SAINT AUGUSTINE UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA

FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

TITTLE: CONTRIBUTION OF TOURISM PRIVATE COMPANIES TO THE LIVELIHOODOF LOCAL COMMUNITY: A CASE OF LAKE MANYARA TREE LODGE, ARUSHA.

SUPERVISED BY: MADAM LAURA

STUDENT: MOSHA GEORGE G.

REG No: BSCT3 11869

YEAR: 2011/2012

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

LIST OF ACRONYMS iv

CHAPTER ONE v

INTRODUCTION v

1.1 Introduction v

1.2 Historical Background of the Studyvi

1.3 Purpose of the study viii

1.4 Statement of the study ix

1.5 Objectives of the Study xii

1.5.1 General Objectives xii

1.5.2 Specific Objectives xii

1.6 Investigative Questionsxii

1.7 Hypothesis xiii

1.8 Significance of the Study xiii

1.9 Scope of the Study xiv

1.9.1 Geographical Coveragexiv

1.9.2 Time Scope xiv

1.10 Delimitation of the Study xiv

1.11 Operational Definitionxv

CHAPTER TWO xvi

LITERATURE REVIEW xvi

2.0 Introduction xvi

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2.1 Theoretical Literature Review xvii

2.1.1 Critics of Development Theory xvii

2.1.2 Social Exchange Theory xvii

2.2 Empirical Literature xviii

2.2.1 Study by Lundgren 1973 xviii

2.2.2 Tourism's Economic Impacts Studyxix

2.3 Textual Literature xix

CHAPTER 3 xxi

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY xxi

3.0 Introduction xxi

3.1 Type of the Study xxi

3.2 Specific Research Design xxii

3.3 Operational Design xxii

3.3.1 Type of Data xxii

3.3.2 Sources of Data xxii

3.4 Sample Design xxii

3.4.1 Unity of Analysis xxii

3.4.2 Population xxii

3.4.3 Sampling Frame xxiii

3.4.4 Sample Size xxiii

3.4. 5 Sampling xxiii

3.5 Methods of Data Collection xxiii

3.6 Data Analysis xxiv

3.6.1 Data Editing xxiv

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3.6.2 Data Processing xxiv

3.6.3 Statistical Analysis of Data xxiv

3.7 Validity and Reliability xxiv

REFERENCES xxv

APPENDICES xxvii

APPENDIX 1: Time Schedule xxvii

APPENDIX 2: RESEARCH BUDGETxxviii

APPENDIX 3: QUESTIONAIRES FOR THE LOCAL RESIDENTSxxix

APPENDIX 4: QUESTIONAIRES FOR THE HOTEL MANAGEMENT xxx

APPENDIX 5: QUESTIONAIRES FOR EMPLOYEES xxxiii

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

HAT Hotel Association of Tanzania

ITTA Intra-Africa Tourism and Travel Association

PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

TCT Tourism Confederation of Tanzania

TAHOSA Tanzania Hotel schools Association

TAHOA Tanzania Hunting Operators Association

TAOA Tanzania Air Operators Association

TATO Tanzania Association of Tour operators

THPAT Tourism and Hotel Professional Association of Tanzania

TPHA Tanzania Professional Hunters Association

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TASOTA Tanzania Association of Travel Agents

TTGA Tanzania Tour Guides Association

URT United Republic of Tanzania

ZATI Zanzibar Tourism Investors association

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Tourism is the activities of person traveling to and staying away fromplaces of their usual residence for not more than one consecutive yearfor leisure, business and other purposes. (UNWTO 2009).In attempting to define and describe tourism scope Goildner and Ritchie (2000) pg. 14, it must consider various groups that participate in and affected by tourism business. Four different perspectives of tourism can be identified:(i) The tourists (ii) The business providing tourists goodsand services (iii) the host government and (iv) The host community.From supply side they define tourism as the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host government and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting those tourists and other visitors.

Communities in tourist destinations view tourism as an economic development strategy that among many, economic impacts of tourism to the host community should receive priority.As tourism continues to be preferred as an agent of development, it is important to understand the nature of community development and who ultimately controls and benefits from tourism.The concept of community development is exploredin terms of empowerment, participation, partnership, community capacity and community change. Timoth and Dowling (2003).This study will analyze the economic impacts thatprivate tourism private companies has to the host community or to the surrounding local communities.

1.2 Historical Background of the Study

In many parts of the world, including Tanzania, the tourism sector is growing rapidly with increasing benefits, growing number of tourists

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and tourism businesses, involvement of local communities and resident investors and many stakeholders. Lwoga (2011).In the period 1975-2000 international tourist arrivals in Tanzania increased at an average rate of 4.7 percent a year. Thus significant contribution to the country economy. Tanzania is blessed with a vast array of natural and cultural resources that are appreciated by tourist around the globe. Tanzania tourism sector survey (2009).In the institutional frame work the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism is the leading governmental institution concerned with the formulation and implementation of tourism development policy strategies, plans of actions, stimulation and promotion of private investment activities. It also regulates, promotes and facilitates tourist service provision in Tanzania.On the other hand there are tourism business owners who are clustered in what is known as private sector. The private sector in Tanzania is organized in trade associations such as TATO, TASOTA, HAT, TAHOA, ITTA, TPHA, ZATI, TTGA, TAOA, THPAT, and TAHOSA. All theseassociations are the constituent members of the umbrella organization known as Tourism Confederation of Tanzania (TCT) which acts as a representative of the private sector tourism interest. ( URT, 1999).Estimates for 2000 suggest that over 50 per cent of the population of mainland Tanzania live in poverty, and most are in ruralareas. Poverty reduction is the focus of policy-makers and donors, although effective strategies for overcoming poverty remain somewhat elusive. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper aims to combine macro-economic stability, sector strategies and decentralization, and poverty reduction itself. It interprets the latter as reducing income poverty, improving human capabilities and containing extreme vulnerability. Support for diversification and local enterprise (though not specifically tourism in the current version) appear in thePoverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP): there is an aim to promote diversification to help the poor to enter into the global economy as well as encourage initiatives aimed at strengthening private investment, small and medium size enterprises andinformal sector activities.Strategy for rural areas is outlined in the Rural Development Strategy of 2001 (United Republic of Tanzania, 2001). Its key objectives are widely-shared growth, good governance, increased opportunity and access to services, and reducing risk. There is a

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strong emphasis on agriculture, but the need to develop the non-farm economy (again, without specific mention of tourism) is recognized. The section on growth emphasizes the need for private investment, transport infra-structure, non-farm-options, stimulus of an enterprisemindset andrural-urban growth points.

It has become common for tourism agencies to report economic impact interms of sales generated. Under this particular study this is of no value to elected officials or residents. It is used because it generates the highest economic impact number.But residents have no interest in sales generated – they are primarily interested in how it personally affects them in terms of personal income.The most useful economic impact indicator in this study will be that measure the contribution to the personal incomes of residents in a destination or host community.Economic benefits are the most important elements sought by local residents from tourism development (Akis et al., 1996;Husband, 1989; Liu, Sheldon, &Var, 1987; Ritchie, 1988; Sheldon &Var, 1984). Accordingly, whenever scholars examine residents' perception ofthe effect of tourism, the perceived economic impacts are often assessed. The majority of these economic impact studies have focused on employment opportunities (Belisle& Hoy, 1980; Davis et al., 1988)and the revenues derived from tourism activities (Davis et al., 1988; Murphy, 1983).

1.3 Purpose of the study

The purpose of this study is to analyze on tourism economic impacts tothe local/host community around lakeManyara National Park, supported by and beyond lake Manyara tree lodge. A research

study will analyze the economic benefits distributed to the community in its scope as well as discovering the short comings. A research willfocus to see if surrounding villagers of lake manyara are aware and enjoying the potential economic benefits from tourism enterprises available in their area in terms of income generation and employment and last to suggest the possible way (s) forward.

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Therefore a key purpose in this economic impact study will be to measure the economic return to residents/host community by private tour companies.

1.4 Statement of the study

In this study, the IMPLAN input-output modeling system will be used toanalyze the multiplier effect at Lake Manyara area. Tourism increases employment opportunities. Additional jobs, ranging from low-wageentry-level to high-paying professional positions in management and technical fields,generate income and raise standards of living. Particularly in rural areas, thediversification created by tourism helps communities that are possibly dependent ononly one industry. As tourism grows, additional opportunities are created for investment,development, and infrastructure spending. Tourism often induces improvementsin public utilities such as water, sewer, sidewalks, lighting,parking, public restrooms,litter control, and landscaping. Such improvements benefit tourists and residentsalike. Likewise, tourism encourages improvements in transport infrastructureresulting in upgraded roads, airports, public transportation, and non-traditional transportation. Tourism encouragesnew elements to join the retail mix,increasing opportunities for shopping and adding healthy competitiveness. It oftenincreases a community's tax revenues. Lodging and sales taxes most notablyincreasebut additional tax revenues include air travel and other transportationtaxes, business taxes, and fuel taxes. New jobs generatemore income taxrevenues.When considering the economic impacts of tourism, it is essential tounderstand that tourism businesses often include a significantnumber of low-paying jobs, often at minimum wage or less. Thesejobs are often seasonal, causing under-employment or unemploymentduring off-seasons. Labor may be imported, rather thanhired locally, especially if particular skills or expertise is required,or if local labor is unavailable. Some tourism-related businessesare volatile and high-risk ventures that are unsustainable.Greater demand for goods, services, land, and housing mayincrease prices that in turn will increase the cost of living.Tourism businesses may claim land that could have higher- valueor other uses. Additionally, non-local owners and corporationsmay

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export profits out of the community. The community mayhave to generatefunds (possibly through increased taxes) tomaintain roads and transportation systems that have becomemore heavily used. Similarly, if additional infrastructure (water, power, fuel, medical, etc.) is required, additional taxes mayalso be needed to pay for them. (Minnesota IMPLAN group 1997).IMPLAN produces the three different types of economic impacts measures that individual in a community can obtain their livelihood. They are sales, personal income, and employment. The sales (output) measure reports the effect of an extra unity of visitor spending on economic activity within a place. It relates visitor’s expenditure to the increase in business turnover that it creates.The personal income measure of economic impact assesses the effect of an extra unit of visitor spending on the changes that result in level of residents' personal income in a destination- lake Manyara. An employment multiplier measures the effect of an extra unit of visitor spending on employment to Lake Manyara surrounding local community.

There are three important caveats/considerations regarding the estimates of employment provided by IMPLAN model that will be noted. Including both full-time and part-time jobs and do not distinguish between them. The employment estimates assume that all existing employees are fully occupied, so an injection of external visitor spending will require an increase in the level of employment within a destination. In many cases, however they are sufficiently under-employed to do this, so additional staff would not be needed. In thesesituations, the employment coefficient is exaggerated. A third potentially misleading corollary of employment estimates is that they imply that all new jobs will be filled by residents from within a destination (Lake Manyara). However it is possible that some preparation of them will be filled by commuters from outside Lake Manyara or even Arusha town. In this cases, it would be inappropriate to consider that all the jobs benefit the community'sresidents.

Because tourism relies heavily upon the goodwill of the local residents, their support is necessary for the development, successful operation, and sustainability of tourism. If residents have a positiveperception of tourism, they will render support for additional tourism

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development and, therefore, they will be willing to participate in an exchange with visitors. However, if they believe that tourism development would have more costs than benefits they are likely to oppose tourism development. The success of any tourism development project is threatened to the extent that the development is planned and constructed without the knowledge and support of the local residents. Anger, apathy, or mistrust will ultimately be conveyed to the tourists. For the most part, tourists tend to be reluctant to visit places where they feel unwelcome. In that case private tourism companies which many are exotic are likely to conduct tourism businesswithout concern to the livelihood of adjacent local communities. Therefore, it is important to know how residents perceiveeconomic impact and the factors that influence perceived total.

1.5 Objectives of the Study

1.5.1 General Objectives

The general objective of this study will be to analyze the contribution of private tour companies to the livelihood of surrounding local community in Arusha, particularly at Lake Manyara tree lodge found within Lake Manyara National park and owned by And BEYOND.

1.5.2 Specific Objectives

i) To analyze the understanding of local community participation towards tourism economic potentials and opportunities in their area.

ii) To come up with solutions and scientific contribution that can increase and diversify tourism enterprises to focus more on benefitinglocal community.

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Iii) To identify and suggest possible and effective systems that will ensure sustainable tourism and sustainable development to all stakeholders.

1.6 Investigative Questions

These are the tentative questions that will be used to analyze the problem:

• What is the range amount one visitor pay to stay in a lodge per day?

• How many guests can be accommodated per once (fully occupancy)?

• How many local people are employed by the company? And how many are direct from surround villages of Lake Manyara National Park?

• Which positions are held by the majority of local employees?

• Is there any local supplier(s) who supply raw materials such as food materials to the company?

• Tourists coming to the lodge are they visiting surrounding villages also and buy local products or engage to the tourist’s activities prepared by locals?

• Is there any village projects established and supported by a tourcompany?

1.7 Hypothesis

• Many local people are ignorant about tourism and its economic potentials.

• To be employed in Tourism Company you must have high and special skills.

• Tourism is a very good source of income in the place.

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• Many local people around Lake Manyara obtain their lively-hood from tourism sector.

• Tourism is only economically profitable at a national level.

• It is very difficult to tap the economic benefits of tourism by locals.

• It is worthless to develop tourism in villages around Lake Manyara national Park.

1.8 Significance of the Study

The significance of this study will be grouped into three parts:

Firstly, to the private tour companies, the study will remind them to consider and work with local communities around, and put strategies toenhance the community lively-hood in a particular place.

Secondly, to a researcher, research is a source of knowledge, the knowledge obtained will be of significant role when employed either bythe private companies or government entities. It will enable him to becompetent concerning the development of local people in the country.

Thirdly, to SAUT especial tourism and hospitality management department, where by the study will be source of information to other students who will be doing their study in the same field as well as their normal studies in different tourism causes.

Fourthly, to the government(Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism)and other policy makers.

1.9 Scope of the Study

1.9.1 Geographical Coverage

The study will be conducted in lake Manyara tree lodge which is located at south end of lake Manyara national park, 50 km from small town of Mto wa mbu, along the base of the rift valley about 600 metershigh. The size of the park is 330 sq km (127 sq miles) of which up to 200 sq km (77 sq miles) is lake when water levels are high.

1.9.2 Time Scope

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The whole process of this study will take 8 months (32 weeks) to be accomplished. From

October 2011 to May 2012.

1.10 Delimitation of the Study

The study will not cover more than one private tour company – which islake Manyara tree lodge and surrounding villages found in the company's location. On time factor the study will be dealt on only four months and also delimited on the following methods and tools for data collection, questionnaire, interview, and observation.

1.11 Operational Definition

According to the Wikipedia fee encyclopedia defines operational definition as that defines something (e.g. Variable, term or object) in term of specific process or set of validation tests used to determine its presence and quantity. That is once defines something interms of the operations that count as measuring it.

Community

From geographical perspective, the importance of location has been endorsed by spatial scientists. The idea of geographical space, with all its physical endowments, is an undisputable element in the meaningof community. The requisites of community living is that its members relate to their physical environment in several ways, which are vividly reflected in their lifestyles and economic activities.

From Socio-Anthropological perspectives.Tourism academics have generally referred to communities as locals, residents, natives, indigenous people and hosts with much important placed on the letter term. A host community, or destination community, is practically all of what has been described so far. (Singh S. 2003)

Ecotourism

As far as this study will be concerned Drumm (1998) point out that local communities view ecotourism as an accessible development alternative which can enable them to improve their living standards

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without having to sell off their natural resources or compromise theirculture.

Lively-hood

Is a means of earning money in order to live (oxford dictionary 2006)

Multiplier

A measure of the power that an initial expenditure has on the output, income and employment levels as the spending works its way through theintermediate suppliers within the host area ; Literary a summation of the direct, indirect and induced spending input. Biederman (2008)

Leakage

Proportion of spending not respent in the host area reflecting income saved instead of spent, profit not reinvested, and incomes repatriatedout of the host area and also supplies purchased in another location. Biedeman(2008)

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter provides the components and theories of local community development and the capacity to obtain their lively-hood from tourism industry, as well as works done by other researchers in respect to thelocal community economic development in relation to tourism in their area. It will also describes the benefits derived from other studies hence help the research to determine knowledge gap as a means to contribute new idea to the field and all its stakeholders.

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2.1 Theoretical Literature Review

The following theories are of high important in studying economic benefits that local community in destination obtain from tourism, particularly from private tourism companies that invest in the area.

2.1.1 Critics of Development Theory

The theory state that “It is often rooted in western thought and note that other societies where there is no local voice or where it is lostin the power game of international politics and monetary movements, have little ability to have an impact on any form of development including tourism”

2.1.2 Social Exchange Theory

The social exchange theory proclaims that residents are likely to participatein an exchange with tourists if they believe that they are likely to gain benefits without incurring unacceptablecosts. If residents perceive that the positive impacts oftourism development will be greater than the negativeimpacts, they are inclined to be involved in the exchangeand, therefore, endorse future tourism development(Getz, 1994)in their community. Economic benefits are the most important elementssought by local residents from tourism development (Akis et al., 1996; Husband, 1989; Liu, Sheldon, &Var, 1987; Ritchie, 1988; Sheldon &Var, 1984). Accordingly, whenever scholars examine residents' perception of the effect of tourism, the perceived economic impacts are often assessed. The majority of these economic impact studies have focused on employment opportunities (Belisle& Hoy, 1980; Davis et al., 1988)and the revenue derived from tourism activities (Davis et al., 1988; Murphy, 1983).

2.2 Empirical Literature

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These empirical studies are analyzed from other related studies done by other researchers with reference to where the research was done andits implications.

2.2.1 Study by Lundgren 1973

Analysts agree that the promotion of tourism in a certain community orregion has an impact on local entrepreneurial activity.The Lundgren study (1973, cited in Mathieson and Wall 1982) that proposed an evolutionary model of entrepreneurship related to the development of Caribbean hotels. Through his study modal Lundgren suggested that the establishment of hotel sector on an island economy leads to three consecutive stage of local entrepreneurial activities. Although duringthe early stages the hotels may depend heavily on foreign suppliers for items like food, eventually these establishments will manage to create a relationship with local entrepreneurs such as farmers (Telferand Wall, 1996). In other words, Lundgren contends that tourism's evolution in an area eventually stimulates the production of local agricultural commodities and use of other local resources. However, the topic of entrepreneurial activity in tourist environments remains a research lacuna that allow and need more and further examination.

2.2.2 Tourism's Economic Impacts Study

The study was done by Braun (1992). By examining the impact of conventions on Orlando, Florida, for 1989, Braun was able to estimate that the total expenditure of 1.6 million meeting attendees came to over US$ 1 billion. Using input-output analysis, he calculated that the income multiplier from the convention trade amounted to 1.7.Even though most studies pay attention to income multipliers, there are other types of tourism multipliers.Another important multiplier that may be considered, especially in communities where tourism is introduced to reduce unemployment, is the employment multiplier. The most common way of measuring employment multipliers is by estimating 'the ratio of direct and secondary employment generated by additional

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tourism expenditure to direct employment alone'. (Mathieson and Wall, 1982).

The jobs created through visitor spending in places like hotels and restaurants can be considered direct employment. Tourism-related jobs not created directly through visitor spending are known as indirect employment. The jobs created in the rest of the community through the spending of tourist employees' income are described as induced employment. (Puczko and Ratz, 2001)

2.3 Textual Literature

Local communities can use tourism as an invisible export in the same way they may use the production of tangible manufactured or agricultural goods to attract necessary foreign exchange and fulfill their over economic goals of wealth creation, employment generation and enhancement of the host population's living standards.Unlike othersectors, tourism usually requires little, by value, in imports for every unit of foreign exchange earnings of tourism can be used for investment in the development of manufacturing industries or in reducing the foreign earnings debt. (Mathieson and Wall, 1982:45)

The importance of building partnership not only between tourism business, but also within communities to build on the benefit of tourism has received a great deal of attention in the tourism literature. Changes in development theory since the end of the Second World War have brought the concepts of sustainability and community involvement in the development process to the forefront as part of thealternative development paradigm. McIntosh et al. (1995) indicate thattourism development should contain elements of community involvement including raising the living standards of local people, developing facilities for visitors and residents, and ensuring the types of developing are consistent with the cultural, social and economic philosophy of the government and the people of the host area.

Tourism economic impacts can be expressed by a variety of different indicators but almost all of them involve use of the multiplier concept. This concept recognizes that when visitors spend money in a

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destination the initial direct expenditures stimulate economic activities and create additional business turnover, personal income, employment and government revenue in the town or destination. The personal income measure of economic impact reports the effect of an extra unity of visitors spending on the changes that result in level of resident's personal income in any destination.

(Minesota IMPLAN Group, 1997)

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

The chapter focus on establishing and propose research methods and design that will include type of the study, type of data, sources of

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data, sample design, unity of data analysis, population and sampling frame.

3.1 Type of the Study

As far as this study will be concerned (that is to analyze on economicimpacts), then the study, depend on education level of researcher and scope.The study will be quantitative type of research, though qualitative data might be needed or used as well.

3.2 Specific Research Design

A researcher will follow a simple descriptive research design in orderto get information or data, concerning the topic.

3.3 Operational Design

3.3.1 Type of Data

Both secondary and primary data will be collected. Where by primary data will be collected direct from the respondents concerning the topic and secondary data will be obtained from relevant literature such as book, magazines, internet and newspapers that contain some findings and materials concerning thestudy.

3.3.2 Sources of Data

A researcher will obtain data from the local citizen as well as managers of tour company as a primary data and also from written materials as secondary data.

3.4 Sample Design

3.4.1 Unity of Analysis

A researcher will obtain data from the following elements of the population:

(a) managers of the company ( Management)

(b) From local village authorities.

(c) Local residents, that will comprise of employees who will provide the information about the employment and income.

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3.4.2 Population

The population of the study will be1150 people. Theoretical populationof the study will be Lake Manyarapeople particularly Mayoka C village and Lake Manyara Tree Lodge(managers, employee and the normal residents).

The study will use sample size that calculated statistically.

3.4.3 Sampling Frame

This will be the accessible population of the study listed down:

S/N UNITY OF ANALSIS No.

1 Managers of tour company

3 Local people/residents

4 Workers in tourism industry

TOTAL

3.4.4 Sample Size

The study will use sample size that calculated statistically, this sample size of the population is obviously calculated using sample size calculator.

3.4. 5 Sampling

A researcher will use random sampling. It will include simple random sampling where the sample will be taken from population in which all elements sample will have equal chance of selection.

The second sampling techniques will be stratified random sampling.

3.5 Methods of Data Collection

The researcher will use different methods of data collection, that including interview and mail survey, this is due to the reason that

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the population is small and therefore it will be easy to interact with.

Tools of Data Collection

Interview guide as well as interview schedule will be used as tools ofdata collection. Some other tools will enable a research to engage in a field ground where by the possibility of wrongness is limited.

3.6 Data Analysis

It consist of two important things to be done by the researcher after collecting all the needed data, it will have data editing and data processing.

3.6.1 Data Editing

All the data available or that will be obtained from the field will berevised by the researcher so that can be understood and well unclear data will be handled.

3.6.2 Data Processing

A researcher will use tables and charts in summarizing data that will be obtained and there it will be easy to be studied and understood.

3.6.3 Statistical Analysis of Data

Because of its nature, that it calls for researcher's own judgement and skills for analysis of the data a researcher will use statistical charts, tables as well as words so that for the larger users of data can be easy understood.

3.7 Validity and Reliability

The scale to be used in the study will guarantee that the consistency of the result will be identical to the people that will conduct the same research as far as quantitative research is concerned.

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REFERENCES

Akis, S., Peristianis, N., & Warner, J. (1996). Residents' attitudes to tourism development: The case of

Cyprus. Tourism Management,

Belisle, F. J., & Hoy, D. R. (1980).The perceived impact of tourism byresidents.Annals of Tourism Research,

Biederman P. S et al. (2008) Travel and Tourism, An Industry primer, Prentice Hall. USA

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Braun, B. (1992) The Economic Contribution of Conventions: The Case ofOrlando, Florida. Journal of Travel Research 30 (3) 32-37

Goeldner C. and Ritchie (2000) Tourism Principles, Practices and Philosophy, (8thed) USA

Getz, D. (1994). Residents' attitudes toward tourism: A longitudinal study in Spey Valley, Scotland. Tourism Management,

Husband, W. (1989).Social statue and perception of tourism in Zambia.Annals of Tourism Research, 16, 237}255.

Lwoga N. (2011) TOURISM, Meaning, Practices and History. Dar-es-Salaam Press Tanzania

Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. (1982) Tourism: Economic, Physical, and Social Impacts. Longman London.

McIntosh, R.W., et at (1995) Tourism: Practices and Philosophies, 8thedn. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Minnesota IMPLAN group (1997). IMPLAN professional: Accounting and impact analysis software, MN: Minnesota IMPLAN group.

Murphy, P. E. (1983). Perceptions and attitudes of decision-making groups in tourism centers.Journal of Travel Research,

Puczko, L. and Ratz, T. (2001) The impact of Tourism an introduction. Home Polytechnic, Hamecnlina, Finland.

Ritchie, J. R. B. (1988). Consensus policy formulation in tourism.Tourism Management,

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Rural Development Strategy of 2001 (United Republic of Tanzania, 2001).

Singh S. et al. (2003) Tourism in Festivation Communities.CABI publishing, UK.

Tanzania tourism-sector survey (2009)

Sheldon, P. J., &Var, T. (1984).Resident attitudes to tourism in NorthWales.Tourism Management,

Telfer, D.J. and Wall, G. (1996) Linkages between Tourism and food production.Annals of Tourism Research 23.

United Republic of Tanzania (URT) (1999) National Tourism Policy, Dar-es-Salaam: Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: Time Schedule26

TASK JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL

Data Collection

Sending questionnaires, interviewing and documenting.

Data Analysis/Processing

Converting data into information.

Report Writing

First draft

Report Writing

Final draft and submission

APPENDIX 2: RESEARCH BUDGET

The source of all required funds for this study will be the parents ofresearcher (self sponsorship).

Activity Details Amount (Tshs)

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Transport Go and return 250,000

Typing and printing 2 proposals@20000

4 reports@ 25000 115,000

Meals and accommodation

90,000

Stationeries 11,500

TOTAL 486,500

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APPENDIX 3: QUESTIONAIRES FOR THE LOCAL RESIDENTS

1. Tourism has created more jobs for your community_

Strongly agree! Strongly disagree!

1… 2… 3… 4… 5…

2. Tourism has attracted more investment to your community_

Strongly agree! Strongly disagree!

1… 2… 3… 4… 5…

3. Tourism has led to more spending in your community_

Strongly agree! Strongly disagree!

1… 2… 3… 4… 5…

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4. Our standard of living has increased considerably because of tourism_

Strongly agree! Strongly disagree!

1… 2… 3… 4… 5…

5. The prices of goods and services have increased because of tourism_

Strongly agree! Strongly disagree!

1… 2… 3… 4… 5…

6. Tourism has given economic benefits to local people and small businesses_

Strongly agree! Strongly disagree!

1… 2… 3… 4… 5…

7. Tourism revenues are more important than revenues from the other industries for local

government_

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Strongly agree! Strongly disagree!

1… 2… 3… 4… 5…

8. The costs of developing public tourist facilities are too much

Strongly agree! Strongly disagree!

1… 2… 3… 4… 5…

9. Local residents have suffered from living in a tourism destination area_

Strongly agree! Strongly disagree!

1… 2… 3… 4… 5…

APPENDIX 4: QUESTIONAIRES FOR THE HOTEL MANAGEMENT

PART 1: Respondent profile

Age particulars:Age Interval Tick where appropriate

22-30yrs ……….

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30-40yrs ……….

Above 40yrs ………..

Working Experience: Number of years

0- 3yrs ……….

4-6yrs ……….

7-9yrs ……….

10yrs and above ……….

Position/Title ………………………………………………………………………..

PART 2:

1 .Does your company haveclose relationship with adjacent local community/villages?

YES…… NO……

2. Does your company have any strategies towards supporting the livelihood of local communities of adjacent ?

YES…… NO……

3. If yes what are the strategies? (mention)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Is there any company supplies/suppliers of raw materials or services from the adjacent villages?

YES…..

NO…..

5. Mention them, if yes.If local supply, what are the products?(mention)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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6. How is company’s employment policy related to adjacent local communitylabour surplus?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Which percent of total number of your employees is from adjacent local community?How many workers do you have? ….. How many are the residents of the adjacent local community?

10% -30%...... 30%-50% ….. Above 50% ……..

8. Do your customers visit the adjacent local communities?

YES……. NO…….

9. If YES, which activities are they engaging to and why?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Does government enable/conditioned your company to help local people improve their life standard, by providing them with economic opportunities?

YES…….. NO…….

11. What suggestions do you have for local people to be able to utilize opportunities available in your company/any other tour company?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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APPENDIX 5: QUESTIONAIRES FOR EMPLOYEES

1. Respondent profile

Age particulars

Age Interval Tick where appropriate

18-30yrs ……….

30-40yrs ……….

Above 40yrs ………..

Working Experience

Number of years

0- 3yrs ……….

4-6yrs ……….

7-9yrs ……….

10yrs and above ……….

1. What is yourposition: ……………………………………………………………

2. What are the terms of your employment?

Full Time Employee Part Time Employee

3. Are you from adjacent village?YES…. NO…...

Mention the name of the village: ………………………………………………………

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4. Do you think you are benefiting enough (economically) from your job?

YES….. NO……

5. What are the reasons for your answer?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Do you generate any other income apart from your salary, but influenced by existence of tree lodge in your area?

YES……. NO……

7. Does this hotel and tour company enable the adjacent local peopleto improve their life standards? YES…. NO…..….

8. Do local farmers get the opportunity of selling their products tothis hotel?

YES…… NO…….

9. What suggestions do you have for improvement?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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