China confronts Kant when university students experience the angst of freedom

中中中中中中——中中中中中中中中中Dr Robert Shawwith Chris Lynch & Amy Way

中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 · 中中中

中中中中中中中中中

www.gdufs.biz

Introduction 导导

1.This talk is about a paper that has been written for publication

中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中一

2.There is a line of argument in the paper

中中中 中中中一

3.The argument uses the insights of an important western philosopher, Immanuel Kant

中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中西 · 中中中中中

Introduction 导导

4.The argument is about how Chinese students will be changed by their university education and the implications of this for China

中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中

Topics today 导导导导导1.Abstract

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2.The French and German Enlightenments & China

中中中中中中 & 中中

3.Kant 中中

4.The argument in the paper中中中中中中

6导导

An existential interpretation of student angst in Chinese universities raises issues of autonomy and freedom.

中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中。

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The governance arrangements in China manifest as an existential dissonance for students as they increasingly urged to question.

中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中，一

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Western modernity entails individual moral autonomy and thus a concept of freedom.

Kant’s theory of duty-rationality-autonomy-freedom relates the liberty of thought to principled action.

中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中 中中中中 中中中中中西，一。 - 中中 - 中中 - 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中。

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Kantian ideals permeate western business and university practice.

中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中

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China needs managers who are insightful, creative, innovative, progressive.

Such people are independent minded, rational, and they act on their own conclusions.

Such people are Kant’s autonomous persons.

中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中 中中中中 中中中中 中中中中中中中 中中中、、、、，中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中、、。中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中

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Whilst autonomous persons may produce new ideas, products and services, they are unlikely to accept bridles upon information, restrictions upon the expression of ideas, and restrictions on the freedom of others.

中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中、，，中中中中中中中中中中中中。

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Such bridles limit the autonomy of all persons in ways they find unacceptable. 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中。

Chinese students increasingly confront this conflicted environment in their everyday lives. 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中。

Education reforms require students to think, analyse and argue. 中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中、。

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Freedom, as construed by Kant as an “inner” construct, is an outcome of this deliberation (thinking).

However, when students exercise freedom in significant matters they may come to experience the angst of freedom.

中中 中中中中中中中中 中“中中”中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中，一 ， 。，中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中，。

The Enlightenment 导导导导1.In the history of the west, there was a major change in thinking in the 18th century

中 中中中中中西， 18 中中中 中中中中中中中中一

2.The new period is sometimes called the Enlightenment or the Age of Reason

中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中

The Enlightenment 导导导导

3.The new ideas (vision) which appeared then remain fundamental to the western way of thinking today

中中中中中中中中 中中中 中中中中中 中中中中中中中中（）西

4.These ideas affect all aspects of life, including family life, religion, business, democracy and politics 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中 中中中 中中中 中中中中中，，，，

Enlightenment & Revolution

中中中中中

France, America & L'Encylopedie

法法 法法 、 & 法法法书

Madame Geoff rin's Salon

A n c i e n t C h a r l e s G a b r i e l l e m m o n n i e r ( 1 7 4 3 - 1 8 2 5 ) C h a t e a u d e M a l m a i s o n , R u c i l -M a l m a i s o n , p a i n t e d 1 8 1 2

The Encyc loped ie 1772

Tree of Knowledge

• Religion relegated to a small stem next to superstition.

Madame de Pompadour

Maurice Quentin

l e s p h i l o s o p h e

Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu

Rousseau "Social Contract", “popular sovereignty”“ 中中中中中” “中中中中中”，

We are born weak, we need strength; helpless, we need aid; foolish, we need reason. All that we lack at birth, all that we need when we come to man's estate, is the gift of education. 中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中、、，一。

VoltaireI disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death

your right to say it. 中中中中中中中中，中中中中中中中中中中中中中。

Man is free at the instant he wants to be.中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中，。

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

American Declaration of IndependenceWe hold these truths to be

self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.

中中 中中中中中《》

中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中 中中中中中中：，中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中，、中中。

Robespierre on the Guillotine

The Reign of Terror中中中中中中

French Declaration of The Rights of Man

and of the Citizens 1789

中中 中中中中中《》

All the citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents.中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中 中，，一中中 中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中、，。

Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中，。

Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else;中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中。

Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.

中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中、，，中中中中中中中中中。

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The German Enlightenment 导导导导导导 1. 1650-1800 – after Enlightenment

period in other countries

1650-1800—— 中中中中中中中中中中中中中

2. Goethe, Leibniz, Kant

中中 中中中中中 中中，，

The German Enlightenment导导导导导导 3. Compare German & French

Enlightenment 中中中中中中中中中中中中a. Not violent 中中中中（）b. Smaller states - decentralised 中（

中 - 中中）c. Latin 中中中（）d. Tightly controlled people 中中中中中中中（）

4. An Enlightenment of ideas, not dramatic actions中中中中中中中中中中中中中中一

1.Redevelopment opening, 2011 导导导导导导导导， 20112.Three museums staged an exhibition 中中中中中中中中中a. Berlin 中中b. Leipzig 中中中中c. National Museum of China 中中中中中中中

3.German Enlightenment 中中中中中中4.Dialogue 中中a. Art 中中b. Ideas 中中

5.Why this theme? 中中中中中中中中？

Enlightenment in Dialogue

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Immanuel Kant 导导导导 · 导导1.To understand philosophy it helps to know aboutphilosophers

中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中，

2.Kant lived in a time that was in many ways similar to China today

中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中

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Explains the history, how Kant wrote, and interprets his work.

中中中中 中中中中中中中中中 中，，中中中中中

Königsberg

Kant’s situationImportant decisions made in Berlin

Frederick I & II

Censorship

Guild system of trades

Highly controlled society

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Russia occupies Königsberg for 7 years导导导导导导导导导 7 导

Two theories of freedom

1.Political concept of freedom

2.Kant’s concept of freedom

Important words in Kant’s theory of freedom 导导导导导导导导导导导1.Cognition (thinking)2.Scientific3.Moral / ethical4.Reality 5.Sensation6.Phenomena7.Model8.Moral autonomy9.Moral heteronomy (follows rules of others)

1. 中中 中中中（）2. 中中中3. 中中 / 中中4. 中中5. 中中6. 中中7. 中中8. 中中中中9. 中中中中 中中中中中中中中（）

Kant’s theory of freedom导导导导导导导

1.Cognition (thinking) has two aspects/modes/ways 中中 中中中 中中中中中（） / 中中 / 中中a. Scientific thinking

中中中中b. Moral thinking

中中中中2.How are the two ways different? 中中中中中中中中中中3.Kant is an idealist (we do not “know” reality) 中中中 中中中中中中 中中中中“中中”中中中一（ ）

Reality = things in themselves

Sensation

via our senses

Events & things O ur m odel of the world

= phenomena

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61 H ow w e m ay encounter phenom ena Science Ethics

Q uestions H ow are things? W hat happened? W hat will happen?

W hat ought to I do? W hat sort of person should I becom e?

G oal Description Prescription Tim e Explains the past

Predicts the future On-going

Now! Never repeated Static

M ethods Increm ental Reductive

H olistic Irreducible

O utputs Laws Facts Theories

Decisions Actions Experience of freedom

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导导 导导中中中中中中？中中中中中？中中中中中？

中中中中中中？中中中中中中中中中？

中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中

中中！中中中中中中

中中中中

中中中中中中

中中中中中中

中中中中中中 中体

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Moral thinking is of two kinds中中中中中中中1.Moral autonomy 中中中中a. Independence – make your own decision 中中——中中中中b. Decide rationally – judge the whole

situation 中中中中——中中中 中中体c. Strength of will – carry your

decision into action 中中中——中中中中中中中

2.Moral heteronomy (following others rules) 中中中中 中中中中中中中中（）

Autonomy(Kant)

Strengthof

will

Independence

Rationality

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Moral autonomy导导导导

1.The essence of individual, personal decision-making 中中 中中中中中中中、

2.Autonomous decision-making always involves a kind of personal freedom 中中中中中中中中 中中中中中一

3.The experience of this freedom generates the desire for its further use 中中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中体一

The argument in the paper导导导导

The argument involves three topics/parts/steps:中中中中中中中 / 中中 / 中中：

1. The situation of Chinese students 中中中中中中中

2. Kant’s theory which involves freedom中中中中中中中中中

3. The Enlightenment & China中中中中 & 中中

Part 1:The situation of Chinese students导导导导导导导

1.Rapidly developing course objectives 中中中中中中中中中

2.Subjects now require critical ideas and originality 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中

3.Students increasingly find limitations irksome 中中中中中中中中中

4.Much quiet discussion about politics 中中中中中中中

Part 2: Kant’s theory which involves freedom导导导导导导导导导

5. Mature people show autonomy 中中中中中中中中中

6. The practice of autonomy generates a domain of freedom within a person

中中中中中中中中中中中 中中中中中中一

7. Students who experience this freedom in their school work will seek it in other areas of life

中中中中 中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中体 中中中中中

Part 3: Enlightenment & China导导导导 & 导导

8. Autonomous academics in Germany generated the German Enlightenment

中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中

9. Autonomous students & teachers will generate the Chinese Enlightenment中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中

10.The Chinese Enlightenment will produce new governance and social structures中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中

Part 3: Enlightenment & China导导导导 & 导导

11.The conflict between autonomy and heteronomy generates for students a particular kind of stress

中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中中

12.That stress is called the angst of freedom

中中中中中中中中中中中中

The angst of freedom自自自自自

Not the angst of freedom自自自自自自

The angst of freedom自自自自自

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