power of the process.

Chlorine demand is reduces by use of these method.

The excessive dose of activated carbon is not harmful.

The treatment process is very simple.

The efficiency of removing color, impurities and tate is quite high.

It can be easily regenerated.

It has excellent properties of attracting gases.



9.2.3 Merits and Demerits:

Merits:

1. Vibration less running of engine

2. Easily engine gets start

3. Emission and Noise is controlled at greater level

Demerits:

1. Once in year there is requirement of filling of lime water.

2. More requirement of space

3. The weight of silencer get increases

9.3 Effect of Dissolved Gases on Water:

In this system water is very good absorbing medium. In aqua silencer gases made to

dissolved in water when these gases from engine get dissolved in water they form acid,

carbonates and bicarbonates etc. Action of dissolved Sox:- When Sox is treated with

water, it form SO2, SO3, SO4, H2SO4, i.e. sulfur Acid (H2SO3), it produces Hydrogen

Sulphide which causes egg smell and causes corrosion of metals. Action of dissolved

CO2:- The dissolved carbon dioxide forms bicarbonate at less PH and Carbonates at

greater level PH. This levels 40 to 400 mg/liter. Structure a scale in channels and boilers.

The carbon dioxide blends in with water to frame Carbonic corrosive. It causes

greenhouse impact. Action of broke up Nox, The Nitrogen in water under goes Oxidation

to frame smelling salts, Nitrate, Nitric corrosive. This combination of protein and amino

acids is get impact by Nitrogen. Nitrate for the most part happens in follow amounts in

surface water. A constraint of 10 mg for each liters Nitrate is moderate.



9.4 Chemical Reactions that takes place:

Ca (OH) 2 + SO2. .. .. .. . CaSO3 + H2o

Neutralizes any acid present in water

2HCL + Ca (OH) 2….......Cacl2 + 2H2

H2SO4 + Ca (OH) 2…........ CaSo4 + 2H20

Precipitates bicarbonate as calcium carbonate

CO2 + Ca (OH) 2….....CaCO3+2H2O

Precipitates bicarbonate as calcium carbonate

Ca (HCO3) 2 + 2Ca (OH) 2…...... 2CaCO3 + 2H20

Converts bicarbonate ions (Like NaHCO3, KHCO3 etc.) into carbonates.

NaHCO3 + Ca (OH) 2…......... CaCO3 + H20 + Na2 CO3



CHAPTER 10

Testing Procedure

An ordinary 4 Stroke CI Engine chose and outflow test for the standard stock silencer is

done. The stock silencer was supplanted by Aqua silencer worried of 1 cylinder.

Emission test for the accompanying setup of Aqua silencer was finished.

Fig 10.1: Certificate of Computerized Pollution Check Center

Emission test was done with, inner and outer perforated tube wrapped with wire mesh,

containing activated charcoal pellets Emission test was done with, inner and outer

perforated tube wrapped with wire mesh containing activated charcoal pellets, and a

known amount of distilled water i.e., 1.5L was mixed with 100g of activated charcoal and

added into the silencer.



Table 10.1.1: Comparison Table of Ordinary Silencer and Aqua-Silencer

Prescribed

Standard CO

Measured level

CO

Prescribed

Standard

Measured level

HC Ordinary

Ordinary Silencer 3.5 4.67 4500 1448

Aqua Silencer 3.5 2.42 4500 972



CHAPTER 11

Results and Discussion

First we determine the amount of exhaust gas like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,

which is present in the single cylinder diesel engine without connecting Aqua silencer.

And then aqua silencer (without lime water) is connected on the exhaust and

determines the amount of exhaust gas by smoke analyzer. At last the silencer (with lime

water) which is connected to exhaust pipe and readings are taken. Smoke analyzer tests

have to be carried out for analyzing the performance of the silencer.

The standardized values of the pollutants as per the Government norms and regulations

are:

CO: 3.5 % Vol

HC: 4500 ppm

Table 11.1.1: Different Results of Silencer

Trial No. Type of Silencer

used:

CO % Vol HC

ppm

CO2% Vol O2 ppm

1 Stock silencer 2.348 585 1.88 15.71

2 Aqua Silencer (Lime+

Distilled water+Activated

charcoal pellets)

0.143

480

5.38

12.93



CHAPTER 12

Conclusion

The complete survey, even the design of the aqua silencer to dimensions required for a

good output is done.

The basis of literature survey and studies, through it it’s expected that the aqua silencer

is more effective in reduction of emission of gasses from engine and reduction of noise

and air pollution.

The aqua silencer is more effective in the reduction of emission gases from the engine

exhaust using perforated tube, lime water and charcoal by using perforated tube the

back pressure will remain constant and the sound level is reduced. By using perforated

tube the fuel consumption remains same as conventional system by using water as a

medium the sound can be lowered and also by using activated charcoal in water we can

control the exhaust emission to a greater level. The water contamination is found to be

negligible in aqua silencer. It is smokeless and pollution free emission equivalent to the

conventional to the silencer

The water contamination is found to be negligible in aqua silencer. It is smokeless

and pollution free emission equivalent to the conventional to the silencer. In this

project, the stock silencer result contained was 0.2348% Vol of Carbon monoxide,

and 585ppm of Hydrocarbon. While comparing this to the other test results,

Silencer with activated charcoal pellets, the result contained 3.012% Vol of carbon

monoxide and 308ppm of hydrocarbon. There has been an increase in the level of

Carbon monoxide but the amount of Hydrocarbon has seen noticeable reduction.

Silencer with activated charcoal pellets, the results contained 1.933% Vol of carbon

monoxide and 266ppm of hydrocarbon. There has been a reduction in the level of

Carbon monoxide and also the amount of Hydrocarbon has been reduced.



Aqua Silencer with Lime water and Activated charcoal powder, the results contained

0.143% Vol of carbon monoxide and 480ppm of hydrocarbon. There has been a

reduction in the level of Carbon monoxide but the amount of Hydrocarbon has seen

drastic increase.

The least when compared to the stock silencer is Aqua Silencer with Lime water and

Activated charcoal powder that contains 0.143% Vol of carbon monoxide and 480ppm

of hydrocarbon, because even though there is higher value of hydrocarbons, it does

not cross the limit set by the government or the value of the stock silencer.

When compared to the combinations of Aqua silencers used, Silencer with activated

charcoal pellets has the best result as the amount of CO and HC were reduced to a

low extent.



CHAPTER 13

Scope of Future Work

There has been an increasing concern in recent years over the increasing of

transportation and discharge of industrial waste waters into environment. The engine

emission contains air pollutants and other species. Almost all pollutants are toxic in

nature. Some of the examples are CO, CO2, NOX, and Hydrocarbon. Among the air

pollutants, all are most effective pollutants. Hence, the removal of pollutants was

selected for the present study. Several expensive techniques are available in developed

countries. But in developing countries like India is not applicable since adsorption

technique is less expensive and economically feasible, it has been selected for the

present study using some cheap cost chemicals as an effective adsorbent. Therefore the

objective of the present work was to test the ability of some chemicals in removing air

pollutants from engine emission .In future researches are going on to develop an aqua

silencer which can be fitted in to automobiles without effecting its aerodynamics

properties and efficiency.



CHAPTER 14

References

[1] ‘Use of Aqueous Ammonia in Silencer for removal of CO2, SO2 and NOx from exhaust

gases of I.C. Engines’,

By Rawale Sudarshan S, Patil nehal S, Nandrekar Amruta A, Abhijeet S. Kabule.

[2] ‘Pollution Reduction Effectively by using Radiator in Aqueous ammonia Silencer’,

By MallickSadmanAjaz, Shaikh Shaharukh Harun, Mohammad Shoyeb Mohd Yunus,

Mohammed Shaheer S.A.A, Prof. S.S. Chaudhari, Prof. A.B. Bhane

[3] 'Fabrication of vehicle emission control using aqua exhaust system'.

By Sharon B George, Rahul A.R, Vishnu V.S, Keerthivel Rajesh.

[4] 'A Review on Design of Aqua-Silencer'.

By RishikeshAcharekar, DigvijayBhujbal, Omkarbhingole, Nitin Sherkar, Prof.

RohitArgade.

[5] 'Fabrication and testing of Aqua Silencer'.

By Alen.M.A, Akshay.M, PremShankar.R, Mohammed Shafeeque.M.

[6] 'Development of nonpolluted vehicle using aqua silencer'.

By D.Vasudevan, P.Balashanmugam.

[7] “Design and Development of Aqua Silencer for Two Stroke Petrol Engine”

By Gajjar Keval I. Patel, Mr. Swastik R, IJIRST–International Journal for Innovative

Research in Science & Technology| Vol. 1, Issue 1, June 2014| ISSN(online): 2349-6010.



[8] Design and Development of Aqua Silencer.

By Akhil Anil Kumar1, Anoop N1, Aquib Jawed P.P1, Bijoy E1, Midhun T.V1, Mohammed

Shiyas.N.P1, Ranjith Krishna P.T2 1 Graduate Student, 2Assistant Professor Department

of Mechanical Engineering, AWH Engineering College Calicut, Kerala, India

[9] ‘Internal Combustion Engines’.

By, R.P.Sharma, M.L.Mathur. Dhanpat Rai Publications, 2013

[10] “Emission Control in IC Engines”

By, Amruthraj M, Nataraj J.R. & Sushmit Poojary, (October 2012, International Journal of

Engineering Research and Development, Vol .4, Issue 4

[11] “An Advancement to Reduce Pollution Effectively by Using TI Nano tubes in Aqua

Silencer”.

By Mankhiar Ajay B,Sindhu L S,G Sasikala, March 2014,International Journel of

Engineering Sciences and Research Technology .

[12] “NOx and HC Emission Control Using Water Emulsified Diesel in Single Cylinder Diesel Engine”. By K. Kannan & M. Udayakumar, (October 2009) Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,Vol.4, No 8 .

design, fabrication and testing of aqua silencer - new

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