4.0 innovation and change - thesocialsguy.com
TRANSCRIPT
13/06/2019
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Social Studies 2201
Unit 2, Outcome 4
In this outcome we will:
• 4.1 explain the significance of innovations
during the Paleolithic Period (pre c. 10 000
BCE)
• 4.2 explain the significance of innovations
during the Neolithic Period (c. 10 000 BCE to
between 4500 and 2000 BCE)
• 4.3 explain how the Neolithic Revolution led to
the rise of civilization
• 4.4 explain the significance of select
innovations from the Ancient, Pre-Modern, and
Modern Eras
4.0 INNOVATION AND CHANGE
Before we look at how we’ve changed,
let’s look at where we started…
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrt
CgaGSJlU&list=PLfPKzPoLH--fNB7U-
jbCnlC3t894w9xVr&index=2
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4.1 INNOVATION AND CHANGEWhat is the difference between an innovation and an
invention?
An innovation is when an
existing object or method is
changed so that they are more
effective and/or efficient.
An invention is when an
entirely new object or
method is introduced.
Complete “4.0 - Thinking about Invention and Innovation”
activity.
4.1 DETERMINING SIGNIFICANCEHistorians try to determine how significant historical events are. To do this
they must consider the following three criteria:
Magnitude
• refers to the importance of the event or change
Scope
• refers to how wide the effects spread
Duration
• refers to how long the effects are experienced by society.
Karl Benz drives the first automobile, July 3, 1886
How would you describe the magnitude, scope,
and duration?
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This map of the world shows travel
time to major cities, closer is lighter,
farther is darker. In essence it is a
map of the global road network.
DURATION
Tesla Model X electric
car drive across Canada
pulling a trailer.
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4.1 PERIODS IN HISTORYIn this unit, we will examine examples of invention and
innovations throughout history. We will keep in mind their
significance and how they affected the lives of people.
Time Period
Terminology
B.C.E. – stands for
“Before the Common
Era” and includes
dates before the year
0.
C.E. – stands for
“Common Era” and
refers to dates after
the year 0.
B.P. – stands for
“Before Present” and
is used to refer to
dates many
thousands or millions
of years in the past.
4.1 WHAT IS PREHISTORY?Use the videos and your text to make notes on the following:
1. Define the Paleolithic and Neolithic Eras by noting the years and defining
features (food, living arrangements, language/culture, etc.) of each
2. Identify some tactics Neolithic peoples used to make their lives better
and more predictable/secure
3. Identify some challenges brought on by those tactics/innovations
4. Connect some aspect of Neolithic life to modern life
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsIvCdBS_aI&index=2&list=PLPK47OCLWGbOusISYEVyM
W_1Qv7WMiN-r (Paleo and Neo Stuff under 8 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yocja_N5s1I&list=PLPK47OCLWGbOusISYEVyMW_1Qv7W
MiN-r&index=3 (John Greene in his Crash Course History debut under 11 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8AN7n2sQOg&index=5&list=PLPK47OCLWGbOusISYEVy
MW_1Qv7WMiN-r (Hip Hughes on Neolithic Rev (10 min)
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Complete “4.1 - Innovations of the Paleolithic Era” activity
As you can see, humans are a relatively new addition to life on Earth.
Prehistory refers to the period before humans developed writing
systems. Because there are no written records from prehistoric
peoples, discovering how they lived can be difficult.
How do we know what life was like for prehistoric peoples?
Archaeologists examine excavated sites for evidence:
• Bones can reveal physical appearance, height, diet, disease, and
length of life.
• Artifacts (human-made objects) can reveal how people dressed,
worshipped, or the types of work they did.
4.1 HUMAN ORIGINS IN AFRICA
Anthropologists study artifacts to learn about
the culture of early humans. Culture refers to
a people’s unique way of life and involve
shared ways of doing things in common. What
components make up a people’s culture?
How is culture learned?
4.1 HUMAN ORIGINS IN AFRICA
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Early Hominid Discovery
Mary Leakey lead the search for evidence of early human life
in Laetoli (Tanzania) in East Africa. In 1978, they discovered
prehistoric human-like footprints preserved in volcanic ash.
These were left by creatures called australopithecines, a
type of early hominid (creatures that walk upright). These
footprints are believed to be 3,600,000 years old.
In 1974, anthropologist Donald Johanson discovered the
complete skeleton of an early female hominid in Ethiopia. She
was nicknamed “Lucy” and lived around 3.5. million years
ago.
4.1 HUMAN ORIGINS IN AFRICA
Paleolithic Era
• Period from about 2.5 million years ago to 8,000 BCE.
• Also known as the “Old Stone Age”
• Much of this period is referred to as the Ice Age, due to advancing and retreating
glaciers.
• Characterized by the invention of tools, mastery of fire, development of language.
Hominid Development
Australopithecine
• Appeared 4 million years ago.
• Found in southern and east Africa
• First humanlike creatures.
• Could walk upright (helped with traveling great distances,
carrying food, children, etc.
• Had developed the opposable thumb, making manipulation
of small objects and tools easier.
4.1 HUMAN ORIGINS IN AFRICA
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Homo habilis
• 2.5 million years ago
• Found in East Africa
• Name means “man of skill”
• First to make stone tools from lava rock to cut meat
and break bone.
Homo erectus
• 1.6 million years ago
• Found in Africa, Asia, and Europe. First hominids to migrate from Africa
• Name means “upright man”
• May have been a more intelligent species than homo habilis (spoken
language)
• Developed technology (ways of applying knowledge, tools and
inventions to meet needs)
• Became skillful hunters creating tools for digging, scraping, and cutting
• First to use fire
4.1 HUMAN ORIGINS IN AFRICA
Archaic Humans (homo sapiens)
• Homo erectus developed into homo sapiens, which means “wise man”, and is
the name for the branch of hominid which would later develop into modern
humans.
• Includes homo heidelbergensis and Neanderthals (the former migrated out of
Africa approximately 350,000 years ago and evolved into Neanderthals in
Europe.
• Physically similar to homo erectus, but with larger brains
Neanderthals
• 200,000 to 30,000 BCE
• Found in Europe and Southwest Asia
• First to have ritual burials and religious beliefs
• Powerfully built (slanted brow, muscles, thick bone)
• Lived in caves or temporary shelters to survive harsh Ice Age conditions
4.1 HUMAN ORIGINS IN AFRICA
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Early Modern Humans (Cro-Magnon)
• Homo heidelbergensis that remained in
Africa evolved into anatomically modern
humans around 200,000 BP. These new homo
sapiens sapiens would migrate to Europe
and Asia as recently as 60,000-40,000 BP.
• Skeletal remains show Early Modern Humans
are identical to modern humans
• Made specialized tools for planned hunts
• Studied animal habits and stalked prey
• Superior hunting made survival easier
• Continued development of language and
cooperation, giving advantages over
Neanderthals, who would soon become
extinct
• Created cave paintings, musical instruments,
jewelry
4.1 HUMAN ORIGINS IN AFRICA
4.1 HUMAN ORIGINS IN AFRICA
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Hominid expansion
4.1 HUMAN ORIGINS IN AFRICA
Think about it…
1. Which advance by a hominid group do you think
was the most significant? Explain.
2. Which skill do you think gave hominids the
most control of their environment – toolmaking,
use of fire, or language? Explain.
3. In your own words, write a paragraph that
summarizes the significance of the Paleolithic
Era in human development.
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In this outcome we will:
• 4.1 explain the significance of innovations
during the Paleolithic Period (pre c. 10 000
BCE)
• 4.2 explain the significance of innovations
during the Neolithic Period (c. 10 000 BCE
to between 4500 and 2000 BCE)
• 4.3 explain how the Neolithic Revolution led to
the rise of civilization
• 4.4 explain the significance of select
innovations from the Ancient, Pre-Modern, and
Modern Eras
4.0 INNOVATION AND CHANGE
Human life underwent incredible changes near the end of the
Paleolithic era due to technological innovations.
Tools for survival
• For much of the Paleolithic Age, humans were nomads -
highly mobile people with no fixed home, moving from
place to place foraging and searching for food. In other
words, they lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
• Stone, bone, and wood were used to create more than 100
different tools with specific purposes.
• e.g., Early Modern Humans increased their food supply
by developing new, specialized tools to make hunting
more efficient (e.g., spears), knives, fish hooks and
harpoons, bone needles, and chisels to make other
tools.
4.2 HUMANS TRY TO CONTROL NATURE
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Artistic expressionOther aspects of prehistoric human life can
be seen through their art:
• cave paintings, animal sculptures, rock
engravings and paintings
• jewelry of sea shells, lion teeth, bear
claws
• polished beads from mammoth tusks
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Beginnings of Agriculture
C. 8000 BCE humans discovered that if they scattered seeds in some locations and returned
the next season, new crops would be growing there. This discovery – farming or agriculture
– meant people could now produce their own food rather than having to travel to gather it.
This new idea would lead to the Neolithic Revolution (sometimes called the first
agricultural revolution) and is one of the greatest breakthroughs in human history.
Complete “4.2 - The Neolithic Revolution” activity.
4.2 THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
Causes of the First Agricultural Revolution
Though it is unclear exactly why people in many different regions began to develop
agriculture around the same time, a change in climate is thought to be a key factor.
• Increasing temperatures provided longer growing seasons and made soil more
productive.
• Supplies of grain resulted in a population boom due to the steady supply of food it
offered (compare unpredictability of hunting).
4.2 THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
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Mapping the shift
towards agriculture
4.2 THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
Early Farming Methods
Slash-and-burn farming was used by some groups to
increase farming yields.
• Vegetation was cut and burned to clear a field
• Ashes increased fertility of soil
• Crops were planted for 1-2 years then rotated to
another piece of land
• After a few years they would return to the initial site
and repeat processDomestication involves the taming of animals like
horses, dogs, goats and pigs.
• May have developed from driving herds of
animals into natural enclosures (ravines or
gorges)
• Man-made enclosures would make taming easier
• Provided steady source of protein, but increased
spread of disease.
4.2 THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
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Agriculture Spreads
Jarmo, located near the Zagros Mountains in NE Iraq,
is said to be the birthplace of agriculture
• Agricultural settlement from 9,000 years ago
• Wheat, barley, goats, pigs, sheep, horses
Within a few thousand years, people in many other
regions, especially in fertile river valleys, turned to
farming
Africa (Nile river)
wheat, barley
China (Huang He River)
millet, wild rice
Mexico and Central America
corn, beans, squash
4.2 THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
Catal Huyuk
This settlement, in what is now Turkey, is the best example of an
early Neolithic village. Here a fully settled agricultural existence
was established.
Complete the activity “4.2 - Neolithic Life: Catal Huyuk”.
4.2 THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
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In this outcome we will:
• 4.1 explain the significance of innovations
during the Paleolithic Period (pre c. 10 000
BCE)
• 4.2 explain the significance of innovations
during the Neolithic Period (c. 10 000 BCE to
between 4500 and 2000 BCE)
• 4.3 explain how the Neolithic Revolution
led to the rise of civilization
• 4.4 explain the significance of select
innovations from the Ancient, Pre-Modern, and
Modern Eras
4.0 INNOVATION AND CHANGE
Agriculture Causes Change
People began dwelling in larger, more organized communities, such as farming villages
and towns. From some of these settlements, cities gradually emerged, forming the
backdrop of a more complex way of life—civilization.
The change from a nomadic hunting-gathering way of life to settled village life took a long
time. Likewise, the change from village life to city life was a gradual process that spanned
several generations.
4.3 CIVILIZATION
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Effects of Agriculture
Economic Changes
• Ancient people build irrigation systems to increase food production
• Food surpluses free some people to develop new skills and jobs
• Craftspeople make cloth, other objects; traders profit from exchange of goods
• Invention of wheel and sail enable traders to travel longer distances
Social Changes
• A more complex and prosperous economy affected the social structure of village life
• social classes with varying wealth, power, and influence began to emerge
• slavery would develop as some people controlled land and work
• Religion becomes more organized
• Farming peoples worshiped the many gods and goddesses who they believed
had power over the rain, wind, and other forces of nature
4.3 CIVILIZATION
Civilization Develops
Most historians believe that one of the first
civilizations arose in Sumer, located in
Mesopotamia (the area between the
Euphrates and Tigris rivers in what is now
modern day Iraq) by about 3,000 BCE.
A civilization is often defined as a complex
culture with five characteristics:
1. advanced cities
2. specialized workers
3. complex institutions
4. record keeping
5. improved technology
Complete “4.3 - Case Study:
Sumerian Civilization”
4.3 CIVILIZATION
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1. Advanced Cities
The Sumerians lived in large population
centres – cities. Historians believe these
cities had up to 50,000 people and were
centres of trade and goods production.
These cities were regional hubs, with
people from the wider area travelling to
and from them to get the goods and
services they required.
Examples of sumerian cities in
Mesopotamia are shown on the right.
4.3 CIVILIZATION
Sumerian City Population Size
Lagash 10,000+
Uruk 50,000
Ur 65,000
2. Specialized Workers
As food production from farms became more efficient through irrigation (supplying water
to land, usually through channels), fewer people were needed in agriculture. This freed up
people to develop skills in other areas (specialization) that would improve people’s lives.
For example:
• Clothing became more elaborate and for style rather than merely warmth
• Metals (first copper, but then bronze) were used to create better tools and weapons
(metal-working)
• Pottery was produced to hold grain, wine, or other materials
• Merchants developed as people who would exchange one good for another
The skilled workers who produced goods by hand in these specialized areas are called
artisans.
4.3 CIVILIZATION
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3. Complex Institutions
An institution is a long-lasting pattern of organization in a
community. Examples include:
• Government – As cities grew larger, it became hard for
communities to make decisions with the input of everyone.
People in respected positions, or who had influence, would
take control and make decisions for the large group (e.g.,
whether to go to war, creation of laws).
• Organized Religion – Those people in the community who
specialized in religion and worshipping the gods would take
on influential roles as priests and religious leaders. They
guided the spiritual lives of cities and led ceremonies, rituals,
and other important events from the temple or ziggurat.
4.3 CIVILIZATION Sumer’s cities were what we now
call city-states. These operated like
independent countries do today.
Each city-state had its own patron
god or goddess that people
believed determined how well
crops grew, whether disease would
devastate the population, etc.
Religious leaders were so influential
due to the importance of pleasing
the gods, that they often became the
leaders of government, ruling the
city.
4. Record Keeping
Around 3,000 BCE, the Sumerians developed the world’s
first writing system – cuneiform.
Cuneiform was based on wedge-shaped symbols that were
cut into clay slabs. The slabs were heated to form solid
tablets. Scribes were people specially trained to use
cuneiform to write down important information.
In the beginning, record keeping was used to record trade
transactions (how much of one good someone exchanged
with another) and keeping track of tax collection.
Eventually it became important as a way or writing down
major events that affected a city-state, contributing to
education systems, and allowing people to write down
stories and develop literature.
4.3 CIVILIZATION
The Epic of Gilgamesh is
the first great work of
world literature that we
have record of today and
dates from 2100 BCE.
It tells the story of
Gilgamesh, a king of the
city of Uruk, who was a
great warrior and hero.
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5. Improved Technology
The city-states of Sumer developed technology that was beyond that of
Neolithic towns that came before them. For example:
• Irrigation systems to improve agriculture
• Using animals like oxen to pull early plows and improve farming
• The potter’s wheel was used to create clay jugs, plates, and bowls
• Bronze (a combination of copper and tin) was developed and used to
create tools and weapons that were sharper and lighter than stone.
The use of Bronze in particular gave rise to the term Bronze Age, which
is often used to refer to this period in history.
Improved technology would be used in nearly all aspects of life,
improving effectiveness and efficiency.
4.3 CIVILIZATIONTechnology
A new method or
way of doing
things.
Videos on Mesopotamia / Sumer
4.3 CIVILIZATION
https://youtu.be/RiclXLWQk4k https://youtu.be/sIGOFlFoCLc
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In this outcome we will:
• 4.1 explain the significance of innovations
during the Paleolithic Period (pre c. 10 000
BCE)
• 4.2 explain the significance of innovations
during the Neolithic Period (c. 10 000 BCE to
between 4500 and 2000 BCE)
• 4.3 explain how the Neolithic Revolution led to
the rise of civilization
• 4.4 explain the significance of select
innovations from the Ancient, Pre-Modern,
and Modern Eras
4.0 INNOVATION AND CHANGE
What innovations come to mind for the following topics?
• Transportation
• Infrastructure
• Warfare
• Communications
• Health Care
• Energy
These categories will form the basis of our next several classes as we
explore some ancient, medieval, and modern innovations, which have
greatly impacted the human experience.
Complete “4.4 - Selected Innovations of the Ancient,
Medieval, and Modern Eras”.
4.4 HISTORICAL INNOVATIONS
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Phoenician boats – gauloi (Transportation)
• After 1100 B.C.E the Phoenicians emerged to dominate
trade in and around the eastern Mediterranean (in what is
now Syria, Lebanon, and northern Israel).
• Phoenicia was located in a great spot for trade because it
lay along well-traveled routes between Egypt and Asia.
• However, the Phoenicians did more than just trade with
merchants who happened to pass through their region.
• The Phoenicians became expert sailors and went looking
for opportunities to increase their wealth.
4.4 ANCIENT INNOVATIONS
▪ Phoencians developed a
reputation for being remarkable
shipbuilders and seafarers
▪ They explored and colonized
areas in around the
Mediterranean sea, Strait of
Gibraltar and even Britain
(according to some historians).
▪ Historians call them the
“carriers of civilization” because
they spread Middle East
civilization (remember
Mesopotamia) around the
Mediterranean.
4.4 ANCIENT INNOVATIONS
▪ The Phoenicians established a range of colonies or
settlements around the Mediterranean, which would
serve as ports of trade. Trade would spread products,
aspects of culture, and ideas from one place to
another.
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▪ They became known for finely crafted bronze and
silver goods, as well as glass. These goods and aspects
of civilization (religion, ways of governing, etc.) spread
throughout the southwestern Mediterranean as a result
of their travel.
▪ The superior design of their sail boats made trade
safer and more effective.
4.4 ANCIENT INNOVATIONS
▪ An amphora was a
ceramic vase used to
carry such goods as olive
oil, grapes, wine, or grain.
They were commonly
used for marine trade,
hence their usefulness to
the Phoenicians.
A few innovations in
shipbuilding made the
gauloi (Phoenician cargo
ship) well designed for
marine trade:
▪ Boats were built to be
wide with a round
bottom, providing more
storage space. They also
had strong sails and oars
for efficient travel.
▪ Wicker fences along the
outer edge of the deck
prevented goods from
falling overboard.
▪ Cedar logs, a valuable
trade item, was towed
behind the boat to save
on cargo space.
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▪ The most sought after Phoenician trade good was a red-purple dye that became the
standard adornment of royalty from Mesopotamia, through Egypt, and up through
the Roman Empire. It was created from snails and was so expensive, only the wealthiest
could afford it.
▪ Competition between the city-state, the skill of the sailors who transported the goods (and
their well made ships), and the high art attained by the craftsmen in manufacture of the
goods made this possible.
4.4 ANCIENT INNOVATIONS
▪ As merchants, the Phoenicians needed a way
of recording transactions clearly and quickly
so they developed a writing system that used
symbols to represent sounds.
▪ The Phoenician system was phonetic—that is,
one sign was used for one sound. In this
sense, they created the first alphabet.
▪ As they traveled around the Mediterranean,
the Phoenicians introduced this writing
system to their trading partners.
4.4 ANCIENT INNOVATIONS
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Roman Aqueducts (Infrastructure)
▪ What is the significance of water management in our society? (Think about issues we face,
how would our differ without adequate water supplies?)
▪ Water management was also a concern for the Ancient Romans.
▪ They used aqueducts as a means to transport water from one place to another.
4.4 ANCIENT INNOVATIONS
▪ An aqueduct is a water supply or navigable channel constructed to convey
water. The name comes from the Latin for “water” (aqua) and “to lead” (ducere)
▪ In modern engineering, the term is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals,
tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose. In a more restricted use,
aqueduct (occasionally water bridge) applies to any bridge or viaduct that
transports water - instead of a path, road or railway - across a gap.
4.4 ANCIENT INNOVATIONS
▪ Video - Engineering an Empire
(https://youtu.be/jGN-KDH1A34)
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What would Rome and the Roman Empire have been like without the
aqueducts?
▪ The Romans could not have built cities as big as they did without aqueducts—and some of
their cities wouldn't have existed at all.
▪ With water from aqueducts, the Romans could have their baths, their fountains, and their
drinking water. Without imported water, their society would not have been a bath culture.
▪ The city would not been as clean without sewers—took aqueduct overflow and flushed the
refuse into the river, which damaged the river, but kept the city of Rome clean.
▪ With a population of 1 million at its peak, local rivers, wells, and springs would have
become contaminated very easily….all major cities need reliable sources of water to
sustain their populations.
4.4 ANCIENT INNOVATIONS
The Stirrup (Warfare)
▪ A flat-based loop or ring hung from either side of a horse's saddle to support
the rider's foot in mounting and riding.
▪ Simple yet innovative and revolutionary.
What would be an issue
with riding?
The solution
4.4 MEDIEVAL INNOVATIONS
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• Prior to stirrups, horses had two primary functions in
battle: pulling chariots, or serving as light cavalry to
chase down routing (fleeing) enemy soldiers. Many
mounted warriors dismounted before battle, using
horses to help with travel and positioning.
• Riding without stirrups was exceedingly difficult
requiring an extraordinarily skilled horseman to ride, let
alone shoot, throw, or strike effectively at the same time.
• Originating in central Asia around 1000 BCE, the stirrup
innovation created the mounted horsemen, which would
dominate the battlefield for the next 2000 years.
4.4 MEDIEVAL INNOVATIONS
• The stirrup allowed horsemen to travel faster over
greater distances while carrying weapons such as spears,
swords, or shields.
• Later the horse soldiers from North of China, the
Mongols, led by leaders such as Genghis Khan, would
conquer much of the known world, relying on these
advantages provided by the stirrup.
• Between 600 and 700 CE, steppe warriors from what is
today Russia introduced the stirrup to Europe.
• Resisting Viking and mounted warriors from the East, the
nobility of Europe began to fight on horseback as
medieval knights.
4.4 MEDIEVAL INNOVATIONS
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Combining the best ideas of the enemy with their own, they integrated mounted warriors,
stirrups, saddles and lances into a new fighting system that was co-dependent on the
economic structure of the society. The result was medieval mounted knights and feudalism.
• Feudalism was a social and political structure in which a vassal held land (and with it
wealth) from a king or great lord in exchange for military service. Ownership of land
was necessary to support numbers of horses to be used in battle.
• The stirrup gave mounted horse warriors greater effectiveness and importance in
warfare, which would be reflected in their social position.
Dr. Lynn White Jr. in his book Medieval Technology and Social Change states:Few inventions have been so simple as the stirrup, but few have had so catalytic an influence on history.
The requirements of the new mode of warfare which it made possible found expression in a new form of
western European society dominated by an aristocracy of warriors endowed with land so that they might
fight in a new and highly specialized way…. The Man on Horseback, as we have known him during the
past millennium, was made possible by the stirrup….
The simple invention of the stirrup changed the social and political make up of Western
Europe.
4.4 MEDIEVAL INNOVATIONS
The Printing Press (Communications)
• Prior to the invention of the printing press in 1450s,
bookmaking entailed copying all the words and
illustrations by hand (hence the name manuscript).
• Often the copying had been done onto parchment,
animal skin that had been scraped until it was clean,
smooth, and thin.
• The labour that went into creating them made each
book very expensive (buying a book was like
buying a car in today’s money).
4.4 MEDIEVAL INNOVATIONS
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• When the German blacksmith Johannes
Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1452, he
forever changed the lives of people in Europe and,
eventually, all over the world.
• Because Gutenberg's press could produce books
quickly and with relatively little effort,
bookmaking became much less expensive,
allowing more people to buy reading material.
• Video (https://youtu.be/XZN_X6gPjEc)
4.4 MEDIEVAL INNOVATIONS
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The Printing Press Changes people’s lives
• Printing makes information widely available
• Illiterate people benefit by having books read to them in their own language
• Published accounts of maps and charts lead to more discoveries
• Published legal proceedings and documents makes right clearer to people
• Increased literacy led to greater rates of education and the eventual
challenging of the established order and existing ideas
• Political structures and religious practices are questioned
4.4 MEDIEVAL INNOVATIONS
Smallpox Vaccine (Health Care)
• Smallpox is a viral infection and highly contagious.
• It forms blisters on the human body. It is a disease that
requires close human contact to replicate and survive.
• The total incubation period lasts 12 days, at which point
the patient will either have died or survived. The
mortality rate is alarming and survivors suffered
horrible disfigurement.
• Due to animal domestication and living into close
proximity to animals, many diseases cross over to
human hosts including smallpox.
• Over time many humans exposed to smallpox
developed immunity. The same was not true for Native
Americans who died in huge numbers after the
introduction of Smallpox by Europeans.
4.4 EARLY MODERN INNOVATIONS
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Edward Jenner• Edward Jenner was an English country doctor in the late 1700s. In his
practice, smallpox was one of the most common and worst problems he
encountered.
• In 1788, a smallpox epidemic occurred where Jenner practiced
medicine and he noticed that the cattle farmers were not the ones
dying from smallpox.
• Jenner theorized that cowpox (a much milder but similar disease to
smallpox) was somehow protecting the farmers.
• Jenner extracted cowpox fluid and exposed a local boy who developed
cowpox. He then exposed the boy to smallpox who remained healthy.
• Jenner achieved his goal of smallpox protection through observation,
trial and error and without knowledge of viruses.
• His breakthrough led to the advent of modern vaccinations.
• Once a global scourge and responsible for as many as 300-500 million
deaths in the 20th century alone, the last recorded death by smallpox
was in 1978.
4.4 EARLY MODERN INNOVATIONS
Steam Engine (Energy)
• Prior to the Industrial Revolution (See Unit 4), wind,
water, tide and muscle - both animal and human -
provided sources of energy, which neither caused
pollution nor depleted finite natural resources.
• The use of coal, which can be burned to create steam
power, dramatically changed the nature of work. It was
2-3 times more effective than burning wood.
• In the 1700s in Britain, vast coal deposits were known to
exist, and new technology was being developed to
collect this resource. The steam engine was developed
to help miners access coal deeper in the ground.
4.4 EARLY MODERN INNOVATIONS
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• First located near coal mines, the steam engine
would burn coal, which created great amounts of
pressure that drove the piston in the engine.
• James Watt created a more efficient steam engine
that burned less coal. This was also first used in the
mining industry (making it cheaper to mine more
coal), but others would use steam engines to power
factories, boats, and locomotives (trains).
• With improved designs, the engine would be able to
work much harder than man, animal, or wood fueled
power.
This dramatically increased production in many areas
(it helped automate machines in factories), as well as
greatly reduced travel times by land and sea.
4.4 EARLY MODERN INNOVATIONS