data analysis and interpretation specialization

Data Analysis and Interpretation Specialization

IntroductionIf we are very observant, you will not, but agree with me that, the media, such as the various broadcasts on the television, Internet, are fully loaded with various languages of sexual contents and themes for programs targeting teenagers, have dramatically changed over the years.Various, media programmes, feature teens, which are inclined with potentials and tendencies to engage in, or refrain from, sexual intercourse before marriage. Subsequently, young teens making adult decision far before they are mentally and physically ready. Many a time, leads to depression. Consequently, tendency to engage in risky behaviour which could eventually jeopardized their lives.

Statement of the ProblemIn our contemporary time, teens are much more vulnerable to risky sexual behavior at younger ages, than ever before. There could be many factors responsible for this, in part due to the mass media, peer pressure, and the lack of supervision by parents and other adults. Not only are adolescences at-risk for disease or pregnancy, but they are also experimenting with drugs and alcohol, which may also lead to unplanned sex. The whole show is rather appalling.

Purpose of the StudyAfter looking through the codebook for the NESARC study, I have decided that I am particularly interested to study if the Motivation to Engage in Risky Behaviors is Gender Dependent

Secondly, I will be looking at the reason, why Motivation to Engage in Risky Behaviors is Gender DependentI am not sure which variables to use, regarding the gender dependent of the Motivation to Engage in Risky Behavior.

Lastly, the cause and effect, measure and to what extents in Males as compare with the females, when comes to motivations, to engage in, or refrain from, sexual intercourse before marriage?Consequently, I will include all of the relevant variables in my personal codebook

POPULATION OF STUDY: AddHealth, (Secondary Data)Populations as used in research according to Odetunde (2011) may be defined as a set of all elements in a given research study.

Study Samples: Questionnaires are administered only to respondents who are at least 15 years old (and who are not married).

Selection Reference: Section 17 of the AddHeath CodebookZip, addresses Motivations to Engage in Risky BehaviorsWhich, deals with potential motivations, to engage in, or refrain from, sexual intercourse before marriage

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Discretionary Questions Presentation: The next questions are about how you would feel about having sexual intercourse at this time in your life. Some people have sexual intercourse before they get married. Others do not. For these questions, it doesn’t matter whether you yourself have had intercourse. Just indicate whether you agree or disagree with the statements.

Research Questions:

i. Is the Motivation to Engage in Risky Behaviors is Gender Dependent?ii. What is the proportion of the Motivation to Engage in Risky Behaviors in Male compare

with the female? iii. What is the cause and to what extents does motivations, to engage in, or refrain from,

sexual intercourse before marriage contribute to Risky Behaviors in Males compare to Female?

Hypothesis Question:

Ho: Motivation to Engage in Risky Behaviors is not Gender Dependent

H1: Motivation to Engage in Risky Behaviors is Gender Dependent

Code Book Features:

SECTION A: PERSONAL DATA

This section is administered if MARRIED = “no” and respondent $ 15.

Please Tick (√) or fill were appropriate

1. Sex: (a) Male ( ), (b) Female ( )2. Age: …………………….. 3. Marital Status: (a) Single ( ), (b) Married ( )

SECTION B

Please indicate by ticking (√) in the appropriate box whether:

1 = Strongly Agree, 2 = Agree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Disagree, 5 = Strongly Agree, 6 = refused, 7 = legitimate skip [married or < 15]8 = don’t know, 9 = not applicable

This section is administered if MARRIED = “no” and respondent $ 15.1. If you had sexual intercourse, your friends would respect you more. H1MO1 num 1

138 1 strongly agree

427 2 agree

1454 3 neither agree nor disagree

1422 4 disagree

916 5 strongly disagree

20 6 refused

2074 7 legitimate skip [married or <15]

52 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicable

2. If you had sexual intercourse, your partner would lose respect for you. H1MO2 num 1


463 2 agree


1568 4 disagree


27 6 refused


66 8 don’t know

Note: The variables data types are numeric (num)

1

In Home Questionnaire Code Book, S.17Public Use Sample

Variable Type/Frequen

cy Code ResponseNam

e Length

1 9 not applicable3. If you had sexual intercourse, afterward, you would feel guilty. H1MO3 num 1


798 2 agree


1219 4 disagree


25 6 refused


61 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicable

If MOM, ask Q.4.

4.If you had sexual intercourse, it would upset {NAME OFMOTHER}. H1MO4 num 1


1136 2 agree


407 4 disagree


21 6 refused

2348 7legitimate skip [married or <15 or no MOM]

54 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicable

5.If you had sexual intercourse, it would give you a great deal ofphysical pleasure. H1MO5 num 1


1390 2 agree


463 4 disagree


Variable Type/

Frequency Code ResponseNam

e Length


35 6 refused


97 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicable

6. If you had sexual intercourse, it would relax you. H1MO6 num 1


1052 2 agree


678 4 disagree


39 6 refused


107 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicable7. If R is male: If you had sexual intercourse, it would make you more

attractive to women.If R is female: If you had sexual intercourse, it would make you moreattractive to men. H1MO7 num 1


318 2 agree


1363 4 disagree


32 6 refused


76 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicable8. If you had sexual intercourse, you would feel less lonely. H1MO8 num 1


Variable Type/


e Length


595 2 agree


1395 4 disagree


30 6 refused


71 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicable9. If R is male:

If you got someone pregnant, it would be embarrassing

for your family.If R is female: If you got pregnant, it would be embarrassing for yourfamily. H1MO9 num 1


1089 2 agree


726 4 disagree


25 6 refused


59 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicable10. If R is male: If you got someone pregnant, it would be embarrassing

for you.If R is female:

If you got pregnant, it would be embarrassing for you. H1MO10 num 1


1038 2 agree


762 4 disagree


Variable Type/


e Length

23 6 refused


50 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicable11. If R is male: If you got someone pregnant, you would have to quit

school.If R is female: If you got pregnant, you would have to quit school. H1MO11 num 1


540 2 agree


1755 4 disagree


24 6 refused


68 8 don’t know

5 9 not applicable12. If R is male: If you got someone pregnant, you might marry the wrong

person, just to get married.If R is female: If you got pregnant, you might marry the wrong person,just to get married. H1MO12 num 1


1001 2 agree


1225 4 disagree


26 6 refused


63 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicable


5


Variable Type/Frequency Code Response Name Length

13. If R is male: If you got someone pregnant, you would be forced to grow up too fast. If R is female: If you got pregnant, you would be forced to grow up

too fast. H1MO13 num 1


1687 2 agree


490 4 disagree


22 6 refused


56 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicable

14. If R is male: If you got someone pregnant, you would have to help her decide whether or not to have the baby, and that would be stressful and difficult. If R is female: If you got pregnant, you would have to decide whether or not to have the baby, and that would be stressful and difficult. H1MO14 num 1


1450 2 agree


494 4 disagree


25 6 refused


54 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicableNote: The variables data types are numeric (num)

.SECTION 2:

Now based on additional review of the code book for the dataset selected, I will like to equally review “Pregnancy, AIDS, and STD Risk Perceptions” by exploring the association between “the Motivations to Engage in Risky Behaviors”, Which, deals with potential motivations, to engage in, or refrain from, sexual intercourse before marriage and “Pregnancy, AIDS, and STD Risk Perceptions” with the aim to answer this question: “Is Motivations to Engage in Risky Behaviors among teens, largely caused by: Their Perceptions of Pregnancy, AIDS, and STD Risk?”

Hypothesis Question:Ho : Motivation to Engage in Risky Behaviors among the teens is caused by teens

Perceptions of Pregnancy, AIDS, and STD Risk

H1: Motivation to Engage in Risky Behaviors among the teens is not caused by teens Perceptions of Pregnancy, AIDS, and STD Risk

Code Book Features: SECTION A: PERSONAL DATA

This section is administered if MARRIED = “no” and respondent $ 15.

Please Tick (√) or fill were appropriate

1. Sex: (a) Male ( ), (b) Female ( )2. Age: …………………….. 3. Marital Status: (a) Single ( ), (b) Married ( )

SECTION B

Please indicate by ticking (√) in the appropriate box whether:

1 = Strongly Agree, 2 = Agree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = Disagree, 5 = Strongly Agree, 6 = refused, 7 = legitimate skip [married or < 15]8 = don’t know, 9 = not applicable


Variable Type/Frequency Code Response Name Length

Section 8: Pregnancy, AIDS, and STD Risk Perceptions

Section 8 is administered only to respondents who are at least 15 years old. They are asked to estimate their risks of pregnancy, AIDS, and sexually transmitted diseases.

[Hand R show card 5.] The next questions ask about your thoughts on pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and AIDS. Please tell me whether you agree or disagree with each of the following statements.

This section is administered if AGE $ 15.1. Getting (If R is male, add: someone) pregnant at this time in your life is

one of the worst things that could happen to you. H1RP1 num 1


1112 2 agree


253 4 disagree


8 6 refused

2039 7 legitimate skip [age <15 or unknown]

29 8 don’t know

2 9 not applicable

3. It wouldn’t be all that bad if you got (IF R is male, add: someone) pregnant at this time in your life. H1RP2 num 1

94 1 strongly agree

312 2 agree


1435 4 disagree


7 6 refused


30 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicable3. If you got the AIDS virus, you would suffer a great deal. H1RP3 num 1


Variable Type/

Frequency Code Response Name Length


1065 2 agree

339 3neither agree nor disagree

157 4 disagree


6 6 refused


32 8 don’t know4. It would be a big hassle to do the things necessary to completely

protect yourself from getting a sexually transmitted disease. H1RP4 num 1


464 2 agree

321 3neither agree nor disagree

1392 4 disagree


5 6 refused


54 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicable[Hand R show card 6.] These are the possible answers for the next 2questions.

5. Imagine that sometime soon you were to have sexual intercourse

with someone just once, but were unable to use any method of birthcontrol for some reason. What is the chance that you would get (If Ris male, add: your partner) pregnant? H1RP5 num 1

294 1 almost no chance

553 2some chance, but probably not

1930 3 a 50-50 chance

1218 4 a good chance



Variable Type/

Frequency Code Response Name Length

398 5 almost certain

8 6 refused


63 8 don’t know

1 9 not applicable6. Suppose that sometime soon you had sexual intercourse for a whole

month, as often as you wanted to, without using any protection.What is the chance that you would get the AIDS virus? H1RP6 num 1

314 1 almost no chance

564 2 some chance, but probably not

1069 3 a 50-50 chance

1552 4 a good chance

891 5 almost certain

10 6 Refused


63 8 don’t know

2 9 not applicable

Literature Review

IntroductionNow, findings from the literature review will be discussed on topics including decision making of adolescences, early sexual activity, risky behaviors, roles of parents, and role of the various Institution of learning.

Decision Making of AdolescenceTeenagers are prone to make bad decisions as it's a part of the adolescence developmental period in life. At times adults may wonder why teens make the decisions that they do, and even some teens look back at the decisions they make; unfortunately, often when it's too late. Today's youth have many decisions to make and many dilemmas to face every day, including whether or not to engage in sexual activity at a young age. "A critical issue for today's youth is developing a healthy understanding of their sexuality, and the United States Surgeon General has labeled this challenge as one of the nation's leading public health concerns" (Nursing Forum, 80).Adolescents are faced with sexual exploitations daily including: music, movies, television, news, magazines, Internet, cell phones, posters, clothes, and friends. Teens have to make the important decisions to become involved in sexual activity or to refrain.Adolescence sexual decision-making is a complex issue that has received much attention in the literature. The concept that positive self-esteem, problem-solving, and reasoning skills served as probable protective factors for a variety of adolescent risk behaviors, including sexual activity, has been documented, as well as the findings that lower levels of problem-solving skills, health-promoting

References

Fantasia, H. C. (2008).Concept analysis: Sexual decision making in adolescence. NursingForum, 43 (2), 80-90. Retrieved May 4, 2010, from:http://ezproxy.lib.uwstout.edu :2699/ehost/detail?vid=4&hid=22&sid=253a386d-ebb7-4725-ge071638810a2200%40sessionmgrlO&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbG12ZQ%3d%3d#db=hch&AN=31790981National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: Division of Adolescent and School Health. (2009). Helping your child/eel connected to school. RetrievedMarch 24, 2011 from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouthladolescenthealthl pdf/connectedness -.rarents. pdfNational Center for Chronic Disease Prevention, and Health Promotion: Division of Adolescent and School Health. (2011). Bringing high quality HIV and STD prevention to youths in schools. Retrieved on March 24,2011 from: www.cec.gov/ healthyyouthlabout/hivstd -.rrevention.htmRae, W.A., Sullivan, J.R., Razo, N.P., & Garcia de Alba, R.G. (2009). Breaking confidentialityRisky behaviors. (2009). Retrieved February 9, 2010, from: http://4parents.gov I sexrisky Irisky .htmlRoyer, H.R., Keller, M.L., & Heidrich, S.M. (2009): Young adolescents' perceptions of romantic

http://4parents.gov/

http://www.cec.gov/

http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouthladolescenthealthl

http://ezproxy.lib.uwstout.edu/

relationships and sexual activity Sex Education, 9(4), 386-394. Teen Health. (2008). Retrieved March 31,2011 from: http://teenhealth.about.com l odl glossary I g/puberty .htmTeen sexual behavior: Issues and concerns. (2008). Retrieved February 9,2010, from: www.focusas.comlSexualBehavior.htmlThe emotional risks of early sexual activity (2002). Retrieved May 4, 2010, from:www.4parents.gov/sexrisky/emotional/emotional.html

CONCLUSION:

Based on the literature review, I am of the opinion and I strongly believed that Motivations to Engage in Risky Behaviors among teens, is largely caused by: Their Perceptions of Pregnancy, AIDS, and STD Risk?”

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