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THE PROGRAMMES OF STUDY

BACHELOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY (code 4444301)

MASTER OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY (code 4644301)

AND DOCTOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY

An evaluation

2000

1 THE AIMS AND THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE ACADEMIC PROGRAMME OF STUDY FOR THE DEGREES OF BACHELOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE AND MASTER OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY

Because the aims and the requirements of the academic study programme for the degrees of Master of Natural Science (Master’s degree in Chemistry) and Bachelor of Natural Science in Chemistry (Bachelor’s degree in Chemistry), and Doctor of Natural Science in Chemistry (Doctor’s degree in Chemistry) are closely related, the two programmes are considered together.

The science of chemistry studies compounds, their changes, and the observations accompanying these changes. Chemistry is one of the more important areas of natural science. Since the middle of the seventeenth century, when the science of chemistry evolved, the content, goals, and requirements of chemistry have undergone fundamental changes. Today the concepts of chemistry are closely knit to the study of new pharmaceuticals, the development and application of new materials in agriculture and technology, as well as the study of biological and other natural processes. Depending on the research area and the goal of the study, chemistry is divided into a number of disciplines. The broadest and most important disciplines are inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, and physical chemistry. Chemistry is closely linked to such sciences as physics, biology, geography, etc.

The study of chemistry is an essential part of general education because chemistry helps in the developing an appreciation of the nature of both living and inanimate objects, environmental processes, and the interaction of human beings with their surroundings. The material for the study of chemistry changes depending on the latest accepted developments in the discipline as well as industrial requirements. The extent of the study of chemistry is dictated by the needs of the individual.

In Latvia, tertiary education in chemistry has been available since 1863 at the Department of Chemistry of the Riga Polytechnic which became the Riga Polytechnic Institute in 1896. From 1919 till 1958 chemistry was taught at the University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry. In 1958 the Department of Chemistry of the Faculty of Biology of the University of Latvia introduced a program of study leading to a degree in chemistry. In 1964 the University of Latvia re-established the Faculty of Chemistry. The Riga Polytechnic Institute, now known as the Riga Technical University, Faculty of Material Science and Applied Chemistry, presents courses of study leading to degrees in Material Science and Applied Chemistry. The five year course at the University of Latvia led to the degree of Chemist or Teacher of Chemistry and Information Technology. During the academic year 1989-90 the programme of study was changed to resemble the two tier model of Europe: the first degree is the Bachelor‘s degree in chemistry and the second is the Master’s degree in chemistry. Lately the programmes of study have been renamed as the programme for the degree of Bachelor of Natural Science in Chemistry and the programme for the

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degree of Master of Natural Science in Chemistry (referred in this text as the bachelor’s programme and the master’s programme). In 1999 a third programme of study leading to the degree of Doctor of Natural Science in Chemistry was added.The graduates of the Bachelor’s, Master’s and Doctoral programmes are academically educated specialists in chemistry who are necessary and able to work in various areas of endeavour in Latvia, such as Food Chemistry, Environmental Science, Education, Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals, Production, etc.

Within the framework of the Bachelor’s programme in Chemistry, the student receives academic instruction in the basics of chemistry as well as closely related sciences such as mathematics, physics, computer applications etc. The programme presents new study material in the exact sciences and humanities and develops practical skills in laboratory work. During the first year of study, students are given an opportunity to extend their knowledge of a foreign language.After completing the required courses of study and defence of the thesis for the Bachelor’s degree, the student receives the Bachelor of Natural Science degree in chemistry and is qualified to: continue studies in the two-year master’s degree program, enter a professional programme of study in the areas of environmental protection,

food chemistry, and high-school teaching, or enter the labour market as a chemist.

The Master’s degree programme in Chemistry was developed during the 1989-90 academic year, at the same time as the Bachelor’s degree programme was developed. The Master’s degree programme is based on previous experience in teaching chemistry at the tertiary level, the tradition of the University of Latvia, the level of development of chemistry in Latvia, and the programmes of study offered at the universities of Europe and North America. Over the years the programme has been amended to ensure that it meets the required level of knowledge needed for the Master’s degree in order that the graduates may continue doctoral studies or enter the work force successfully. The University of Latvia is at present the main institution in Latvia offering an academic Master’s degree in chemistry.Many students who enter the Master’s programme have found employment in various laboratories.

The aim of the studies for the degree of Master in Natural Science in Chemistry is to give the students an opportunity to extend their theoretical knowledge and practical skills in one of the main sub-disciplines of chemistry (such as Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry), and to enable the students to undertake independent research. Upon satisfactory completion of the required course of study and the defence of the Master’s thesis, the students receive the Master’s degree in chemistry. Graduates from the Master’s programme may continue their studies toward the doctorate, or they may elect to enter the work force as specialists in chemistry.

The programmes of study in chemistry

The Bachelor’s degree requirements may be completed in four years (eight semesters). In order to graduate the student must satisfactorily complete at least 160

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credit points. The programme of study consists of the 55% of the compulsory courses in Section A, 35% of the courses selected from the elective courses in chemistry: Section B, and 10% of the courses selected from courses offered by other faculties within the University: Section C.Section A consists of: General Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Organic Chemistry Physical Chemistry Advanced Mathematics Foreign Languages Bachelor’s Thesis- preparation and defence.

Section B consists of: Physics, Computer Application in Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, etc. Courses offered by the Faculty of Chemistry which coincide with the student’s

interests and may be useful in the chosen career.

Section C consists of: Courses offered by other Faculties within the University of Latvia in order to

develop the students intellect in other disciplines, particularly the humanities and social sciences.

The Master’s programme may be completed in two years (four semesters) during which time the student must complete the requirements for 80 credit points in order to graduate. The programme of study consists of the 50% of the compulsory courses in Section A, including the thesis, and 50% of the courses selected from the elective courses in chemistry in Section B.Section A consists of: Study of analytical chemistry with emphasis on micro-analytical techniques. In depth study co-ordination complexes in inorganic chemistry. In depth study of physical chemistry parameters related to physical chemistry

processes. Study of organic chemistry, particularly natural product chemistry. Preparation and presentation of two research projects. Preparation and defence of the Master’s thesis.

Section B courses are elective courses in order that the student may become proficient in one of the following sub-disciplines of chemistry: Inorganic chemistry Analytical chemistry. Organic chemistry. Physical chemistry. Teaching chemistry. Nutrition product chemistry. Environmental chemistry. Polymer chemistry.

The Doctoral programme in chemistry was developed during the 1996-99 academic years. This is the highest degree programme available in chemistry. The

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programme is based on previous experience in Latvia and similar programmes of study in Europe and North America.Students in the doctoral programme are expected to become proficient in one of the main subdisciplines of chemistry viz. Organic, Physical, Inorganic, or Analytical Chemistry. After successful completion of the program the student receives the highest degree in chemistry, i.e. the degree of Doctor of Natural Science in Chemistry.In order to graduate, the student must collect a total of 144 credit points. Eighty of these credit points are granted for a successful preparation and defence of a thesis. The remaining credit points are obtained from courses and individual study pertaining to the area of research, literature search, specialised courses, and laboratory teaching skills.The research for the doctoral thesis should result in five publications, and the candidate is expected to actively participate in scientific symposia and conferences.The Doctor’s degree in chemistry may be obtained after three years or six semesters, of study.

2 MATRICULATION REQUIREMENTS

Persons may enter the government financed programme of study leading to the Bachelor’s degree after passing the required competitive entrance tests in chemistry (75% of questions) and the Latvian language (25% of questions). If test results are equal, more weight will be assigned to the results in chemistry and who have higher marks in other exact sciences at the high school level. Persons who have participated in student Olympics in chemistry, and students who have achieved first, second or third place in Latvia’s regional chemistry Olympics will be admitted to the faculty without further testing.

Admission to the Master’s degree programme is according to the stipulations of the University of Latvia and is based on the results obtained for the Bachelor’s degree. Persons with a Bachelor’s degree other than in chemistry, e.g. Biology, Geology, Medicine, Pharmacy, Agriculture, etc., must present themselves for an examination in chemistry.

Candidates for the Doctoral programme must hold a Master’s degree in chemistry or a closely related field such as geology, biology, medicine, physics, agriculture etc., or a degree equivalent to with five years of study at a tertiary institution. The selection committee of the Faculty of Chemistry will evaluate each candidate. All candidates must pass an examination in chemistry at the Master’s level and a foreign language examination. Successful candidates will enter the programme of study financed by the Government of Latvia. The following table summarises the number of government financed students admitted to the Faculty of Chemistry over the last five years:

Programme 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/2000Bachelor’s degree

60 60 60 60 60

Master’s degree 30 30 30 30 30Doctor’s degree 2 2 2 2 2

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Total 92 92 92 92 92

3 REQUIREMENTS TO ENSURE THE PROGRAMMES OF STUDY The facilities within the Faculty of Chemistry for the study of chemistry are lecture halls for lectures and seminars laboratories for general, inorganic, analytical, organic, physical and other

specialised areas of chemistry. suitable laboratories where undergraduate students may perform their thesis work computer facilities with ten PC’s connected to the Internet the Faculty library.

Government scholarships and student fees constitute the financial resources of the Faculty of Chemistry. At present the state scholarship programme for undergraduate as well as graduate students is insufficient because it does not ensure adequate funds for the purchase of laboratory equipment and glass ware for subscription to seminal journals in chemistry for remuneration of guest lecturers in specialised courses.

This situation is partly a result of ignoring the fact that studies in the exact sciences require greater financial investments in comparison to the Humanities. The situation may be remedied by assigning weighting factors to different disciplines when distributing the government appropriation to the University of Latvia. The programmes of study for the Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctor’s degrees in chemistry are ensured by the staff of the Faculty of Chemistry:

No Name, surname Academic degree Department1. Mikelis V. Veidis Dr.h.chem., professor Inorganic Chemistry2. Andris Zicmanis Dr.h.chem., professor Analytical Chemistry3. Janis Dregeris Dr.h.chem., professor Organic Chemistry4. Juris Tiliks Dr.h.phys., professor Physical Chemistry5. Valdis Kalkis Dr.h.chem., docent Inorganic Chemistry6. Peteris Mekss Dr.chem., docent Physical Chemistry7. Sigurds Takeris Dr.chem., docent Physical Chemistry8. Janis Svirksts Dr.chem., docent Inorganic Chemistry9. Jazeps Logins Dr.chem., docent Organic Chemistry10. Silvija Berzina Dr.chem., docent Analytical Chemistry11. Arturs Viksna Dr.chem., docent Analytical Chemistry12. Silvija Pastare Dr.chem., docent Analytical Chemistry13. Andris Spricis Dr.chem., docent Inorganic Chemistry14. Andris Actins Dr.chem., docent Physical Chemistry15. Janis Cakste Dr.chem., docent Physical Chemistry16. Anda Priksane Dr.chem., docent Organic Chemistry17. Ida Jakobsone Dr.chem., docent Organic Chemistry18. Dagnija Cedere Dr.chem., docent Organic Chemistry19. Arnis Apsitis Dr.chem., docent Inorganic Chemistry

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20. Gunta Kizane Dr.chem. Physical Chemistry21. Bronislavs Lescinskis Dr.chem. Physical Chemistry22. Velta Legzdina M.chem., M.paed.,

lecturerInorganic Chemistry

23. Valdis Drinks M.chem., lecturer Inorganic Chemistry The work in the laboratories of the Faculty is ensured by the following laboratory instructors: Laila Klavina, Daina Sprice, Inese Majore, Zenta Balcebure, Silvija Nulle, Juris Katkevics, Zaiga Kalke, Skaidrite Pakule, Dace Silaraja, Anita Kalnina, Inese Sloka, Sarmite Kaleja, and Aldis Zekunde.

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4 COMPARISON OF THE PROGRAMME WITH PROGRAMMES OFFERED AT THE UNIVERSITIES IN EUROPE AND AN EVALUATION FROM THE STAND POINT OF LATVIA’S NEEDS

The programme leading to the Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctor’s degree in chemistry is based on the experience and partly on the tradition within the University of Latvia, and a comparison with academic programmes offered at universities outside Latvia. The programmes offered by the following universities were evaluated: University of Strathclyde and the University of Manchester in the UK, by the Pierre and Marie Curie Sixth University and the Claude Bernard First University in France, the Basque University in Spain. It was concluded that there is great variation among the universities regarding the number of lectures, laboratories, and other contact hours required by their programmes of study. Some of the universities offer specialised programmes, other place greater emphasis on bio-organic chemistry, others on biochemistry, and others still on physical chemistry. In preparing the study programme for the University of Latvia, the trends at foreign universities were noted and in preparing the Section A courses use is made of data published by European Thematic Network Core Chemistry Group reports, 1997 Physical and Organic Chemistry; 1998 Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry as well as recently published chemistry textbooks outside Latvia. Thus the contents of the Section A courses corresponds quite closely with European and North American practice. The number of contact hours at the University of Latvia is somewhat greater compared to foreign universities and this is in part due to the fact that the University Library does not have the most recent textbooks and other pertinent literature in sufficient number for students to work independently. A programme leading to the Bachelor’s degree in Chemistry is also offered by the Riga Technical University, Faculty of Material Science and Applied Chemistry. This programme requires a total of seventy credit point for the degree. The programme includes many technical and engineering courses of study with 43% of the required courses in being chemistry courses, as compared to 83% at the University of Latvia. The Daugavpils University which specialises in preparing teachers also offers an undergraduate programme in chemistry for teachers; the programme is offered on an irregular basis. At present the University of Latvia is the only university in Latvia offering a broad tertiary education in chemistry at the Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctor’s level.

The section B courses offered at the undergraduate level gives students an opportunity to specialise in one of the sub-disciplines of chemistry (Inorganic, Organic, Physical, or Analytical chemistry). The section B courses offered in the Master’s programme are designed to permit students to specialise in food chemistry, teaching, environmental chemist etc. and enables graduates to successfully compete in the labour market.As a result, the selection of research for the Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees is often connected to the future career of the student. The work for the respective theses presents the student with an opportunity to further her skills and knowledge. Because in many instances the prospective employer may be present at a thesis defence, objective evaluation of the work is ensured. The academically prepared specialists in chemistry compete successfully in the labour market.

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That the Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctor’s degrees offered at the University of Latvia is comparable to similar programmes offered outside Latvia is borne out by the fact that a number of graduates from the University of Latvia are continuing their studies in chemistry for higher degrees or post-doctoral studies within the University of Latvia as well as at universities in Sweden, Denmark, France, and the US.

Within the undergraduate degree programme a large amount of time is devoted to practical laboratory work to prepare the student to become a professional chemist. In order to improve and fully develop this area of endeavour, resources must be invested in state of the art equipment as well as the redesign and improvement of laboratory facilities.

In developing the Master’s degree programme in chemistry it was recognised that due to the size of Latvia there is a real need for a limited number of highly qualified professionals in the several sub-disciplines of chemistry. As a result of these constraints, the Master’s degree programme has been developed to ensure that graduates with academic training in chemistry may easily acquire further specialisation in the future. This aim has been achieved by offering a large number (70+) of elective courses in the B section of the programme. The members of the Faculty of Chemistry are qualified to ensure a high level of competence in instruction and demand quality research results. It may be noted that in order to achieve good results the Faculty of Chemistry co-operates with the Latvian Organic Synthesis Institute and other government Institutes involved in scientific endeavour. By offering a large number of elective courses in chemistry, the students may elect courses needed in Latvia’s research institutions and various areas of the economy.

Compared to the Master’s degree programmes offered by foreign universities, the scope of the programme offered by the University of Latvia is broader. This reflects the present development of chemistry in Latvia and the prospects of future developments.

In general the Master’s degree programme has the following characteristics:1. A balanced requirement of section A and section B courses requiring study of

advanced analytical, inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry in section A.2. A wide selection of courses from section B enabling the student to select electives

outside the chosen sub-discipline.3. The teaching staff of the Faculty of Chemistry is strongly committed to the

programme and ensures that faculty scientific potential is utilised in the teaching and research process.

4. At present, the programme at the University of Latvia offers study opportunities not available at any other university in Latvia.

Comparing the Bachelor’s degree requirements with those of other European universities, the number of lectures required for chemistry, mathematics, and physics at the University of Latvia corresponds quite well with the number of lectures required at other universities. The attached Table shows the average lecture requirements at a number of universities in Austria (Vienna University of Technology, Vienna University, Gratz University of Technology, Gratz University, Innsbruck University, Linz University) and also Strathclyde University in Great Britain. It should be noted that in the University of Latvia programme, the larger

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sections of basic courses in chemistry have been set out as individual courses. In the Table, for comparison purposes the extent of the courses is presented as number lectures. The University of Latvia Bachelor’s programme also requires fourteen elective courses in chemistry and a foreign language. The materials presented in the Table were obtained from the ECTN CORE CHEMISTRY GROUP Report (1999) and the Chemistry Department Hand-books of Strathclyde University. At this point it was not possible to evaluate the Master’s degree programme at the University of Latvia with similar programmes at other universities in Europe. The courses required in the Master’s programme have been developed so that they may be applied in career development.

Course Courses at the University of Latvia Universities in Austria

Strathclyde University

GENERAL CHEMISTRY

General ChemistryApplied ChemistryQuantum Chemistry

1609664

320 135 206

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Inorganic ChemistryBasic Coordination ChemistryInorganic SynthesisCrystal Chemistry

320

329647

496 270 368

ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Analytical ChemistryDevelopment of Analytical ChemistryWater AnalysisBasic Chromatography

288

3296

80

496 540 45

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic ChemistryAnalysis or Organic CompoundsSpectroscopy of Organic CompoundsAdvanced Topics in Organic ChemistryPreparation Methods of Organic SubstancesHeterocyclic Compounds

288

32

64

32

96

160

672 630 480

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Physical ChemistryMetal CorrosionInstrumental Research MethodsElectrochemical Processes

32032

84

64

532 405 323

HIGHER MATHEMATICS

272 203 234

PHYSICS 112 158 176

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The Doctoral programme at the University of Latvia has much in common with similar programmes in Europe and North America. There are differences, but these are of a formal nature and are unimportant.The important commonality is the requirement for quality work. The University of Latvia programme expects that a candidate’s research will result in five scientific publications. The universities of Great Britain and France expect about five publications, the universities in Sweden expect four publications. The University of Latvia expects the papers to be at least accepted for publication before the thesis defence, thus ensuring quality of research results.The studies for the Doctor’s degree at the University of Latvia should take three years. The same length of time for doctoral studies is allocated in Great Britain, France, and the US. The Doctor’s degree may be obtained in less time in Sweden and Germany. It must be noted that in Sweden and Great Britain the candidate for the Doctor’s degree will start the programme after a four year Bachelor’s degree. Because at the University of Latvia, the doctoral programme is available only to candidates who have obtained the Master’s degree, they have already studies six years, or one year longer than students outside Latvia. During the three year programme, the student must complete 144 credit points. Forty-four credit points must be obtained in theoretical courses, teaching-tutoring practice, foreign language proficiency. 100 credit points are reserved for thesis research. Similar programme requirements have been observed at foreign universities accepting student after five years of studies in chemistry. More time is devoted to theoretical subjects in programmes accepting students after the Bachelor’s degree, e.g. in Sweden and in the US. The time required to complete doctoral studies at the University of Latvia may be extended to five years if there is an objective need for such an extension.

5 EVALUATION OF THE PROGRAMME BY STUDENTS AND BY EMPLOYERS

Thirty-six undergraduate and graduate students, Latvia Organic Synthesis Institute, and the Riga public water utility “Rigas udens” participated in the evaluation of the programmes of study.The students replies indicate that the courses in the Bachelor’s and Master’s degree programmes satisfy the students’ interests.Comments were received about out-of date equipment in the laboratories, unsatisfactory technical resources, and lack of necessary study materials in the library.A number of courses were criticised. The criticisms were contradictory and depended on the level of student preparedness, and the willingness of students to apply themselves to individual studies.Overall, employers are positive about the Programmes. Employers do comment that more time should be spent teaching laboratory skills and reporting of experimental results.

6 PROSPECTIVE PROGRAMME EVALUATION

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The main conditions for future development of the academic study programme in chemistry have been included in the concept on chemical education developed by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry. In all probability, in the future persons with a Master’s degree in chemistry will find employment as teachers, in environmental protection in food chemistry, in the manufacture of industrial ceramics, at the Latvia Institute for Organic Synthesis, with the OLAINFARM company, with the GRINDEKS company, etc. As a result requirements for graduates will increase in the following areas of chemistry: chemistry education, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, nutrition product chemistry, and environmental chemistry. In order to better prepare specialists in these areas it is necessary to review the elective courses in chemistry and ensure they need the needs of employers.

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7 AREAS OF RESEARCH AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

The areas of research performed by members of the Faculty of Chemistry include the following:1) Financed by grants from the Latvia Science Council:

1991-2000 Control of Environmental Pollution1991-1999 Synthesis of 1,4-naphtoquinine derivatives showing intramolecular

donor-acceptor properties and anti-oxidant activity1991-2000 The influence of external energy fields on reaction kinetics in the solid

phase1991-2000 The functional active particles in heterogenic processes 1991-2000 Radiation induced modification of polymers1994-2000 The influence of environmental chemistry historical stone monuments

and protection of these monuments from corrosion2) Projects financed by European Union:

1997-2001 Study of surface active compounds able to polymerise Participation in the European Union project POLYSURF

3) Market oriented research:Development of radiation methods to process materialsRadiation induced sterilisation of bio-materials

The research results have been published in international journals or have been presented at international conferences.The successful co-operation with foreign universities ads to the experience of the faculty and helps in improving the courses offered. Co-operation with foreign universities is an essential part of preparing doctoral candidates and also raises the level of scientific endeavour. The Faculty of Chemistry of the University of Latvia has established co-operative efforts with the following universities and institutions:1. The study of heavy metal contamination of the environment, the Analytical and

Marine Chemistry Department at the University of Goteborg.2. Investigation of surface physics, the University of Goteborg. A student exchange

program has been established with the Department of Environmental Physics of the University of Goteborg.

3. Successfull co-operation with the International Baltic University in Uppsala, Sweden. Through this co-operation a number of courses have been introduces: The Sustainable Development of the Baltic Sea Region, The Environment of the Baltic Sea Region, Hydrochemistry and Water Management

4. Analysis of biological and environmental samples, the Department of Environmental Physics of the Chalmers Technical University.

5. The study the fine roots of pine trees, the Finnish Forest Research Institute.6. The study of X-ray intensity data for crystallographic structure determination, the

University of Queensland (Australia), and the University of Florida (USA). 7. The study metabolites of environmental pollutants, the University of Lund,

Stockholm University, and the Agriculture University of Sweden.8. The study of latex chemistry has successfully been carried out with the Cupertino

of the Lyons Polymer Chemistry and Polymerisation Process Laboratories of the French National Research Centre.

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9. Joint research in the area of radiation effects on materials has been performed in co-operation with the Department of Quantum Engineering at the University of Tokyo.

10. The study of photochemical break-down of toxins in co-operation with Brunell University.

11. Determination of the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons in the air and foliage, the University of Ghent.

12. Dr J.Kreismanis of the University of Cincinnati visits the Faculty every other semester to present a course on NMR and its application in structure determination.

13. Research in the area of Nuclear Chemistry, the Nuclear Research Centre in Karlsruhe.

14. Investigations in radiation chemistry in co-operation with the Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University.

15. Co-operation with the Education Department of the University of Oldenburg, the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Chemistry Education Institute in the area of chemical education.

8 ENSURING QUALITY OF THE PROGRAMMES OF STUDY

The programmes of study for the Bachelor’s and the Master’s degrees have been developed in accordance with Latvia’s Law on Education , the Law on Tertiary Education, and the regulations approved by the Senate of the University of Latvia.The Council of the Faculty of Chemistry reviews the programmes every three to four years and, if needed, will recommend changes. These changes are based on the the latest developments in the world in teaching chemistry, including the

recommendations of the European Thematic Network Core Chemistry Group (of which the Faculty of Chemistry of the University of Latvia is a member since 1999.)

opinion of the director of the programmes the results of student evaluation of the programmes the recommendations of the responsible instructors the needs of the labour marketChanges in the programmes of instruction are accepted by the Council on Chemical Education and are approved by the Faculty of Chemistry Council. The Director of Academic Programmes is responsible for the programmes in accordance with the instructions of the Council on Chemical Education and the Faculty of Chemistry Council, and the regulations of the University of Latvia.

9 EVALUATION OF STUDENT PERFORMANCE Students may be assigned lectures, seminars, laboratory work, course work, consultations/tutorials, independent work.The contents of every course offered will be reviewed regularly in order to update or expand the material being offered. The description of each course contains the material to be developed in lectures etc. as well as recommended text-books and the method of examination. In general for lecture courses the evaluation of students will be based on a written examination. Laboratory work and course work by students will be marked on a pass/fail basis. Laboratory work in the fundamental areas of chemistry at the

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undergraduate level, i.e. organic, inorganic, analytical, and physical chemistry, is completed when the student present an oral defence of his course work at a meeting of the respective department (organic, inorganic etc.) and the student will receive a mark for his effort. Exams at the end of a course may be in writing or oral. The choice is made by the instructor. To complete the requirements for the Bachelor’s degree, the Master’s and the Doctor’s degree in Chemistry, the student must prepare and defend a thesis. After successfully completing the requirements of the academic programme the student is awarded the degree of Bachelor (Master, Doctor)) of Natural Science in Chemistry.

10 THE CONCEPT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDY PROGRAMME IN CHEMISTRY

The Council of the Faculty of Chemistry at its meeting on December 9, 1998, and the meeting of the Senate of the University of Latvia on February 22, 1999 approved the following programme for tertiary education in chemistry. Chemistry is an essential part of natural science and in Latvia the University of

Latvia offers a broad spectrum of tertiary courses in this discipline. The aim of tertiary education in chemistry is to the prepare highly skilled specialists in chemistry who will serve the needs of Latvia’s industry, research, and education. The development of chemistry in Latvia has a direct influence on the development of related scientific areas.

The study of chemistry at the tertiary level is best achieved in three levels: Level 1. A four(4) year programme of study at the end of which the student receives the Bachelor’s degree in chemistry.Level 2. A two (2) year programme of study leading to the Master’s degree in chemistry . Level 3. A two (3) year programme of study at the end of which, after a

successful defence of a thesis, the student receives the Doctor’s degree in chemistry.

The tertiary education programmes in chemistry leading to the Bachelor’s and to the Master’s degree shall be reviewed every three to four years in order to update their content and to ensure the programmes correspond to similar programmes of study at other European universities, and to ensure that the programmes meet Latvia’s needs in the area of chemical science.

As part of the study programmes, regular exchange of students and academic staff with other universities should be undertaken. Co-operation in the various chemical disciplines should be developed with other universities and research organisation in Latvia as well as outside Latvia. The possibilities of developing joint programmes for doctoral studies with other universities should be investigated. In order to ensure a high quality educational process. Lectures and courses presented by visiting scientists must be encouraged.

The professors in the sub-disciplines of chemistry decide to what extent students participate in research programmes as part of their degree requirements.

Independent work by students must be encouraged. Laboratories and lecture halls should be developed to meet the needs of the

education process. State of the art equipment must be acquired, and a supply of laboratory ware as well as chemical reagents must be ensured.

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The library of the Faculty of Chemistry, which is part of the library of the University of Latvia, needs sufficient funding in order to up-date texts in chemistry as well as subscribe to seminal journals. Faculty members must be encouraged to publish chemistry texts in the Latvian language.

Successful realisation of the study programmes in chemistry require the availability of computer technology and access to the Internet by instructors and students.

The need for the members of the Faculty of Chemistry to participate fully in the research projects of the Scandinavian nations and the European Union, and to involve graduate students in these projects.

CONTENT

1. The aims and the requirements of the academic programme of study for the degrees of Bachelor of Natural Science and Master of Natural Science in Chemistry 2

2. Matriculation requirements 5

3. Requirements to ensure the programmes of study 5

4. Comparison of the programme with programmes offered at the universities in Europe and evaluation from the stand point of Latvia’s needs

75. Evaluation of the programme by students and by employers

106. Prospective programme evaluation

107. Areas of research and international cooperation

118. Ensuring quality of the programmes of study

129. Evaluation of student performance

1210. The concept and development of the study programme in chemistry

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Addendum 1. Academic requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Natural Science in Chemistry

I. Synopsis 2

II. General description 3

III. Matriculation requirements 7

V. Evaluation of student performance 7

VII. Requirements to ensure the programme of study 7

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IV. Bachelor’s degree programme contents 8

VI. Study plan12Course descriptions 15-

55Addendum 2. Academic requirements for the degree of Master of

Natural Science in ChemistryI. Synopsis of the programme

2II. General description

2III. Matriculation requirements

6V. Evaluation of student performance

6VII. Requirements to ensure the programme of study

6IV. Bachelor’s degree programme contents

7VI. Study plan11Course descriptions 14-

84Addendum 3. Doctor of Science in Chemistry. Study programmeAddendum 4. The Faculty

The Faculty of the Bachelor’s degree in Chemistry programme 1-24

The Faculty of the Master’s degree in Chemistry programme 25-55Addendum 5. Review from the University of CincinnatiAddendum 6. University of Strathclyde. Study programmes in ChemistryAddendum 7. Study programmes in Chemistry on the Universities of Austria

THE UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA

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Academic requirements for the degree ofBachelor of Natural Science in Chemistry

Programme code 444421 01

Director of the academic programme: Professor Janis Dregeris

I SYNOPSIS

Chemistry as a science studies compounds, their changes, and the observations accompanying these changes. Chemistry is one of the more important areas of natural science. Since the middle of the seventeenth century, when the science of chemistry evolved, the content, goals, and requirements of chemistry have undergone fundamental changes. Today the concepts developed through chemistry are closely knit to the study of new pharmaceuticals, the development and application of new materials in agriculture and technology, as well as the study of biological and other

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natural processes. Depending on the research area and the goal of the study, chemistry is divided into a number of disciplines. The broadest and most important disciplines are inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, and physical chemistry. Chemistry is closely linked to such sciences as physics, biology, geography, etc. The study of chemistry is an essential part of general education because chemistry helps in the developing an appreciation of the nature of both living and inanimate objects, environmental processes, and the interaction of human beings with their surroundings. The material for the study of chemistry changes, depending on the latest accepted developments in the discipline as well as industrial requirements. The extent of the study of chemistry is dictated by the needs of the individual. In Latvia, tertiary education in chemistry has been available since 1863 at the Department of Chemistry of the Riga Polytechnic which became the Riga Polytechnic Institute in 1896. From 1919 till 1958 chemistry was taught at the University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry. In 1958 the Department of Chemistry of the Faculty of Biology of the University of Latvia introduced a program of study leading to a degree in chemistry. In 1964 the University of Latvia re-established the Faculty of Chemistry. The Riga Polytechnic Institute, now known as the Riga Technical University, Faculty of Material Science and Applied Chemistry, presents courses of study leading to degrees in chemical technology. The five year course at the University of Latvia led to the degree of Chemist or Teacher of Chemistry and Information Technology. During the academic year 1989-90 the programme of study was changed to resemble the two tier model of Europe: the first degree is the Bachelor ‘s degree in chemistry and the second is the Master’s degree in chemistry. Lately the programmes of study have been renamed as the programme for the degree of Bachelor of Natural Science and the programme for the degree of Master of Natural Science (referred in this text as the chemistry bachelor programme and the chemistry master programme). Within the framework of the chemistry bachelor programme, the student receives academic instruction in the basics of chemistry as well as closely related sciences. The programme presents new study material in the exact sciences and humanities and develops practical skills in laboratory research. After completing the required courses of study and defence of the thesis for the Bachelor’s degree, the student receives the Bachelor of Natural Science degree in Chemistry and is qualified to continue studies in the master’s degree program, a professional programme of study, or enter the labour market as a chemist.

II GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Development of the programme for tertiary education in chemistry

The Council of the Faculty of Chemistry at its meeting on December 9, 1998 approved the following programme for tertiary education in chemistry. Chemistry is an essential part of natural science and in Latvia the University of

Latvia offers a broad spectrum of tertiary courses in this discipline. The aim of tertiary education in chemistry is to the prepare highly skilled specialists in

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chemistry who will serve the needs of Latvia’s industry, research, and education. The development of chemistry in Latvia has a direct influence on the development of related scientific areas.

The study of chemistry at the tertiary level is best achieved in three levels: Level 1. A four(4) year programme of study at the end of which the student receives the Bachelor’s degree in chemistry.Level 2. A two (2) year programme of study leading to the Master’s degree in chemistry .Level 3. A three (3) year programme of study at the end of which, after a

successful defence of a thesis, the student receives the Doctor’s degree in chemistry.

The tertiary education programmes in chemistry leading to the Bachelor’s and to the Master’s degree shall be reviewed every three to four years in order to update their content and to ensure the programmes correspond to similar programmes of study at other European universities, and to ensure that the programmes meet Latvia’s needs in the area of chemical science.

As part of the study programmes, regular exchange of students and academic staff with other universities should be undertaken. Co-operation in the various chemical disciplines should be developed with other universities and research organisations in Latvia as well as outside Latvia. The possibilities of developing joint programmes for doctoral studies with other universities should be investigated. In order to ensure a high quality educational process, lectures and courses presented by visiting scientists should be encouraged.


Independent work by students is encouraged. Laboratories and lecture halls must be renovated to meet the needs of the

education process. State of the art equipment should be acquired, and a supply of laboratory ware as well as chemical reagents must be ensured.

The library of the Faculty of Chemistry, which is part of the library of the University of Latvia, should receive sufficient funding in order to up-date texts in chemistry as well as subscribe to seminal journals. Faculty members must be encouraged to publish chemistry texts in the Latvian language.

The goal of the programme

The aim of tertiary education in chemistry at the baccalaureate level is to give the student fundamental knowledge and practical experience in analytical, inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry. Other subjects which must be mastered are mathematics, physics, and computer literacy. During their first year, students will also undertake the study of a foreign language. After graduating with the degree of Bachelor of Natural Science in chemistry, the student may: Continue professional studies. At present the Faculty of Chemistry offers one year

courses for students to become Experts in Environmental Protection, in Nutrition Chemistry, and in High School Teaching.

Continue studies leading to the Master’s degree in chemistry. The Faculty of Chemistry offers a two year course of study leading to the Master of Natural Science degree.

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Enter the work force.

In order to graduate with the degree of Bachelor of Natural Science in chemistry the student must satisfactorily complete at least 162 credit points. Normally this process should take four years or eight semesters. The programme of study consists of the 55% of the compulsory courses in Section A, 35% of the courses selected from the elective courses in chemistry: Section B, and 10% of the courses selected from courses offered by other faculties within the University: Section C.Section A courses are: General Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Physical Chemistry Advanced Mathematics Foreign Languages Bachelor’s Thesis- preparation and defence.

Section B courses are: Courses in Physics, Computer Application in Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, etc. Other Section B courses offered by the Faculty of Chemistry.

Section C courses are: Courses offered by other Faculties within the University.

Evaluation of the programmes within the framework of Latvia and the University of Latvia

The programme leading to the Bachelor’s degree in chemistry is based on the experience and partly on the tradition within the University of Latvia, as well as the level of the development of chemistry in Latvia and comparison of the academic programmes offered at universities outside Latvia. The programmes offered by the following universities were evaluated: University of Strathclyde and the University of Manchester in the UK, by the Pierre and Marie Curie Sixth University and the Claude Bernard First University in France, the Basque University in Spain, the University of Sydney and the University of Queensland in Australia, and the University of Cincinnati in the US. It was concluded that there is great variation among the universities regarding the number of lectures, laboratories, and other contact hours required by their programmes of study. Some of the universities offer specialised programmes within the context of the Bachelor’s program. Thus some universities place greater emphasis on bio-organic chemistry, others on biochemistry, and others still on physical chemistry. In preparing the study programme for the University of Latvia, the trends at foreign universities were noted and in preparing the Section A courses use is made of recently published chemistry textbooks outside Latvia. Thus the contents of the Section A courses corresponds quite closely with European and North American practice. The number of contact hours at the University of Latvia is somewhat greater compared to foreign universities and this is in part due to the fact that the University Library does not have the most recent textbooks and other pertinent literature in sufficient number for students to work independently.

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A programme leading to the Bachelor’s degree in chemistry is also offered by the Riga Technical University, Faculty of Material Science and Applied Chemistry. This programme requires a total of seventy credit point for the degree. The programme includes many technical and engineering courses of study with 43% of the required courses in being chemistry courses, as compared to 83% at the University of Latvia. The Daugavpils University which specialises in preparing teachers also offers an undergraduate programme in chemistry for teachers; the programme is offered on an irregular basis. At present the University of Latvia is the only university in Latvia offering a broad tertiary education in chemistry at the Bachelor’s and Master’s level. That the Bachelor’s programme offered at the University of Latvia is comparable to similar programmes offered outside Latvia is borne out by the fact that a number of graduates from the University of Latvia are continuing their studies in chemistry for the Master’s degree within the University of Latvia as well as at universities in Sweden, Denmark, France, and the US. Within the undergraduate degree programme a large amount of time is devoted to practical laboratory work in order to prepare the student to become a professional chemist. In order to improve and fully develop this area of endeavour, resources must be invested in state of the art equipment as well as the redesign and improvement of laboratory facilities.

International cooperation

The successful cooperation with foreign universities ads to the experience of the faculty and helps in improving the courses offered. Co-operation with foreign universities is an essential part of preparing doctoral candidates and also raises the level of scientific endeavour. The Faculty of Chemistry of the University of Latvia has established co-operative efforts with the following universities:1. With the Analytical and Marine Chemistry Department at the University of

Goteborg to study heavy metal contamination of the environment.2. A student exchange program has been established with the Department of

Environmental Physics of the University of Goteborg.3. With the Department of Environmental Physics of the Chalmers Technical

University to analyse biological and environmental samples. As a result of this work, Dr Arturs Viksna presented his Licentiate thesis at the University of Goteborg.

4. With the Finnish Forest Research Institute to study the fine roots of pine trees.5. With the University of Queenslad (Australia), and the University of Florida

(USA) to gather X-ray intensity data for crystallographic structure determination. 6. With the University of Lund, Stockholm University, and the Agriculture

University of Sweden to study metabolites of environmental pollutants.7. The study of latex chemistry has successfully been carried out with the

cooperation of the Lyons Polymer Chemistry and Polimerisation Process Laboratories of the French National Research Centre.

8. Joint research in the area of radiation effects on materials has been performed in cooperation with the Department of Quantum Engineering at the University of Tokyo.

9. With Brunell University to study photochemical break-down of toxins.10. With the University of Ghent to determine the concentration of aromatic

hydrocarbons in the air and foliage.

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11. Dr J.Kreismanis of the University of Cincinati visits the Faculty every other semester to present a course on NMR and its application in structure determination.

12. With the Nuclear Research Centre in Karlsruhe.13. With the Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, in the area of radiation

chemistry.14. With the Education Department of the University of Oldenburg in the area of

chemical education.15. With the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Chemistry Education Institute in

the area of chemical education.

Ensuring quality of the programmes of study

The programme of study for the Bachelor’s degrees have been developed in accordance with Latvia’s Law on Education, the Law on Tertiary Education, and the regulations approved by the Senate of the University of Latvia.

The Council of the Faculty of Chemistry reviews the programme every three to four years and, if needed, will recommend changes. These changes are based on the the latest developments in the world in teaching chemistry, including the


opinion of the director of the programme the results of student evaluation of the programme the recommendations of the responsible instructors the needs of the labour market

Changes in the programme of instruction are accepted by the Council on Chemical Education and are approved by the Faculty of Chemistry Council. The Director of Academic Programmes is responsible for the programme in accordance with the instructions of the Council on Chemical Education and the Faculty of Chemistry Council, and the regulations of the University of Latvia.

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III MATRICULATION REQUIREMENTS

Persons may enter the government financed programme of study leading to the Bachelor’s degree after passing the required competitive entrance tests in chemistry (75% of questions) and the Latvian language (25% of questions). If test results are equal, more weight will be assigned to the results in chemistry and who have higher marks in other exact sciences at the high school level. Persons who have participated in student Olympics in chemistry, and students who have achieved first, second or third place in Latvia’s regional chemistry Olympics will be admitted to the faculty without further testing.

V. EVALUATION OF STUDENT PERFORMANCE

Students may be assigned lectures, seminars, laboratory work, course work, consultations/tutorials, independent work.

The contents of every course offered will be reviewed regularly in order to update or expand the material being offered. The description of each course contains the material to be developed in lectures etc. as well as recommended text-books and the method of examination. In general for lecture courses the evaluation of students will be based on a written examination. Laboratory work and course work by students will be marked on a pass/fail basis. Laboratory work in the fundamental areas of chemistry at the undergraduate level, i.e. organic, inorganic, analytical, and physical chemistry, is completed when the student present an oral defence of his course work at a meeting of the respective department (organic, inorganic etc.) and the student will receive a mark for his effort. Exams at the end of a course may be in writing or oral. The choice is made by the instructor. To complete the requirements for the Bachelor’s degree in Chemistry, the student must prepare and defend a thesis. After successfully completing the requirements of the academic programme the student is awarded the degree of Bachelor of Natural Science in Chemistry.

VII. REQUIREMENTS TO ENSURE THE PROGRAMME OF STUDY

The facilities within the Faculty of Chemistry for the study of chemistry are lecture halls for lectures and seminars laboratories for general, inorganic, analytical, organic, physical and other


Government scholarships and student fees constitute the financial resources of the Faculty of Chemistry.

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IV. BACHELOR’S DEGREE PROGRAMME CONTENTS

Credits Examination formatNo Course Part Teacher Hours 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year

1.s. 2.s. 3.s. 4.s. 5.s. 6.s. 7.s. 8.s.

1. General Chemistry A P.Mekšs 96 / 64 7 pass/fail, exam

2. Higher Mathematics A K.Šteiners 144 / 128 6 7 pass/fail, exam

3. Foreign Language A V.BērtiņaV.Balode

64 2 2 pass/fail, exam

4. Work Safety and Environment Protection

B V.Kaļķis 64 4 exam.

5. Use of Computers in Chemistry B S.Takeris 64 4 pass/fail

6. Spoken English for Chemistry Students

B M.VeidisE.Jansons

64 2 2 exam

7. Optional Courses C 256 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 exam

8. Inorganic Chemistry A J.Švirksts 128 / 192 7 7 pass/fail, exam

9. Physics B A.Siliņš 112 4 3 exam

10. Use of Information Technology in Chemistry

B J.Logins 32 2 pass/fail

11. Analytical Chemistry A S.Bērziņa 64 / 224 7 7 pass/fail, exam

12. Crystal Chemistry B J.Švirksts 48 3 exam

13. Organic Chemistry A J.Drēģeris 160 / 128 7 7 pass/fail, exam

14. Basic Coordination Chemistry B M.Veidis 32 2 exam

15. Applied Chemistry B A.Spricis 32 / 64 4 pass/fail, exam

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16. Everyday Chemistry B V.Kaļķis 32 2 exam

17. Physical Chemistry A U.AlksnisA.ActiņšJ.Čakste

128 / 192 7 7 pass/fail, exam

18. Development of Analytical Chemistry

B E.Jansons 32 2 exam

19. Analysis of Waters B A.Vīksna 32 / 64 4 pass/fail, exam

20. Quantum Chemistry B J.Āboliņš 64 4 exam

21. Analysis of Organic Compounds B A.Prikšāne 32 2 exam

22. History of Chemistry B U.Alksnis 32 2 exam

23. Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds B A.Zicmanis 64 4 exam

24. Advanced Topics in Organic Chemistry

B J.Drēģeris 32 2 exam

25. Preparation Methods of Organic Substances

B A.Zicmanis 64 / 64 7 pass/fail, exam

26. Environmental Biochemistry and Toxicology

B A.Prikšāne 64 4 exam

27. Industrial Organic Chemistry B A.Zicmanis 32 2 exam

28. Physical Methods of Investigation B J.Tīliks 32 2 exam

29. Energy Containment Chemistry B J.Tīliks 32 2 exam

30. Automatisation of Chemical Experiments

B S.Takeris 32 2 exam

31. Corrosion of Metals B U.Alksnis 32 2 exam

32. Heterocyclic Compounds B A.ZicmanisJ.Logins

64 7 exam

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33. Large Molecular Compounds B V.Kaļķis 32 / 128 6 pass.fail, exam

34. General Food Chemistry B I.Jākobsone 64 4 exam

35. Basic Chromatography B P.Mekšs 48 / 32 4 pass/fail, exam

36. Statistical Methods in Chemistry B A.Actiņš 48 3 exam

37. Catalytic Reactions B P.Mekšs 64 4 exam

38. Fast Chemical Reactions B J.Tīliks 32 / 32 3 pass/fail,exam

39. Instrumental Methods of Investigation

B J.Tīliks 16 / 64 3 pass/fail,exam

40. Electrochemical Processes B A.Actiņš 32 / 32 3 pass/fail, exam

41. Inorganic synthesis B M.Veidis 32 / 64 4 pass/fail, exam

42. Bachelor’s Thesis A 10 defence

* Columns where two figures are given, the first figure refers to lectures and seminars, and the second figure refers to laboratory work.

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VI. STUDY PLAN BACHELOR OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY

No Course Credits Examination format

1st year, 1st semester Part A (15 credits)

1. General Chemistry 7 pass/fail, exam

2. Higher Mathematics I 6 pass/fail, exam

3. Foreign Language 2 pass/fail

Part B (4 credits)

1. Work Safety and Environment Protection 4 exam

2. Use of Computers in Chemistry 4 pass/fail

3. Spoken English for Chemistry Students 2 pass/fail

Part C (2 credits) 2

1st year, 2nd semesterPart A (16 credits)

1. Inorganic Chemistry I 7 pass/fail, exam

2. Higher Mathematics II 7 pass/fail, exam

3. Foreign Language 2 exam

Part B (a total of 8 credits, including the previous semester )

1. Physics I 4 exam

2. Use of Information Technology in Chemistry 2 pas/fail

3. Spoken English for Chemistry Students 2 exam


2nd year, 3rd semesterPart A (14 credits)

1. Inorganic Chemistry II 7 pass/fail, exam

2. Analytical Chemistry I 7 pass/fail, exam

Part B (a total of 11 credits, including the previous semesters)

1. Physics II 3 exam

2. Crystal Chemistry 3 exam


2nd year, 4th semesterPart A (14 credits)

1. Analytical Chemistry I 7 exam

2. Organic Chemistry I 7 exam


1. Basic Coordination Chemistry 2 exam

2. Applied Chemistry 4 pass/fail, exam

3. Everyday Chemistry 2 exam


3rd year, 5th semesterPart A (14 credits)

1. Organic Chemistry II 7 pass/fail, exam

2. Physical Chemistry I 7 pass/fail, exam


1. Development of Analytical Chemistry 2 exam

2. Analysis of Waters 4 pass/fail, exam

3. Quantum Chemistry 4 exam

4. Analysis of Organic Compounds 2 exam

5. History of Chemistry 2 exam


3rd year, 6th semesterPart A (7 credits)

1. Physical Chemistry 7 pass/fail, exam


1. Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds 4 exam

2. Advances Topics in Organic Chemistry 2 exam

3. Preparation Methods of Organic Substances 7 pass/fail, exam

4. Environmental Biochemistry and Toxicology 4 exam

5. Physical Methods of Investigation 2 exam

6. Energy Containment Chemistry 2 exam

7. Automatisation of Chemical Experiments 2 exam

8. Industrial Organic Chemistry 2 exam


4th year 7th semesterPart B (a total of 56 credits, including the previous semesters)

1. Corrosion of Metals 2 exam

2. Fast Chemical Reactions 3 pass/fail, exam

3. Heterocyclic Compounds 7 pas/fail, exam

4. Large Molecular Compounds 6 pass/fail, exam

5. General Food Chemistry 4 exam

6. Catalytic Reactions 4 exam

7. Statistical Methods in Chemistry 3 exam

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8. Instrumental Methods of Investigation 3 pass/fail, exam

9. Electrochemical Processes 3 pass/fail, exam

10. Inorganic Synthesis 4 pass/fail, exam

11. Basic Chromatography 4 exam

4th year 8th semesterPart A (7 credits)

1. Bachelor Thesis 10 defence

Credits (in total)160Part A 88 (55%)Part B 56 (35%)Part C 16 (10%)

GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Pēteris MekšsCourse code:Credit points: 7Course included in: part A of the Bachelor’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

This course introduces to the essentials of atomic structure using simple quantum mechanics, describes the states of matter, intermolecular interactions, basic principles of thermodynamics and thermodynamic description of mixtures, concepts of chemical equilibrium and chemical bonds. The aim of this course is to educate students in the evaluation of chemical reaction processes in order that they may perform various calculations using different physical constants.

Course content:1. Equations of state and kinetic theory of gases.2. Thermodynamics laws, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs’ energy of physical and

chemical changes.3. Properties of electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions.4. Chemical equilibrium and interpretation of equilibrium constants.5. The Bronsted-Lowry theory, conjugate acids and bases.6. Half-reactions and electrodes, reduction potentials.7. The rates of chemical reactions, and their temperature dependence.8. Atomic structure and dynamics of small particles.9. Interpretation of atomic spectra, concepts of the energy levels, wave functions,

and orbitals.10. Periodic trends of chemical properties.11. The chemical bond – valence bond theory and molecular orbitals.12. Structure and properties of organic compounds- hydrocarbons, alcohols,

aldehydes, amines, carboxylic- and amino acids.

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Requirements for successful course completion: lectures – 64 h, laboratory practice – 64 h, discussions – 32 h.

Examination format: written examinationPrerequisites: knowledge of chemistry at secondary school levelCourse literature:1. L. Pauling. General Chemistry. Oxford. 1970.2. P.W. Atkins. The elements of physical chemistry. Oxford University Press. 1996.3. A. Rauhvargers. Vispārīgā ķīmija. Rīga. Zinātne. 1996.

The programme is approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08.98.)

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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Course authors: Dr chem., doc. Jānis Švirksts, Dr habil. chem., prof. Miķelis V.Veidis.Course code:Credit points: 14. Course included in: part A of the Bachelor’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The aim of this course is to familiarise the student with the elements of the periodic table and the properties of their compounds, using the concepts periodicity, the nature of atoms and molecules, and relayed theoretical considerations. An overview of the distribution of the elements and their recovery is presented. The student is expected to gain proficiency in laboratory work by undertaking a number of inorganic syntheses and studying the properties of the materials synthesised.Course content:1. Theoretical Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry.

1.1 Atomic structure.1.2 The chemical bond.1.3 The structure of molecules.1.4 The geometry and symmetry of molecules.1.5 Metallic and ionic substances.1.6 Solvents, solutions, acids, and bases.1.7 Co-ordination compounds.1.8 Oxidation and reduction.1.9 The periodic table and the periodicity of chemical properties.

2. The Elements2.1 The s-elements.2.2 The p-elements.2.3 The d-elements.2.4 The f-elements.

Requirements for successful course completion: 128 lecture hours, including seminars, and 192 laboratory practise hours.Examination format: Two written examinations covering theory, and satisfactory completion of two semester laboratory sessions.Pre-requisites: General ChemistryCourse literature: 1. Cotton, F.A. and Wilkinson,G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley and

Sons, 1988.2. Shriver, D.E. and Atkins, P.W. Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford University Press,

1999.3. Greenwood N.N., and Earnshaw A., Chemistry of the Elements, Oxford,

Pergamon Press, 1984.4. Riedel E. Anorganische Chemie. Berlin, Walter de Cruyter, 1990.5. Holleman-Wiberg. Lerbuch der Anorganischen Chemie. Berlin, Walter de

Cruyter, 1985.


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Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Silvija Bērziņa, Dr.hab.chem., prof. Andris ZicmanisCourse code:Course included in: Part A of the Bachelor’s programme in Chemistry Course credits: 14 Course description:

The aim of current course is to give knowledge in analytical chemistry about solubility equilibrium, complexing, oxidizing and reducing and extraction equilibrium. The main principles of chromatography, emission spectrometry and luminiscent analysis are discussed. Chemical methods of analytical chemistry – gravimetric analysis, titrimetric analysis – protolitometry, redoximetry, complexometry and argentometry and some physico-chemical methodes such as photometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, potentiometry, electrogravimetry, culonometry, chromatography are discussed. Independently students are solved 11 different tasks about various equilibrium and their application in analytical chemistry. The influence of various factors on titration curves are estimated. In the first part of academic year there are questions about qualitative analysis (Analytical chemistry I), but in the second part of academic year there are questions about quantitative analysis (Analytical chemistry II).Course content:1. The general principles of analytical chemistry.2. Thermodynamics and equilibrium in solutions.3. Acid-base equilibria Complexing equilibria Oxidizing and Reducing equilibria.4. Solubility equilibria. Extraction equilibria.5. Separation methods.6. Emission spectrometry and luminiscent analysis.7. Qualitative analysis in aqueous solutions.8. Errors in the quantitative determinations.9. Gravimetry.10. Titrimetry.11. Acid-Base titration (Protolitometry).12. Redoximetry.13. Complexometry.14. Argentometry.15. Photometry.16. Atomic absorption spectrometry.17. Potentiometry.18. Electrogravimetry.19. Culonometry.20. Voltamperometry.21. Principles of chromatography.22. Analysis of organic substances.23. Functional analysis of organic substances.

Requirements for successful course completion: Lectures 64 hours, laboratory works, solving questions with computer, course thesis.Examination format: 2 written examinations

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Prerequisites: General Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry.Course literature:1. Jansons E. Analītiskās ķīmijas teorētiskie pamati. Rīga, “Zinātne”, 1993., 350 lpp.2. Skoog D.A., West D.V., Holler F.J. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry.-

Sounders College Publishers. Sixth Ed.: USA, 1992.-893 pp.

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.habil.chem., prof. Jānis DrēģerisCourse code:Credit points: 14Course included in: part A of the Bachelor’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The lecture course provides detailed studies of nomenclature, structure, reaction mechanisms, and properties of organic compounds.

The aim of the course is introduce students to the main families of organic compounds, fundamentals of organic reactions and principles of organic synthesis.The course is divided into three parts: Organic chemistry I, 6 credit points Organic chemistry II, 4 credit points Laboratory practice and course project, 4 credit pointsCourse content:1. Theoretical aspects of organic reactions2. Alkanes and cycloalkanes3. Alkenes, alkadienes and alkynes4. Arenes, polycyclicarenes with isolated and condensed cycles5. Halogenalkanes and halogenalkenes6. Organometallic compounds7. Hydroxycompounds of alkanes. Esters. Thiols and thioethers.8. Phenols9. Amines and their derivatives10. Aldehydes and ketones. Enols and enons, unsaturated alcohols and carbonyl compounds11. Carboxylic acids and derivatives 12. Bifunctional compounds13. Carbohydrates14. Heterocyclic compounds15. Aminoacids, peptides and proteinsRequirements for successful course completion: lectures 96 hours, seminars 64 hours, laboratory investigations and course project 128 hoursExamination format: theoretical part 2 exams (written), laboratory investigations - exam (pass/fail), defence of course project.Prerequisites: General Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry I, IICourse literature:1. K.Peter, C.Vollhardt. Organische Chemie, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbh, 1990, S. 1400.2. T.W.Graham Solomons. Organic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, 1992, P. 1250.3. Robert Thorton Morrison, Robert Neilson Boyd. Organic Chemistry. Prentice Hall, Englwod

Cliffs, New Jersey, 1992, P. 1320.4. О.Я.Нейланд. Органическая химия. Москва,: Высшая школа, 1990, 752 с.5. Paula Yurkanis Bruice. Organic Chemistry. PrenticeHall International, INC, 1998, P. 1256. 6. Andrew Streitwieser, Jr.Clayton, H.Heathcock. Introduction to Organic Chemistry. Macmillan

Publishing Company, New York, London, 1992, P. 1190.7. Органикум. Практикум по органической химии. Изд. Мир, 1979, ч.1 – 453 с., ч.2 – 442 с.8. А.Е.Агрономов, Ю.С.Шабаров. Лабораторные работы в органическом практикуме. М.:

Химия, 1974, 375 с.9. J.Drēģeris. Organiskā ķīmija. Lekciju konspekts, I daļa, 1995., 176 lpp.10. J.Drēģeris. Organiskā ķīmija. Lekciju konspekts, II daļa, 1997., 206 lpp.11. J.Drēģeris. Organiskā ķīmija. Lekciju konspekts, III daļa, 1998., 167 lpp.

The program is approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08. 98.)

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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Course authors: Dr.chem., doc. Uldis Alksnis, Dr.chem., doc. Jānis Čakste, Dr.chem., doc. A ndris ActiņšCourse code:Credit points: 14.Course included in: Part A of the Bachelor’s degree programme in chemistry.Course description:

Chemical thermodynamics, theory of solutions, chemical kinetics, catalysis, electrochemistry and chemistry of disperse systems, physico-chemical measurements, process and estimate measurement results. In the final stage students have to carry out an independent scientific research study and to defend it as an oral presentation. .Course content:

Physical chemistry I (7 credit points)Chemical thermodynamics and kinetics

1. Physical chemistry and its significance.2. First law of thermodynamics. Hess law. Calculation of the heat of chemical reactions.3. Second law of thermodynamics. Characteristic functions. Calculation of the equilibrium constant

of chemical reactions.4. Equilibrium of phases. One-component, two-component and three-component systems.5. Solutions, their characteristics. Colligative properties of solutions.6. The rates of chemical reactions. The basic postulates of kinetics 7. The classification of chemical reactions: molecularity and order. The rate constant of a reaction

and methods of determination.8. Complex reactions.9. The temperature dependence of reaction rates.10. The theory of chemical kinetics.11. Photochemical reactions. Photography.12. Chain reactions. 13. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.14. Sorption, adsorption, theory of adsorption and experimental research methods.15. The principles of gas chromatography.

Physical chemistry II (7 credit points)Electrochemistry and chemistry of disperse systems

1. Electrochemistry. Main research areas of electrochemistry.2. Arrhenius’ electrochemical dissociation theory.3. The interaction of ions. Debye-Hückel theory.4. Transfer processes in electrolyte solutions.5. Thermodynamics of electrochemical systems.6. Classification of electrochemical systems.7. Electric double layer and methods for investigation.8. Electrochemical kinetics. States of mass and charge transfer.9. Experimental methods in electrochemistry.10. Summary of the important areas of practical electrochemistry.11. Classification of disperse systems. Specificity of colloidal systems.12. Molecular-kinetic properties of disperse systems.13. Optical properties of disperse systems.14. Surface phenomena. The theory of capillarity.15. Electrical properties of disperse systems.16. Preparation and purification of colloidal systems.17. Stability and coagulation of disperse systems.18. Structured disperse systems.19. Coarse disperse systems: aerosols, suspensions, emulsions, foam.20. Liophyl colloidal systems. Requirements for the successful course completion: I - 64 lectures hours, 96 laboratory hours; physical chemistry II - 64 lectures hours, 96 laboratory hours, including one oral presentation.Examination format: 2 examinations, 2 tests.Prerequisites: Mathematics, Analytical Chemistry.

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Literature:1. Atkins P.W. Physikalische Chemie.- Weinheim: VCH, 1987.2. Schwenz R.W., Moore R.J. Physical Chemistry.- Washington: American Chemical Society,

1993.3. Багоцкий В.С. Основы электрохимии. М. «Химия»,1988.- 400с.4. Alksnis U. u.c. Fizikālā un koloidālā ķīmija.- R.: Zvaigzne, 1990.5. Щукин и др. Коллоидная химия.- М.: МГУ, 1982.6. Ross S., Morrison I.D. Colloidal Systems and Interfaces.- New York: J.Willey

and Sons., 1988.


37

ENGLISH

Course author: M. philology, assistant Velta BērtiņaCredit points: 2Course included in: Part A of the Bachelor’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

English for chemistry students.Course content:1. English grammar and vocabulary2. Oral exercises3. Written exercises4. Readings from chemistry texts and selected journalsCredit requirements: 32 lecturesExamination format: monthly tests, pass/fail after the first semester, written exam after the second semesterLiterature : 1. Raymond Chang, Chemistry, fourth edition2. Raymond Murphy, English Grammar in use, Cambridge university press3. Chemistry in Britain, J. Chem. Education, Chemical and Engineering News, etc.

38

GERMAN

Course author: M. philology, Velta BalodeCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: Part A of the Bachelor’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

German for chemistry students.Course content:1. German grammar and vocabulary2. Oral exercises3. Written exercises4. Readings from chemistry texts and selected journalsCredit requirements: 32 lecturesExamination format: monthly tests, pass/fail after the first semester, written exam after the second semesterLiterature: 1. Themen neu 2. Kursbuch, and 3. Kursbuch, Max Hueber Verlag, 19982. M. Reimann, Grundstufen-grammatik Furdeutsch als Fremndsprache. Max

Hueber Verlag, 19963. M. Klindzane, Deutsch fur Chemiker4. Fachtexte: Deutsch fur Chemiker

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HIGHER MATHEMATICS

Course author: Dr math., doc. Kārlis ŠteinersCourse code: Mate-1006, Mate-2007Credit points: 13Course included in: Part A of the Bachelor’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The application of mathematics to the solution of practical problems in chemistry. Course content:1. The elements of algebra2. Vector algebra3. Analytical geometry4. The concepts of functions and limits5. Derivation of functions6. Application of derived functions7. Integrals8. Differential equations9. Integrals of functions10. Theory of areas11. SequencesCredit requirements: 272 lectures, including exercises.Examination format: two written examinationsLiterature: K.Šteiners and B.Siliņa, Augstākā matemātika I and II daļa, Zvaigzne, Rīga, 1997/98. and others, all in Latvian.

-------------------- ----- - ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------

SPOKEN ENGLISH FOR CHEMISTRY STUDENTS

Course author: Dr habil.chem., prof. Mikelis V.VeidisCourse Code:Credits: 4Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

Class discussion of material read by studentsCourse content:

1. Readings from “Chemical and Engineering News”2. Readings from “Chemistry in Britain”3. Readings from chemistry text books

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Requirements for credit: 64 lectures. Oral presentation at each lecture and active participation in discussion, or a two hour written testPrerequisites: English Examination format: Pass/fail.

Literature: a good English language dictionary

41

ADVANCED TOPICS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.habil.chem., prof. Jānis DrēģerisCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: part B of the Bachelor’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The lecture course provides the detailed studies of quinones and their importance in bioprocesses. Particular attention has been devoted to intramolecular charge -transfer interaction in chemical and biochemical processes.The aim of the course is introduce students with basic principles of homolytic reactions in biological systems and the mechanisms of antioxidation. Course content:1. Homolityc reactions in biological systems2. Antioxidants activity and importance in different systems3. Quinones distribution in nature and their role in biological processes4. Charge -transfer complexes derived from quinones5. Quinone derivatives perspective synthesis and structure activity relationships.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures and seminars 32 hours.Examination format: written examination Prerequisites: Organic Chemistry I and Organic Chemistry IICourse literature:1. Paula Yurkanis Bruice. Organic Chemistry. PrenticeHall International, INC, 1998, P. 1256. 2. K.Peter C.Vollhardt, Neil E.Schore. Organic Chemistry. W.H.Freeman and Company, New

York, 1994, ISBN 0-7167-2010-8.1. Ю.А.Овчинников. Биоорганическая химия. М.: Просвещение, 1987.3. A.Drulle, J.Logins, J.Drēģeris. Antioxidant properties of nitrogen containing

1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives. Latvijas Ķīmijas Žurnāls, 1993, N 4, 387-400.

The program is approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08. 98.rep. Nr1)

42

ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Course author: Dr. chem., doc. Anda PrikšāneCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor’s program in ChemistryCourse description:The lecture course presents the methods of isolation, purification and identification of organic compounds and the principles of determining physical constants of organic compounds. Particular attention has been devoted to chromatographic methods, used for the purification and quality assessment of organic compounds as well as for the isolation of biologically active compounds.

The aim of the course is to present overview of the analysis of organic compounds and to give the principles of their selection.Course content:1. Crystallisation of organic compounds2. Organic solvents, selection principles3. Methods of distillation4. Extraction systems: liquid -liquid, liquid-solid.5. Microscale purification methods6. Determination of physical constants of organic compounds7. Elemental analysis8. Chemical classification tests9. Synthesis of solid derivatives for identification purposes10. Use of adsorption column chromatography for the separation of reaction products11. Use of thin layer chromatography in the analysis of organic compounds12. HPLC and GLC advantages and disadvantages.13. Methods of separation and analysis of stereoisomers14. Specific purification methods of biomolecules.Requirements for successful course completion: Lectures and seminars 32 h.Examination format: written examination Pre-requisites: Recommended to study simultaneously with the course of Organic Chemistry IICourse literature:1. Гинзбург О.Ф. и др. Практикум по органической химии. Синтез и идентификация

органических соединений. М.: Высшая школа, 1989.2. В.Д.Шатц, О.В.Сахарова. Высокоэффективная жидкостная хроматография. Рига, Зинатне,

1988.3. D.C.Eaton. Organic Chemistry, 1989, R.R.Donnelley & Sons.4. D.L.Pavia, G.M.Lampman, G.S.Kriz, R. G. Engel, Organic Laboratory Techniques, 1990,

Saunders College Publishing.5. C.F.Poole, S.K.Poole, Chromatography Today, 1991, Elsevier Science Publishers.The programme is approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08.98.)ENVIRONMENTAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY

Course author: Dr. chem., doc. Anda PrikšāneCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: part B of the Bachelor’s program in ChemistryCourse description:

The lecture course reviews basic principles of biochemistry and biotransformation of xenobiotics. The detailed studies of the fate of toxic compounds in the nature are presented.

The aim of the course is to introduce students to the fundamentals of biotransformation, bioaccumulation and toxic effects of different compounds in the environment, their structure activity relationships. Course content:1. Metabolism of nutrients.

43

2. Principles of biochemical reactions. Enzymes. 3. Major routs of absorption, transport and excretion of xenobiotics.4. Metabolism of foreign compounds. Oxidation. Conjugation.5. Role of microorganisms in biotransformation. 6. Biotransformation in plants.7. Bioaccumulation. Food chains.8. Dose -response relationships.9. Principles of toxicological tests.10. Factors affecting toxic responses11. General mechanisms of toxic action12. Neurotoxins.13. Chemical carcinogenesis.14. Allergens in the environment.15. Toxic effects of organic compounds in the environment.16. Toxic effects of metals.Requirements for successful course completion: Lectures and seminars 64 hours.Examination format: written examinationPrerequisites: Inorganic Chemistry and Organic ChemistryCourse literature:1. M.Kļaviņš, A.Prikšāne, Ekotoksikoloģija, Rīga, 1995.2. Timbrell J.A., Introduction to toxicology, 2-nd ed., Taylor & Francis, 1997.3. Casarett and Doull‘s Toxicology, 4-th edition,1991, Pergamon Press.4. E.J.Wood, Introducing Biochemistry, 1984, ELBS/ John Murry (Publ.) Ltd.5. F.A. Bettelheim, J.March, Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry, sec. ed., 1988,

Sounders College Publ.6. C.K.Mathews, K.VanHolde. Biochemistry, 1996, The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing

Company, Inc.The programme is approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08.98.)

USE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Jāzeps Logins Course code:Credit points: 2Course included in: part B of the Bachelor’s program in ChemistryCourse description:

The lecture course provides an overview of the specifics of chemistry information sources and use of modern information technologies. Particular attention has been devoted to the principles of research planning and preparation of research papers and reports.

The aim of the course is to acquire practical skills in the search and selection of scientific information and its analysis and summarisation.Course content:1. Chemistry science and scientists2. The selection of the problem, research planning and organisation3. Scientific research reports in chemistry4. Library catalogues, reference information, abstracts and science citation indexes, primary

literature5. Modern information technologies and chemical information search.Requirements for successful course completion: Lectures 16 hours, seminars 16 hoursExamination format: Written examination Prerequisites: General Chemistry Course literature:1. J.Logins. Pētnieciskā darba veikšana un noformēšana. Metodiskais materiāls, 1998. (sagatavots

publicēšanai).2. W.H.Peterssen. Wissenschaftlische Arbeiten. Eine Einfuerung fuer Schueler und Studenten.

Ehrenwirth Muenchen, 1991.3. M.Thiesen. ABC fuer wissenschaftlischen Arbeit. Verlag an der Lottbek, 1993.

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45

USE OF COMPUTERS IN CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.chem., docent Sigurds Takeris.Course code:Credit points: 4.This course included in: Section B of the Bachelor’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The task of this course is to familiarise chemistry students with different computer technologies, equipment. and the common program languages, as well as computer networks and the World-wide web.Course content:1. Disk operating system DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, McOS, utilities.2. Files and the organisation of their catalogues. Loading of the operating system, system

configuration and office programs. Drawing chemical equipment with the help of the program PAINT.

3. Simple use of text editor. Working with text extracts, finding information in the text. Working with text editor. Main rules about working with the text.

4. Special cases of text processing: formulas and charts. Chemical formulas and equations. Problems in saving chemical formulas in the text.

5. Use of spreadsheets. Copying and moving of formulas and data blocks. Processing of results and depicting them in charts and diagrams. Text, number and formula. Processing chemical experiment data. Peculiarities of calculations in data processing of chemical processes. Rounding. Diagram routines included in programs depicting chemical processes. Spectrum, reactions, kinetics, titration curves.

6. Classical data bases. Working with data groups arranged in charts (selecting, finding, filtering of data). The main functions of the managing system of data bases. Index files, their use.

7. Use of WWW to find information. Chemistry software.8. HTML format, text in HTML format. The impropriety of automated systems when working with

texts in Latvian.9. The processing of results and depicting them in the form of charts and diagrams. Report

preparation.Requirements for successful course completion: 32 lectures and 32 practical work hours. Examination format: preparation of a report on a given topic.Prerequisites: the course of mathematics in secondary school level, the basis of result processing.Course literature:1. Alksnis U., Kauķis A., Takeris S. Metodiski norādījumi laboratorijas darbiem. 2.izdevums. R.,

1982, 56 lpp.2. Takeris S. Skaitļotāji un informātika ķīmiķiem. Mācību palīglīdzeklis. R., 1987, 73 lpp.3. Takeris S. Skaitļojamās mašīnas un programmēšana. Eksperimentālo rezultātu matemātiskā

apstrāde. R.: LU, 1989, 54 lpp.4. Šlihta G., Šlihta V. Pamati darbam ar personālo datoru. Mācību grāmata. R., 1994, 160 lpp.5. Vēzis V. Exel 5.0 ikvienam. Mācību līdzeklis. R., 1994, 208 lpp.6. Skrastiņš S. Lietišķā informātika. I daļa. R.: “Pētergailis”, 1998, 104 lpp.7. Pogue D. Macs for Dummies. IDG Books, 1977, 352 lpp.


46

EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr. habil. chem., doc. Valdis Kaļķis Course code:Credits: 2Course included in: part B of the Bachelor's programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The aim of the course is to present information about chemical substances and materials widely used in everyday life. The task of the course is to study basic principles about polymer materials, building materials, plastics, paints, varnishes, glues, detergents and cleaning agents, products of oil chemistry, chemicals used in agriculture, chemical substances used in cosmetics and other products. Course content:

1. The most widely used polymeric materials in everyday life. 2. Plastics with small-dispersed inorganic fillers. Heterogenous polymer blends. Lamellar

polymeric materials. Thermosetting polymeric materials. Polymeric concrete. Polymeric materials, which contain natural fillers. Gas-filled polymeric materials. Biological destruction of polymers. Polymeric fibers. Polymeric glues.

3. Coatings: varnishes and paints. Synthetic polymers, natural polymers used in varnishes and paints. Solvents, organic and inorganic pigments.

4. Detergents and cleaning agents. Description of commercial detergents.5. Chemistry in the kitchen: chemical composition of fats, oils and other food products, their

changes during processing and storage.6. Cosmetics. Natural and synthetic substances (perfumes, creams, powders etc.) used in

cosmetic chemistry. The production of perfume. 7. Substances and materials in photography and reproduction.8. Chemicals, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, defoliants etc. used in agriculture.9. Goods from oil and oil products: oils, petrol, diesel fuels etc.

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hours.Examination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: General Chemistry Course literature:1. G.S. Misra. Introductory Polymer Chemistry, Wiley, 1993, 253 pp.2. M. Kalnins, V. Kalkis. High-molecular Compounds (in Latvian), Riga, Zvaigzne, 1985, 339 pp.3. M. Manerov, S. Ermilov. Varnishes and paints at home (in Russian), Moscow, Chemija,1989,

205 pp.4. R. J. Woods, A. K Pikaev. Applied Radiation Chemistry: Radiation Processing, John

Wiley&Sons, 1993, 535 pp.


47

LARGE-MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

Course author: Dr. habil. chem., doc. Valdis Kaļķis Course code:Credits: 6Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor's programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The aim of the course is to consider the chemistry, physics and mechanics of high-molecular compounds, including inorganic chain molecules, and the application of polymer materials in industry. The course will focus on the main principles about the structure of high-molecular systems, properties of amorphous and semicrystalline polymers, synthesis of polymers, methods of chemical conversation and processing, heterogeneous polymer blends, methods of modification, and durability of materials.Course content:

1. General conceps. Classification of, structure, chain flexibility, configurations and conformmations of macromolecules. Supermolecular structures.

2. Aggregation of amorphous and semicrystalline polymers, physical states. Orintation of polymers.

3. Principles of polymer physics and mechanics. Relaxation processes.4. Principles of polymer rheology. Solution of polymers. Electrolytes and liquid crystalline

polymers.5. Interaction of polymers with gases, vapours, liquid low molecular substances.6. Polymerization, grafting, coploymerization. Kinetics of radical, ionic and ionic-

coordinative polymerization. 7. Polycondensation. Reactions with condensation of low-molecular compounds.

Polyaddition reactions. 8. Chemical conversations of polymers. Polymer analogous reactions. Macromolecular

reactions.9. Ageing and stabilization of polymers.10. Polymer materials, their description, application.11. Processing methods of polymers.12. Inorganic polymers, their structure, properties. Synthesis of inorganic polymers.13. Radiation chemistry of polymers.

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 h, laboratory work 96 h.Examination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: Organic Chemistry I and II, Physical Chemistry I and IICourse literature:

1. R. Young, P.A. Lovell. Introduction to Polymers, New York, Chapman & Hall, 1991, 443 pp.

2. P. Munk. Introduction to Macromolecular Science, Toronto, John Wiley & Sons, 1989, 522 pp.

3. G.S. Misra. Introductory Polymer Chemistry, Wiley, 1993, 253 pp.4. M. Kalnins, V. Kalkis. High-molecular Compounds. Riga, Zvaigzne, 1985, 339 pp.5. M. Manerov, S. Ermilov. Varnishes and paints at home (in Russian), Moscow,

Chemija,1989, 205 pp.6. Chemistry and Physics of Macromolecules, ed. Erhar W. Fisher, Rolf C. Schulz and Hns

Sillescu, Weinheim, Basel, Cambridge, New York: Sonderforshungesbereihe VCH, 1991, 558 pp.

7. R. J. Woods, A. K Pikaev. Applied Radiation Chemistry: Radiation Processing, John Wiley & Sons, 1993, 535 pp.

48

WORK SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

Course author: Dr.habil.chem., doc. Valdis Kaļķis Course code:Credit points: 4Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor's programme in ChemistryCourse annotation: Environment protection and organizing of work safety. The chemical, physical, biological, mechanical, ergonomical and psychosocial risk factors of work environment. Rules of electricity safety, fire-safety, explosion safety and radiation safety, and safe work methods in laboratories of chemistry, physics and other technical sciences.Content of the course:1. Structure and legal principles of environment protection.2. Ecological equilibrium in the environment.3. Climatic factors.4. Water and air protection.5. Biogeochemical cycles. Soil and its protection.6. Global production and its degradation.7. Problems of solid, liquid and toxic waste in Latvia.8. Demography.9. Laws of the Republic of Latvia. Work protection. Organizing of work protection. Workplace

health promotion.10. Chemical, physical, biological, mechanical risk factors of work environment.11. Ergonomical, psychosocial and organization factors of work environment.12. Combustion of substances. Explosive mixtures. Regulations of fire-safety and explosion safety.13. Safe work organization in laboratories. Neutralization and destruction of dangerous chemical

substances in laboratory. Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 56 hours, laboratory 8 hours.Examination format: Written examination Course literature:

1. Kay Berner E., Berner R. A. Global Environment, New Jersey, 1996, pp.376.2. Henrey I. G., Heinke G.W. Envionment Science and Engineering, New Jersey, Englew.

Cliffs, 1989.3. I. Liepa, A. Maurins, J. Vimba. Ecology and Nature Protection (in Latvian), Riga,

Zvaigzne, 1991.4. Work Environment Risk factors and Emploees Health Protection (in Latvian), edit. V.

Kalkis, M. Eglite, Riga, Elpa, 2000, pp.300.

49

PREPARATION METHODS OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES

Course author: Dr.hab.chem., prof. Andris ZicmanisCourse code:Credit points: 7Course included in: B part of the Bachelor’s programme in chemistryCourse description: The most frequently used synthetic methods of common organic substances, and their mutual transformations are discussed in the course. Course content: 1. Functionalisation of organic compounds and interconversion of functional groups.2. Formation of carbon-carbon bonds.3. Organometallic compounds in organic synthesis.4. The use of stabilised carbanions in organic synthesis.5. Formation of carbon-non-carbon bonds. 6. Chemical and catalytic reduction.7. Chemical and catalytic oxidation.Requirements for the successful course completion:32 lecture hours, 32 seminar hours, and 96 laboratory hours.Examination format: satisfactory laboratory performance, seminar and examine presentations.Pre-requisites: Organic Chemistry I and II.Course literature:1.R.K.Mackie, D.M.Smith, R.A.Aitken. Guidebook to Organic Synthesis. (2nd Edition). Longman Scientific & Technical: Harlow, 1990. - 387 pp.2. E. Gudriniece, A.Kārkliņa, I.Strakova. Organisko savienojumu sintēzes metodes. “Zvaigzne”: Rīga, 1976. - 432 lpp.3. J.March. Advanced Organic Chemistry. (3rd Edition). John Wiley & Sons: New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, 1985. - 1346 pp.


50

SPECTROSCOPY OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Course author: Dr.hab.chem., prof. Andris ZicmanisCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: B part of the Bachelor’s programme in chemistryCourse description:

Theoretical and practical aspects of the most widely exploited spectroscopic methods for analysis and structure determination of

organic compounds: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared

spectroscopy, UV/VIS spectroscopy, and mass-spectrometry.

Course content: 1. Interaction of electromagnetic field and organic substance.2. Effect of nuclear magnetic resonance, its examples, instruments used in NMR spectroscopy.3. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). Chemical shift. Integral intensity. Spin-spin

coupling constants.4. Relationship of 1H NMR information and structure of organic compounds.5. Infrared spectroscopy (IR). Principles of the method. Equipment. IR parameters. Relationship of

spectral data and structure of organic compounds.6. Electron spectroscopy (UV/VIS). Principles of the method. Equipment. Relationship of

absorption spectra and structure of organic compounds.7. Mass spectrometry. Principles of the method. Equipment. Relationship of mass spectra and

structure of organic compounds.8. Combined use of 1H NMR, IR, UV/VIS, and mass spectra in analyses of organic substances.Requirements for the successful course completion: 32 lecture hours, 32 seminar hours.Examination format: satisfactory seminars and examine presentations.Pre-requisites: Organic Chemistry Course literature:1. L.M.Harwood, T.D.W.Claridge. Introduction to Organic Spectroscopy. Oxford University Press:

Oxford, 1997. - 92 pp.2. D.W.Brown, A.J.Floyd, M.Sainsbury. Organic Spectroscopy. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester,

New York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, 1988. -250 pp.3. R.Valters. Kodolu magnētiskās rezonanses spektroskopijas izmantošana organiskajā ķīmijā. -

Rīgas Tehniskā universitāte: Rīga, 1991. - 111 lpp.4. R.Valters. Infrasarkanās spektroskopijas izmantošana organisko savienojumu struktūranalīzē. -

Rīgas Tehniskā universitāte: Rīga, 1990. - 83 lpp.5. R.Valters. Elektronu spektroskopijas izmantošana organiskajā ķīmijā. - Rīgas Tehniskā

universitāte: Rīga, 1992. - 83 lpp.6. R.Valters. Masspektrometrijas izmantošana organiskajā ķīmijā. - Rīgas Tehniskā

universitāte: Rīga, 1993. - 107 lpp.


HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS

Course author: Dr.hab.chem., prof. Andris Zicmanis, Dr.chem., doc. Jazeps LoginsCourse code:Credit points: 7Course included in: B part of the Bachelor’s programme in chemistry

51

Course description: The most frequently encountered and the most widely used heterocyclic compounds are described in the course. Information about synthetic methods, physical and chemical properties, and practical application are presented.Course content: 1. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds.2. Non- aromatic heterocyclic compounds.3. Cyclisation and cycloaddition reactions.4. Six member heterocycles with one non-carbon atom.5. Five member heterocycles with one non-carbon atom.6. Six member heterocycles with two and more non-carbon atoms.7. Five member heterocycles with two and more non-carbon atoms.8. Three- and four-member heterocycles.Requirements for the successful course completion: 32 lecture hours, 32 seminar hours, and 96 laboratory training hours.Examination format: satisfactory seminar and examine presentations.Pre-requisites: Full course of Bachelor of Sciences in Chemistry.Course literature:1. T.L.Gilchrist. Heterocyclic chemistry. (3rd Edition). Longman: Singapore, 1997. - 414 pp.2. J.March. Advanced Organic Chemistry. (3rd Edition). John Wiley & Sons: New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, 1985. - 1346 pp.3. R.Valters. Heterociklisko savienojumu ķīmija. Rīgas Tehniskā universitāte: Rīga, 1995. – 103 lpp.


52

APPLIED CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Andris A.SpricisCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The aim of this course is to familiarise student with theoretical aspects of applied chemistry, with problems of natural resources and raw materials, with principles used to produce different chemicals. Industrial syntheses of inorganic materials are emphasised. An overview of the environmental impact of chemical industry is presented.

Course content:1. The chemical elements in nature, natural resources.2. Raw materials for applied chemistry.3. Water resources. Water treatment. Sewage treatment.4. Natural resources for energy production. Sources of energy. Power generation.5. Chemical process economics.6. Chemical process selection, design and operation.7. Syntheses of basic inorganic chemicals - manufacture of acids, ammonia, salts

and fertilisers.8. Industrial electrochemical processes - manufacture of aluminium, hydrogen,

chlorine and sodium hydroxide.9. Metallurgy.10. Applied chemistry of silicates.11. Glass industries.12. Ceramic industries, manufacture of brick.13. Cement industries, hardening of cement. Types of concrete. Corrosion and

preservation. 14. Fossil fuels. Coke from coal. Petroleum refining. Gasoline.15. Pulp and paper industries.16. Applied chemistry and the environment.Requirements for getting credits: lectures 32 hours and laboratory 64 hours.Examination format: written examination and satisfactory completion of laboratory sessions.Course literature:1. Austin G.T. Shreves Chemical Process Industries. Fifth edition. - New York. Mc

Graw - Hill Book Company, 1994.2. Manahan S.E. Environmental Chemistry. - California. Brooks / Cole Publishing

Company, 1994.1. Burman R. Manufacturing Management Principles and Systems. - London. Mc

Graw - Hill Book Company, 1995.4. Higgins R. Engineering Metallurgy.- London. Edward Arnold, 1993.2. Osipovs L. Ķīmijas tehnologijas pamatprocesi un aparāti.- Riga. Zvaigzne, 1991. 3. Lemba J. Ķīmiskie procesi un reaktori.- Riga. RTU, 1999.


53

GENERAL FOOD CHEMISTRYCourse author: Dr.chem., doc. Ida JākobsoneCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The aim of the course is to supply the students with basic knowledge about foodstuffs and their components and their chemical, fermentative and microbiological transformation under storage and processing. Methods of food analyse. The concept of subprogram “System for Food Quality Assurance” of the National Program for Quality Assurance.Course content:1. The composition of food2. Food constituents and their food value3. Fats. Chemical and microbiological changes in fats and their spoilage.4. Carbohydrate. Sources, changes under food processing and use for producing

food.5. Proteins. Sources of foodstuffs, rich in proteins. Changes of proteins during

processing of food during storage of food.6. Food additives: preservatives, anti oxidants, emulsifiers, coagulants, stabilisers,

moisturising substances, spices, dyes etc.7. Residuals of different substances in food. Pesticides. Veterinary considerations.

Contamination of foodstuff from the environment.8. Harmful substances in natural food.9. EU requirements for food quality assurance.10. Latvian legislation on food.11. Processing and storage of food.12. Methods for quality assessment of food.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 h, practical work 32 hExamination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: Organic ChemistryCourse literature:1. V.Baltess. Pārtikas ķīmija (Food Chemistry). Rīga, University of Latvia, 1998,

474 pp. (in Latvian)2. R.Matiseks u.c. Pārtikas analītiskā ķīmija (Analytical Chemistry of Food). Rīga,

University of Latvia, 1998, 456 pp. (in Latvian)3. Belitz, Grosch. Lebensmittelchemie. Springer Verlag, 1992, 754 S.4. Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers on food. (In Latvian)


54

INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Course authors: Dr.hab.chem., prof. Andris Zicmanis, Dr.chem., doc. Jāzeps Logins Course code:Credit points: 2Course included in: B part of the Bachelor’s programme in chemistryCourse description:

Main natural products, their isolations and mutual conversions, as well as catalysts, equipment, and conditions of syntheses for large-scale organic chemical processes are discussed in the course. Course content: 1. Economic and technical aspects of the energy and raw material supply in chemical industry.2. Basic products of industrial syntheses: synthesis gas, coal, oil, etc.3. Alkenes, acetylene, dienes.4. Carbon monoxide and dioxide in industrial syntheses.5. Oxidation products of ethylene.6. Alcohols.7. Vinyl halogens, vinyl ethers, vinyl esters.8. Components for polyamides.9. Conversions of aromatics.Requirements for the successful course completion: 24 lecture hours, 8 seminar hours. Examination format: satisfactory seminar and oral presentations.Pre-requisites: Organic Chemistry.Course literature:1.K.Weissermel, H.-J.Arpe. Industrial Organic Chemistry. (2nd Edition). VCH Publishers: Weinheim, New york, Basel, Cambridge, Tokyo, 1996. - 457 pp.2. J.March. Advanced Organic Chemistry. (3rd Edition). John Wiley & Sons: New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, 1985. - 1346 pp.


55

THE AUTOMATISATION OF CHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS

Course author: Dr.chem., docent Sigurds Takeris.Course code:Credit points: 2.This course included in: Section B of the Bachelor’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The aim of this course is to get the students introduced with the general principles of the automatisation of chemical experiments and to give skills for using the computer for the scientific research of chemical processes.Course content:1. The methodology of the automatisation of chemical experiments, the algorithms of data

mathematical analyses, the principle of feedback.2. The methods of the automatisation of the simplest chemical processes, automatic distillation.3. The options of using computers in the automatisation of the chemical experiments, the most

commonly used softwares and interfaces, the equipment of computerised experimental observations (sensors, measurement cards, measurement panels, activators).

4. Figure voltmetrs as the simplest analog-to-digital converters. Programming multiport cards and the basic principles of their use. Other kinds of analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters.

5. The automatisation of experiments in the analytical chemistry. The automatic samplers in spectrophotometry and chromatographic analysis, automatic titrating by using the ionselective and conductometric registration.

6. The use of software Coach 4.2 for the automatisation of chemical experiments. 7. The automatised research of chemical kinetics, the use of programming termostats in

determining the energy of activation. 8. The use of termo and photoluminescence spectroscopy in the chemical experiments, the

automatisation of the registration of luminescence spectrums.9. The automatic registration and processing of the paramagnetic resonance spectrums of free

radicle electrons.Requirements for successful course completion: 16 lectures hours, 10 seminar hours and 6 practical work hours Examination format: Written testPre-requisites: Computer modelling in chemistryCourse literature:1. Niedrīte L. Microsoft Exel 5.0 lietpratējiem. Rīga: Computerland, 1995, 174 lpp.2. Austerlitz H. Data Acquisition Techniques Using Personal Computers. New-York:

AcademicPress, 1991, 316 pp.3. Tompkins W., Webster J. Interfacing Sensors to the IBM☺PC. Prentice Hall, 1988, 447 pp.4. Takeris S. Skaitļojamās mašīnas un programmēšana. Eksperimentālo rezultātu matemātiskā

apstrāde. R.: LU, 1989, 54 lpp.5. Hoeschele D. Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion Techniques. New-York:

Willey, 1994, 397 pp.

The programme id approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08.98.)

56

CORROSION OF METALS

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Uldis AlksnisCourse code:Credit points: 2.Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor’s degree programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The theory of corrosion of metals. The task of the course is to introduce students in the areas of chemical resistance of metals in different conditions, metal corrosion processes, methods of protection from corrosion, simple calculations related to the corrosion of metals.Course content:1. Corrosion of metals, classification of the corrosion processes and measurements of the rate of

corrosion.2. Chemical corrosion and protection from the chemical corrosion.3. Electrochemical corrosion. Purbe diagrams. Mechanism and principles of electrochemical

corrosion.4. Electrochemical corrosion in different media. 5. Passivity of metals.6. Protection from electrochemical corrosion: coating, treatment of the medium, electrochemical

methods of protection, combined methods of protection. Requirements for the successful course completion: 32 lectures hours. Examination format: written examination.Prerequisites: General Chemistry.Literature:1. Маттсон Э. Электрохимическая коррозия. - Москва: Металлургия, 1991.2. Kaesche H. Die Korrosion der Metalle. – Berlin-Barcelona: Springer Verlag, 1990.


57

BASIC COORDINATION CHEMISTRY

Course authors: Dr chem., doc. Jānis Švirksts, Dr habil. chem., prof. Miķelis V.Veidis.Course code:Credit points: 2. Course included in: part B of the Bachelor’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The material will cover the chemistry of the d and f elements of the periodic table. The influence of the d orbitals and the f orbitals on the chemistry of these elements will be considered.Course content:1. The electronic configuration of d and f orbitals.2. The geometry of d and f orbitals.3. The structures and possible symmetry elements of complexes formed by d and f

elements.4. Crystal field and ligand field theories.5. The applicability of various bonding theories in d and f elements.6. Electronic spectra of involving d and f elements.7. The electronic spectra of complexes formed by d and f elements.8. Symmetry considerations.9. Ligand substitution reactions.10. Examples of substitution reactions in octahedral and square-planar complexes.11. Ox-red reactions.12. Reactions and catalysis.13. The elements of the carbonyl bond.14. Clusters.15. An introduction to bio-inorganic chemistry.Requirements for the successful course completion: Course volume: 32 lectures, including seminars. Examination format: written examination Pre-requisites: Inorganic ChemistryCourse literature: 1. Cotton, F.A. and Wilkinson,G. “Advanced Inorganic Chemistry”, John Wiley and

Sons, 1988,2. Shriver,D.E. and Atkins, P.W. “Inorganic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press,

1999.3. Cotton F.A., Wilkinsin, G., Gauss, “Basic Inorganic Chemistry”, New York,

John Wiley and Sons, 1995.


58

CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY

Course authors: Dr chem., doc. Jānis ŠvirkstsCourse code:Credit points: 3 Course included in: part B of the Bachelor’s programme in Chemistry.Course description: The course will cover general principles of the crystalline state and the classification of crystals. The influence of the chemistry of the elements on the crystal structure and the connection between chemical and physical properties, and the crystalline state will be considered in detail.Course content:1. A description of crystal chemistry.2. Crystal geometry

2.1. The symmetry elements and their combinations.2.2. Crystal classes, and the latice symmetry.2.3. Simple crystal forms and their combinations.2.4. Coordinates in crystals.2.5. Stereographic projections.

3. The internal structure of crystals.3.1. The pace lattice and the unit cell.3.2. The symmetry elements.3.3. The Bravai’s lattice.3.4. Space groups.3.5. Miller indexes.3.6. Identification of crystal faces.

4. X-ray crystallography.5. Crystal structure.

5.1. Latice and crystal structure.5.2. The co-ordination number and polyhedra.5.3. Structure types: isomofism, polymorphism, allotropy, morfotropy.5.4 The close packing of spheres.5.5. The common crystal structures.5.6. Structure defects.

6. Chemical bonds in crystals.6.1. Covalent, ionic, metallic, and van der Wall’s bonds.6.2. Specific van der Wall’s radii.6.3. Structures with mixed bonds.6.4. Crystal latice energy.

7. The physical properties of crystals.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures and seminars 48 h Examination format: Written examination Course literature: 1. Kručāns J. Kristālstruktūranalīzes pamati, Rīga: Zvaigzne, 1992 (in Latvian)2. Jegorov-Tismenko J.K. Kristallogrāfija. M., MGU, 1992 (in Russian).3. Vainštein B.-K. Sovremennaja kristallografija, t.1.-4., Moskva, Nauka, 1979-1981

Bokij G.B., Kristallohimija. M., Nauka, 1971 (in Russian).4. Šaskoļskaja M.P. Kristallografija. M., Visšaja škola, 1976 (in Russian).The programme is approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08.98.)

INORGANIC SYNTHESIS

59

Course authors: Dr chem., doc. Jānis Švirksts, Dr habil. chem., prof. Miķelis V.Veidis.Course code:Credit points: 4. Course included in: part B of the Bachelor’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The aim of this course is to strengthen the student’s skills in preparing inorganic compounds, including complexes, and to introduce the student new methods in inorganic synthetic chemistry. A literature search for the best possible synthetic methods will be encouraged.Course content:1. The theory of inorganic syntheses in aqueous and non-aqueous environments, in

high and low temperature plasma, at high and low temperatures, and at various pressures.

2. Thermodynamics, reaction spontaneity, free energy of reaction.3. Calculation of the equilibrium constant for a reaction. Heterogenic catalysis. 4. Purification of compounds. Re-crystallisation and the use of chromatography in

purification.5. Identification of prepared compounds. Elemental analyses and determination of

physical constants.6. Inorganic syntheses.7. The use of hydrogen in preparing pure metals and non-metals from their

respective oxides. The synthesis compounds containing elements in their lowest oxidation states.

8. The use of the halogens in simple syntheses.9. The synthesis of selected carbides and nitrides.10. Dehydration of metal salts.11. Preparation of simple compounds containing the more common elements.12. Syntheses of selected complexes containing organic ligands and transition

elements.13. Critical evaluation of one synthesis described in the literature, and the detailed

description of one synthesis selected by the student.Requirements for successful course completion: 32 lecture hours and 64 hours laboratory practice.Examination format: written examination and one selected synthesis.Prerequisites: Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry.Course literature: 1. Cotton, F.A. and Wilkinson,G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley and

Sons, 1988.2. Shriver,D.E. and Fluck E., and C. Mahr, Anorganisches Grundpraktikum, 1985.


60

QUANTUM CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr phys., doc. Janis ĀboliņšCourse codeCredit points: 4Course included in: Section B of the Bachelor’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The basic methods of quantum mechanics and quantum chemistry using Schroedinger quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanical interpretation of the chemical bond and valence.Course content:

1. Motion of subatomic particles. Postulates of quantum mechanics2. Simple quantum mechanical calculations: potential energy well, hartmonic oscillation, the

electron in a spherical force field3. Multi electron systems: indistinguishable particles and the Pauli principle4. Approximation of perturbation and the LCAO aproximation for two atoms5. Spin theory of valence6. Hybrid orbitals. Conjugate bonds. The MO method7. Huckkel’s approximation and LCAO for homogenous systems. Energy and structure

designation of molecules. LCAO for molecules of different atoms8. Hartree-Fock approximations for LCAO and the concept of the selfconsistant field.

Requirements for successful course completion: sixty-four lecturesExamination format: written Prerequisites: PhysicsLiterature:

1. J.Abolins and E.Silters,”Vielas Uzbuve” Zvaigzne, 1970 (in Latvian)2. Michael J.S.Dewar “The Molecular orbital theory of Organic Chemistry” McGraw-Hill,

19693. C.A.Coulson,” Valence” Oxford Univ. Press 19614. B.Pullman and A.Pullman “Quantum Biochemistry” Interscience 19635. L.Pauling and E.Bright Wilson, “Introduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications

to Chemistry” Dover 1981

61

STATISTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Andris ActiņšCourse code:Credit points: 3.Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor’s degree programme in chemistry.Course description:

Use of statistical methods in chemistry. Pperations with the random variable distribution functions and their usage in the description of property distribution of natural objects, error theory, spectroscopy. Convolution and deconvolution methods (in spectroscopy, X-ray difractometry).Course content:1. Principles and theorems of Probability.2. Probability distributions.3. Sample variance in the functions of random variable distribution.4. Convolution of random variable summ distribution. 2 distribution.5. Integral transformations, Laplas’s and Fourier’s transformations. Composition theorem.6. Relationships. 7. Simulation of distribution density functions.8. Statistical treatment of the results of random variable distribution relationships.9. Transformations of spectral functions.10. Random variable distribution transformations by computer methods.Requirements for the successful course completion: 24 lectures hours, 24 practical hours.Examination format: an examination and 6 exercises for the independent solution.Prerequisites: Mathematics, Physics.Literature:1. Партасарати К. Введение в теорию вероятностей и теорию меры. Пер. с англ. под ред.

В.В.Сазонова. – М.: Мир, 1983, 336 с.2. Худсон Д. Статистика для физиков. – М.: Мир, 1970, 298 с.3. Гурский Е.И. Теория вероятностей с элементами математической статистики. М.: Высшая

школа, 1971, 324 с.4. Walpole R.E., Myers R.H., Myers S.L. Probability and Statistics. 6 th edition – Prentice Hall. –

1998. – 740 p.5. Scheldon M.Ross. Introduction to Probability Methods. 6 th edition. Academic Press. – 1997. –

670 p.


62

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Andris ActiņšCourse code:Credit points: 3.Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor’s degree programme in chemistry.Course description:

The aim of this course is to familiarise students with the specific processes of electrochemical reactions. Description of the mass transfer process, the charge transfer mechanism, the character of voltage-current curves, the role of the electric double layer in electrochemical reactions. Electrochemical processes in chemical power generation elements and in the electrochemical synthesis.Course content:1. Fundamental characteristic values of the electrochemical processes. 2. Mass transfer in solutions. 3. Charge transfer in the electrochemical reactions. 4. Electrochemical reactions with mixed control. 5. Coupled electrochemical reactions. 6. Utilisation of electrochemical reactions. Requirements for the successful course completion: 32 lectures hours, 32 laboratory hours.Examination format: an examination.Prerequisites: physical chemistry, highest mathematics, physics.Literature:7. Багоцкий В.С. Основы электрохимии. М. : Химия, 1988, - 400с.8. Антропов Л.И. Теоретическая электрохимия. М. : Высшая школа, 1984, -519с.9. Дамаскин Б.Б., Петрий О.А. Введение в электрохимическую кинетику. М. : Высшая школа,

1983, - 400 с.10. Дамаскин Б.Б., Петрий О.А. Электрохимия. М. : Высшая школа, 1987, -295


63

HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Uldis Alksnis.Course code:Credit points: 2.Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor’s degree programme in chemistry.Course description:

The history of chemistry, and the development of chemistry. The periods of the development of chemistry, distinguished chemists, important concepts in the development of chemistry.Course content:1. Sources of the history of chemistry.2. Pre-alchemy (Black Magic) period, development element and atom concepts.3. Alchemy period: Greek-Egyptian, Arabian and West European alchemy. The importance of

alchemy.4. Development of chemical science: iatrochemistry, theory of phlogiston, pneumatic chemistry.

Lavoisier and modern chemistry principles. 5. Quantitative relationships, quantitative laws, Dalton’s atomic theory, Liebig’s works and the

beginnings of the production of artifical fertilisers, atomic-molecular hypothesis, the emergence of analytical chemistry.

6. Modern chemistry: development of the periodic law, electrolytic theory of dissociation, the structure of matter, progress of organic chemistry, development of physical chemistry, specificity of modern chemistry.

7. History of chemistry of Latvia: beginnings of chemistry in Latvia, formation of the Departament of Chemistry un the Riga Politechnic. V.Ostvald, K.Bišof, M.Glāzenaps, P.Valden. Chemistry in the University of Latvia: V.Fišers, M.Centneršvērs, M.Straumanis, B.Jirgensons.

8. Chemistry in Latvia after the Second World War: A.Ķešāns, A.Ieviņš, G.Vanags, L.Liepiņa, S.Hillers, J.Stradiņš. Formation of the institutes of the Academy of Science and the Second Faculty of Chemistry. Prospects of chemistry in Latvia.

Requirements for the successful course completion: 32 lectures hours.Examination format: a written examination.Prerequisites: General Chemistry.Literature:1. Alksnis U. Ķīmijas vēstures stāsti. R.: IM., I-III d., 1992.-1994.2. Штрубе В. Пути развития химии. – М., Мир, 1984.


64

FAST CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Course author: Dr.habil.phys., prof. Juris TīliksCourse code: Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor’s programme in ChemistryCredit points: 3Course description:The aim of the course is to show the students the details of fast physicochemical processes in different phases (solution, gases, solids). Kinetics and thermodynamics of fast and super-fast processes and methods of practical estimation of the process parameters are reviewed.Course content:Kinetics and thermodynamics of fast physicochemical processes, parameters, classification.Methods for fast reaction parameter estimation.Flow system.Relaxation time measurement.Photo methods for investigation of fast reactions.Pulse photolysis, laser spectroscopy.Pulse radiolysis, estimation of super-fast reaction parameters, pulse stroboscopy.Radiospectroscopy.Fast reactions in non-steady-state condition .Fast chemical reactions .Experimental techniques and calculations.Fast reactions in science and industry.Requirement for successful course completion: lectures and seminars 32 h, laboratory 32 hExamination format: written examinationPrerequisites: Inorganic chemistry I and II, Physics, Physical chemistryCourse literature:1. H.Hammes. Investigation of rates and mechanisms of reactions. N.Y., 1993, 716 p.2. E.Kolgin. Fast reactions in solution. Moscow:Mir. 1966. 365 p., in Russian3. D.Young. Decomposition of Solids. Pergamon Press, 1986, 263 p.4. F.Bouden, A.Yoffe. Fast reactions in solids, Butterw. Publ., London, 1986, 292 p.


65

PHYSICAL METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

Course author: Dr.habil.phys., prof. Juris TīliksCourse code: Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor’s programme in ChemistryCourse credit: 2Course description:

The course will introduce students to the common non-destructive methods of analysis e.g. optical, radiospectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, electric, magnetic and acoustic, and application of these methods to problem solving in chemistry, biology, material control etc.Course content:

1. Characterisation of physical methods, classification, areas of use.2. Characterisation of investigated object, composition and structure.3. Characterisation of external energy factors, energy effects on the matter.4. Conclusions about specific characteristics from obtained measurements, accuracy

of the results.5. Use of electrical field, dielectric methods.6. Use of magnetic field in physical methods of investigation.7. Electromagnetic radiation, properties and use.8. Ionising radiation use (activation analysis, Mosbauer spectroscopy, x-ray

fluorescence, x-ray diffraction etc.).9. Ultraviolet and visible optical spectroscopy (absorption, luminescence, light

polarisation etc.).10. Use of infra-red radiation.11. Electron paramagnetic resonance and nuclear spectroscopy.12. Use of charged particles in methods of investigation (electronography, ionic

spectroscopy, electron energy spectroscopy).13. Mass spectroscopy.14. Acoustic methods of investigation of compounds and materials.15. Thermography.

Requirement for successful course completion: lectures 32 hoursExamination format: written examinationPrerequisites: Physics, Mathematics, Inorganic chemistry I and IICourse literature:

1. Vihnov L.V., Pentin Yu.A. Physical methods of investigation. Moscow: Visshya Shkola. 1987, 359 p., in Russian.s

2. Trace analysis. Spectroscopic methods for elements. Ed. J.D.Waindorf. N.Y., 1995, 494 p.

3. Yuing G. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis. Moscow: Mir. 1989, 607 p., in Russian.


66

INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

Course author: Dr.habil.phys., prof. Juris TīliksCourse code:Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor’s programme in ChemistryCourse credits: 3Course description:

This is a and laboratory course. Students will use a number of physical methods of investigation – sample preparation, standardise of apparatus, test, measurement, calculate and report results.

Each of the students has to demonstrate proficiency using 8-10 methods, and observe 6-8 demonstrations.Course content:

1. Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, diffuse reflection and infra-red spectroscopy.2. Luminescence.3. Gamma spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis.4. X-ray radiation use, absorption, fluorescence, diffusion.5. Electron paramagnetic resonance, proton paramagnetic resonance.6. Dielectric methods, estimation of dielectric parameter, dipol moment analysis.7. Acoustic methods, ultrasound, bulk and surface waves.8. Methods to study the magnetic properties.9. Thermography use for estimating composition and structure.10. Laser spectroscopy, ultra-short pulses.11. Mass spectroscopy.12. Electron microscopy, tunnelling microscopy, atomic force microscopy.

Requirement for successful course completion: seminars 16 hours, laboratory 64 hoursExamination format: pass/failPrerequisites: Physical Methods of InvestigationCourse literature:

1. G.W.Ewing. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis. Mc-Graw Hill Co., N.Y., 1989, p.608.

2. Zharskiy I.M., Novikov G.I. Physical methods of investigation in inorganic chemistry. Moscow:Visshaya Shkola, 1988, 270 p., in Russian.

3. P.Atkins. Physical Chemistry II. Moscow: Mir, Vol.1, 1980, 583 p., in Russian.


67

ENERGY-CONTAINMENT CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.habil.phys., prof. Juris TīliksCourse code: Course included in: part B of the Bachelor’s programme in ChemistryCourse credit: 2Course description:

The course introduces students to energy-containment chemistry: photochemistry, laser chemistry, radiation chemistry, plasma chemistry etc. The course will introduce general basics and experimental techniques and industrial application.Course content:

1. General principles of energy-containment chemistry: kinetics and thermodynamics.

2. Energy types, properties, sources.3. Chemically active particles (excitation state, ions, free radicals etc.).4. Photochemistry, basic laws, application.5. Laser Chemistry, laser radiation, application.6. Radiation chemical processes, effect on of ionising radiation on gases, water

solutions, organic compounds, biosystems, polymers etc.7. Radiation modification and radiolysis of solids.8. Plasma Chemistry, basics, types of plasma, sources, kinetics of chemical reactions

in plasma.9. Achievements of Latvia in plasma chemistry.10. Use of energy-containment chemistry in fundamental chemistry.11. Utility and economics of energy-containment chemistry.12. Experimental and industrial techniques and methods of energy-containment

chemistry.Requirement for successful course completion: lectures 24 hours, laboratories 8 hoursExamination format: Written examinationLiterature:

1. Spinks J.W., Woods R.J. An introduction to radiation chemistry. N.Y., 1992, 504 p.

2. Henglein A., Schabel W., Wendonburg J. Einfurung in die Strahlenchemie. Berlin, 1990, 400 p.

3. Bugaenko L.E., Kuzmin M.G., Polak L.S. High energy chemistry. Moscow:Khymiya, 1988, 364 p., in Russian

4. Pikayev A.K. Modern radiation chemistry, Vol.1, Moscow:Nauka, 1985, 373 p., in Russian



7. Jagazcapyan R.V., Kosorotov V.I., Filippov M.T. Introduction to radiation chemical technology. Moscow:Atomizdat, 1979, 285 p., in Russian


68

BASIC CHROMATOGRAPHY

Course author: Dr chem., doc. Pēteris MekšsCredit points: 4Course included in: part B of the Bachelor’s programme in Chemistry.Course description: The aim of this course is to introduce students in understanding basic concepts of separation by gas and liquid chromatography and different retention mechanisms as a result of intermolecular interactions between analyte molecules and stationary phase. The course introduce in handling with main parts of equipment and principles of qualitative and quantitative analysis as soon as preparative isolation of components of complex mixtures and trace analysis by chromatographic methods.Course content:1. Different LC and GC methods.2. Stationary and mobile phases.3. Retention process and molecular dispersion.4. Interactions between sample and stationary phase.5. Description of band migration process and retention parameters.6. Column efficiency and selectivity, number of theoretical plates and resolution.7.Gradient elution in LC and temperature programming in GC.8.Detection of chromatographic bands in GC and LC.9.Identification by chromatographic and coupled methods.10. Calibration for quantitative analysis by LC and GC.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures -48 h, laboratory practise – 24 h,

discussions – 8 h.Examination format: written examinationPre-requisites: Analytical, Physical and Organic ChemistryCourse literature:1. J.S.Snyder, J.J.Kirkland. “Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography”. J.Willey, New

York, 1979.2. P.J.Bauch. “Gas chromatography. A Practical approach”. Oxford University Press, 1993.3. “Chromatography. Fundamentals and Techniques”, ed. by E.Heftmann. Elsevier Sci.Publ. New

York. 1983 .4. F.G.Kitson, B.S.Larsen, C.N.McEwan. “Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry”. San

Diego: Academic Press, 1996.


69

CATALYTIC REACTIONS

Course author: Dr. chem. doc. Pēteris Mekšs Course code:Credit points: 4Course included in: part B of the Bachelor’s programme in Chemistry.Course description: The aim of this course is to introduce students in understanding basic concepts of heterogeneous catalysis, catalyst activity, selectivity and functionality, concept of active sites and description of energy changes associated with individual steps of a reaction. The course introduce in description of rate by kinetic models, influence of chemisorption on solid catalysed reactions as soon as physical characterisation and examination of catalysts.Content of course :1. Definition of catalysts and types of catalysis.2. Catalyst activity, selectivity, and functionality3. Kinetic models of catalytic reactions.4. Catalyst preparation, supported and massive catalysts.5. Physical characterisation and examination of catalysts.6. Catalytic oxidation in synthesis of ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, maleic and phthalic

anhydrides.7. Control of vehicle engine emissions, simultaneous removal of CO, hydrocarbons and NOx

8. Catalytic cyclisation, isomerisation, hydrodesulfurisation, hydrodenitrogenation, and hydrodeoxygenation.

9. Synthesis of heterocycles.10. Regeneration of catalysts.Requirements for successful course completion: 32 lecture hours, 16 laboratory practise hours,

discussions 16 hours.Examination format: Written examination.Pre-requisites: Analytical, Physical and Organic Chemistry.Course literature:1. P.W.Atkins. Physical Chemistry. Oxford: Oxford Acad. Press. 19942. Charles N. Satterfield. Heterogenous Catalysis in Industrial Practice. McGraw-Hill, New York.!

991.3. B.C.Gate, J.R.Katcer, G.C.A.Schuit: Chemistry of Catalytic Processes, McGraw-Hill, New

York,1979.


70

ANALYSIS OF WATERS

Course author: Dr.chem.,doc. Artūrs VīksnaCourse code:Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor’s programme in Chemistry Credit points: 4Course description:

This course discusses water analysis; sampling, sample preparation, analysis with a given method and evaluation obtained results. Determination and evaluation of degree of pollution of waters and foodstuffs with different analytical methods will be uncluded.Course content:1. General characteristic of natural waters (groundwater’s, surface waters, rain

water, glaciers and others).2. Water as an environmental indicator. 3. The organization of water analysis; sampling techniques, conservation of waters,

transportation and storage.4. Preparation of different waters for analysis. Certification of analytical methods.

Maximal acceptable levels of chemical parameters using LR and EU documents.5. Incomplete, complete, and special chemical analysis of water.6. Analysis of waters by atomic absorption and emission spectrometry. 7. Analysis of gasses. Determination of oxygen in waters.8. Analysis methods of inorganic compounds.9. Analysis of organic compounds.10. Determination of alkalinity in waters.11. Photometric determination of water hardness by EDTA.12. Turbidimetric determination of sulfates in waters.13. Application of ion selective electrodes in the analysis of waters. 14. Determination of pH and conductivity of water.15. Determination of total iron in waters.16. Analysis of oil products, pesticides and surfactants in natural waters.Requirements for successful course completion: Lectures and practical classes - 96 hr.Examination format: Written examination.Prerequisites: Analytical ChemistryCourse literature:1. G. Mežaraups. Ūdeņi un to ķīmiskā kontrole. - Rīga, Mācību grāmata, 1995.2. S. Bidēns, A-M Larsone, M. Ulsons. Ūdens kvalitātes noteikšana.- Gēteborga -

Rīga, Gēteborgas Universitāte un LU Vides zinātnes un pārvaldes studiju centrs, 1997.

3. M. Stoeppler. Sampling and Sample Preparation. Practical Guide for Analytical Chemists,- Berlin, Springer, 1998.

71

DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr. habil. chem., prof. Edgars JansonsCourse code: Credit points: 2Course included in: part B of the Bachelor’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The aim of the course is to present significant developments in analytical chemistry and to inform students about analytical methods applied today.Course content:Part I. Historical development of the analytical chemistry:1. Analytical knowledge in the ancient world and alchemy.2. Jatrochemistry and phlogiston. 3. Discovery of the law of conservation of matter and its importance.4. Origin of stoichiometry and equivalents. 5. Clarification of the of chemical compounds and importance of constant

composition6. Atomic weights and their determination.7. Origin and development of qualitative analysis.8. Origin and development of gravimetric analysis. 9. Development of volumetric analysis.10. Microanalysis. 11. Introduction of indicators in volumetric analysis. 12. Origin of element microanalysis of organic substances.13. Origin and development of electrochemical methods of analysis. 14. Optical methods of analysis.15. Origin of the theory of analytical chemistry.

Part II. The most significant analytical methods:1. Chemical methods of analytical chemistry (gravimetric analysis, titrimetric

analysis, gas volumetric analysis, kinetic analysis, calorimetric analysis, thermoanalysis).

2. Electrochemical methods of analysis (potentiometric analysis, voltammetric analysis, chronopotentiometric analysis, coulonometric analysis, electrogravimetric analysis, conductometric analysis, highfrequency titrimetric analysis).

3. Spectroscopic methods of analysis (microscopic methods, difractometric mehods, refractometric methods, polarimetric methods, microwave spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, magnetic resonance spectroscopy).

4. Radiochemical methods of analysis (activation analysis, autoradiographic analysis, radioactive indicators).

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hrs.Examination format: written examinationPrerequisites: Analytical ChemistryCourse literature:

1. K. Danzer, E. Than, D. Molch, Analytik, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Geest und Portig, Leipzig, 1976.

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2. F. Szabadvary, A. Robinson, The History of Analytical Chemistry, (Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Volume X), Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, 1980.

3. ABC Geschichte der Chemie, VEB Deutscher Verlag fur Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, 1989.

4. K.A. Rubinson, Chemical Analysis, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, Toronto, 1987.


73

PHYSICS

Course author: Dr habil. phys., prof. Andrejs SiliņšCourse code:Credit points: 7Course included in: Part B of the Bachelor’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The nature of matter, classical mechanics, basic quantum mechanics, solving practical problems.Course content: 1. Units of measurement and constants2. Kinetics, scalars and vectors3. Dynamics: force, mass, density. Newton’s first law4. Momentum, equilibrium, center of gravity5. Conservation of momentum, work, force, mechanical energy, conservation of

energy6. Pressure in fluids, Pascal’s law, fluid flow, Bernoulli’s law7. Molecular theory of gases8. Ideal gases9. The first and second law of thermodynamics10. Phase transitions11. Electrical charge and its properties12. The electric field and its properties13. Electric potential14. Capacity, dielectrics, condensers15. Electric current and its behaviour16. Magnetism17. Magnetic properties of matter18. Alternating current19. The Maxwell equation20. Light 21. Mirrors, lenses, optical instrumentation22. Interference23. Diffraction24. The duality of radiation and particles25. The energy levels of the electron of the hydrogen atomCredit requirements: 112 lecturesExamination format: two oral examinations

74

UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA

Academic requirements for the degree ofMaster of Natural Science in Chemistry

Programme code 444421 01

Director of the academic programme: Professor Janis Dregeris

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I SYNOPSIS OF THE PROGRAMME

The aim of the studies for the degree of Master in Natural Science in Chemistry is to give the students an opportunity to extend their theoretical knowledge and practical skills in one of the sub-disciplines of chemistry, and to enable the students to undertake independent research. Upon satisfactory completion of the required course of study and the defence of the Master’s thesis, the students receive the Master’s degree in chemistry. Graduates from the Master’s programme may continue their studies toward the doctorate, or they may elect to enter the work force as specialists in chemistry. The fundamental aspect of the Master’s degree programme were developed during the 1989-90 academic year, at the same time as the Bachelor’s degree programme was developed. The Master’s degree programme is based on previous experience in teaching chemistry at the tertiary level, the tradition of the University of Latvia, the level of development of chemistry in Latvia, and the programmes of study offered at the universities of Europe and North America. Over the years the programme has been amended to ensure that it meets the required level of knowledge needed for the Master’s degree in order that the graduates may continue doctoral studies or enter the work force successfully. The University of Latvia is at present the main institution in Latvia offering an academic Master’s degree in chemistry.

II GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Development of the programme for the degree of Master of Natural Science in Chemistry. The Council of the Faculty of Chemistry at its meeting on December 9, 1998 approved the following programme for tertiary education in chemistry. Chemistry is an essential part of natural science and in Latvia the University of

Latvia offers a broad spectrum of tertiary courses in this discipline. The aim of tertiary education in chemistry is to the prepare highly skilled specialists in chemistry who will serve the needs of Latvia’s industry, research, and education. The development of chemistry in Latvia has a direct influence on the development of related scientific areas.

The study of chemistry at the tertiary level is best achieved in three levels: Level 1. A four(4) year programme of study at the end of which the student receives the Bachelor’s degree in chemistry.Level 2. A two (2) year programme of study leading to the Master’s degree in chemistry .Level 3. A two (2) year programme of study at the end of which, after a successful

defence of a thesis, the student receives the Doctor’s degree in chemistry. The tertiary education programmes in chemistry leading to the Bachelor’s and to

the Master’s degree shall be reviewed every three to four years in order to update their content and to ensure the programmes correspond to similar programmes of study at other European universities, and to ensure that the programmes meet Latvia’s needs in the area of chemical science.

As part of the study programmes, regular exchange of students and academic staff with other universities should be undertaken. Co-operation in the various chemical disciplines should be developed with other universities and research organisation in Latvia as well as outside Latvia. The possibilities of developing joint

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programmes for doctoral studies with other universities should be investigated. In order to ensure a high quality educational process. Lectures and courses presented by visiting scientists should be encouraged.


Independent work by students shall be encouraged. Laboratories and lecture halls should be developed to meet the needs of the

education process. State of the art equipment should be acquired, and a supply of laboratory ware as well as chemical reagents must be ensured.

The library of the Faculty of Chemistry, which is part of the library of the University of Latvia, should receive sufficient funding in order to up-date texts in chemistry as well as subscribe to seminal journals. Faculty members must be encouraged to publish chemistry texts in the Latvian language.

The goal of the programme

The aim of the programme of study and research for the Master’s degree in chemistry is to give the student in-depth fundamental knowledge and practical experience in analytical, inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry. The programme is designed to be completed in two years [four semesters] during which time the student must complete the requirements for 80 credit points in order to graduate. Normally this process should take two years, or four semesters. The programme of study consists of the 50% of the compulsory courses in Section A, 50% of the courses selected from the elective courses in chemistry in Section B.Section A courses are: Study of analytical chemistry with emphasis on micro-analytical techniques. In depth study co-ordination complexes in inorganic chemistry. In depth study of physical chemistry parameters related to physical chemistry

processes. Study of organic chemistry, particularly natural product chemistry. Preparation and presentation of two research projects. Preparation and defence of the Master’s thesis.

Section B courses are elective courses in order that the student may become proficient in one of the following sub-disciplines of chemistry:

Inorganic chemistry Analytical chemistry. Organic chemistry. Physical chemistry. Teaching chemistry. Nutrition chemistry. Environmental chemistry. Polymer chemistry.

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Evaluation of the programmes within the framework of Latvia and the University of Latvia

Due to the size of Latvia there is a real need for a limited number of highly qualified professionals in the several sub-disciplines of chemistry. As a result of these constraints, the Master’s degree programme has been developed so that its recipients may easily acquire further specialisation in the future. This aim has been achieved by offering a large number of courses in the B section of the programme. The members of the Faculty of Chemistry are qualified to ensure a high level of competence in instruction and demand quality research results. It may be noted that in order to achieve good results the Faculty of Chemistry co-operates with the Latvian Organic Synthesis Institute and other government Institutes involved in scientific endeavour. Compared to the Master’s degree programmes offered by foreign universities, the scope of the programme offered by the University of Latvia is broader. This reflects the present development of chemistry in Latvia and the prospects of future developments. In general the Master’s degree programme has the following characteristics:1. A balanced requirement of section A and section B courses requiring study of advanced analytical, inorganic, organic, and physical chemistry in section A.2. A wide selection of courses from section B enabling the student to select electives outside the chosen sub-discipline.3. The teaching staff of the Faculty of Chemistry is strongly committed to the programme and ensures that faculty scientific potential is utilised in the teaching and research process.4. At present, the programme at the University of Latvia offers study opportunities not available at any other university in Latvia.

International cooperation

The successful co-operation with foreign universities ads to the experience of the faculty and helps in improving the courses offered. Co-operation with foreign universities is an essential part of preparing doctoral candidates and also raises the level of scientific endeavour. The Faculty of Chemistry of the University of Latvia has established co-operative efforts with the following universities:1. With the Analytical and Marine Chemistry Department at the University of

Goteborg to study heavy metal contamination of the environment.2. A student exchange program has been established with the Department of

Environmental Physics pf the University of Goteborg.3. With the Department of Environmental Physics of the Chalmers Technical

University to analyse biological and environmental samples. As a result of this work, Dr Arturs Viksna presented his Licentiate thesis at the University of Gotegorg.

4. With the Finnish Forest Research Institute to study the fine roots of pine trees.5. With the University of Queenslad (Australia), and the University of Florida

(USA) to gather X-ray intensity data for crystallographic structure determination. 6. With the University of Lund, Stockholm University, and the Agriculture

University of Sweden to study metabolites of environmental pollutants.

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7. The study of latex chemistry has successfully been carried out with the cooperation of the Lyons Polymer Chemistry and Polimerisation Process Laboratories of the French National Research Centre.

8. Joint research in the area of radiation effects on materials has been performed in cooperation with the Department of Quantum Engineering at the University of Tokyo.

9. With Brunell University to study photochemical break-down of toxins.10. With the University of Ghent to determine the concentration of aromatic

hydrocarbons in the air and foliage.11. Dr J.Kreismanis of the University of Cincinati visits the Faculty every other

semester to present a course on NMR and its application in structure determination.

12. With the Nuclear Research Centre in Karlsruhe.13. With the University of Goteborg, A.Chalmers Laboratory in the area of surface

physics.14. With the Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, in the area of radiation

chemistry.15. With the Education Department of the University of Oldenburg in the area of

chemical education.16. With the Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Chemistry Education Institute in

the area of chemical education.

Research

Research performed by the faculty members involved in supervising Master’s degree students are shown in the section on International Co-operation and the section on the teaching staff of the Faculty. A number of students are at present performing their thesis research at various state scientific centres such as the Latvian Organic Synthesis Institute. A few students are doing their research at universities in Europe and North America.

Ensuring quality of the programmes of study

The programme of study for the Master’s degrees have been developed in accordance with Latvia’s Law on Education, the Law on Tertiary Education, and the regulations approved by the Senate of the University of Latvia.

The Council of the Faculty of Chemistry reviews the programme every three to four years and, if needed, will recommend changes. These changes are based on the the latest developments in the world in teaching chemistry, including the


opinion of the director of the programme the results of student evaluation of the programme the recommendations of the responsible instructors the needs of the labour market

Changes in the programme of instruction are accepted by the Council on Chemical Education and are approved by the Faculty of Chemistry Council. The Director of

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Academic Programmes is responsible for the programme in accordance with the instructions of the Council on Chemical Education and the Faculty of Chemistry Council, and the regulations of the University of Latvia.

III. MATRICULATION REQUIREMENTS

The matriculation requirements are those specified by the University of Latvia. Candidates with a Bachelor’s degree from another university must take an entrance examination in chemistry.

V. EVALUATION OF STUDENT PERFORMANCE

Students may be assigned lectures, seminars, laboratory work, course work, consultations/tutorials, independent work.

The contents of every course offered will be reviewed regularly in order to update or expand the material being offered. The description of each course contains the material to be developed in lectures etc. as well as recommended text-books and the method of examination. In general for lecture courses the evaluation of students will be based on a written examination. Laboratory work and course work by students will be marked on a pass/fail basis. Exams at the end of a course may be in writing or oral. The choice is made by the instructor. To complete the requirements for the Master’s degree in Chemistry, the student must prepare and defend a thesis. After successfully completing the requirements of the academic programme the student is awarded the degree of Master of Natural Science in Chemistry.

VII. REQUIREMENTS TO ENSURE THE PROGRAMME OF STUDY

The facilities within the Faculty of Chemistry for the study of chemistry are lecture halls for lectures and seminars laboratories for general, inorganic, analytical, organic, physical and other


Government scholarships and student fees constitute the financial resources of the Faculty of Chemistry.

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IV MASTER’S DEGREE PROGRAMME CONTENTSCredits Examin.

formatNo Course Part Teacher Hours 1st year 2nd year1.s. 2.s. 3.s. 4.s.

1. Microanalysis Methods A S.BērziņaA.Vīksna

A.Zicmanis

64 4 exam

2. Modern Information Technology B S.Takeris 64 4 pass/fail

3. Searching and Processing of the Scientific Information

B J.Kristapsons 32 2 exam

4. Organic Analytical Reagents B J.Ģībietis 32 2 exam

5. Geochemistry B J.Švirksts 32 2 exam

6. Food Chemistry I B I.Jākobsone 32 2 exam

7. Food Packaging B A.Spricis 32 2 exam

8. Analysis of Foodstuffs and Waters B S.BērziņaA.Vīksna

64 4 exam

9. High Energy Chemistry B J.Tīliks 64 4 exam

10. Theoretical Electrochemistry B A.Actiņš 64 4 exam

11. Physical Chemistry of Solids B J.Tīliks 32 2 exam

12. Environmental Pollution and Pollution Control

B A.Spricis 48 3 exam

13. Sustainability of the Baltic Sea Region

B A.Spricis 48 3 exam

14. Methods of Teaching Chemistry B D.Cēdere 64 4 exam

15. Integration of Psychology and Physiology in the Educational Process

B I.Kraukle 32 2 exam

16. Electrochemical Analysis Methods B A.Vīksna 64 4 exam

17. Food Microbiology B U.Viesturs 64 4 exam

18. Biochemistry B J.Kreišmanis 32 2 exam

19. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

B J.Kreišmanis 32 2 exam

20. Organic Synthesis B A.Zicmanis 64/96 7 exam

21. Analysis of Organic Substances I B A.ZicmanisA.Prikšāne

32 2 exam

22. Polymer Blends B V.Kaļkis 32 2 exam

23. X-ray Methods in Chemistry B A.Actiņš 32 2 exam

24. Parametrisation of Physicochemical Processes

A J.Tīliks 64 4 exam

25. Course Thesis A 32 2 defence

26. Optical Methods of Analysis B S.Bērziņa 64 4 exam

27. Measurement Errors B E.Jansons 32 2 exam

28. Analysis of Air and Soil B A.Vīksna 32 2 exam

29. Development of Chemistry B U.Alksnis 32 2 exam

30. Crystal Structure Analysis B M.Veidis 32 2 exam

31. Analysis of Organic Substances II B A.ZicmanisA.Prikšāne

32/64 4 exam

32. Analysis of Inorganic Substances B A.Apsītis 64 4 exam

33. Metal Corrosion B U.Alksnis 48 3 exam

34. International Requirements on Food Quality

B I.Jākobsone 64 4 exam

35. Chemistry Educational Content B D.CēdereA.Prikšāne

96 6 exam

36. Theory of Inorganic Experiments B V.Drinks 32 2 exam

37. Methodology and Methods of Experiments in Pedagogy

B A.Špona 32 2 exam

38. Educational Philosophy B T.Koķe 32 2 exam

39. Personality and Group Development Diagnostics

B I.Krūmiņa 32 2 exam

40. Computer Modelling of Physicochemical Processes

B A.Supe 32 2 exam

41. Surface Coatings: Properties and Application

B I.Vītiņa 48 3 exam

42. Chemically Active Particles B A.Supe 32 2 exam

43. Activation Analysis B G.Ķizāne 32 2 exam

44. Chemistry of Conservation and Renovation of the Monuments

B A.Actiņš 32 2 exam

45. The Modelling of Environmental Processes

B S.Takeris 32 2 exam

46. Water Chemistry and Management B A.Spricis 64 4 exam

47. Food Chemistry II B I.Jākobsone 64 4 exam

48. Processing of Polymers B V.Kaļķis 32 2 exam

49. Principles of Radiation Chemistry of Polymers

B V.Kaļķis 32 2 exam

50. Investigation Methods of Macromolecular Systems

B V.Kaļķis 32 2 exam

51. Physical Organic Chemistry B P.Mekšs 64 4 exam

52. Forensic Chemistry B A.Actiņš 32 2 exam

53. Developmental Psychology B I.Kraukle 32 2 exam

54. Chemistry of non-Transition Elements

B J.ŠvirskstsM.Veidis

64 4 exam

55. Co-ordination Chemistry A M.Veidis 64 4 exam

56. Natural Products Chemistry A J.DrēģerisA.Prikšāne

64 4 exam

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57. Course Thesis A 32 2 defence

58. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry

B A.ZicmanisJ.Kreišmanis

64 4 exam

59. Ecotoxicology B A.Prikšāne 32 2 exam

60. Biochemistry II B J.Kreišmanis 32 2 exam

61. Stereochemistry and Theoretical Problems of Organic Chemistry

B A.Prikšāne 64 4 exam

62. Material Control and Testing B I.Vītiņa 32 2 exam

63. Modern Methods of Food Analysis B I.JākobsoneP.Mekšs

80 5 exam

64. Food Technology and Biotechnology


65. Concept of the National Programme of Quality Assurance


66. Theory of Experiments in Organic Chemistry

B D.Cēdere 32 2 exam

67. Modern Information Technologies in the High School Chemistry Curriculum

B J.LoginsS.Takeris

64 4 exam

68. Environmental Chemistry B A.Spricis 32 2 exam

69. Baltic Sea Region Environment B A.Spricis 48/48 3 exam

70. Radioecology B J.Tīliks 64 4 exam

71. High Energy Technology B J.Tīliks 64 4 exam

72. Magneto-chemistry B J.Tīliks 32 2 exam

73. Chromatography B P.Mekšs 64 4 exam

74. Luminiscent Methods of Investigation

B B.Leščinskis 32 2 exam

75. Master’s Thesis A 20 defence

Columns where two figures are given, the first figure refers to lectures and seminars, and the second figure refers to laboratory work.

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VI. STUDY PLAN MASTER OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY

No Course Credits Examination format

1st year 1st semester Part A (4 credits)

1. Microanalysis Methods 4 exam

Part B (16 credits)

1. Modern Information Technology 4 pass/fail

2. Searching and Processing of the Scientific Information 2 exam

3. Organic Analytical Reagents 2 exam

4. Geochemistry 2 exam

5. Food Chemistry I 2 exam

6. Food Packaging 2 exam

7. Analysis of Foodstuffs and Waters 4 exam

8. High Energy Chemistry 4 exam

9. Theoretical Electrochemistry 4 exam

10. Physical Chemistry of Solids 2 exam

11. Environmental Pollution and Pollution Control 3 exam

12. Sustainability of the Baltic Sea Region 3 exam

13. Methods of Teaching Chemistry 4 exam

14. Integration of Psychology and Physiology in the Educational Process

2 exam

15. Electrochemical Analysis Methods 4 exam

16. Food Microbiology 4 exam

17. Biochemistry 2 exam

18. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 2 exam

19. Organic Synthesis 7 exam

20. Analysis of organic Substances I 2 exam

21. Polymer Blends 2 exam

22. X-ray Methods in Chemistry 2 exam

1st year 2nd semesterPart A (6 credits)

1. Parametrisation of Physicochemical Processes 4 exam

2. Course Thesis 2 defence

Part B (14 credits)

1. Optical Methods of Analysis 4 exam

2. Measurement Errors 2 exam

3. Analysis of Air and Soil 2 exam

4. Development of Chemistry 2 exam

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5. Crystal Structure Analysis 2 exam

6. Analysis of Organic Substances II 4 exam

7. Analysis of Inorganic Substances 4 exam

8. Metal Corrosion 3 exam

9. International Requirements on Food Quality 4 exam

10. Chemistry Educational Content 6 exam

11. Theory of Inorganic Experiments 2 exam

12. Methodology and Methods of Experiments in Pedagogy 2 exam

13. Educational Philosophy 2 exam

15. Personality and Group Development Diagnostics 2 exam

16. Computer Modelling of Physicochemical Processes 2 exam

17. Surface Coatings: Properties and Application 3 exam

18. Chemically Active Particles 2 exam

19. Activation Analysis 2 exam

20. Chemistry of Conservation and Renovation of the Monuments

2 exam

21. The Modelling of Environmental Processes 2 exam

22. Water Chemistry and Management 4 exam

23. Food Chemistry II 4 exam

24. Processing of Polymers 2 exam

25. Principles of Radiation Chemistry of Polymers 2 exam

26. Investigation Methods of Macromolecular Systems 2 exam

27. Physical Organic Chemistry 4 exam

28. Forensic Chemistry 2 exam

29. Developmental Psychology 2 exam

30. Chemistry of non-Transition Elements 4 exam

2nd year 3rd semesterPart A (10 credits)

1. Co-ordination Chemistry 4 exam

2. Natural Products Chemistry 4 exam

3. Course Thesis 2 defence

Part B (10 credits)

1. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry 4 exam

2. Ecotoxicology 2 exam

3. Biochemistry II 2 exam

4. Stereochemistry and Theoretical Problems of Organic Chemistry

4 exam

5. Material Control and Testing 2 exam

6. Modern Methods of Food Analysis 5 exam

7. Food Technology and Biotechnology 4 exam

8. Concept of the National Programme of Quality Assurance 4 exam

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9. Theory of Experiments in Organic Chemistry 2 exam

10. Modern Information Technologies in the High 4 exam

11. Environmental Chemistry 2 exam

12. Baltic Sea Region Environment 3 exam

13. Radioecology 4 exam

14. High Energy Technology 4 exam

15. Magnetochemistry 2 exam

16. Chromatography 4 exam

17. Luminiscent Methods of Investigation 2 exam

2nd year 4th semesterPart A (20 credits)

1. Master Thesis 20

MICROANALYSIS METHODS

Course authors: Dr.hab.chem., prof. Andris Zicmanis, Dr.chem., doc. Silvija Bērziņa Dr.chem., doc. Artūrs VīksnaCourse code:Course included in: part A of the Master’s programme in Chemistry Course credits: 4Course description:

The aim of this course is to present modern analysis methods; and theoretical and practical aspects of selected methods. The course consists of three main parts: electrochemical, and optical analysis methods, and chromatography.

Course content:1. Classification of electrochemical methods.2. Ion selective electrodes.3. Potentiometric titration.4. Voltammetry.5. Stripping methods.6. Polarography.7. Coulometry and coulometric titration.8. Spectrophotometric titration.9. Differential spectrophotometry. Extraction in spectrophotometry.10. Atomic absorption spectrometry.11. Luminescence analysis.12. Atomic fluorescence.13. Infrared spectrophotometry.14. Gas chromatography. Gas-liquid chromatography.15. Liquid-liquid chromatography. Ion-exchange chromatography.16. Thin-layer chromatography.

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17. Affinity and coordinate chromatography.18. Ion chromatography. Gel filtration.Requirements for successful course completion: Lectures and seminars - 64 hours.Examination format: Written examinationCourse literature:

1. F.A. Settle. Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry.- Simon and Schuster Company: New Jersey, 1997.

2. D.A. Skoog, D.M. West, F.J. Holler. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry.- Sounders College Publishers. Sixth Ed.: USA, 1992.

3. D.A. Skoog. Fundamentals of Instrumental Analysis.- Sounders College Publishers. Third Ed.: USA, 1989.

4. J. Wang. Analytical Electrochemistry.- VCH Publishers, USA, 1996.


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PARAMETERISATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES

Course author: Dr.habil.phys., prof. Juris Tīliks Course code: Course included in: Part A of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCredit points: 4Course description:

The aim of the course is to give the students knowledge of estimation of parameters of physicochemical process (chemical reaction, catalysis, sorption, phase transition) like contain, structure, kinetics and thermodynamics parameters. The task of the course is to obtain the mainly methods to estimate and calculate the parameter and to predict the pathway of the process in dependence of realisation conditions.Course content:

1. General description and classification of physicochemical processes. Contain, structure, thermodynamics, kinetics parameters, measurements units and physical bases of the process.

2. Mainly methods to estimate and physical basics of the substance contain and structure parameters, equilibrium state of the process.

3. Thermodynamics, pathway, mainly thermodynamics parameters and modeling of the physicochemical process pathway. Activation energy, open and close chemical system thermodynamics.

4. Metastable states of physicochemical processes (transition complex, short-lived substances, excisioned states). Life time, energy distribution, affection to the pathway and methods of investigations.

5. Outer energy field (thermal, electric, magnetic, radiation) affection to physicochemical process pathway.

6. Kinetics of physicochemical process, parameters, mainly methods of investigation. Specialities and methods of investigation of fast processes.

7. Forming and properties of chemically active particles (excisioned molecules, ions, free radicals) in physicochemical process. Mainly methods of investigation of chemically active particles.

8. Steady concentration of active particles in physicochemical processes, competition acceptor method.

9. Physicochemical processes in gases (sorption, chemical reaction). Environmental chemical processes.

10. Specialities of physicochemical processes in solids: thermal, radiation, photochemical processes.

11. Specialities of biochemical and fermentative processes.12. Catalytic processes, pathway, parameters, mean.13. Chemical reactions in polar solvents, ionic strength and solvatation effects. Phase transition

process parameters and mainly methods of parameters estimation.14. Chemical reactions of complete organic molecules, mean of spherical factor in reaction

kinetics.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hours, seminars 32 hoursExamination format: written examinationPrerequisites: Bachelor of Chemistry or equalLiterature:

1. Levine I.N. Physical Chemistry. 3rd ed. N.Y.:McGraw-Hille. 1988-XVII, 920 p.2. Atkins P.W. Physical Chemistry. WH, Freeman, N.Y., 1986.3. Stierstadt K. Physik der Materie. VCH, Weinheim, 1989.4. Schwenz R.W., Moore R.J. Physical Chemistry. ACS, Washington, 1993.


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COORDINATION CHEMISTRY

Course authors: Dr chem., doc. Jānis Švirksts, Dr habil. chem., prof. Miķelis V.VeidisCourse code:Credit points: 4. Course included in: part A of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The material will include the following:a) chemical bonding, spectra, and magnetismb) molecular structurec) reaction mechanics and kineticsd) organometallic compounds and their chemistry.

Course content:1. Bonding in co-ordination compounds.2. Valence bond theory .3. Crystal field theory.4. Molecular orbital theory of bonding.5. The concept of the ground state and Russell-Saunders coupling.6. Electronic spectra and magnetic properties.7. Symmetry.8. Co-ordination numbers 1 through 8.9. Generalisations about co-ordination.10. Isomerism.11. The chelate effect.12. Substitution reactions in square-planar complexes.13. Stability- thermodynamic and kinetic.14. Kinetics of substitution in octahedral complexes.15. Ox-red reactions.16. The eighteen electron rule.17. Complexes with the carbony ligand.18. Nitrosyl ligand complexes.19. Nitrogen as a ligand.20. Metal alkyls, carbenes, carbynes, nitrides, hydrides, and carbides.21. The saturated alkenes and alkynes as ligands.22. The metallocenes.23. Reactions of organometallic complexes.24. The role of organometallic complexes in catalysis.25. Stereochemically unstable molecules.Requirements for the successful course completion: 64 lectures, including seminars.Examination format: written examination Course literature: 1. James E.Huheey, Ellen A.Keiter, Richard L.Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry, Harper

Coillins College Publishers, New York, 1993.


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NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRYCourse author: Dr. habil. chem., prof. Jānis Drēģeris, Dr.chem., doc. Anda Prikšāne, Dr.chem. doc. Jāzeps LoginsCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: part A of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

This lecture course provides the overview of the structure, properties and reaction mechanisms of bioorganic compounds prevalent in the nature. Low molecular compounds and biopolymers important to reproduction and growth of living organisms are discussed.

The aim of the course is to introduce students to the structure of natural products, their synthesis, properties and common synthetic analogues. Course content:1. Carbohydrates

1.1. Structure and properties of mono- and polysacharides1.2. Synthesis and chemical modification of carbohydrates1.3. Aminosugars and glycoconjugates

2. Peptides and proteins2.1. Structure of aminoacids, peptides and proteins2.2. Chemical synthesis and modification of peptides and proteins2.3. Protein and peptide function and use2.4. Nucleic acids and proteins biosynthesis

3. Lipids3.1. Structure and classification of lipids.3.2. Phospholipids and sphingolipids.3.3.Terpenoids, steroids, prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

4. Biologically important heterocycles5. Neirotransmiters. Alkoloids. Drugs.6. Vitamins

6.1. Overall view of metabolism6.2. Catalysis in biological reactions6.3.The principles of organic mechanisms of coenzymes

7. Plant origin phenolsRequirements for successful course completion:

Lectures 48 hours and seminars 16 hoursExamination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: Organic Chemistry1. Course literature:2. Robert Thornton Morrison, Robert Neilson Boyd. Organic Chemistry. Prentice

Hall, Englwood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1992. P. 1250.3. Reginald H.Garret, Charles M.Grisham. Biochemistry, Sounders College

Publishing, Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1995. P. 1100.4. Г.Дюга. Биоорганическая химия. М.: Мир, 1983, 512 с.5. Ю.А.Овчинников. Биоорганическая химия. М.: Просвещение, 1987, 815 Hermann Dugas.

Bioorganic Chemistry. A Chemical Approach to Enzyme Action. Springer, 1996, P 700.

6. Paula Yrkanis Bruice. Organic Chemistry. Prentice Hall International, INC, 1998, P. 1256.

7. R.Valters. Ogļhidrātu ķīmija. RTU, 1994, 80 lpp.8. J.Logins, J.Drēģeris. Bioorganiskā ķīmija I. LU, 1993, 72 lpp.9. S.M.Manahan. Toxicological Chemistry, 1992, LEWIS, Publ. inc.10. Casarett and Doull’s. Toxicology, 4-th edition, 1991, Perg. press.


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B COURSES

CHEMISTRY OF CONSERVATION AND RENOVATION OF THE MONUMENTS

Course author: Dr. chem., doc. Andris ActiņšCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The aim of this course is to familiarise the students with environmental impacts to the cultural heritages. Origin, structure and properties of natural stone materials: their corrosion and protection from corrosion. An overview of practical methods of preservation of cultural heritage is presented. Course content: 1. Organisation of the monument protection.2. Natural stone materials: origin, composition. Environmental impacts and interactions.3. Investigation methods of the stone materials.4. Environmental damage of the stone materials. Types of corrosion.5. Estimation of the degree of corrosion.6. Documentation of the condition of monument.7. General outline of the methods of protection and renovation of stone materials.8. Methods of chemical strengthening and conservation.9. Corrosion of other materials and their protection from corrosion.10. Physical and chemical methods of investigation and renovation. Requirements for successful course completion: 24 hours lectures, 8 hours laboratory.Examination format: Written ExaminationPrerequisites: Physical Methods of Investigations.Literature: 1. Wihr R. Restaurierung von Steindenkmalern. – Munchen: Verlag Callwey, 1980, 232 p.2. Ashurst J., Ashurst N. Practical Building Conservation. Vol.1.Stone Masonry. English Heritage

Technical Handbook. – England: Gower Technical Press, 1988, 100 p.3. Ashurst J., Ashurst N. Practical Building Conservation. Vol.3. Mortars, Plasters and Readers.

English Heritage Technical Handbook. – England: Gower Technical Press, 1989,85 p.4. Torraca G. Porous Building Materials. Third Edit. – Rome: ICCROM, 1988, 149p.5. Teutonica J.M. A Laboratory Manual for Architectural Conservators. ARC. – Rome: ICCROM,

1988,168 p.


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FORENSIC CHEMISTRYCourse author: Dr. chem., doc. Andris ActiņšCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The goal of the course is to introduce the students with the work of forensic chemistry experts. The course gives overview in main objects of forensic expertise and the most used methods with particular attention to non-destructive methods.Course content:1. Qualifications, rights, and duties of the expert.2. Identifying and relativistic expertise. Tracelogy. General and particular marks.3. Conclusion forms of expertise and their preparation.4. Methods of investigation, their characterisation, abilities, examples of application (visual estimation,

microscopy, electron microscopy, atom emission spectroscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, neutron and proton activation analysis, X-ray diffraction, chromatography, IR spectroscopy).

5. Main objects investigation (varnishes and paints, fibres, plastics, soils, paper and documents, weapons, unknown substances).

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures of 32 hours.Examination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: Physical Methods of Investigation.Literature: 1. P.R.De Forest, R.E.Gaensslen, H.C.Lee. Forensic Science: An Introduction to

Criminalistics. 463 p.2. Robertson, Vignaux. Interpretions Evidence. Willey & Sons, NY, 1995.3. Saferstein Richard. Criminalistics: Introduction to Forensic Science, 6 th Edition,

Prentice Hall, 1996, 640 p. 4. B.Lane. The Encyclopedia of Forensic Science. Headline, 1992, 642 p.


X-RAY METHODS IN CHEMISTRYCourse author: Dr. chem., doc. Andris ActiņšCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

X-ray absorption, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray scattering in crystalline materials.X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction.

Course content:1. Interaction of high energy carriers with substance. Origin of X-rays. Safety precautions.2. X-ray fluorescent analysis. Formation of X-ray spectra, detection of radiation. X-ray spectrometers

made in Latvia.3. Basics of X-ray diffraction methods.4. Qualitative and quantitative X-ray phase analysis, methods of mixed material analysis.5. The mathematical description of the reflection profile.

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6. The interpretation of the diffraction pattern of a complex material by division in separate components.

7. The exact determination of lattice parameters: selection of refinable parameters, origin of systematic errors and their elimination.

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures and seminars 32 hours.Examination format: Written examinationLiterature: 1. J.Kručāns. Kristālu struktūranalīzes pamati. Rīga, Zvaigzne, 1997, 220 lpp. (in Latvian)2. D.L.Bish, J.E.Post. Modern Powder Difraction. Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 20, 1989, pp. 1-369.


94

THEORETICAL ELECTROCHEMISTRYCourse author: Dr. chem., doc. Andris ActiņšCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The goal of the course is to prepare students to be able to do independent investigations in electrochemistry. The course allows students to obtain more extensive knowledge on several subjects of theoretical electrochemistry: mass transport in liquid solutions, structure of electric double layer and its effect on the rate of electrochemical reaction, theory of elementary reaction. Course content:1. Thermodynamic equilibrium in systems with charged particles. Electrostatic potential and

electrochemical potential.2. General description of electrochemical process. Two and three electrode system.3. Laplace and Fourier method in solvation of the partial differential equation of the mass transport.4. Hydrogen diffusion in metals.5. Potential step techniques, potential sweep technique and voltametry. Cyclic voltametry, inverse

chronopotentiometry, stripping voltametry6. Steady state diffusion. Convective diffusion. Rotating disc electrode.7. Methods of investigation of the electric double layer.8. The alternating current method (impedance spectroscopy). Diffusion impedance.9. Charge transfer specific in electrochemical reactions. Bronsted-Polanyi-Semjonov principle.10. Polarisation curves of slow charge transfer.11. Effect of the electric double layer on the charge transfer rate.12. Complex control kinetics in electrochemical reaction.13. Investigation methods of complex electrochemical processes.14. Laser electrochemistry.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hours, seminars 16 h, labs 16 hExamination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: Physical Chemistry, Physics, MathematicsLiterature: 1. В.С.Багоцкий. Основы электрохимии. М.: Химия, 1988. – 400 с.2. Л.И.Антропов. Теоретическая электрохимия. М.: Высшая школа, 1984, 519 с.3. Б.Б.Дамаскин, О.А.Петрий. Введение в электрохимическую кинетику. М.: Высшая школаб

1983, 400 с.Oldham, Keit B. Janice C.Myland. Fundamentals of Electrochemical Science. 1 st

Edition, Academic Press, 1993, 436 p. 4. Bockris John O.M., Amulya K.N., Reddy Mariu. Modern Electrochemistry. 2A Electrodics. Klaver

Academic Publishers, 1999.


MATERIAL CONTROL AND TESTINGCourse author: Dr. habil. chem., prof. I. Vītiņa Course code:Credit points: 2Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

Chemical composition and surfaces of solid materials. Properties of electrodeposited or thermally deposited, or sputtered metal layers, in determination of quality of electrolytes by using chemical and physico-chemical methods. Course content:1. Investigation of morphology of metals and other materials by using metallographic methods and

optical microscopy.2. Determination of thickness and corrosion damage effects of coatings by using crosscut samples,

gravimetric, metallographic methods and optical microscopy.3. Investigations of morphology (porosity, defects) of material surface and coatings by scanning

electron microscopy and transmitting electron microscopy, optical microscopy and chemical methods.

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4. Determination of adhesion of coatings on metals, ceramics, and polymers.5. Chemical composition of coatings and substrate metals: quantitative analysis of carbon, sulphur,

phosphorous, manganese and silicon. Determination of the metals alloy.6. Electrolytes for electrodeposition: determination of the coating quality, determination of the

distribution ability of electrolytes, determination of electrodeposition speed, the internal stress of metals, determination of quality of electrolytes. -Calculations and analysis.

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 18 hours, seminars 14 hoursExamination format: Oral examinationPrerequisites: Physical Chemistry, Physics, Surface Coatings Properties and ApplicationsLiterature: 1. Schuman H. Metallographie. VEB Deutscher Verlag, Leipzig, S. 628.2. Практическая растровая электронная микроскопия. Под ред. Гоулдстейна Дж. М.: Мир, 1978,

655 с.3. Богеншютц А.Ф. Электролитическое покрытие сплавами. Методы анализа. М.: Металлургия,

1980, 188 с.4. DIN: 50602; 50950; 50955; 50957; 50988.5. ГОСТ: 9.302-88; 9.302-86; 10243-75; 12344-78; 12345-80; 225536.3-88;

12346-78; 12348-78.6. UJCN: 9.302-88; 9.302-86; 10243-75; 12344-78; 12345-80; 225536.3-88;

12346-78; 12348-78.


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SURFACE COATINGS: PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONSCourse author: Dr. habil. chem., prof. I. Vītiņa Course code:Credit points: 3Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

Physical chemistry of material surfaces; preparation of material surfaces to achieve particular properties by using metal and a composite metal-inorganic material. Surface properties and their investigation methods.

Preparation of new non-traditional alloys. Metal and metal composite coating deposition.Course content:1. Electrodeposited coatings on metals. Classification of metal coatings according to their properties.2. Metal coatings and their application.3. The mechanism of metal electrodeposition.4. Effect of electrolyte composition on the structure of coatings.5. Effect of organic additives and hydrogen evolution on the structure and properties of coatings.6. Coating composition and structure.7. Properties of surface of light metal alloys (Al/Mg) and electrodeposition processes.8. Properties of surface of hard metal alloys and electrodeposition processes.9. Modification of surface of ceramics by using sputtered, evaporated and/or electrodeposited metal

layers. Characterisation of sputtered (evaporated) metal coatings. Activation, electrocrystalization of metal coatings, their application and properties.

10. Modification of surfaces of various materials by chemical reduction. Properties and application of these coatings. Formation of chemical compounds on metal surfaces.

11. Composite coating of metal-inorganic material for surface modification. The mechanism of electrodeposition of composite coating.

12. Metallization of polymer surfaces. Activation of surfaces; chemical and electrochemical deposition.13. Metals in the world market. Opportunities for metal savings.14. Environmental safety demands for chemical and electrochemical treatment of metal surfaces. 15. Use of methods in Latvia.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 40 hours, seminars 8 hoursExamination format: Written examinationLiterature: 1. Юокштейн Б.С. Структура и свойства внутренних поверхностей раздела в металлах. М.:

Наука, 1988, 270 с.2. Гальванотехника (справочник под ред. Гринберга А.М. и др.), М.: Металлургия, 1987, 735 с.3. Стилз К.Дж, Металлы. М.:Металлургия, 1980, 445 с.4. Палатник Л.С. и др. Материаловедение в микроэлектротехнике. М.: Энергия, 277 с.5. Сайфулин Р.С. Неорганические композиционные материалы. М.: Химия, 1983, 299 с.6. Schuman H. Metallographie. VEB Deutscher Verlag, Leipzig, S. 628.


97

DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr. chem., doc. Uldis AlksnisCourse code: Credit points: 2The course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:This course reviews the main ideas that developed during the emergence of chemical science and puts them within the context of general cultural development.Course content:1. Beginnings of chemistry: use of fire and its significance;2. Ideas about elements and atoms. The advancement of these ideas up-to-day and their convergence;3. Alchemy4. Development of medicinal-chemists’ ideas5. Lavoisier and the birth of modern chemistry6. The development of conception about the structure of organic compounds7. Development of the periodic table of elements8. Growth of the chemical literature;9. Differentiation of the chemical science and a need for integration, interaction with other academic

disciplinesRequirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hExamination format: Written examinationLiterature:1. W.H.Brock. The Fontana History of Chemistry. London: Fontana Press, 1992.2. Всеобщая история химии. ч. 1-4. Москва: Наука, 1980-1992.3. В.И.Кузнецов. Диалектика развития химии. Москва, Наука, 1973.


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METAL CORROSIONCourse author: Dr. chem., doc. Uldis AlksnisCourse code: Credit points: 3The course included in: Part B of Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The course aims to familiarise students with the durability of materials in different environments, with possibilities to protect them against corrosion as well as with the relevant methods for studying corrosion processes.Course content: 1. Corrosion, the significance of the corrosion phenomenon2. Estimation of the corrosion rate (corrosion parameters)3. Corrosion of metals4. Chemical corrosion, its relationships. Protection against chemical corrosion;5. Electrochemical corrosion, its likelihood and relationships;6. Evanss' diagrams7. Multi-electrode systems8. Passivity of metals9. Protection against electrochemical corrosion10. The corrosion of different metals (Fe, Al, Cu);11. The corrosion of non-metallic compounds (rock minerals, ceramic materials,

concrete and its reinforcement elements. Protection of concrete constructions12. The corrosion of organic materials (wood, bitumen, plastics);13. Methods for studying the corrosion processes in laboratory and in the field

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 h, seminars 16 h;Examination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: Physical Chemistry of Solids, Electrochemical Methods of AnalysisLiterature:1. M.G.Fontana. Corrosion Engineering. Mc.Graw-Hill International Editions, 1986.2. H.Kaesche. Die Korrosion der Metalle. Springer Verlag, 1990. 3. Р.Юхневич и др. Техника борьбы с коррозией. М.-Л.: Химия, 1978.4. Э.Маттсон. Электрохимическая коррозия. Москва: Металлургия, 1991.


99

FOOD CHEMISTRY ICourse author: Dr.chem., doc. Ida JākobsoneCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The aim of the course is to supply the students with basic knowledge about components of foodstuffs (proteins, fats, hydrocarbons, enzymes, vitamins, minerals etc.) and the chemical and physical changes occuring during processing and storage Course content:1. The composition of food and food value of the constituents2. Fats. Chemical changes in fats during processing and storage of food3. Proteins. Changes of proteins during processing and storage of food4. Carbohydrate. Their modifying and changes under processing and storage of food5. Food additives and harmful components in foodstuffs, their role in food legislation6. Vegetables and fruits7. Foodstuffs containing alcohol and alkaloidsRequirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hExamination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: Organic Chemistry Course literature:1. V.Baltess. Pārtikas ķīmija (Food Chemistry). Rīga, University of Latvia, 1998, 474

pp. (in Latvian)2. R.Matiseks u.c. Pārtikas analītiskā ķīmija (Analytical Chemistry of Food). Rīga,

University of Latvia, 1998, 456 pp. (in Latvian)3. EU Directives: 93/43/EEC; 93/99/EEC; 89/397/EEC4. Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers No.130, 131 (14.04.1998), No. 170

(06.05.1997).


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FOOD CHEMISTRY IICourse author: Dr.chem., doc. Ida JākobsoneCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The aim of the course is to supply the students with in depth knowledge on foodstuffs rich in proteins, fats and carbohydrates, and changes which take place during industrial processing.

Course content:1. The basic constituents of food2. Fats. Fat-like substances. Food fats, technology of production3. Proteins. Foodstuff containing proteins, technology of production4. Carbohydrate. Foodstuff containing carbohydrates, technology of production5. Methods for quality assessment of food in accordance with international requirements.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 h, practical work 32 hExamination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: Food chemistry ICourse literature:1. V.Baltess. Pārtikas ķīmija (Food Chemistry). Rīga, University of Latvia, 1998, 474

pp. (in Latvian)2. R.Matiseks u.c. Pārtikas analītiskā ķīmija (Analytical Chemistry of Food). Rīga,

University of Latvia, 1998, 456 pp. (in Latvian)3. Belitz, Grosch. Lebensmittelchemie. Springer Verlag, 1992, 754 S.4. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed., 19955. Amtliche Sammlungen, § 35, Germany, 1995


101

FOOD MICROBIOLOGYCourse author: Dr.habil.eng., prof. Uldis Viesturs Course code:Credit points: 4Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The aim of the course is to provide knowledge on pathogenic micro-organisms and their toxins, and to present methods used in diagnostic laboratories.Course content:1. Micro organisms, their toxins, viruses and their role in toxic infection of human food

and origin of toxicoses2. Dairy products, their micro flora 3. Meat products, their micro flora4. Micro flora of vegetables. 5. Tinned food, the specific of its micro flora6. Micro flora of confectionery. Food for children.Requirements for successful course completion: 64 h (lectures 30 h, seminars 22 h, laboratory work 12 h). Examination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: General Food Chemistry Course literature:1. Elmer W., Konemam et al. Diagnostic Microbiology, 5th ed., 1997, Lippincott, New

York, 1395 p.2. Howard B.J. Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology. Mosby, 1994, 894 p.


102

INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS ON FOOD QUALITYCourse author: Dr.chem., doc. Ida Jākobsone and Experts of Latvian Food Council and Food Centre of Latvia Course code:Credit points: 4Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

Students will get basic information on EU regulations on consumer protection, about ISO 9000 standards. Directives accepted by the EU on food hygiene and quality requirements and on the HACCP system.Course content:

1. Quality of products, management and planning of quality, quality assurance and management. Systems of quality management. Standards of ISO 9000 series, requirements for quality systems. Total quality management.2. HACCP system for assurance of assurance of food quality and safety. Principles and research stages of critical control points.

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 h, practical work 32 hExamination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: Food Technology Course literature:1. Technical Manual No.38. CAMPDEN Food and Beverage Research Association,

HACCP Working Group. Great Britain, 1992, 64 p.2. Materials of PHARE programmes on ISO standards3. LVS EN ISO 9000 standard. Model of quality system for quality assurance during

design, development, production, assembling and service. 1994, 24 p.


103

MODERN METHODS OF FOOD ANALYSISCourse author: Dr.chem., doc. Pēteris Mekšs, Dr.chem., doc. Ida Jākobsone, guest lecturers Course code:Credit points: 4Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The main methods of food analysis: chromatography, optic, spectroscopic, electrochemical and fermentative methods. Assessment of food quality; internationally recognised methods of analyses and analytical equipment.Course content:1. Chromatography (thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high performance

liquid chromatography);2. Optical and spectroscopic methods. UV and Vis spectroscopy, photometry, IS

spectroscopy, AAS, flame photometry, polarimetry, refractometry.3. Polarography.4. Fermentative analysis.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 h, practical work 48 hExamination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: Food Chemistry I, Food Chemistry II, Analyse of Natural Objects Course literature:1. R.Matiseks u.c. Pārtikas analītiskā ķīmija (Analytical Chemistry of Food). Rīga,

University of Latvia, 1998, 456 pp. (in Latvian)2. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed., 19953. Amtliche Sammlungen, § 35, Germany, 19554. Food Additives. Analytical Manual, 1993, vol. 1,2


104

FOOD TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGYCourse author: Dr.chem., doc. Ida Jākobsone, Dr.habil.eng., prof. Uldis ViestursCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The aim of the technology course is to supply the basic knowledge and understanding on technology and biotechnology used for food and beverage processing in Latvia. The aim of biotechnology course is to present concepts of food biotechnology, raw materials used in food biotechnology, processing structure of biotechnology products.Course content:1. Technologies of processing milk and dairy products, meat products, fish products,

bread and pastry2. Biotechnological aspects of bread production3. Basic principles of biotechnology of beer production4. Basic principles of biotechnology of alcohol5. Biotechnology of the production of vine from fruits and berries6. Obtaining organic acids, use of enzymes in food7. Utilization of secondary productsRequirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 h, practical work 32 hExamination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: Food Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Course literature:

1. V.Baltess. Pārtikas ķīmija (Food Chemistry). Rīga, University of Latvia, 1998, 474 pp. (in Latvian)


105

CONCEPT OF THE NATIONAL PROGRAM OF QUALITY ASSURANCE

Course author: Lidija Stelpe, Deputy State Secretary, Ministry of Economy; A.Matīss, Deputy Director of Department of Structural Policy and Management of Quality, Ministry of Economy; Dr.chem., doc. Ida JākobsoneCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The aim of the course is to provide to students the understanding of concept of the National Program for Quality Assurance, to improve the competitiveness of production and services of Latvian industry in the internal and foreign markets, to eliminate the technical trade barriers and to assure safe consumer products.Course content:1. Concept of the National Program for Quality Assurance

2. Main directions of the National Program for Quality Assurance: harmonisation of legislation with EU requirements for free movement of goods; adaptation of international and EU standards, legislation, metrology, testing and certification, accreditation, market surveillance, quality assurance education, information on quality assurance, education of workers about quality.

3. Improvement and implementation of the National Program for Quality Assurance.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 64 hExamination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: understanding about EN 450000 standardsCourse literature:1. Adapted EU standards on testing, certification and accreditation (45000 series);2. Adapted International standards on quality systems (ISO 9000 series)3. Laws and regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers, related to food (Law on Food

Handling; Law on Conformity Assessment etc.)4. Directives of EU related to food (93/43 EEC on food hygiene, 93/99/EEC on official

control of foodstuff etc.)5. Materials prepared in the Centre for Consultancy and Training on Quality

Information for Goods and Services and materials of KIF “Biznesa Komplekss” on the National Program for Quality Assurance

6. Materials of PHARE programs


106

INVESTIGATION METHODS OF MACROMOLECULAR SYSTEMS

Course author: Dr. habil. chem., doc. Valdis Kaļķis Course code:Credits: 2Course included in: Part B of the Master's programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The aim of the course is to present basic knowledge about physical-chemical and mechanical investigation methods of polymer materials and polymer solutions. The course will introduce the main principles of infrared spectrometry, fluorescence spectrometry, dilatometry, DTA, ESM, ultrasonic spectrometry, viscometry, gel permeation chromatography as applied to pllymers.Course content:

1. Infrared spectrometry of polymers. 2. Fluorescence spectrometry.3. Thermomechanical and thermogravimetric analysis of polymers.4. Mechanical methods.5. Differential scanning calorimtry.6. Using inverse gas chromatography for polymer analysis.7. X-ray difraction of crystalline and semicrystalline polymer systems. Neutron scattering 8. Microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.9. Acoustic methods (ultrasonics) for determination of deformation properties (dynamic

modulus etc.) of polymer materials.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hours.Examination format: Written examination Prerequisites: Bachelor's programme in Chemistry.Course literature:5. R. Young, P.A. Lovell. Introduction to Polymers, New York, Chapman & Hall, 1991, 443 pp.6. P. Munk. Introduction to Macromolecular Science, Toronto, John Wiley & Sons, 1989, 522 pp.7. G.S. Misra. Introductory Polymer Chemistry, Wiley, 1993, 253 pp.8. M. Kalnins, V. Kalkis. High-molecular Compounds (in Latvian), Riga, Zvaigzne, 1985, 339 pp.9. Chemistry and Physics of Macromolecules, ed. Erhar W. Fisher, Rolf C. Schulz and Hns Sillescu,

Weinheim, Basel, Cambridge, New York: Sonderforshungesbereihe VCH, 1991, 558 pp.


107

POLYMER BLENDS

Course author: Dr. habil. chem., doc. Valdis Kaļķis Course code:Credits: 2Course included in: part B of the Master's programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The aim of the course is to present the chemistry, physics and mechanics of polymer blends. The structure of polymer blends, viscoelastic properties of blends, rheology of blends, properties of heterogeneous blends and application will be discussed. Course content:

1. General conceps.2. Phase separation of blends.3. Phase and relaxation transitional stage of blends.4. Interphase energy. Interphase tension. Stucture of blend surface.5. Rheology of the blend and suspension.6. Mechanical properties of heterogeneous polymer systems.7. Transition processes in the polymer blends. 8. Polymer blends with thermoplastic properties. 9. Radiation modification of polymer blends. Application of thermosetting materials.

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hours.Examination format: Written examination Prerequisites: Bachelor's programme of Chemistry.Course literature:10. Polymer Blends, ed. By D.R. Paul and Saymour Newman, Acad. Press, London, 1981, vol.1 and 2.11. R. Young, P.A. Lovell. Introduction to Polymers, New York, Chapman & Hall, 1991, 443 pp.12. P. Munk. Introduction to Macromolecular Science, Toronto, John Wiley & Sons, 1989, 522 pp.13. G.S. Misra. Introductory Polymer Chemistry, Wiley, 1993, 253 pp.14. M. Kalnins, V. Kalkis. High-molecular Compounds (in Latvian), Riga, Zvaigzne, 1985, 339 pp.15. R. J. Woods, A. K Pikaev. Applied Radiation Chemistry: Radiation Processing, John Wiley &

Sons, 1993, 535 pp.


108

PROCCESING OF POLYMERS


The course presents the main processing methods of polymers. The course extends knowledge about mixing, casting, extrusion, blending, stretching, welding and other methods for processing of polymers. Course content:

1. Polymerization. Chain polymerization. Gradual polymerization. Technology of polymerization.

2. Polycondensation. Methods of polycondensation. Specific methods for polymer syntesis. 3. Polymer blends. Methods of compounding and mixing.4. Extrusion. 5. Injection molding.6. Pressing. Calandering. 7. Pneumo shaping and vacuum shaping.10. Special processing methods of polymers.

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hours.Examination format: Written examination Prerequisites: Bachelors programme of Chemistry. Course literature:

1. R. Young, P.A. Lovell. Introduction to Polymers, New York, Chapman & Hall, 1991, 443 pp.

2. P. Munk. Introduction to Macromolecular Science, Toronto, John Wiley & Sons, 1989, 522 pp.

3. G.S. Misra. Introductory Polymer Chemistry, Wiley, 1993, 253 pp.4. M. Kalnins, V. Kalkis. High-molecular Compounds (in Latvian), Riga, Zvaigzne, 1985,

339 pp.5. Chemistry and Physics of Macromolecules, ed. Erhar W. Fisher, Rolf C. Schulz and Hns

Sillescu, Weinheim, Basel, Cambridge, New York: Sonderforshungesbereihe VCH, 1991, 558 pp.

6. R. J. Woods, A. K Pikaev. Applied Radiation Chemistry: Radiation Processing, John Wiley & Sons, 1993, 535 pp.


109

PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION CHEMISTRY OF POLYMERS


The course gives knowledge about modification of polymers by ionizing radiation. Course content:

1. Sources of ionizing radiation used in radiation chemistry.2. Physical-chemical principles of radiation chemistry of polymers. Quantitative nature of cross-

linking and destruction processes.3. Radiation polymerization. Radiation-grafting polymerization.4. Radiation modification of polymeric materials. Producing thermo-resistant materials.

Producing thermo-setting materials.5. Radiation vulcanization of elastomers and thermoelastoplastics. 6. Binding of monomers to fibers by radiation post-effects.7. Hardening of varnishes. Wood product radiation modification.

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hours.Examination format: Written examination Prerequisites: Bachelor's programme in Chemistry.Course literature:

1. R. J. Woods, A. K Pikaev. Applied Radiation Chemistry: Radiation Processing, John Wiley&Sons, 1993, 535 pp.

2. M. Kalnins, V. Kalkis. High-molecular Compounds (in Latvian), Riga, Zvaigzne, 1985, 339 pp.

3. R. J. Woods, J.W.T Spinks, Brian Spinks. An introduction to radiation Chemistry, John Wiley&Sons, 1990, 592 pp.

4. Radiation Processing of Polymers, ed. A. Singh, J. Silverman, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991, 300 pp.


110

ANALYSIS OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES

Course author: Dr chem., doc. Arnis ApsītisCourse code:Credit points: 4. Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The course acquaints students with latest methods and results obtained during the analysis of ores, minerals, and alloys. Using classical and instrumental methods, the students analyse some lanthenoids and some coinage metals. The selection of samples for analysis, their safe keeping, and transportation, as well as sample preparation, using micro-wave ovens and muffle furnaces are considered.Course content:1. The various stages of analysis.

1.1 Preparing the sample for analysis.1.2 Critical analysis of results.1.3 Interpretation of results.1.4 Handling errors.

2. Methods of chemical analysis.2.1 Reactions in heterogeneous systems.2.2 Precipitates and solutions.2.3 Extraction.2.4 Chromatography.

3. Methods and their use.3.1 Electrochemical analysis.3.2 Colourimetry.3.3 Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis.

4. Methods of physical analysis.4.1 Optical emission spectroscopy.4.2 Atom absorption spectroscopy.4.3 X-ray fluorescence.4.4 Ion selective electrodes.

Requirements for successful course completion: 26 lecture hours, 32 laboratory hours, and 6 hours for literature search and preparation of seminar topic.Examination format: Satisfactory completion of laboratory tasks and seminar presentation.Pre-requisites: Bachelor of Science in ChemistryCourse literature: 1. John Stephen, “Practical Guide to Chemometrics” Haswell, 1992.2. Udo Kunze, “Grundlage der Quantitativen Analyse” 1986.


111

CHEMISTRY OF THE NON-TRANSITION ELEMENTS

Course authors: Dr chem. Jānis Švirksts and Dr habil. chem. Miķelis V.Veidis.Course code:Credit points: 4. Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The material covered will cover the chemistry of the elements of the first two rows of the periodic table end the chemistry of the respective groups.Course content:1. Theories of chemical bonding.2. Hydrogen, the hydrogen bond, and its binary compounds.3. Chemistry of the s-elements.4. The role of hybridisation, valence, spatial consideration [VSERP] in determining

molecular structure.5. Chemistry of the p-elements.6. The utility of d-orbitals in the chemistry of non-transition elements.7. Co-ordination of non-transition elements.8. The noble gases and their chemistry.9. Inorganic synthesis.Requirements for successful course completion: 64 lecture hours, including seminarsExamination format: written examination Course literature: 1. Cotton, F.A. and Wilkinson,G. “Advanced Inorganic Chemistry”, John Wiley and

Sons, 1988, and Shriver,D.E. and Atkins, P.W. “Inorganic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, 1999.


112

GEOCHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr chem., doc. Jānis Švirksts Course code:Credit points: 2 Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The aim of this course is to present students with basic knowledge about the elements and their compounds found in nature as well as the transport of these materials in nature. Course content: 1. Description of geochemistry2. Theories on the origin of the elements3. Meteorites4. The planets and their satellites5. Magma and metamorphism6. Distribution of the elements7. Structural aspects of the distribution of the elements8. Thermodynamics of element distribution9. Chemical aspects of element distribution10. Isotope distribution in geochemistry11. The water systemRequirements for successful course completion: 24 lecture hours, 8 seminar hoursExamination format: written examination Pre-requisites: Bachelor of Science in ChemistryCourse literature: 1. P.Henderson, Inorganic Geochemistry, Pergamon Press, 1982. 2. J.Silk. The Big Bang: The Creation and Evolution of the Universe. W.Freeman, 1980.3. M.W.McElhinney, ed. The Earth: Its Origin Structure and Evolution. Academic Press,

1979. 4. A.E.Ringwood. Origin of the Earth and Moon, Springer-Verlag, 1979.


113

THEORY OF INORGANIC EXPERIMENTS

Course author: M.chem., lecturer Valdis M. DrinksCourse code:

Credit points: 2Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

This course will present basic knowledge about performing experiments in chemistry. Topics will cover organisation of experiments, laboratory safety, variations of experiments, possible causes of failure of experiments. Course content: 1. Disperse systems.2. Rates of reactions, catalysis, and chemical equilibrium.3. Elements of groups I and II.4. Elements of groups III and IV.5. Elements of group V.6. Elements of group VI.7. Elements of group VII and VIII.8. Experiments in organic chemistry.9. Chemical aspects of element distributionRequirements for successful course completion: 32 lecture hours.Examination format: Written examination Course literature: 1. M.Glinka. Visparīgā ķīmija. Zvaigzne, Rīga 1981 (in Latvian). 2. E.Jansons. Analitiskā ķīmija. Zvaigzne, Rīga, 1993 (in Latvian).3. V.M.Drinks. 456 eksperimenti ķīmijā. Zvaigzne, Rīga, 1995 (in Latvian).


114

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

Course author: Dr habil. chem., prof. Mikelis V.Veidis.Course code:Credit points: 2. Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The course aims to prepare students to undertake independent research in crystallography. During the course the methods of structure analysis based on single crystal X-ray diffraction will be covered. The acquired knowledge will enable the student to undertake research in solid state chemistry and physics and evaluate published results.Course content:1. Point symmetry, symmetry operations, point groups, and space groups.2. X-ray diffraction and interference: symmetry induced systematic absent reflections

and space group determination.3. Methods of measuring diffracted X-rays: the Weisenberg camera and

diffractometers.4. The phase problem in determining structures from X-ray data: the heavy atom

method, Patterson synthesis, direct methods, Fourier synthesis.5. The thermal vibration of atoms and partial occupancy of atomic position.6. A critical analysis of information obtained.Requirements for successful course completion: 32 lecture hours, including seminars.Examination format: Written examination Course literature: 1. George H.Stout and Lyle H.Jensen. X-ray Structure Determination. The Macmillan

Co, 1968.2. J.Kručāns. Kristālu struktūranalīzes pamati. Zvaigzne, 1997 (in Latvian).3. D.L.Bish, J.E.Post. Modern Powder Diffraction in Reviews in Mineralogy, 20, 369

p., 1989.


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NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Course author: Dr.chem., prof. Juris KreišmanisCourse code: Credit points: 2Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

This course is intended to familiarise the students with basic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy theory and its implementation for structural determinations in Organic Chemistry.

Course content:1. Nuclear properties.2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance theory: Bloch equations.3. Chemical shift.4. Spin-spin coupling.5. Chemical exchange.6. Fourier Transform spectroscopy.7. Organic molecule structural determinations.8. NMR applications in biochemistry.9. Multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy.Requirements for successful course completion: Lecture and seminars - 32 hours.Examination format: Written examination.Pre-requisites: Bachelor's degree in Chemistry.Course literature:1. R.S. Macomber, A Complete Introduction to Modern NMR Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons,

Inc., New York, 1998. – p. 382.2. R. Valters, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Organic Chemistry (in Latvian ). Riga

Technical University, Riga, Latvia, 1991.– p. 111.


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SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Course author: Ph.D, prof. Juris Kreišmanis Dr.habil.chem., prof. Andris ZicmanisCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: Part B of the Master's program in Chemistry.Course description:

The course is intended to familiarise the students with the methods which are commonly used in organic molecular analysis and structural determination; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR), infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy.Course content:1. Electromagnetic radiation and its interactions with matter; theoretical basis of spectroscopic

analysis of organic molecules.2. Basic theory of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, instrumentation, and spectral analysis.3. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR); chemical shift, integration, spin-spin coupling;

use of 1H-NMR for structural analysis of organic molecules and chemical equilibrium measurements.

4. Carbon magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C-NMR); spectral interpretation and correlation with molecular structure, detection of the interaction of 13C and 1H nuclei and its interpretation, use of nuclear Overhauser effect, magnetic relaxation, and double resonance techniques.

5. Infrared spectroscopy (IR); basic theory, instrumentation, IR spectral interpretation and its use for qualitative and quantitative analysis of molecular structures.

6. Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS); basic theory, instrumentation, electronic transitions, detection, electronic spectrum analysis and its relationship to molecular structure; qualitative and quantitative uses in organic chemistry.

7. Mass spectroscopy (MS); basic theory, instrumentation, spectral interpretation and its use in structural determinations and sample detection.

Requirements for successful course completion: 64 hours (lectures and seminars).Examination format: Written examination.Prerequisites: Bachelor’s degree in Chemistry.Course literature:1. D.L. Pavia, G.M. Lapman, G.S. Kriz. Introduction to Spectroscopy. Second Ed.-Harcourt Brace

College Publishers: New York et al., 1996. – p. 511.2. L.M. Harwood, T.D.W. Claridge. Introduction to Organic Spectroscopy. Oxford University Press:

Oxford, 1997. – p. 92.3. D.W. Brown, A.J. Floyd, M. Sainsbury. Organic Spectroscopy. John-Wiley & Sons: Chichester,

Eng., 1988. – p. 250.4. R. Valters, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Organic Chemistry (in Latvian). Riga

Technical University, Riga, Latvia, 1991.– p. 111.5. R. Valters, Infrared Spectroscopy for Organic Chemistry (in Latvian). Riga Technical University,

Riga, Latvia, 1990. – p. 83.6. R. Valters, Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy for Organic Chemistry (in Latvian ). Riga Technical

University, Riga, Latvia, 1992. – p. 83.7. R. Valters. Mass Spectroscopy for Organic Chemistry (in Latvian ). Riga Technical University,

Riga, Latvia, 1993. – p. 107.8. J.R. Chapman. Practical Organic Mass Spectrometry. Second Ed. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester,

Eng., 1997. – p. 338.


117

ECOTOXYCOLOGY

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Anda PrikšāneCourse codeCredit points: 2Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The lecture course provides the overview of the emission sources of toxic substances in the environment and consequent damage in living organisms. Occupational toxicology and risk assessment are presented.The aim of the course is to introduce students with toxic responses of environmental

pollutants and to discuss basic principles of prevention of damage in living organisms.Course content:1. Emission and distribution of toxic substances in the environment2. Natural poisons and toxins3. Antropogenic pollution and routes of exposure4. Fundamentals of xenobiotic biotransformation5. Structure - activity relationships of toxic pollutants6. Sublethal dose of pollutants7. Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis8. Toxic responses of the reproductive system9. Toxic effects of air pollution10. Toxic effects of water pollution11. Specific nutrients and pesticides as toxic pollutants12. Health and biological effects of radiation13. Food additives and contaminants14. Occupational diseases15. Risk assessment Requirements for successful course completion: Lectures and seminars 32 hours.Examination format: Written examinationPre-requisites: Organic ChemistryCourse literature:1. M.Kļaviņš, A.Prikšāne, Ekotoksikoloģija, Rīga, 1995.2. M.Kļaviņš, Vides ķīmija, Rīga, 1996.3. Casarett and Doull s Toxicology, 4-th edition,1991, Pergamon Press.4. S.E.Manahan, Environmental chemistry,1991, LEWIS Publ. INC.5. F.Zakrzewski, Principles of Environmental Toxicology, 1991, ACS, Washington.6. Environmental epidemiology, ed.W.M.Draper,1994, ACS,Washington.7. LatvijasValsts Hidrometeoroloģijas pārvaldes gada pārskati.


STEREOCHEMISTRY AND THEORETICAL PROBLEMSOF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Anda PrikšāneCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: Part B of the Master’s program in ChemistryCourse description:

The lecture course provides the overview of conformation, configuration and stereoisomerism of acyclic and cyclic molecules, their properties and formation. Separation of stereoisomers and stereoselective syntheses are presented.The aim of the course is to introduce students to molecular structure of organic compounds, and the role of structure in different chemical reactions. Course content:

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1. Molecular geometry. Symmetry elements2. Stereoisomers. Nomenclature and representation3. Enantiomers. Diastereomers. Cyclostereoisomerism4. Conformation of acyclic molecules5. Homo-, enantio- and diastereotropic ligands and faces6. Configuration and conformation of cyclic molecules7. Racemization. Separation of stereoisomers8. Stereochemistry of nucleophilic substitution9. Elimination reactions10. Nucleophilic addition11. Conjugate addition to electron-deficient bonds12. Electrophilic substitution. 13. Electrophyle initiated cyclization14. Hydrogenation and free radical reactions. Aldol reactions.15. Enantioselective synthesisRequirements for successful course completion: Lectures and seminars 64 hours.Examination format: Written examinationPre-requisites: Organic ChemistryCourse literature:1. В.М.Потапов. Стереохимия, М.: Химия, 1988.2. E.L.Eliel, S.H.Wilen, L.N.Mander, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, JOHN WILEY

&SONS,INC, 1994.3. R.T.Morrison, R.N.Boyd. Organic Chemistry, 5th ed., 1987, Allyn and Bacon, Inc.4. T.W.G.Solomons. Organic Chemistry. 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. 1995.


119

BIOCHEMISTRY

Course author: Ph.D., professor Juris P. Kreišmanis Course code:Credit points: 2Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description: The purpose of this course is t0 familiarise the students with the basic principles of Biochemistry, protein structure and function and basic metabolism.Course content:1. Structures of Biological Molecules2. Intermolecular Forces3. Thermodynamics4. Protein Structure5. Enzyme Function6. Hemoglobin and Cooperativity7. Overview of Metabolism8. Glycolysis9. Fatty Acid Oxidation10. Kreb’s Cycle11. Oxidative Phosphorylation12. Hormone ActionCourse Requirements: 32 Hours of Lectures and SeminarsExamination format: Written examination; students will be expected to convey understanding of the basic principles, molecular structures and their function, and metabolic pathways.Prerequisites: Organic Chemistry.Course literature: Matthew and van Holde, ‘Biochemistry,’ latest edition.

120

WATER CHEMISTRY AND MANAGEMENT

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Andris A.SpricisCourse code: Credit points: 4Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The tasks of the course are to introduce students to the theoretical principles of water chemistry and sustainable water management. The course is linked with the International Baltic University.Course content:1. The hydrological cycle.2. Carbonate equilibrium in natural water systems.3. Clay substances and ion exchange.4. Organic compounds in natural waters.5. Redox equilibrium in natural waters.6. Heavy metals in natural waters7. Silicates in natural waters.8. Chemical processes in natural waters.9. Acidic natural waters.10. Isotopes in natural waters.11. Natural waters with high salt content.12. Sustainable water management.13. Baltic Sea region water resources.14. Drainage basins. Ground waters.15. Agricultural impact on water quality.16. Urban water use and management. Waste water management.17. Drinking water management.18. Sustainable water management in river basins.Requirements for getting credits: lectures 32 hours, seminars 32 hours.Examination format: written examinationCourse literature:1. J.I.Drever. The Geochemistry of Natural Waters. Third Edition. USA New

Jersey,Prentice Hall. 1997. 2. M.Kļaviņš, A.Zicmanis. Ūdeņu ķīmija. Rīga, LU,1998. 3. R.A.Corbit. Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineering. New York,

McGRAW-HILL.INC.,1990.4. L.C.Lundin. Sustainable water Management in the Baltic Sea Basin. 1.The

Waterscape.Uppsala, Uppsala University, 2000.5. L.C.Lundin. Sustainable Water Management in the Baltic Sea Basin. 2. Water Use

and Management. Uppsala, Uppsala University, 2000.6. L.C.Lundin. Sustainable Water Management in the Baltic Sea Basin. 3. Water in

Society. Uppsala, Uppsala University, 1999. 7. B.Sarma. Hidrometrija, hidroloģija un noteces regulēšana. Rīga, Zvaigzne, 1990.-

189 lpp.The programme is approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08.98.)

121

BALTIC SEA REGION ENVIRONMENT

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Andris A.Spricis Course code:

Credit points: 2Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

This course present an interdisciplinary approach to the Baltic Sea region environment. The course outlines the total environmental situation of the Baltic Sea region. The focus is on means and strategies for a positive change.

The course is linked with the International Baltic University.Course content:1. Overview of the Baltic Sea region.2. Specificity of the Baltic Sea.3. Nutrient problems in the Baltic Sea region.4. Content of oxygen, and sediments in the Baltic Sea .5. Industrial emissions and pollutants.6. Runoff of rivers and the impact of agriculture.7. Pollutants in the Baltic Sea region.8. Environmental impact of pollutants.9. Water management in the Baltic Sea region. 10. International co-operation for environmental protection in the Baltic Sea region.Requirements for getting credits: lectures 16 hours, seminars 16 hours.Examination format: Written examinationCourse literature:1. L.C.Lundin. Sustainable Water Management in the Baltic Sea Basin. 1.The

Waterscape. Uppsala, Uppsala University, 2000. 2. L.Hakanson.Physical Geography of the Baltic.Uppsala,UppsalaUniversity,1991.3. L.Kautsky. Life in the Baltic Sea. Uppsala, Uppsala University, 1991. 4. C.Forsberg. Eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. Uppsala, Uppsala University,1991.5. J.E.Kihlstrom. Toxicology - The Environmental Impact of Pollution. Uppsala,

Uppsala University, 1991. 6. B.Hultman.Water and Wastewater Management in the Baltic Region. Uppsala,

Uppsala University, 1991.7. I.M.Andreasson, G.Michanek, J.Ebbesson. Economy and Law - Environmental

Protection in the Baltic Region. Uppsala, Uppsala University, 1991.8. G.W.Bergstrom. Environmental Policy and Cooperation in the Baltic Region.

Uppsala, Uppsala University, 1991.


122

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Andris A.SpricisCourse code:Credit points: 2This course is in: Part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The aim of this course is to familiarise the student with theoretical principles of environmental chemistry, with sources, reactions, transport, effects and fates of chemical species in water, soil and air. An overview of chemical phenomena in the environment is presented.Course content:1. Chemical elements in the Universe and on the Earth.2. Composition of the atmosphere.3. Processes in the atmosphere.4. Atmospheric carbon dioxide. Greenhouse effect. 5. Water in the atmosphere.6. Global carbon, nitrogen and sulphur cycles.7. Chemical reactions in the atmosphere. 8. Particles in the atmosphere.9. Photochemical smog.10. Acid rain.11. Ozone in the atmosphere.12. Processes in the hydrosphere.13. Water resources.14. The properties and composition of natural waters.15. Equilibrium and complexity of natural waters.16. Surface and groundwater.17. Formation of sediments in natural waters.18. Processes in the lithosphere.19. Rocks and minerals.20. The properties of soils.Requirements for getting credits: lectures 16 hours, seminars 16 hours.Examination format: Written examination Course literature:1. S.E.Manahan. Environmental Chemistry. California. Brooks/Cile Publishing

Company, 1994.2. P.O’Neil. Environmental chemistry.London.Chapman&Hall,1993.3. P.Brimblecombe.Air composition and chemistry. Cambridge. Cambridge University

Press, 1986.4. O.Hutzinger.Handbook of Environmental Chemistry.Vol.1-24 Berlin. Springer

Verlag. 1980-19945. M.Kļaviņš. Vides ķīmija. Rīga, LU, 1996.6. M.Kļaviņš, A.Zicmanis. Ūdeņu ķīmija. Rīga, LU, 1998.


FOOD PACKAGING

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Andris A.SpricisCourse code:

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Credit points: 2Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The aim of the course is to familiarise the student with theoretical concepts of packaging and multidisciplinary problems of food packaging, with properties and forms of different packaging materials. An overview of the food packaging materials: paper, paperboard, plastics, glass, ceramics, metals and natural products is presented.Course content:1. Introduction to packaging. 2. The packaging cycle. 3. Functions of packaging. 4. Food packaging requirements5. Packaging materials selection. 6. Packaging design.7. Packaging graphics.8. Properties and forms of packaging materials: paper, paperboard, plastics, glass,

ceramics, metals, natural materials.9. Application of food packaging materials. 10. Packaging machinery. 11. Quality control of packaging. 12. Packaging standards. 13. Packaging and labels.14. Used packaging and environmental problems.15. Treatment of used packaging.16. Packaging and international institutions.17. Packaging and legislation.Requirements for getting credits: Lectures 16 hours, seminars 16 hours.Examination format: Written examinationCourse literature:1. F.A.Paine, H.Y.Paine. A Handbook of Food Packaging. Second edition. London.

Blackie Academic & Professional, 1992. 2. P.Fellows, B.Axtell. Appropriate Food Packaging. Amsterdam, TOOL Publications,

1993. 3. F.A.Paine. The Packaging Users Handbook. New York, Blackie, !991. 4. H.Markstrom. Testing methods and Instruments for Corrugated Board. Stockholm,

Ljunglofs Offset, 1992.


124

SUSTAINABILITY OF THE BALTIC SEA REGION

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Andris A.SpricisCourse code:Credit points: 3Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The aim of the course is to teach students about sustainable development and natural resource management.

The tasks of the course are to introduce theoretical problems of sustainable development and with chemical aspects of practical approaches for sustainability of the Baltic Sea Region .The course is linked with International Baltic University.Course content:1. The road towards sustainability - historical perspective and theoretical principles.2. Energy production and environment, sustainable energy resources.3. Traditional and renewable sources of energy, energy conservation.4. Human activity and materials flows, sustainable materials management, recycling.5. Sustainable development and agriculture.6. Sustainable industrial production, waste minimisation, cleaner technologies,.7. Towards sustainable mobility - development of transport systems.8. Community development and sustainability, buildings and habitation.9. Links of sustainable development with economy, ethics, law and policy.Requirements for getting credits: lectures 24 hours, seminars 24 hours.Examination format: Written examinationCourse literature:1. S.Sorlin. The road towards sustainability. Uppsala, Uppsala University, 1997.2. J.Salay. Energy. From fossil fuels to sustainable energy resources. Uppsala. Uppsala

University,1997.3. S.Karlsson. Man and material flows. Towards sustainable materials management.

Uppsala, Uppsala University,1997.4. B.Bodin, S.Ebbersten. Food and fibres. Sustainable agriculture, forestry and fishery.

Uppsala, Uppsala University, 1997.5. J.Strahl. Sustainable industrial production. Waste minimization, cleaner technology

and industrial ecology. Uppsala, Uppsala University, 1997.6. E.Tengstrom, M.Thynell. Towards sustainable mobility. Transporting people and

goods in the Baltic region. Uppsala, Uppsala University,1997.7. H.Andersson.P.G.Berg,L.Ryden. Community development. Approaches to

sustainable habitation. Uppsala, Uppsala University,1997.8. T.Zyliez. Ecological economics. Markets, prices and budgets in a sustainable

society. Uppsala, Uppsala University, 1997.9. L.Ryden. Foundations of sustainable development. Ethics, law culture and physical

limits. Uppsala, Uppsala University,1997.10. M.Andesson.From intention to action. Implementing sustainable development.

Uppsala, Uppsala University,1997.11. Baltic University videotapes.The programme is approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08.98.)

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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND POLLUTION CONTROL

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Andris A.SpricisCourse code:Credit points: 3Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

This course will cover environmental pollution of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the lithosphere, and waste problems. Topics included are problems of pollution caused by human activity, and an overview of methods to prevent environmental pollution.Course content:1. Sources of pollution of the atmosphere.2. Local and regional distribution of pollutants.3. Air pollution in the cities.4. Indoor air pollution.5. Global pollution of the atmosphere.6. Air quality control and gas treatment.7. Water pollution.8. Water quality requirements.9. Waste water treatment and sludge handling.10. Soil pollution and clean-up.11. Solid waste characterisation.12. Municipal waste and used packaging materials.13. Hazardous waste.14. Waste treatment.15. Problems of environmental pollution in Latvia.Requirements for getting credits: lectures 24 hours, seminars 24 hours.Examination format: Written examinationCourse literature:1. E. Kay Berner, R.A.Berner. Global Environment. USA. New Jersey, Prentice Hall,

1996. 2. S.E.Hasan. Geology and Hazardous Waste Management. USA. New Jersey,

Prentice Hall, 1996. 3. R.A.Corbit. Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineering. New York,

McGRAW-HILL.INC, 1990.4. M.Kļaviņš. Vides ķīmija. Rīga, LU, 1996. 5. J.G.Henry, G.W.Heinke. Environmental science and engineering. New Jersey,

Englewood Cliffs, 1989.


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ORGANIC SYNTHESISCourse author: Dr.hab.chem., prof. Andris ZicmanisCourse code:Credit points: 7Course included in: B part of the Master’s programme in chemistryCourse description:

The most frequently used synthetic methods of common organic substances and their

mutual transformations are discussed in the course.

Course content: 1. Solvents and their role in the procedures of organic reactions.2. Phase transfer catalysts in organic synthesis.3. Application of ultra sound in organic reactions.4. Protective groups and their utilisation in preparation of polyfunctional substances. 5. Use of ring closure and ring opening reactions.6. Use of organophosphorous reagents.7. Organosilicon compounds for specific organic reactions.8. Organoboron compounds and their utilisation.Requirements for the successful course completion: 32 lecture hours, 32 seminar hours, 96 laboratory hours.Examination format: satisfactory seminar, laboratory training and examine presentations.Pre-requisites: Full course of Bachelor of Sciences in Chemistry.Course literature:1. 1.R.K.Mackie, D.M.Smith, R.A.Aitken. Guidebook to Organic Synthesis. (2nd

Edition). Longman Scientific & Technical: Harlow, 1990. - 387 pp.2. E. Gudriniece, A.Kārkliņa, I.Strakova. Organisko savienojumu sintēzes metodes.

“Zvaigzne”: Rīga, 1976. - 432 lpp.3. J.March. Advanced Organic Chemistry. (3rd Edition). John Wiley & Sons: New

York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, 1985. - 1346 pp.4. C.Reichardt. Solvents and solvent effects in organic chemistry. (2nd Edition). VCH Publishers: New

York, 1988.- 515 pp.5. A.Loupy, A.Haudrechy. Effets de milieu en synthese organique. Masson: Paris, 1996. - 334 pp.


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ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES I

Course authors: Dr.hab.chem., prof. Andris Zicmanis, Dr.chem. doc. Anda Priksane Course code:Credit points: 2Course included in: B part of the Master’s programme in chemistryCourse description: The aim of the course is to give a general representation about modern qualitative and quantitative analytical methods of organic substances, the limits of these methods, and the necessary instruments.Course content:

1.Introduction to chromatographic separation and analysis of organic substances,

possibilities and diversity of methods.2. Introduction to spectroscopy of organic substances. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,

infrared spectroscopy, UV/VIS spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry in qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic substances.

3. Introduction to functional group analysis of organic substances. Determination of main functional groups by means of chemical transformations.

Requirements for the successful course completion: 32 lecture hours.Examination format: satisfactory oral presentation.Pre-requisites: Organic Chemistry.Course literature:1. D.W.Brown, A.J.Floyd, M.Sainsbury. Organic Spectroscopy. John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, New

York, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, 1988. -250 pp.2. F.A.Settle. Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry. - Prentice Hall PTR:

NJ, USA, 1997. - 995 pp.3. Reagent Chemicals. 9th Ed. Oxford University Press: New York, Oxford, 2000. – 752 pp.


128

ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES II

Course authors: Dr.hab.chem., prof. Andris Zicmanis, Dr.chem., doc. Anda Prikšāne Course code:Credit points: 4Course included in: B part of the Master’s programme in chemistryCourse description: The aim of the course is to represent advanced modern qualitative and quantitative analytical methods of natural organic substances, the limits of these methods, and the necessary instruments.Course content: 1. Basic reactions of organic analysis.2. Analyses of hydrocarbons and organic halides.3. Determination of hydroxyl compounds and ethers.4. Analytical methods of aldehydes, ketones, and quinones.5. Analysis of organic acids and their derivatives.6. Determination of nitro compounds, esters of nitric and nitrous acids.7. Analysis of amines and ammonium salts.8. Analytical methods and possibilities of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds and alkaloids. 9. Analysis of sulfur organic compounds.10. Analytical methods of hormones and steroids.11. Analyses of antibiotics and vitamins.12. Analysis of pharmaceutical supplementary substances and formulations. 13. Peculiarities of natural products and bio polymers analyses.14. Analysis of synthetic organic polymers.Requirements for the successful course completion: 32 lecture hours, 64 laboratory hours.Examination format: satisfactory laboratory practice and oral presentations.Pre-requisites: Organic ChemistryCourse literature:1. F.A.Settle. Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry. - Prentice Hall PTR:

NJ, USA, 1997. - 995 pp.2. Reagent Chemicals. 9th Edition. Oxford University Press: New York, Oxford, 2000. – 752 pp.


ANALYSIS OF FOODSTUFFS AND WATERS

Course authors: Dr.chem., doc. Silvija Bērziņa and Dr.chem., doc. Artūrs VīksnaCourse code:Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCredit points: 4Course description: This course introduces the student to the analysis of foodstuffs and water.Course content:1. Contaminants in food, and their sources.1. Food additives.2. Food sample preparation.3. Determination of nitrates in the fruit products.4. Determination of chlorides in the bread products.5. Determination of ammonia, hydrogen peroxide and soda in the milk.6. Determination of phosphates in juices.7. Determination of carbohydrates in juices by Luffa-Scharla method.

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8. General characteristic of natural water.9. Water as an environmental indicator.10. Water sampling and analysis protocols.11. Certification of methods. Levels of chemical parameters using LR and EU

documents.12. Analysis methods of inorganic compounds.13. Analysis of organic compounds.14. Determination of alkalinity in water.15. Photometric determination of water hardness by EDTA.16. Turbidimetric determination of sulfates in water.17. Determination of potassium and sodium by flame photometry.18. Determination of pH and conductivity in water.19. Determination of total iron in water.20. Ionometric determination of chlorides in water.21. Determination of trace metals in water by stripping potentiometry.Requirements: Lectures and practical classes - 64 hoursExamination format: Written examinationCourse literature:1. G. Mežaraups. Ūdeņi un to ķīmiskā kontrole. Rīga, 1995.2. S. Bidēns, A-M Larsone, M. Ulsons. Ūdens kvalitātes noteikšana.

Gēteborga - Rīga, 1997.3. M. Stoeppler. Sampling and sample preparation. Practical guide for analytical

chemists, Berlin, Springer, 1998.


130

ANALYSIS OF AIR AND SOIL

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Artūrs VīksnaCourse code:Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse credits: 2Course description: This course will present methods of air and soil analysis; sampling, sample preparation, analysis, and evaluation of results. Content of course:1. Chemical structure of soil. Soil as an environmental indicator.1. Sampling of soil (planning, preparation of sample, storage of soil samples).2. Soil solution preparation. Preparation of soil samples (drying, homogenization),

preparation of soil fractions (exchangeable, carbonate, oxide, organic, and silicate fractions).

3. Main principles of air measurements. Planning and sampling. 4. Photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. Ozone in the troposphere and

stratosphere. Carbon dioxide as a source of the greenhouse effect, it formation and dissipation cycles.

5. Importance of air and soil monitoring to evaluate pollution.6. Determination of soil pH.7. Photometric determination of phosphates in soil.8. Polarographic determination of lead in soil.9. Determination of lead, zinc, cadmium and copper in hydrochloric acid extracts of

soil by stripping potentiometry.10. Ionometric determination of nitrates in soil.11. Determination of phenol in air.12. Determination of sulfur dioxide in air.Requirements: Lectures and practical classes - 32 hours.Examination format: written examinationPrerequisites: Microanalysis methods. Course literature:1. M. Stoeppler. Sampling and sample preparation. Practical guide for analytical

chemists, Berlin, Springer, 1998.2. G. Rudzītis. Gaisa piesārņojuma noteikšanas fotometriskās metodes, Riga, LU,

1993.3. T.E. Graedel, P.J. Crutzen. Atmospheric change, N.Y., W.H. Freeman and

company, 1993.4. E. Jungreis. Spot test analysis, USA, J.A. Wiley - Interscience publication, 1985.


131

MEASUREMENT ERRORS

Course author: Dr. habil. chem. Edgars JansonsCourse code: Credit points: 2Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The aim of the course is determine the origin and to classify errors arising in quantitative determinations: systematic errors, random errors, rough errors. Accuracy depends on systematic errors, precision depends on the random errors. Rough errors must be eliminated before the evaluation of errors.Course content:1. Analytical signal and errors. The stages of chemical analysis. 2. Classification of errors. 3. Relative errors. Arithmetical mean and its significance.4. Systematic errors. Random errors. Accuracy. Precision. 5. Rough errors. Elimination of results containing rough errors. 6. Origin of systematic errors. Assessment and elimination of causes of systematic

errors. Blank experiment. Correction of weighing in vacuum. Importance of purity of chemicals.

7. Random errors. General assemblage. Selection assemblage. Standard deviation. Variance.

8. Distribution of errors in general assemblage. The normal (Gaussian) distribution. Poison’s distribution. Relative frequency of random errors.

9. Standard deviation of Gaussian distribution. Dependence of the shape of Gaussian curve on the size of standard deviation.

10. Selection assemblage. Student’s distribution. Parameters of Student’s coefficient. Standard deviation and variance in the selection assemblage. Programs to calculate standard deviation and variance. Application of program Calculator of the operating system Windows for the calculation of arithmetical mean and standard deviation.

11. Two assemblages of results of analytical determinations. Clarifying the random or systematic nature of differences between arithmetical means of two assemblages. Use of Student’s coefficients, and F test. Inter-calibration.

12. Linear regression. Calibration. Assessment of A and B and their use to calculate results.

13. Poison’s distribution. Relation of Poison’s distribution to Gaussian distribution. 14. General mathematical formula for systematic and for random errors. The formula

for elementary cases. 15. Valid and significant figures. Rounding errors. 16. Weighing: sensitivity, accuracy and precision. 17. Pipettes, burettes and measuring flasks.

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hrs.Examination format: written examination.

Prerequisites: Analytical Chemistry, Higher Mathematics, Computer Literacy.

Course literature: 1. Recommendations for the presentation of the results of chemical analysis

(General terms, reliability of results, expression of results, symbols, methods for computation), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Commission on analytical nomenclature.

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2. E.Jansons, Kļūdas kvantitatīvajā analīzē, Latvijas valsts universitāte, 1984. (in Latvian)

3. E.Jansons, Analītiskās ķīmijas teorētiskie pamati, Rīga, “Zvaigzne”, 1993, 10. nodaļa.

4. А.К. Чарыков, Математическая обработка результатов химического анализа, Изд. Ленинградского университета, 1977.

5. K.A. Rubinson, Chemical Analysis, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, Toronto, 1987, Chapter 4.

6. Д. Скуг, Д. Уест, Основы аналитической химии, перевод с английскогоб Москва, «Мир», 1979, том 1, глава 4.

7. К. Доерфель, Статистика в аналитической химии, перевод с немецк., Москва, «Мир», 1969.

8. Дж. Фритц, Г. Шенк, Количественный анализ, перевод с английского, Москва, «Мир», 1978, глава 3.

9. Д. Петерс, Дж. Хайес, Г. Хифтье, Химическое разделение и измерение, перевод с англ., Москва, «Химия», 1978, том 1, глава 2.


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OPTICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Course author: Dr. chem., doc. Silvija BērziņaCourse code:Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCredit points: 4Course description:

This course will present optical methods used in analytical chemistry (spectrophotometry, luminiscent analysis, atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission analysis etc.), including theoretical and practical aspects of selected methods.Course content: 1. Photometric determination of ionization constants of acid-base indicators.2. Determination of bismuth by thiouric acid.3. Differencial – photometric determination of nickel.4. Photometric determination of chromium (III) and manganese (III) in a mixed

solution.5. Spectrophotometrical determination of chromium (III) and manganese (II) in a

mixed solution.6. Photometric titration of magnesium using EDTA.7. Determination of iron (III) by the addition method.8. Determination of copper by extraction with pyridine and thiocyanate.9. Photometric determination of phosphorus by molybdenum reagent.10. Photometric determination of silica by molybdenum reagent.11. Determination of calcium by flame photometry.Requirements for successful course completion:

Seminars and practical classes – 64 hours.Examination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: Microanalysis MethodsCourse literature:1. Практикум по физико-химическим методам анализа. Под ред. О.М.Петрухина. М.: Химия,

1987.2. Физико-химические методы анализа. Под ред. В.Б.Флексковского. Л.: Химия, 1988.3. D. G. Peters, J. M. Hayes, G. M. Hieftje. Chemical Separation and Measurements.

W.B. Saunder Company.- 749 pp. Philadelphia, London, Toronto.4. Accreditation and quality assurance in analytical Chemistry. Ed. by H. Gunzler.

Berlin, Springer, 1996.5. F. A. Settle. Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry.-

Simon and Schuster Company. New Jersey, 1997.- 994 pp.6. Periodiskie izdevumi. Anal. Chem., An. Chem. Acta, Zeitcsh. Für An. Chemi u.c.

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ELECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS METHODS

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Artūrs VīksnaCourse code:Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry Credit points: 4Course description:

The aim of current course is to give knowledge’s about modern electrochemical analysis methods. including theoretical and practical aspects of selected methods.Course content:1. Classification of electrochemical analysis methods. Equilibrium in electrochemical

analysis methods. Equilibrium potentials: electrode-, redox- and membrane potentials.

1. Ion-selective selective electrodes: classification, formation and main preparation principles. Preparation of polyvinylchloride electrodes in laboratory and their preparation to measurements. Possibilities of ion-selective electrodes

2. Ionometric determination of zinc ions in water solutions by different standard addition methods.

3. Determination of potentiometric selectivity coefficient of different ion-selective electrodes.

4. Potentiometric determination of ionization constants of phosphoric acid.5. Biamperometric determination of chromium and manganese ions in water solutions.6. Coloumetric determination of iron ions in water solutions.7. Potentiometric titration of iron ions by polarized electrodes.8. Simultaneous determination of nickel, zinc and cobalt ions by polarography.9. Automatic titration of mixture of sulfuric and boric acids.10. Conductometric standardization sodium hydroxide..11. Electrodes and electrochemical cells in stripping methods. formation of intermetalic

compounds. Potential of electrolysis and their selection for the analysis of different ions.

12. Simultaneous determination of lead, cadmium and copper ions by stripping potentiometry..

13. Adsorptive stripping potentiometry. Determination of micro amounts of nickel and cobalt in natural waters.

14. Stripping coloumetry.Requirements for course successful completion: Seminars and practical classes - 64 hExamination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: Microanalysis MethodsLiterature:1. F.A. settle. Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry. - Simon

and Schuster Company: New Jersey, 1997. - 995 pp.2. D.A. Skoog, D.M. west, F.J. Holler. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry. -

Sounders College Publishers. Sixth Ed.: USA, 1992.- 893 pp.3. D.A. Skoog. Fundamentals of Instrumental Analysis. - Sounders College Publishers.

Third Ed.: 1989. - 879 pp.4. J. Wang. Analytical Electrochemistry.- VCH Publishers, USA, 1996 -

198 pp.

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ORGANIC ANALYTICAL REAGENTS

Course author: Dr. chem. Janis Gibietis.Course code:Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course credits: 2Course description:

The aim of the present course is to develop the knowledge about the chemical composition and structure of most important organic reagents being used in the field of analytical chemistry, as well as about the basic principles of their application in chemical analysis.

Course content:1. Main groups of organic reagents applied in analytical chemistry.2. Theoretical principles of application of organic reagents in analytical chemistry.3. Salt-forming organic reagents.4. Complex- forming organic reagents.5. Indicators.6. Catalysts and catalytic methods in analytical chemistry.7. Polymer-supported organic reagents and catalysts.8. Biocatalysts (enzymes).9. The principles of the choice of reagents for application in chemical analysis.

Requirements for successful course completion: Lectures and seminars – 32 hours.Examination format: Written examination.Course literature: 1. Д.Перрин. Органические аналитические реагенты. М.: Мир, 1967.2. Э.Бишоп (ред.). Индикаторы, т. 1,2. М.: Мир, 1976.3. Reagent Chemicals. A CS Specifications. New York, 1993.4. К.Салдадзе, В.Копылова-Валова. Комплексообразующие иониты. М.: Мир, 1980.5. А.Кулис. Аналитические системы на основе иммобилизированных ферментов. Вильнюс, 1981.6. Raksti periodikā 1990-1999.

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PERSONALITY AND GROUP DEVELOPMENT DIAGNOSTICS

Course author: Dr.psych., doc. Ināra KrūmiņaCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The course presents an analysis of the development of individual personality and group behaviour.

Course content:1. Structure of the mind, possibilities of investigation.2. Individual personality features: temperament, character, abilities, imagination etc.3. Attitude and contact in groups: verbal and non-verbal, conflicts.4. Inability to interpret results correctly.Requirements for successful course completion: 32 lessons (lectures, seminars). Active participation in studies. Examination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: General PsychologyCourse literature: 1. A.Vengers, O.Cukermane. Jaunākā skolas vecuma bērnu individuālās apsekošanas shēma. Rīga,

1994.2. A.Vorobjovs. Psiholoģijas pamati. Rīga, 1996.3. Е.И.Рогов. Настольная книга практического психолога в образовании. М., 1995.

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METHODS OF TEACHING CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Dagnija CēdereCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The aim of the course is to introduce the main elements of chemistry education, based on contemporary theories of general education methodology and objectives of chemistry education. The course presents several techniques for teaching chemistry in primary and secondary schools. Course content:1. The concept of didactics. Didactic models.2. Cognitive approach in chemistry teaching.3. Goals and objectives of chemistry education, standards and guidelines.4. Evaluation of achievements, evaluation criteria. Creating tests.5. Study models in chemistry.6. Problem-based methods.7. Interactive teaching methods.8. The project method and the project oriented method.9. Criteria for selecting study material. The principle of simplification.10. Models and modelling in chemistry.11. Teaching aids. Chemical experiments. Using modern technologies.12. Problems and tests.13. Problems of teaching basic chemistry. Stimulating interests in learning chemistry.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hours, seminars 32 hoursExamination format: written examinationPrerequisites: General Pedagogy, General PsychologyCourse literature:1. P.Pfeifer, K.Haeusler, B.Lutz. Konkrete Fachdidaktik Chemie. Oldenburg Verlag, München, 1996.2. G.Burton et.al. Salters Advanced Chemistry. Heinemann Educ. Publishers, 1996.3. M.Jaeckel (Herausg.) Chemie heite Sekundarbereich I, II. Schroedel Schulbuchverlag, 1997.4. L.Lapiņa, V.Rudiņa. Interaktīvās mācīšanas metodes. Rīga. Zvaigzne ABC, 1997.5. L.Grigules un I.Silovas red. Mācīsimies sadarbojoties. Rīga. Mācību grāmata, 1998.6. G.Černobeļskaja. Ķīmijas mācīšanas metodikas pamati. M., Procveščeņije, 1987.7. Latvijas un citu valstu ķīmijas izglītības standarti un vadlīnijas.The programme is approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08.98.)

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THEORY OF EXPERIMENTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Dagnija CēdereCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The goal of the course is to introduce the particularities of organic chemistry experiments and related theories. The course discusses toxicity of organic compounds and safety instructions as well as the criteria for selecting experiment types and teaching methods. The principles of choice of course contents, laboratory practice and demonstrations are analysed. Emphasis is placed on shaping the students’ cognitive interests, practical skills and creative abilities. Course content:1. Theoretical basis for development of experiments.2. Classification of organic chemistry experiments, working methods, laboratory safety.3. Semi-micro and micro method. Qualitative and quantitative experiments.4. Visual aids and demonstrations. 5. Hydrocarbons. Experiments with gaseous substances.6. Oxygen containing organic compounds (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters,

soap).7. Bifunctional organic compounds (carbohydrates, aminoacids)8. Synthetic polymers, synthetic detergents.9. Functional analysis of organic substances.10. Qualitative identification of several toxic organic substances.11. Thin layer and column chromatography.12. Experimental projects.Requirements for successful course completion: Lectures 16 hours,

laboratory practice 16 hoursExamination format: written examinationPrerequisites: Methods of Teaching ChemistryCourse literature:1. V.M.Drinks. 456 eksperimenti ķīmijā. Rīga. - Zvaigzne ABC, 1995.2. Chemische Schulexperimente. Bd. 1-4, Verlag Harri Deutsch-Thun-Frankfurt/M, 1987.3. M.Jaeckel (Herausg.). Chemie heute Sekundarbereich I, II. Schroedel Schulbuchverlag, 1997.The programme is approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08.98.)

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EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHYCourse author: Dr.paed., doc. Tatjana KoķeCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry Course description:

The aim of the course is to summarise the educational importance of major philosophical trends in order to stimulate teachers and enrich their value systems.

Course content:1. Philosophical topics in education. Educational aims and different philosophical trends: idealism,

realism, pragmatism, behaviourism, existentialism and humanism.2. The importance of theories of personality (S.Freud’s, C.Jung, A.Adler, K.Horney, E.Ericson,

B.Skinner, E.Shpranger, G.Allport, C.Rogers, etc.) in education.3. Historical development of world cognition, its impact on school curriculum.4. Liberty and responsibility. Authority, democracy, autonomy at school and in society.5. Theories of communication. Integration in and alienation from the modern world and in the school

environment. Requirements credit points: lectures 32 hoursExamination format: ExaminationPrerequisites: Philosophy, General Psychology, General PedagogyCourse literature:1. Adlers A. Psiholoģija un dzīve - R.: IDEA, 1992.- 178 lpp.2. Bēme G. Pedagoģiskā apziņa, domāšana un rīcība.// IAI mēnešraksts.Rīga, janv.-marts,1993., 3.-

8.lpp.3. Djui Dž. Skola un sabiedrība., R., 1925.-53.lpp.4. Drabanskis J. Audzināšana un tagadnes problēmas.- R.:Valters un Rapa, 19355. Freids Z. Psihoanalīzes nozīme un vēsture - Lielvārde, 1994.-197 lpp.6. Freids Z. Totēms un Tabu - R.: Minerva, 1995. - 206.lpp.7. Z.Freids - gara zinātņu krīze// Raudive K. Laikmetu ārdītājs. - Grāmatu draugs, 1974 - 118.-

129.lpp.8. Gorders J. Sofijas pasaule.- R.:Zvaigzne ABC, 1996.- 511.lpp.9. Hessens S. Paidagoģijas pamati: Ievads lietojamā filozofijā.,R.,1929.-287.lpp.10. Horni K. Žurnālā "Alter Ego" 1994.g. nr.6, 1995.g.nr.111. Jungs K. Psiholoģiskie tipi - R.: Zvaigzne, 199312. Jungs K. Dvēseles pasaule - R.: Spektrs, 1994.- 216 lpp.13. Karpova A., Plotnieks I. Personība un saskarsme, R.: LVU, 1984.- 94. lpp.14. Kenfīlds Dž.,Hensens M.V. Kā cāļa zupa dvēselei.-R.,Juventa,1996.-223.lpp15. Koķe T. Audzināšanas filozofijas aktuālie aspekti.// Skolotāju pieredze. N10,1996.16. Kūle M.,Kūlis R.Filosofija.-Apg.Burtnieks,1996.-342.-451.lpp.17. Pizs A. Ķermeņa valoda, R.: Jumava, 199518. Šuvajevs I. Z.Freids //Liesma 1993.g.Nr.6-12, 1994g. Nr. 1-2.19. Rēpers V., Smite L. Ievads ideju vēsturē. R.:Zvaigzne ABC, 1997. - 205. lpp.20. Rudītis A. Brīvības doma audzināšanā .- Fišbacha, 1948.- 146.lpp21. Юсупoв З.О. Психология взаимопонимания.- Киев, 199122. Зейгарник Б.В. Теории личности в зарубежной психологии- М., 198223. Encyclopedia Britanica, Philosophy of Education, p.725 - p.72924. Hergenhanm B.R.An Introduction to Theories of Personality,-Prentice Hall.

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INTEGRATION OF PSYCHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

Course author: Dr.biol., M.paed., doc. Inta KraukleCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry Course description:

Principles of human neuro-psychical activities (problem solving, decision making, stress, relaxation etc.) and psycho-physiological self-regulation, and theirs use in teaching and educational work.Analysis and adjustment of the educational process using principles of psychophysiology. Optimisation of stress and increasing of mental work capacity: psycho-physiological aspects. Methods of experimental psychology: training and psycho-physiological interpretation.

Course content:1. Integration of psychology and physiology in education.2. Role of neuro-hormonal regulation in psychical activities, including self-realisation of pupil’s

personality in primary school.3. Role of cerebral asymmetry in development of personality. Adaptation of left-handers in primary

school.4. Psychophysiology of sense-organs. Role of sensory input in self-regulation of neuro-psychical

activity.5. Problem solving and phases of decision making. Conflicts resolution.6. Emotional stress. Theories: biological, psychological, psycho-physiological.7. Work capacity and fatigue. Principles of psycho-hygiene. Neuro-physiological basis of psychical

activities. Requirements for getting credit points: lectures 32 hoursExamination format: Written and oral examinationPrerequisites: Course literature:1. Karlsons Dz.Z. Cilvēka ķermeņa Īpatnības un psihe. - R.: A.Gulbja izd., 1935. -

329 lpp.2. Karrels A. Nepazītais cilvēkā. - R.: A.Gulbja izd., 1938. - 256 lpp.3. Kraukle I. Problēmu un konfliktu situācijas. - R.: LVU, 1976. - 26 lpp.4. Krauklis A. Emocionālais stress un tā optimizācija. - R.: Zvaigzne, 1981. - 186

lpp.5. Kraukle I., Krauklis A. Smadzeņu labās un kreisās puslodes kopdarbība

problēmsituācijās. Skola un Ģimene, 1997., Nr.7-8, 36.-38.lpp.6. Balsons M. Kā izprast klases uzvedību. - Lielvārde: Lielvārds, 1995. - 208 lpp.7. Širjajevs D. Simetrisko smadzeņu asimetrija. - R.: Zinātne, 1982. - 51 lpp.8. Selye H. Stress without distress. - New York, 1994. - 171 p.9. Hanson P.G. Stress for Success. - Toronto, 1989. - 301 p.10. Greif S. Psychischer Stress am Arbeitsplatz. - Toronto, Zurich, 1991. - 2845 S.11. Myers D. Psychology. - INK, 1987. - pp. 60-12512. Weiten W., Lloyd M. Psychology Applied to Modern Life. Adjustment in the 90. -

California, 1991. - 542 p.DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

Course author: Dr.biol., M.paed., doc. Inta KraukleCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry Course description:

Awareness of the principles and stages of human psychological development from the birht to death.

Course content:1. Acquisition of theoretical principles of psychological development.2. Providing opportunities for students to apply theoretical knowledge in the teaching process.3. Awareness of the ways of preventing disorders of psychological development.

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Requirements for getting credit points: Lectures 18 hours, seminars 6 hours, practical classes 8 hours. Participation during classes, especially seminars and practical classes. Ability to use theoretical knowledge in analysing situations, problem solving and decision making. Written report about some aspects of psychological development.Examination format: Written and oral examination, self evaluationPrerequisites: General PsychologyCourse literature:1. Kraukle I. Attīstības psiholoģija. Darba programma. - Latvijas universitāte, 1996. - 16 lpp.2. Kraukle I. Rakstu cikls "Izglītībā un Kultūrā". Psiholoģija. Palīgs skolotājiem. (17.03.1994.,

02.06.1994.; 07.07.1994.; 15.12.1994.; 07.12.1995.; 03.08.1996.)3. Božoviča L. Personības veidošanās skolas gados. - R.: Zvaigzne, 1975. - 302 lpp.4. Kempbels R. Kā patiesi mīlēt pusaudzi. - R.: 1991. - 113 lpp.5. Ļubļinska A. Bērnu psiholoģija. - R.: Zvaigzne, 1979. - 383 lpp.6. Students J. Bērnu, pusaudžu un jauniešu psiholoģija. - R.: Autora izd., 1935. - 735 lpp.

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THE METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OF EXPERIMENTS IN PEDAGOGY

Course author: Dr.habil.paed., prof. Ausma ŠponaCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry Course description:

The goal of the course is the mastery of the essence of the experimental process in education and the necessary organisational skills involved, based on an individualised approach using systematic and structural educational methods.Course content:

1. Pedagogy - the science of education. The origins and development of pedagogy.2. Pedagogic experimental methods. The concept of "methodology" in the science of pedagogy.

Traditional pedagogic methods. The pedagogic experiment. Pedagogic evaluation. Group study methods such as questionnaires, study of group differentiations.

3. The laws governing development in general. The human developmental process. Heredity and development. Environmental influences on personality development.

4. The essence of experimental problems in pedagogy. Theoretical and practical problems, their origins and causes: theory overtakes practical application and vice versa. Theoretical basis of experiments in pedagogy. Contradictions and conflicts in the pedagogic process.

5. The research project - inherent problems, topic selection. The research subject. The ideal research project. Forming a hypothesis: anticipating changes in overall pedagogic conditions and educational funding. The research project as procedural follow-through, as volume and productivity indicator. Theoretical research methods. Development of theoretical research models.

6. Choice of empirical experimental methods. The validity, complexity and appropriateness of the selected method. Experimental essence and program development. Summary and analysis of experimental results.

7. Preparation of scientific experiments for publication. Scientific experiments in pedagogic theory and practical application, their relationships.

Requirements for successful course completion: 32 hours (lectures, seminars). Examination format: Written examinationPrerequisites: General Psychology, General PedagogyCourse literature: 1. Березин Ф.Б. и др. Методика многостороннего исследования личности. М.: Фомум, 1994. 2. Schwarzer Ch. Einführung in die Pädagogische Diagnostik. München: Kosel,

1979.

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MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE HIGH SCHOOL CHEMISTRY CURRICULUM

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Jāzeps Logins, Dr.chem.,doc. Sigurds TakerisCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: part B of the Master’s program in ChemistryCourse description:

The lecture course provides an overview of modern information technology use in chemistry teaching. Different computer chemistry programs and the methods of their introduction in chemistry courses are discussed. The course introduce students also to principles of scientific information search in libraries and in the internet.

Course content:1. Overview of modern information technologies2. Description of technical equipment3. Operating systems (DOS, Windows, MacOS)4. MS Office : Word, Excel, Power Point., etc.5. Chemistry and the internet6. Basic principles of HTML format use7. Finding chemical information 8. Chemical education and training software9. Computer simulation 10. Computational experiments. Software and Hardware11. Chemical databases12. Tests. Construction and evaluation13. Structure and laboratory drawings14. Molecular design15. Teaching chemistry through multimedia16. Information technologies for in-class and out of class trainingRequirements for successful course completion: lectures and seminars 64 hours.Examination format: written examinationPre-requisites: Methods of Teaching ChemistryCourse literature:1. J.Logins. Pētnieciskā darba veikšana un noformēšana. Metodiskais materiāls,

2000. (sagatavots publicēšanai).2. W.H.Peterssen. Wissenschaftlische Arbeiten. Eine Einfuerung fuer Schueler und

Studenten. Ehrenwirth Muenchen, 1991.3. M.Thiesen. ABC fuer wissenschaftlischen Arbeit. Verlag an der Lottbek, 1993.4. MS Office apraksti internetā un programmas palīdzības sistēmā.5. LU Programmu un algoritmu fonda materiāli6. MACINTOSH for Dummies, 1977, 350 lpp.7. YAMAHA UN MACINTOSH operāciju sistēmu apraksti.8. Angļu latviešu skaidrojošā Datoru vārdnīca. “Jumava”, R., 1998, 399 lpp.The programme is approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08.98.)

CHEMISTRY EDUCATIONAL CONTENT

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Dagnija Cēdere and Dr.chem. doc. Anda PrikšāneCourse code:Credit points: 6Course included in: part B of the Master’s program in ChemistryCourse description:The lecture course give the teacher the ability to provide his/her students the problem solving skills necessary to understand the relationship between chemical substances and processes in the environment. The curriculum is focused on

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relating chemistry to contemporary social issues by discussing consumer and environmental concerns and by using various educational models. Course content:1. Methodology of teaching natural science 2. Models of chemistry educational content in Latvia and in the world3. Principles of educational contents and methods selection4. Integration of environmental chemistry5. Group exercises and projects in environmental chemistry6. Integration of every day chemistry problems7. Energy conception in chemistry, biology and in physics; inter-subject approach8. Problem-oriented lessons and problem design using everyday topics9. Medicine and drugs; attitude development; selection of interactive methods10. Problem-solving and collaborative approach in chemistry; presentation of lessons and analysis.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 64 hours and seminars 32 hours.Examination format: written examinationPre-requisites: Methods of Teaching Chemistry Course literature:1. ChemCom (Chemistry in the Community). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1998.2. Химия и общество. Изд. Мир, Москва, 1995.3. J.W.Hill. Chemistry for Changing Times. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1992. 4. P.Haupt (Hausg.). Naturwissenschaften im Unterricht Chemie (NiUChemie) (periodische

Zeitschr.).5. M.Kļaviņš. Vides ķīmija. Rīga, LU, 1996.6. Latvijas un citu valstu Ķīmijas izglītības standarti un vadlīnijas. The programme is approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08.98.)

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PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.chem., doc. Pēteris MekšsCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The aim of this course is to introduce the concept of the transition state, conversion regularities of organic compounds in the presence of different catalysts, fragmentation under electron impact ionisation and evaluation of reactivity by using the constants of substituents as proposed by Hammet. Course content:1.Transition state theory.2.Catalytic equation of Bronsted.3.Interpretation of kinetic data linear changes.4.The concept of free energy.5.The concept of summation of steric effects.6.Rearragements of organic substances under electron ionisation.7.Chemical ionisation.8.Induction and resonance effects.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures -32 h, laboratory practise – 16 h, discussions – 16 h.Examination format: Written examinationPre-requisites: Course literature:1. 1.L.P.Hammet. “Physical Organic Chemistry”. New York. McGraw-Hill 1980.2. 2.P.W.Atkins. “Physical Chemistry”. Oxford: Oxford Acad. Press. 19943. 3.J.T.Watson, “Introduction to Mass Spectrometry”, New York, Lippincott-Raven, 1997.


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CHROMATOGRAPHY

Course author: Dr chem., doc. Pēteris MekšsCourse code:

Credit points: 4Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

This course will give students the needed knowledge to choose the best technique, selecting the best separation conditions, and proper equipment in high-performance liquid (HPLC) and gas-liquid (GC) chromatography for both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The aim of the course is to relate the structure and physical characteristics of organic compounds with their chromatographic behaviour.

Course content:1. Concepts and control of separation.2. Detectors in HPLC and GC.3. Mobile and stationary phases.4. The column: evaluation and specifications.5. Qualitative analysis of sample bands by means of reference substances and correlation

relationships.6. Identification by coupled GC-masspectrometry methods.7. Quantitative analysis using internal and external standards.8. Appliance of bonded-phase, liquid-solid, ion- exchange, and ion-pair methods in HPLC.9. Thin-layer and paper chromatography.10. Size-exclusion chromatography.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures - 32 h, laboratory practise –

24 h, discussions – 8 hExamination format: written examinationCourse literature:1. J.S.Snyder, J.J.Kirkland. Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography. J.Willey, New York,

1979.2. P.J.Bauch. Gas chromatography. A Practical approach. Oxford University Press, 1993.3. A.M. Krstulovic, P.R.Brown. Reversed-Phase Liquid chromatography; Theory, Practice and

Biomedical Applications, J.Willey, New York, 1982.4. J.Th.Watson. Introduction to Mass Spectrometry. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1997.


147

MAGNETOCHEMISTRY

Course author: Dr.habil.phys., prof. Juris TīliksCourse code: Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCredit points: 2Course description:

The course describes external magnetic field effects on physical and chemical processes. Utility of magnetic fields in medicine, biology, particle transfer in chemical reactions, and in polymer science will be considered.Course content:

1. Magnetic fields, properties and parameters.2. Strong magnetic fields, constant and modulated fields.3. Diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic materials and compounds.4. Magnetic and spin effects in kinetics of chemical reaction.5. Effect of chemical polarising of nucleus. 6. Chemical polarising of electrons.7. Magnetic field effects on mass transfers and processes of system structuring.8. Magnetic field effects on biochemical processes and organisms.9. Experimental technique of magnetochemistry.

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 16 hours, laboratory 16 hoursExamination format: written examinationPrerequisites: physics, physical chemistry, high energy chemistryCourse literature:

1. Strong and ultrastrong magnetic fields and their applications. Ed. F.Herlach, Springer Verl., Berlin, 1985, 456 p.

2. Carlin R.L. Magnetochemistry. Springer Verl., Berlin, 1989, 399 p.3. Selwood M. Magnetochemistry. Moscow:IIL, 1988, 457 p., in Russian4. Bugaenko L.T., Sagdeev R.Z., Salihov K.M. Magnetic and spin effects in chemical

reactions. Novosibirsk:Nauka. 1978, 293 p., in Russian5. Mokrousov G.M. Physicochemical processes in magnetic field.

Moscow:Energoizdat, 1986, 260 p., in Russian


148

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS


The aim of the course is to show the structure, physical and chemical properties of solids, mechanisms of photochemical, thermochemical, mechanochemical and radiation chemical processes.Course content:

1. Structure and properties of solids. Chemical bonding in solids, atomic forces. Energy of ionic crystals. Crystal structure, atomic radii, packing, polymorphism, isomorphism, solid mixtures. Experimental methods of crystal structure investigation. Amorphous solids.

2. Quantum mechanical models of solids, zone theory. Electron distribution by energy levels, energy zones, closed zone. Classification of solids: dielectrics, semiconductors, metals. Ligand field theory.

3. Defects in solids. Electrons and holes. Point defects, intrinsic atoms, charge compensation, non-stoichiometry, forming of hole vacancies. Other defects, dislocation, shift.

4. Effect of defects to physicochemical properties. Types and mechanisms of electric conductivity. Optical properties, optical absorption, photoconductivity, luminescence. Magnetic, thermochemical, mechanical properties of solids.

5. Equilibrium of defects. Electrons as a chemical particles. Ionisation of defects. Energy of defect forming and chemical properties. Equilibrium of defects with the environment.

6. Atom movement. Theory and mechanism of diffusion, Kirkendal effect. Ion flow, ionic electroconductivity. Diffusion controlled chemical reactions.

7. Recombination of defects. Cases of indirect actions, chemical defects distribution, defect concentration. Association of defects, ion pair formation, direct action.

8. Structural changes of solids, kinetics, classification, thermodynamics and phase diagrams. Recrystallisation and phase formation.

9. Chemical reactions in the solid state. Photographic processes, decomposition reactions, films. Factors affecting reaction kinetics, intrinsic and structure effects. Radiolysis and thermolysis of solids. Polychrome and tunnelling reactions.

10. Surface and surface energy. Adsorption on surface, types and isotherms. Catalysis and properties of catalysts. Phase and electrode surface reactions.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 20 hours, laboratory 12 hoursExamination format: writtenPrerequisites: inorganic, physical, organic chemistryLiterature:

1. Ryabih S.M. Chemistry of Solids. Kemerovo:Izd.Kem.GU, 1980, 90 p., in Russian2. Defects in insulating crystals./Ed. V.M.Turkevic, K.K.Shvarts. Riga:Zinatne, 1981,

392 p.3. Models of defects in wide-band dielectrics/Ed. Yu.R.Zakis, E.A.Silinsh,

V.P.Tamuzh, K.K.Shvarts. Riga:Zinatne, 1991, 383 p., in Russian4. Zamarayev K.I., Hairutdinov R.F., Zhdanov V.P. Electron tunnelling in chemistry.

Novosibirsk:Nauka, 1985, 320 p., in Russian


149

HIGH ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

Course author: Dr.habil.phys., prof. Juris TīliksCourse code: Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCredit points: 4Course description:The aim of the course is to introduce students to high energy processes and their application using radiation sources available in Latvia (linear electron accelerator, lasers, plasmotrons).Course content:

1. High energy processes and classical chemical technology.2. Physicochemistry of high energy processes, generation, properties, transformation

reactions and products of chemical active particles.3. Energy sources, safety, and work protection.4. Ionising radiation sources: structure, parameters, usage, absorbed energy. Radiation

chemical synthesis, products.5. Plasma: production, structure, use of the plasmotron for synthesis of unique

materials and special films.6. Apparatus for photochemistry, lasers, structure, principles, usage. Actinometry.

Mechanisms of photochemical processes, photochemical synthesis, photochemical modification.

7. Economics of high energy technologies. Product yield dependence on apparatus parameters. Comparison of costs of high energy and classical technologies.

8. Radiation modification of polymers. Surface photo and radiation hardness changes.9. Radiation use for environmental pollution problems. Industrial gas deactivation.10. Radiation modification of inorganic materials (semiconductors, ferrites, crystals,

glasses, etc.).11. Radiation experiments: methods, work protection, absorbed dose.

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 h, seminars 16 h, laboratory 16 hExamination format: written examinationPrerequisites: Inorganic, Physical, High Energy ChemistryLiterature:

1. Pikaev A.K. Modern radiation chemistry. Solids and polymers. Application. Moscow:Nauka, 1987, 448 p., in Russian

2. Clegg D.W., Collyer A.A. Irradiation Effects on Polymers. London:Elsevier, 19913. Bugaenko L., Kuzmin M., Pollak C. High energy chemistry. Moscow:Khymiya,

1988, 364 p., in Russian4. Woods R.J., Pikaev A.K. Applied Radiation Chemistry. Radiation Processing.

N.Y.:Willey, 1994.


150

HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY


The aim of the course is to teach students about high energy chemistry. This consists of photochemistry, plasma chemistry, radiation chemistry. High energy affect reaction kinetics. Application to the synthesis of new compounds, material modification, sterilisation, and environmental use will be discussed. In the laboratory the students study experimental techniques of high energy (photochemical, laser chemical, apparatus, plasmatrons, electron accelerators etc.)Course content:

1. General principles of high energy chemistry.2. Energy types, properties, sources, generation, usage.3. Energy transfer processes to substances, topography and kinetics of primary

processes.4. Chemically active particles .5. Photochemical and photophysical processes.6. Laser chemical processes.7. Reaction kinetics at high temperatures, plasma chemical reactions.8. Radiation chemical processes in gases, environmental photochemistry and radiation

chemistry.9. Radiolysis of water and water solutions, biosystems.10. Radiolysis of organic compounds, functional groups.11. Radiation chemistry of monomers, radiation polymerisation.12. Radiation chemistry of polymers, polymer modification.13. Radiation processes in inorganic and organic solids, radiation stability of materials.

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hours, seminars 16 hours, laboratory 24 hoursExamination format: written examinationPrerequisites: Physics, Physical ChemistryLiterature:

1. Spinks J.W., Woods R.J. An introduction to radiation chemistry. N.Y., 1992, 504 p.2. Henglein A., Schabel W., Wendonburg J. Einfurung in die Strahlenchemie. Berlin,

1990, 400 p.3. Turro N. Molecular photochemistry. Col.Univ., N.Y., 1989, 328 p.4. Ready J. Effects of high-power laser radiation. Acad.Press, N.Y., 1994, 467 p.5. Bugaenko L.E., Kuzmin M.G., Polak L.S. High energy chemistry.

Moscow:Khymiya, 1988, 364 p., in Russian6. Pikayev A.K. Modern radiation chemistry, Vol.1, Moscow:Nauka, 1985, 373 p., in

Russian7. Pikayev A.K. Modern radiation chemistry, Vol.2, Moscow:Nauka, 1986, 440 p., in

Russian8. Pikayev A.K. Modern radiation chemistry, Vol.3, Moscow:Nauka, 1987, 448 p., in

Russian9. Jagazcapyan R.V., Kosorotov V.I., Filippov M.T. Introduction to radiation chemical

technology. Moscow:Atomizdat, 1979, 285 p., in Russian

The programme is approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08.98.)RADIOECOLOGY

151

Course author: Dr.habil.phys., prof. Juris TīliksCourse code: Course included in: part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCredit points: 4Course description:

The course will show the students the basics of environment radioactive pollution, its sources, properties, indication, possibilities of deactivation. The task of the course is to gain knowledge and practical skills of environmental radioactive pollution modelling, control, deactivation, the law, and radiation safety. Use of radiation and radioactivity in different areas of science and industry is discussed.Course content:

1. Radioactivity, properties, parameters.2. Sources of radioactive pollution.3. Estimation of radioactivity, practical radiometry.4. Ionising radiation effects on substance, biological systems, basics of radiation

chemistry.5. Ionising radiation dose, dosimetry, methods of dose estimation.6. Biological effect of ionising radiation, medical aspects of radioactive pollution.7. Migration of radioactive pollution in nature.8. Radioactive pollution of soil, plants, alive organisms, forms of localising.9. Practical methods of radioactivity control.10. International and Latvia’s laws about radiation safety.11. Radiation safety control.12. Deactivation of radioactive pollution.13. Use of radiation and radioactive pollution, possibilities, effects.

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hours, seminars 8 hours, laboratory 24 hoursExamination format: written examination, after 6 laboratories completedPrerequisites: Physics, Physical ChemistryLiterature:

1. Millers A., Ruse I. General radiobiology and practical radioecology. Riga:LU, 1995, 313 p., in Latvian

2. Environmental radiation measurements. NCRP report, N.Y., 1992, 254 p.3. Gavars V., Millers A.. Radiation. Environment protection committee, Republic of

Latvia, 1991, 67 p., in Latvian4. Clavensjo B., Akerbom G. The radon book. Riga, 1997, 67 p.5. Newell J. Radiation protection and internal emitter. N.Y. 1990, 324 p.


152

LUMINESCENT METHODS OF INVESTIGATION

Course author: Dr.chem., leading researcher Broņislavs LeščinskisCourse code: Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCredit points: 2Course description:

The aim of the course is to show the luminescentic methods of investigation, as well as photochemical, photosensibilisated processes mechanisms in organic and inorganic systems.Course content:

1. Absorption of optical quantum. Intercombinational convertion. Singlet and triplet excision.

2. Deactivation of excision. Micromolecular reactions. Fluorescence and phosphorescence. Quantum yield, yield by energy.

3. Bimolecular reactions. Energy transfer mechanisms. Stokss shift. Radical reactions. Shtern-Folmer reactions.

4. Lyoluminescence, its mechanism. Luminophor affection. Hole and electron center acceptors influence to lyoluminescence. Affection of solution rate of solid to lyoluminescence. Application: dosimetry, spectrometry, study of the reaction mechanism.

5. Photo induced luminescence, its mechanism. Luminescence scavenging, scavenging times. Shtern-Folmer equation.

6. Thermal induced luminescence, its mechanism. Stability of defects in solids in different range of temperatures. Thermal induced luminescence dosimetry.

7. Chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, radioluminescence, mechanisms. Mechanisms and thermodynamics of oscillating reactions.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 32 hoursExamination format: written examinationPrerequisites: Physics, Highest Mathematics, Inorganic ChemistryLiterature:

1. J.Mackovich. Basics of fluorescent spectroscopy. Moscow:Mir, 1986, 496 p., in Russian

2. Parker S. Photoluminescence of solutions. Moscow:Mir, 1972, 358 p., in Russian3. Kazakov A.L., Sharipov G.L. Radioluminescence of water solutions.

Moscow:Nauka, 1986, 136 p., in Russian


153

ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

Course author: Dr.chem., leading researcher Gunta ĶizāneCourse code: Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCredit points: 2Course description:

The aim of the course is to form the basics of activation analysis as a high sensitive non-sample-destroy express method. The students obtain the lectures about the radiation sources usage and radiation registration methods in activation analysis, use of activation analysis in chemistry, geology, medicine, biology and specially surface investigation, quality of metallic covering etc. The knowledge of the course could be successfully used in study of other methods based on nuclear reactions, radiation affection to a substance, e.g. natural and technogenous radioactivity control, gamma, alpha, beta radiation spectrometry, isotopic dilution method, radiometric titration etc.Course content:

1. Basics principles and parameters of activation analysis.2. Kinetics of radioactive isotopes forming, accumulating and decay.3. Nuclear reactions, used in activation analysis. Interferating reactions, negotiation of

interferences.4. Methods of activation.5. Radiation sources: radioisotopes, generators, particle accelerators, convertors,

reactors, working principles, parameters, possibility of use.6. Activation analysis realisation.7. Affection of radiation to the substance and methods of radioactivity registration.8. Gamma, beta and alpha spectroscopy.9. Practical application of activation analysis.10. Experimental and work protection in activation analysis.

Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 8 hours, seminars 8 hours, laboratory 16 hoursExamination format: writtenPrerequisites: Physics, Physical Chemistry, Analytical ChemistryLiterature:

1. Zeev B. Alfasi Activation Analysis. C.R.S. Press Inc., 1990, 496 p.2. Activation Spectrometry in Chemical Analysis. Elsevier Science, 1992, 236 p.3. Bown G., Gibbons D. Radioactivation analysis. Moscow:Atomizdat., 1968, 360 p.,

in Russian4. Vandekastele K. Activation analysis by charged particles. Moscow:Mir, 1991, 208

p., in Russian5. Teldeshi Yu. Radioanalytical chemistry. Moscow:Energoatomizdat, 1987, 184 p., in

Russian6. Kuznetsov R.A. Activation analysis. Moscow:Atomizdat, 1967, 324 p., in Russian7. Mednis I.V. Gamma radiation of radionucleides in neutron activation analysis.

Riga:Zinatne, 1987, 212 p., in Russian.


154

THE MODELLING OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES

Course author: Dr.chem., docent Sigurds TakerisCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: Section B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:

The aim of this course is to get the students introduced with the problems about using the computers in modelling and planning of environmental processes. The course is made in an untraditional way. In the first part of the course the students acquire Bokss-Wilson method in planning experiments and get introduced with the basic notions, by using the instruction system RĪGA (mini ESM CM-1). In the second part the students are briefly introduced with the options of Macintosh computers, processing the necessary information for chemists, finding information in Internet. In the third part of the course the programme FLUENT is introduced, which gives opportunity to calculate different parameters of chemical reactions, by using Silicon Graphics computers.

For modelling environmental processes numerical methods have to be used. Finding the roots of equations - dihotomy, Newton and Rafson method, iteration method. Numerical integration - trapezium and Simpson method. Actions with matrixes for solving linear equation systems. Regression analysis. Correlation. Solving of differential equations.Course content:1. The basic notions of experiment planning.2. Multifactor experiment.3. Full factor experiment.4. Partial remarks.5. Moving along the gradient. The analysis of the obtained results.6. Getting acquainted with the modern computer technology and complex modelling programmes.7. Graphical interface of the user, by using Macintosh computers.8. Finding the necessary information in Internet.9. The modern opportunities of modelling reactions, by using Silicon Graphics computers.10. Modelling reactions by using the programme FLUENT.Requirements for successful course completion: 16 lectures and 16 practical work hours.Examination format: an examinationPrerequisites: using computers in chemistry, data processing of chemical experiments.Course literature:1. Documentation of the programme FLUENT.2. The teaching material for planning experiments in the system RĪGA for the computer CM-1

prepared by S.Takeris and I.Tāle.3. Testing tasks by using programme FLUENT composed by L.Buligins.


155

ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESS MODELLINGCourse author: Dr.chem., docent Sigurds TakerisCourse code:Credit points: 2Course included in: Section B of the Master's programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The aim of this course is to teach students the use of computers in modelling and planning of environmental processes. In the first part of the course the students acquire the Bokss-Wilson method in planning experiments and use the instruction system RĪGA (mini ESM CM-1). In the second part the students are introduced to the options of Macintosh computers. In the third part of the course the program FLUENT is introduced to calculate different parameters of chemical reactions, by using Silicon Graphics computers.

For modelling environmental processes numerical methods are used. Topics covered are: roots of equations - dichotomy, Newton and Rafson method, iteration method; numerical integration - trapezium and Simpson method, matrixes for solving linear equations, regression analysis, correlation, solving differential equations.Course content:1. Experiment planning.2. Multifactor experiment.3. Full factor experiment.4. Partial remarks.5. Moving along the gradient. Analysis of obtained results.6. Modern computer technology and complex modelling programs.7. Graphical interface by using Macintosh computers.8. Finding information in the Internet.9. Modelling reactions by using Silicon Graphics computers.10. Modelling reactions by using the program FLUENT.Requirements for successful course completion: 16 lectures and 16 practical work hExamination format: an examination.Course literature:1. Documentation of the program FLUENT.2. The teaching material for planning experiments in the system RĪGA for the computer CM-1

prepared by S.Takeris and I.Tāle.3. Testing tasks by using programme FLUENT composed by L.Buligins.


156

MODERN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Course author: Dr.chem., docent Sigurds TakerisCourse code:Credit points: 4Course included in: Section B of the Master's programme in ChemistryCourse description:

This course aims to get teach the use of the computer as a tool, while preparing their Master's thesis and other research reports, as well as finding information in the WWW. The students are introduced to several instructing programs.Course content:1. Working with different operating systems (DOS, Windows, MacOS).2. Working with Office programs (Word, Excel, Power Point, Exchange).3. Text processing programmes (Claris Works, Word, Word Perfect).

3.1. Arranging the page, headline, signature, footnotes.3.2. Working with the text.3.3. Charts and tabulators. Text transfer to charts, frames for text and pictures.3.4. Forms. Different objects: formulae, pictures, text effects.3.5. Spell-check. Macro commands.

4. Charts.4.1.Relative and absolute addresses. Cell and area words.4.2. Data rows, creation and usage. Windows, squares, work with big charts.4.3. Data processing, data bases, selecting, searching, data filters, subtotals.4.4. Consolidation, connecting data in different sheets, forms, protection of data and files. 4.5. Data processing. Scripts, the adaptation of raw data, the simultaneous adaptation of several data (Solver). Groups of rows and columns. Cross-section (Pivot) charts.4.6. Macro commands. 4.7. Graphical depicting of the results. Adaptation of formula.

5. Answering the test tasks with the computers.6. Programs instructing chemistry.7. Special editors of chemical formulas.8. The INTERNET. Searching servers (Alta Vista, Yahoo).9. Simple methods to prepare HTML. Requirements for successful course completion: 32 lectures and 32 practical work hours.Examination format: a test.Course literature:1. Description of Claris Office programmes.2. MS Office descriptions in Internet and the helping system of the program.3. The materials of the Program and algorithm foundation of LU.4. English-Latvian explanatory Computer dictionary. Jumava, R., 1998, 399 p.5. MACINTOSH for Dummies, 1977, 350 p.6. Description of YAMAHA and MACINTOSH operating systems.


157

THE SEARCHING AND PROCESSING OF THE SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION

Course author: Dr.phys. Jānis Kristapsons (The Academy of Science of Latvia)Course code:Credit points: 2Course included in: Section B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCourse description:

The aim of this course is to get the students introduced with the main methods of searching and processing of the contemporary scientific and technical information, as well as with the associated problems (the general organisation of the science, the choice of the kind of forming up the results etc.). The task of the course is to acquire the principles of forming different scientific and technical information systems and the peculiarities of their use. In the practical activities the students are supposed to get introduced with the main systems of scientific and technical information of the world, and to work with them in order to get the required information. In the seminars each student substantiates his or her choice in the formation of one or another personal information system.Course content:1. Fundamental and applied science, the relating scientific and technical information.2. The basic principles of the contemporary scientific and technical information system organisation.3. The distribution methods of scientific and patent information: paper, CD’s, “on-line”, Internet, E-

mail etc. The peculiarities of using Internet for getting information.4. The basic notions of scientific research politics.5. International scientific co-operation. Incorporating of the science of Latvia in the European and

world wide scientific systems. The target programmes of European Community.6. Scientific account and publication, their constituents on the account of information.7. Scientific information systems. The system worked out by the Institute for Scientific Information

(USA).8. Scientific information systems. The system worked out by Chemical Abstracts Service (USA). The

system of California Universities.9. Different systems of obtaining and maintaining of patents. Patent classifications. The description of

the patent and its constituents on the account of information.10. Patent information systems. The Patent and licence politics of the USA Patent office and European

patents. The systems worked out by “Know-how” organisations.11. The evaluating of the efficiency of the scientific action. The notion of the most popular scientific

journals. The notion of the prestige patent. Collaboration in the scientific conferences and their reflection in the scientific information.

12. Forming of the personal information system, basing on the use of libraries, computers, Internet and E-mail.

Requirements for successful course completion: 16 lectures hours, 4 seminar hours and 16 practical work hours.Examination format: a written examination.Prerequisites: Computer ScienceCourse literature:1. J.Kristapsons. Zinātniskās pētniecības darbu organizācija (Ievads informātikā). R., LVU, 1978, 96

lpp.2. В.М.Потапов, Э.К.Кочетова. Химическая информация (Что, где

и как искать химику в литературе). М., Химия, 1978, 304с. 3. Uģis Sarkans. Vispasaules tīmekļa (World Wide Web) tehnoloģijas izmantoðana kultûras apritē.

Apmācības materiāli (http://ai1.mii.lu.lv/KF/start.htm). 4. Judrups J., Sermone L., Strode M., Tenis U. Internet iespējas PC tipa datoru lietotājiem - Rīga: LU,

1996. - 100 lpp. (http://www.lanet.lv/books/ipc/g/i.html). 5. AltaVista Search: Main Page (http://www.altavista.digital.com/). 6. WebCrawler Searching (http://www.webcrawler.com/). 7. About CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) (http://info.cas.org/about.html). 8. Welcome to CARLweb (http://www.carl.org:1080/).9. Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Home Page. (http://www.isinet.com/).

158

10. Welcome to the European Patent Office; patent information products, patent information products on CD-ROMs, databases, CD-ROMs, CD-ROM collections of patent documents; European patents (http://www.epo.co.at/index.htm).

11. EPIDOS-INPADOC on line databases (http://www.epo.co.at/epo/epidos/sfamint.htm). 12. USPTO/CNIDR U.S. Patent Bibliographic Database Search Site

(http://patents.cnidr.org/patbib_index.html) .13. The form of ordering copies in the Latvian Academic Library

(http://www.acadlib.lv/COPY_REQ.HTM). 14. The science of Latvia in Internet: Subject index (http://www.lza.lv/subjind.htm).


159

http://www.epo.co.at/epo/epidos/sfamint.htm)

http://www.acadlib.lv/COPY_REQ.HTM)

RETRIEVAL AND COMPILATION OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION

Course author: Dr.phys. Jānis KristapsonsCourse code:Credit points: 2.Course included in: Section B of the Master's programme in ChemistryCourse description:This course introduces the main methods of searching and processing scientific and technical information from different scientific and technical information systems and the peculiarities of their use. Course content:1. Fundamental and applied science, relating scientific and technical information.2. Principles of contemporary scientific and technical information system organisation.3. Distribution methods of scientific and patent information: paper, CD's, "on-line", the Internet, E-

mail etc.4. Scientific research policies.5. International science co-operation. Incorporating the science of Latvia in the European and

worldwide science systems. Target programmes of the European Community.6. Publication of science information.7. Science information systems. The system worked out by the Institute for Scientific Information

(USA).8. Scientific information systems. The system worked out by Chemical Abstracts Service (USA). The

system of California Universities.9. Systems for obtaining and maintaining patents. Patent classifications. The description of the patent

and its contents.10. Patent information systems. The Patent and licence policies of the USA Patent Office and

European patents. The systems worked out by "Know-how" organisations.11. The evaluating of the efficiency of work in science. Popular scientific journals and the prestige

patents. Collaboration in scientific conferences.12. Forming a personal information system, use of libraries, computers, the Internet and E-mail.Requirements for successful course completion: 16 lectures hours, 4 seminar hours and 16 practical work hours.Examination format: a written examination.Course literature:1. J.Kristapsons. Zinātniskās pētniecības darbu organizācija (Ievads informātikā). R., LVU, 1978, 96

lpp.2. Uģis Sarkans. Vispasaules tīmekļa (World Wide Web) tehnoloģijas izmantošana

kultūras apritē. Apmācības materiāli (http://ai1.mii.lu.lv/KF/start.htm). 3. Judrups J., Sermone L., Strode M., Tenis U. Internet iespējas PC tipa datoru lietotājiem - Rīga: LU,

1996. - 100 lpp. (http://www.lanet.lv/books/ipc/g/i.html). 4. AltaVista Search: Main Page (http://www.altavista.digital.com/). 5. WebCrawler Searching (http://www.webcrawler.com/). 6. About CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) (http://info.cas.org/about.html). 7. Welcome to CARLweb (http://www.carl.org:1080/).8. Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Home Page. (http://www.isinet.com/).9. Welcome to the European Patent Office; patent information products, patent information products

on CD-ROMs, databases, CD-ROMs, CD-ROM collections of patent documents; European patents (http://www.epo.co.at/index.htm).

10. EPIDOS-INPADOC on line databases (http://www.epo.co.at/epo/epidos/sfamint.htm). 11. USPTO/CNIDR U.S. Patent Bibliographic Database Search Site

(http://patents.cnidr.org/patbib_index.html) .12. The form of ordering copies in the Latvian Academic Library

(http://www.acadlib.lv/COPY_REQ.HTM). 13. The science of Latvia in Internet: Subject index (http://www.lza.lv/subjind.htm).


160

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYCourse author: Dr.chem. Sigurds Takeris.Course code:Credit points: 4.Course included in: Section B of the Master’s programme in Chemistry.Course description:This course aims to get teach the use of the computer as a tool, while preparing their Master’s thesis and other research reports, as well as finding information in the WWW. The students are introduced to several instructing programs.Course content:1. Working with different operating systems (DOS, Windows, MacOS).2. Working with Office programs (Word, Excel, Power Point, Exchange).3. Text processing programmes (Claris Works, Word, Word Perfect).

3.1. Arranging the page, headline, signature, footnotes.3.2. Working with the text.3.3. Charts and tabulators. Text transfer to charts, frames for text and pictures.3.4. Forms. Different objects: formulae, pictures, text effects.3.5. Spell-check. Macro commands.

4. Charts.4.1.Relative and absolute addresses. Cell and area words.4.2. Data rows, creation and usage. Windows, squares, work with big charts.4.3. Data processing, data bases, selecting, searching, data filters, subtotals.4.4. Consolidation, connecting data in different sheets, forms, protection of data and files. 4.5. Data processing. Scripts the adoption of raw data, the simultaneous adaptation of several data

(Solver). Groups of rows and columns. Cross-section (Pivot) charts.4.6. Macro commands. 4.7. Graphical depicting of the results. Adoption of formula.

5. Answering the test tasks with the computers.6. Programs instructing chemistry.7. Special editors of chemical formulas.8. The INTERNET. Searching servers (Alta Vista, Yahoo).9. Simple methods to prepare HTML. Requirements for successful course completion: 32 lectures and 32 practical work hours.Examination format: a test.Course literature:1. Description of Claris Office programmes.2. MS Office descriptions in Internet and the helping system of the program.3. The materials of the Program and algorithm foundation of LU.4. English-Latvian explanatory Computer dictionary. Jumava, R., 1998, 399 p.5. MACINTOSH for Dummies, 1977, 350 p.6. Description of YAMAHA and MACINTOSH operating systems.

The programme is approved by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry (26.08.98.)COMPUTER MODELLING OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES

Course author: Dr.habil.chem., leading researcher Arnis SupeCourse code:Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCredit points: 2Course description:

The aim of the course is to give the student basics of general principles and application of computer use in study of physicochemical processes: chemical kinetics and radioactive decay, electron absorption (UV and visible radiation) and molecular bindings (IR radiation) for different compounds, electron paramagnetic resonance and proton paramagnetic resonance spectra.Course content:

161

1. Strategy and tactic of computer modelling of physicochemical processes, selection of the experimental data confirmed model, complication of mathematical description.

2. Practical examples of modelling of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), nuclear magnetic resonance and optical absorption spectra.

3. Technical base for modelling, the most common hardware and software, bugs for experimental data registration (sensors, measurement cards and boards).

4. Simple programmes of modelling, written on Basic (Sigma.bas etc), use of Coach 4.2 software for registering and modelling of the results of measurement.

5. Use of programmes under Windows (Microsoft Excel, Origin).6. First-order and second-order chemical reaction modelling, analysis and modelling

of polychromatic reactions.7. Analysis and modelling of radioactive decay, radiation defects increase curves

modelling.8. Modelling and mathematical analysis heterogeneous processes in solution of solids.9. Modelling and analysis of electron absorption spectra (UV and visible radiation) for

different compounds.10. Modelling of molecular bindings in organic compounds and mixtures (IR radiation).11. Analysis and modelling of free radical electron paramagnetic resonance spectra and

proton paramagnetic resonance spectra.Requirement for successful course completion: lectures 8 hours, seminars 18 hours, laboratory 6 hoursExamination format: written examinationPrerequisites: Physical Chemistry, Physical Methods of InvestigationsLiterature:

1. Putilov V.A. et al. The synthesis of models for computer experiment. St.Peterburg: Khymiya, 1992, 231 p., in Russian

2. Niedrite L. Microsoft Excel 5.0 for users. Riga:Computerland, 1995, 174 p., in Latvian

3. Bring J. Variable importance and regression modelling. Upsala: Univ. Upsal., 19944. Moskilde E., Mouristen O.G. Modelling of dynamics of biological systems:

Nonlinear phenomena pattern formation. Berlin:Springer, 1995, 294 p.5. Putilov V.A. et al. Models and systems of organisation of complex experimental

researches. Moscow:Nauka, 1991, 215 p., in Russian

162

CHEMICALLY ACTIVE PARTICLESCourse author: Dr.habil.chem., leading researcher Arnis Supe Course code: Course included in: Part B of the Master’s programme in ChemistryCredit points: 2Course description:

The aim of the course is to show the basics of excisioned molecule, ion, atom, anomaly valenced ions, free radicals structure, physical and chemical properties and their role in processes of organic synthesis, photochemistry, radiation chemistry and chemical technology.Course content:

1. Methods of synthesis, spectral properties, relaxation mechanisms of excisioned atoms, ions and molecules. Kinetic parameters of singlet and triplet excision.

2. Forming reactions, spectral properties and transform of anomaly valenced ions. Mechanism of spherical separation reaction of charge and unpaired electron.

3. Physical properties, structure, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical absorption spectra of free radicals.

4. Delocalisation of unpaired electron, Jahn-Teller principle. Estimation of electron density on atom from the superfine interaction constant.

5. Anisotropy of superfine interaction constant and g-factor. Orbital hybridisation of unpaired electron and radical placement in the crystal.

6. Use of saturation of EPR spectra for estimation of relaxation time of free radical and rate constant estimation in radical reactions.

7. Double (spin-spin and spin-nuclei) magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Use of spin-response for estimation of relaxation time of free radical.

8. Use of spin trapping for anomaly valenced ions or free radicals identifying. Optically detectable EPR use for study of excisioned ions and molecules.

9. Mainly chemical properties, monomolecular and bimolecular reactions, transforming and recombination of anomaly valenced ions or free radicals.

10. Isomerisation, dissociation, valence transform, oxidation-reduction reactions, recombination and disproportion of chemically active particles.

11. Affection of inner and outer factors (temperature, free volume of crystallic cell, free radical structure) to chemically active particle reaction kinetics.

12. Anomaly valenced ions and free radicals in organic synthesis. Homolytic reactions, halogenation of alkanes, stability of alkil free radical.Requirements for successful course completion: lectures 16 hours, seminars 10 hours, laboratory 6 hoursExamination format: written examinationPrerequisites: Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Organic ChemistryLiterature:

1. Freeman G.R. The study of fast processes and transient species by electron pulse radiolysis. Dortrecht:Riedel, 1982, p. 19-34

2. Time domain electron spin resonance. Ed. by L.Kevan, R.N.Schwartz, N.Y.:Willey-Interscience, 1979

3. Zubarev V.E., Belevsky V.N., Bugaenko L.T. Use of spin-trapping in study of radical processes mechanism. – Uspehi Khymii 1979, vol. 48, £8, pp. 1361-1392, in Russian

4. Nonhibell D., Walton J. Free radical chemistry. Moscow:Mir, 1977, 606 p., in Russian

163

ANDA PRIKSANECURRICULUM VITAE

Year of birth: 1955ID number: 160755-10109Education:

1973-1978 State University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry1982-1985 post graduate studies, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia

Academic titles and scientific degrees:1991 Candidate of Chemical Sciences1992 Doctor of Chemical Sciences1993 Docent of the University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry

Employment: 1978-1983 Engineer and research fellow of the Faculty of Chemistry of the

University of Latvia1983-1992 Senior research fellow and part time lecturer of the

Faculty of Chemistrysince 1993 Docent of the University of Latvia

Publications: 16 (total), the most important being:1 R.Keymeulen, H.V.Langenhove, A.Priksane, S.Koster, Biomonitoring

monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using Pinus sylvestris L needles. Atmospheric Environment,(in press).

2 M.Kļaviņš, A.Prikšāne. Ekotoksikoloģija. Rīga, 1995. 125 lpp.Research:

Synthesis of nitrogen containing naphthoquinones and quinolinequinones.Ligand exchange chromatography, synthesis of sorbents on the bases of

cellulose and synthetic polimers and organic analysis.Teaching experience:

since 1993 Organic Chemistrysince 1993 Natural Products Chemistrysince 1995 Methods of Organic Analysessince 1994 Environmental Biochemistry and Toxicologysince 1994 Ecotoxicologysince 1996 Environmental Chemistry at Schoolsince 1999 Stereochemistry

Foreign experience:1991./92. - 5 months in Great Britain, Brunel University (British Council

fellowship)1993 - 3 months in Great Britain, Brunel University (EC fellowship)1993 March - Denmark, University of Roskilde (TEMPUS project)1994 March – 1995 August - Belgium, University of Ghent (SOROS foundation)

164

TATJANA KOĶECURRICULUM VITAE

Year of birth: 09.05.1955Identity No.: 090555-Education:

1978 Diploma of Philology in English, Teacher of English Language and Literature, University of LatviaAcademic titles and scientific degrees:

1986.Degree of Candidate of Science1993 Diploma of Dr.paed.1999 Diploma of Dr.habil.paed.

Employment:1983-1986 Doctoral Student at the University of Latvia, Department of Education and Psychology1986-1989 Senior Lecturer at the University of Latvia, Department of Education and Psychology1989-1998 Docent at the University of Latvia, Department of Education and Psychology1999.05.-07. State Minister of Higher Education and Science, Republic of Latvia1999.02. till now Associate professor at The University of Latvia, Institute of Education and PsychologyPresent position Deputy Head of Education and Psychology, University of Latvia

Publications: 24Research:

Collaborative Research Project with German and Swiss Researchers on Innovation in Didactics at University Level (1994-1996)

International research Project on “Criteria for International Compatibility of Higher Education Level in Latvia within European Dimension” at the Service of Experimental Pedagogy, Liege UniversityTeaching experience:

Since 1986 reading courses for students acquiring Bachelor’s Degree in Education or professional Diploma, future Masters’ and Doctor’s on the following topics:General Pedagogy, Educational Philosophy, Educational Systems in EU countries, Theories of

PersonalitySince 1994 supervisor of four doctoral students who do research in Social Education, Educational

Philosophy, Adult and Continuing EducationForeign experience:

1994 delivered a course of lectures on Adult Education at Bochum University, Germany1994 IMG on TEMPUS, in-service training at the Department of Adult Education, Utrecht

University, The Netherlands1995 IMG on Tempus, in service training at the Department of Curriculum Studies, Institute of

Education, London University1996-1997 Researcher at the Service of Experimental Pedagogy, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Liege. The Research theme “Criteria for International Compatibility of Higher Educational Level in Latvia within European Dimension”Since 1992 Co-ordinator of Network Educational Science Amsterdam (NESA) in LatviaSince 1993 within TEMPUS Co-ordinator of mutual educational activities among Lund University

(Sweden), Tart University (Estonia), Vilnius University (Lithuania) and University of LatviaSince 1996 Board Member of SOROS Foundation on Education

165

INĀRA KRŪMIŅACURRICULUM VITAE


1969 graduated from Sanct Petersburg, SU acquisiting profession of psychologist Academic titles and scientific degrees:

1977 Doctor of psychologyEmployment:

1983 University of Latvia, Department of Education and Psychology, docent Since 1997 University of Latvia, Institute of Education and Psychology, docent

Publications: 24 (total)1. Galvenie skolēnu psihiskās attīstības posmi. LVU, 1973.2. Uzmanība un tās attīstība. Mācību metodiskais kabinets, 1987.3. Manuskripts krājumam “Pašsajūta kā psiholoģiski pedagoģiska problēma”. Research:

Since 1997 School young people identity problems of crisisParticipating in scientific project “Schools and studying students identity in modern

Latvia”Supervisor of 9 doctoral students (2 defended dissertations), guidance 60 Master’s Thesis

Teaching experience:General PsychologyPersonality and Group Development Diagnostics and ForecastingPractical PsychologySocial and Leadership PsychologyCognitive Psychology

Foreign experience:1986 Qualification improvement in Moscow University, Computer course at the

University of Latvia1993-1994 International course “Contact and Psychology”1994 International course “Innovations in high school didactics”1995 Fieldwork in Denmark (Bornholm), Switzerland (Educational Institution in Schlosly Institute

and University of Bernie)1996-1997 summer holiday organisation for school groups and psychology work in Sweden,

Sandby1997 Qualification improvement in Norway, High school of AgderMember of Professional Psychologists Association of LatviaMember of School Psychologists Association in LatviaMember of Professional Psychologists Certification CommitteeScientific secretary of the Institute of Education and Psychology, University of Latvia

166

INTA KRAUKLECURRICULUM VITAE

Year of birth: 1937ID number: Education:

1952-1956 Pedagogical School, Jelgava1956-1961 State University of Latvia, graduates from Faculty of Biology1962-1965 Academy of Sciences of The Latvian SSR, Institute of Experimental Clinical Medicine,

postgraduate courses1976-1978 State University of Latvia, doctoral student

Academic titles and scientific degrees:1968 Candidate of biological science1973 Assistant professor1992 Doctor of biology1996 Master of Pedagogy

Employment:1966-1968 State University of Latvia, Department of Biology, assistant1969-1972 State University of Latvia, Department of Biology, senior lecturer1973-1979 State University of Latvia, Department of Biology, assistant professor1980-1987 State University of Latvia, Department of History and Philosophy, assistant professorSince 1988 University of Latvia, Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology, assistant professor

Publications: 62Research:

Psychosocial research about families in LatviaTeaching experience:

Since 1972 Developmental Psychology and Pedagogy Fundamentals of Psychophysiology

Since 1988 Psychology of the FamilySince 1990 Integration of Psychology and Physiology

Foreign experience:1995 Switzerland, seminars in the University of Bern and Schlossli Ins.1996 Germany, Lineburg, seminars in Ost-Akademi1997 Austria, monastery of Altenburg and in the Pedagogical University of Krems1997 Norway, seminar in the Pedagogical University of Agder1998 Germany, seminar in the University of Lineburg

167

JĀNIS DRĒĢERISCURRICULUM VITAE


1954-1958 The Faculty of Chemistry of the University of Latvia1958-1959 The Faculty of Chemistry of the Riga Politechnical Institute

Academic titles and scientific degrees:1965 Candidate’s degree in chemistry1973 Senior research fellow1982 Doctor of chemistry1989 Professor of the Department of Organic Chemistry1992 Dr.habil.chem Academic qualification of professor

Employment:1959-1981 Research fellow and Senior research fellow of the Latvian SSR the Academy of Science, Institute of Organic Synthesis1966-1968 Scientific secretary of the Chemistry and Biology section in the Latvian

SSR the Academy of Sciences1981-1982 Associate professor of the Faculty of Chemistry of the University of Latvia1982-1984 Professor of the Faculty of Chemistry, the University of Latvia1984- 1994 Dean of the Faculty of Chemistry, the University of Latviasince 1984 Head of the Department of Organic Chemistry, the University of Latvia

Publications:Original papers and abstracts - 98, USSR Author sertificates - 6,Materials in Chemistry Education - 11

1. A.Drulle, J.Logins, J.Drēģeris. Antioxidant properties of nitrogen containing 1,4-naphthoquinones derivatives. Latvijas Ķīmijas Žurnāls, 1993, N 4, 387-400. lpp.

2. B.Turovska, J.Stradiņš, J.Logins, I.Strazdiņš, J.Drēģeris. Electrochemical study of intramolecular charge transfer complexes derived from 1,4-naphthoquinone. Part I. Electroreduction. J. of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1995, N 394, pp. 229-238.

3. J.Logins, I.Strazdiņš, D.Cipruss, P.Dipāns, J.Drēģeris. Synthesis and spectroscopic characteristics of autocomplexes of 2-methyl- and 2,3-bis-(arylaminomethyl)-1,4-naphthoquinones. Latvijas Ķīmijas Žurnāls, 1995, N 5/6, pp. 85-93.

4. J.Logins, J.Drēģeris. Bioorganiskā ķīmija. Mazmolekulārie bioregulatori. Mācību līdzeklis, Rīga, LU, 1993, 69 lpp.

5. J.Drēģeris. Organiskā ķīmija. 1. Ogļūdeņraži. lekciju konspekts, LU, 1995, 176 lpp.

6. J.Drēģeris. Organiskā ķīmija. 2. Ogļūdeņražu funkcionālie atvasinājumi. Lekciju konspekts, LU, 1997, 206 lpp.

Research:Synthesis of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives and investigations of their properties1993-1994 co-ordinator of the research work of the Faculty of Chemistry in the

TEMPUS project “Chemical and Biotechnological processes and their design in food technology”

Supervisor of the grant “Parenteral nutrition and antioxidant level of the patients with head and throat cancer (in co-operation with the Centre of Oncology)Teaching experience:

1982-1991 Organic Chemistry1985-1988 Bioorganic Chemistry1987-1988 Quantitative Problems of BiochemistrySince 1992 Core Course in Organic ChemistrySince 1992 Natural Products Chemistry

168

JĀZEPS LOGINSCURRICULUM VITAE

Year of birth: 1963ID number: 160263-10605Education: 1981-1986 the State University of Latvia, the Faculty of ChemistryAcademic titles and scientific degrees :

1992 Master’s degree in Chemistry1993 Doctor of Chemistry

Employment:1984-1986 Laboratory assistant of the Faculty of Chemistry, the University of Latvia1986-1988 Engineer of the Faculty of Chemistry, the University of Latviasince 1988 Lecturer of the Faculty of Chemistry, the University of Latvia

Publications:Original papers and abstracts - 21, Materials in chemistry education - 10

1. D.Cēdere, J.Logins “Organiskā ķīmija ar ievirzi bioķīmijā”. Rīga, Zvaigzne, 1996, 350 lpp.

Research:Synthesis and investigations of nitrogen containing naphthoquinones and quinolinquinones.Chemical education, preparation of the textbooks for schools in Organic chemistry and the guide

materials for laboratory experiments in Organic chemistry.Teaching experience:

1988-1991 Bioorganic Chemistrysince 1993 Lowmolecular Bioregulatorssince 1994 General Chemistrysince 1995 Fundamentals of Biotechnologysince 1995 Use of Information Technology in Chemistry

Foreign experience:1993 Carl V.Ossietzky University in Oldenburg, Department of Chemical Didactics (Germany)1993 J.W.Goethe University, Institute of Chemical Didactics, Frankfurt am Main

(Germany)1994 Carl V.Ossietzky University in Oldenburg, Department of Chemical Didactics (Germany)

169

DAGNIJA CĒDERECURRICULUM VITAE

Date of birth: 1947ID number: 010247-10918Education: 1965-1970 The State University of Latvia, The Faculty of ChemistryAcademic titles and scientific degrees:

1992 Master’s degree in chemistry1993 Dr. chem.1995 Docent academic qualification

Employment:1970-1994 assistant of the Faculty of Chemistry, the University of Latviasince 1993 the Head of the Centre of Chemical Didactics, the University of Latviasince 1994 lecturer of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latviasince 1995 docent of the Faculty of Chemistry, the University of Latvia

Publications:Original papers and abstracts - 21, Materials in chemistry education - 7

1. E.Jansons, D.Cēdere, K.Pūķe. Use of Isatin oximates in membrane Electrodes. Latvijas Ķīmijas Žurnāls, 1992, N 6, 680-683. lpp.

2. P.H.Haupts, D.Cēdere. Problēmorientētā mācību metode ķīmijā. “Skolotājs”, 1998, N 5.

3. D.Cēdere, J.Logins. Organiskā ķīmija ar ievirzi bioķīmijā. Rīga, Zvaigzne, 1996, 350 lpp.

4. D.Cēdere. Laboratorijas darbi organiskajā ķīmijā optometrijas bakalaura studijām, Rīga, LU, 1998.

Research:1980 - 1993 Synthesis and biological activity of isatin derivativesProblems of updating of the course of Organic chemistry. The improvement of the methodology of

the training in Organic chemistry. Supervision of students studying for Bachelor’s and Master’s degree in chemistry didactics. Preparation of the textbooks for schools in Organic chemistry and the guide materials for the laboratory experiments in Organic chemistry. Teaching experience:

since 1971 Organic Chemistry for students of the Faculty of Chemistry, the Faculty of Biology and the Faculty of Physics and mathematics (Bachelor’s programme)

since 1993 Chemical Didactic for Master’s programme studentssince 1993 Methodology of Training in Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Didactics, Every Day

Chemistrysince 1993 Content of Chemistry Curriculum and its Modelling, Theory of Organic Chemistry

Experiments, Foreign experience:

1993 Carl V.Ossietzky University in Oldenburg, Department of Chemical Didactics (Germany)

1993 J.W.Goethe University, Institute of Chemical Didactics, Frankfurt am Main (Germany)1994 Cristian Albrecht University, Institut of Pedagogic and Natural Sciences, Kiel (Germany)1994 Company“Orfeus” distributer of teaching computers programmes for schools,

Aarhus (Denmark)1995 University of Diseldoff, Department of Chemical Didactics

170

PĒTERIS MEKŠSCURRICULUM VITAE


1975-1980 State University of Latvia, Faculty of ChemistryAcademic titles and scientific degrees:

1922 Dr.chem. Employment:

since 1998 Docent, University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry1995-1998 Teacher of Chemistry, Riga Secondary School Nr.361977-1995 Research fellow, Institute of Organic Synthesis, Latvian Academy of Sciences, Riga.

Publications:1. P.Mekšs, A.Andersons, M.Shimanskaya. Synthesis of nitrogen containing heterocycles on copper

chromite. Chem.Heterocyc.Comp., 1994, vol. 7, pp. 950-957.2. B.Gezybowska, R.Grabovski, P.Mekšs, K.Veislo. Effect of potassium addition to V2O5/TiO2 and

MoO3/TiO2 catalysts on their physicochemical and catalic properties on oxidative dehidrogenation of propane. Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 1994, vol. 82, pp. 183-193.

Research:The chromatography of gases and liquids, the heterogenous catalysis.

Teaching experience:1998 General Chemistry 128 h1998 Chromatography 64 h1999 Physical Organic Chemistry 64 h1999 Catalytic Reactions 32 h1999 Basic Chromatography 64 h

171

MIKELIS V. VEIDISCURRICULUM VITAE


1959-1963, University of Queensland (Australia), undergraduate student in chemistry1963-1967, University of Queensland, graduate student in chemistry1967-1968, University of Waterloo (Canada), graduate student in chemistry.

Academic titles and scientific degrees: 1969, Ph.D. in chemistry, University of Waterloo1986, Certificate of Special Studies in Management and Administration, Harvard University, USA1997, Dr habil. chem., University of Latvia.

Employment: 1963-1967, Chemist, State of Queensland, Dept. of Health.1967-1969, Lab assistant, University of Waterloo1968-1971 Research Fellow, Harvard University- Prof. M.R.Churchill1971-1985 Metallurgist, The Wakefield Corporation, USA1985-1991 Lab. supervisor, The Unitrode Corp., USA1991-1992 Lab. supervisor, Conam Inspection Corp., USA1992-1993 Docent, University of Latvia1993-1994 Consultant, US Army Materials Labs, Watertown, USA1994-1996 Translator, Latvia news agency LETA1996-1997 Customs officer, Latvia Customs Service1997-present Professor of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Latvia.

Publications:1. M.V.Veidis, G.H.Schreiber, T.E.Gough, G.J.Palenik, ‘Jahn-teller Distortions in Octahedral

Copper(II) Complexes’, J.A.C.S.,91,85,1969.2. M.V.Veidis, G.J.Palenik,R.Schaffrin, J.Trotter, ‘The Crystal Structure of Histamine Diphosphate

Monohydrate’,J.Chem.Soc., 2695, 1969.3. G.Davies, A.El-Toukhy, K.D.Onan, M.V.Veidis, ‘Synthesis, Structure and Properties of the

Isomeric Dinuclear Complex and the Kinetics of their reactions with DENS in Methylene Chloride, Inorg. Chim Acta, 98, 85, 1985.

4. Forty one papers have been published and five presentations delivered at scientific conferences.Research:

X-ray structure analysis of co-ordination compounds such as amino acid-metal complexes, powder metallurgy, and inorganic analyses.Teaching experience:

1997- X-ray Structure Analysis1997-1999 Co-ordination Chemistry1998-2000 General Chemistry for Medical Students1998-2000 Chemistry of non Transition Elements1998-2000 Basic Co-ordination Chemistry

172

GEORGE PAUL KREISHMANCURRICULUM VITAE

Year of birth: January 28, 1946ID number:

Education: 1963-1967. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI. Chemistry1967-1971. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA. Chemistry.

Academic titles and scientific degrees:Bachelor of Science, 1967. Doctor of Philosphy, 1972.

Employment:1971-1972. ICN Pharmaceutical Co., Chemist.1972-1974. University of Pittsburgh, Postdoctoral Associate, Biophysics.1974-1975 Michigan Technological University, Visiting Teaching Associate.1975-1981. University of Cincinnati, Assistant Professor of Chemistry. 1981-1989. University of Cincinnati, Associate Professor of Chemistry.Since 1989 University of Cincinnati, Professor of Chemistry.Since 1997 University of Latvia, Honorary Professor of Chemistry

Publications: 60 (total)1. A. Strakovs, M. V. Petrova, N. N. Tonkih, E. E. Brooks, S. J. Biehle, G. P. Kreishman, An NMR

Study of the Kinetics of 1,4-N,N’-migration of the Acyl Group Vinylogs on 1,2-Diamines, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 64, 1426 (1999).

2. R. J. Hitzemann, H. E. Schueler, C, Graham-Brittain, G. P. Kreishman, Ethanol Induced Changes in Membrane Order: An NMR Study, Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 859, 189 (1986).

3. G. P. Kreishman, E. E. Brooks, M. J. Simone, Detection of a Bulk Water Structure Related Conformational Change in Horse Heart Cytochrome c in Cl—H2O Solutions Utilizing Spectrofluoroelectrochemical Techniques, Analytical Biochemistry, 138, 360 (1984).

Research:The primary area of research has been the application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

methodology for the study of biologically important systems. These include: 1) the effects of alcohols and anesthetics on the structure of natural neuronal membranes where alcohol bound to the surface domains has an ordering effect, while that bound to the interior domain has a disordering effect and 2) the structures of nucleic acid fragments generated by restriction enzymes which exhibit anamolous electrphoretic mobilities.

In addition, electrochemical methodology has been employed for the development of new sensors for the detection of neurotransmiters in brain tissue in vivo.Teaching experience:

1994-1999 Use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Organic Chemistry

1998-1999 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Theory and Practice 1998-1999 Introduction to Biochemistry

173

SILVIJA BĒRZIŅACURRICULUM VITAE

Year of birth: 1942ID number: 090142-11804

Education: 1960-1965. Latvian State University, Faculty of Chemistry1966-1969 Latvian State University, Faculty of Chemistry, postgraduate

Academic titles and scientific degrees:1977 Candidate of Chemical Sciences 1982 Docent of Chair of Analytical Chemistry1992 Dr.chem

Employment:1969-1977 Latvian State University, Faculty of Chemistry, assistantSince 1979 Docent of Chair of Analytical ChemistrySince 1997 University of Latvia, Chief of the Chair of Analytical Chemistry

Publications: Number of scientific publications 15, number of thesis 17, number of publications for study 22, course programmes 8, other publications 4, patents 11. E.Jansons, G.Mežaraups, S.Bērziņa, Z.Balcerbule, R.Gigele, V.Spolīte.

Ekstrakcijas fotometriska svina noteikšana apkārtējās vides objektos un pārtikas produktos ar tetraetilamonija benzolditiokarboksilātu. Latvijas Ķīmijas Žurnāls, 1993, N 5, 586-589. lpp.

2. E.Jansons, G.Mežaraups, S.Bērziņa, Z.Balcerbule, I.Vilniņš. Determination of lead(II) and cadmium(II) in the sludge of wastewater treatment plant of Riga. Latvijas Ķīmijas žurnāls, 1994, N 6, 705-708. lpp.

Research interests:Till 1998 Spectrophotometrical and electrochemical determination of heavy metals in various

objects of environmentSince 1998 Cyclic diketosulfones and their analytical application

Teaching experience:1978-1987 Analytical Chemistry (for students of Faculty of Biology)1989-1992 Analytical Chemistry (for students of Faculty of Finances)1978-1995 Optical Methods in Environment Analysis1995-1998 Analytical Chemistry in General ChemistrySince 1997 Analytical ChemistrySince 1997 Optical Methods of AnalysisSince 1998 Micromethods of AnalysisSince 1998 Methods of Food Analysis

174

VALDIS MĀRTIŅŠ DRINKSCURRICULUM VITAE

Year of Birth: 1937ID number: Education:

1958-1962, 1970-1973 - The Latvian State University, Faculty of BiologyAcademic and scientific degrees:

1992 - Master of Chemistry.Employment: 1954-1955 - a person in duty in the museum of History of Riga1955-1956 - Academy of Sciences of Latvia, Institute of Geology, engineer1957-1960 - Academy of Sciences of Latvia, Institute of Wood Chemistry and Forestry, senior technician1960-1967 - Latvian State University, Faculty of Chemistry, engineer1967-1988 - Latvian State University, Faculty of Chemistry, senior engineer1988-1993 - Latvian State University, Faculty of Chemistry, senior lecturerSince 1993 - Latvian State University, Faculty of Chemistry, lecturerPublications: 1. Drinks V. 360 eksperimenti ķīmijā. Rīga: Zvaigzne, 1979, 256 lpp.2. Gode H., Drinks V. Laboratorijas darbi un kolokviju jautājumi. Rīga: LVU, 1984, 34 lpp.3. Gode H., Drinks V. Laboratorijas darbi un kolokviju jautājumi. Rīga: LVU, 1988, 48 lpp.4. Drinks V. 456 eksperimenti ķīmijā. Rīga: Zvaigzne ABS, 1995, 333 lpp.Teaching experience: 1987 - Basic course in Biology 32 hours1988 - Technique and methods of demonstration of

chemical experiments 32 hours1989 - Chemistry with introduction into geochemistry 32 hours1990 - Demonstration of chemical experiments 32 hours1990 - Demonstration of chemical experiments for school 32 hours

01.09.1998.

175

VELTA LEGZDIŅACURRICULUM VITAE

Year of Birth: 1942ID number: 210342-Education:

1962 - 1967 The Latvian State University, Faculty of Chemistry, student. 1969 Moscow State University, Faculty of Qualification, speciality: Physical Chemistry.1973 University of Pedagogical Skill; Problems of pedagogy and psychology at University.1986 qualification courses at the Latvian State University in the principles of information and computer science.1993-1994 Academic studies for master’s degree in pedagogics.1994 Qualification seminar of the Universities of the Baltic states “Innovations in university didactics”.1997 Qualification seminar “Innovations projects of the Latvian States University in the policy of education in 1996/97. Pedagogy of the Jena project, pedagogy of Freinet and Valdorf.

Academic and scientific degrees:1992 - Master of Chemistry.1994 - Master of Pedagogy.

Employment: 1960-1962 Bērzpils Secondary School, laboratory assistant.1968-1969 Latvian States University, senior laboratory assistant, Head of the laboratory of radiation chemistry.1969-1978 Latvian States University, Faculty of Chemistry, assistant.1978-1992 Latvian States University, Faculty of Chemistry, senior lecturer.Since 1992 The University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, lecturer, director of professional study programs of the teacher of chemistry.

Publications: 1. Test questions in chemistry and exercises for Secondary School. R.: Zvaigzne, 1994.2. Publication in the journal “Teacher’s Experience”, 1996, No.11 (3 articles).3. Publication in the journal “Teacher”, 1997, No. 2., 3.

Articles in journals and collected articles 4Theses of conferences 6Methodical aids 4Articles on methods 9Programs of academic courses 8Other publication 3

Research:Didactics and methods in chemistry.Teaching experience:

General pedagogy 32 hoursMethods of teaching chemistry 64 hoursMethods of doing seems in chemistry 32 hoursMethods of professional orientation in chemistry 32 hours

01.09.1998.

176

MĀRA VIDNERECURRICULUM VITAE

Year of Birth: 1951ID number: 280451-11818Education:

1972-1977 The Latvian State University, Faculty of Finance and Trade. 1981-1982 Moscow Institute of Management, Pedagogical University.1979-1984 Moscow Institute of Management, Finance and Trade Department, a postgraduate

Academic and scientific degrees:1984 Doctor of Economics1991 Associate Professor (Reader) at the Department of Industrial (Non-food) Commodities1996 Doctor of Psychology

Employment: 1969-1972 Riga Consumers Society, an economist1972-1974 Latvian State University, a senior accountant1974-1977 Union of Latvian Consumers Societies, Economic Department, an economist1977-1979 Latvian State University, Faculty of Finance and Trade, Trade Economic department, a lecturer1984-1991 Latvian State University, Faculty of Economics, a senior lecturer1991-1992 Latvian State University, Faculty of Economics, docentSince 1992 University of Latvia, Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology, an associate professor

Publications: Monograph 1Articles in scientific journals 58Thesis of Scientific Conferences 15Articles in newspapers and magazines 7Other scientific publications 8Teaching aids 4Articles on methods of teaching 8

1. Monogrāfija “Ar asarām tas nav pierādāms”, LU, 1997, 340 lpp.2. Living through extreme stress: Latvian survivors of Deportations to Soviet

Forceol Labour Camps, USA, 1996.3. Stresa menedžments: tā profilakse un pārvarēšana, AGB, Rīga, 1998.4. Vadības socioloģija un psiholoģija, LU, Mācību apgāds, 1998.

Research:Social psychology, extreme stress, stress management, eniologyTeaching experience:

Vadības socioloģija 32 st.Vadības psiholoģija 32 st.Lietišķā starppersonu komunikācija 64 st.Stress Management 32 st.

177

AUSMA ŠPONACURRICULUM VITAE


1949-1954 Institute of Teachers in Cēsis1955-1958 Institute of Education in Riga, Latvian State University, Faculty of

Biology1962-1965 Latvian State University, post graduate student

Academic titles and scientific degrees:1967 Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences1971 Faculty of Pedagogic and Psychology, docent1983 Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences1983 Faculty of Pedagogic and Psychology, professor1993 Dr.habil.paed.

Employment: 1965-1971 University of Latvia, Faculty of Pedagogic and Psychology, senior

lecturer1971-1983 University of Latvia, Faculty of Pedagogic and Psychology, docent1983-1996 University of Latvia, Head of the Faculty of Pedagogic and

Psychology, professor Since 1996 University of Latvia, Head of the Institute of Pedagogic and

Psychology, professor

Publications: Monographs 2Articles in scientific journals 39Thesis of scientific conferences 30Teaching aids 9Articles on methods of teaching 22Other scientific publications 42

Research:

Teaching experience:The Methodology and Methods of Experiments in PedagogyFundamentals of PedagogicTheory and Methodology of Upbringing

178

ANDRIS SPRICISCURRICULUM VITAEYear of birth 1948ID number: 040748 - 10929Education

1971 University of Latvia, M.Sc. chemistry1982 University of Latvia Ph.D. in Physical chemistry1994 Salzburg seminar, Austria, session 319 “Environment and Diplomacy”,

graduate1994 United States Environmental Protection Agency, International teacher training courses

“Principles of Environmental Assessment”, graduate1997“Water Quality Modelling”, graduateAcademic titles and scientific degrees:1992 Dr.chem.

EmploymentSince 1998 Director of the Centre for Baltic Studies,

University of Latvia Since 1994 Chairman of the Interdisciplinary Council of Environmental Sciences Since 1991 Director of the Centre for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Chemistry Since 1986 Docent at the University of Latvia

Publications: Author of more than 90 publications (articles, methodical materials, thesis and patents)Teaching experience:

Applied ChemistryWater Chemistry and ManagementBaltic Sea Region EnvironmentEnvironmental ChemistryFood PackagingSustainability of the Baltic Sea RegionEnvironmental Pollution and Pollution Control

Other professional experience Expert-consultant of Ministry of Environmental protection and Regional

Development in drinking water quality standards, 1994; Expert-consultant of Ministry of Education of Latvia in environmental chemistry

education programmes, 1994; Developed and conducted several original study programmes in Environmental

Sciences at the University of Latvia: Master degree programmes in interdisciplinary Environmental Sciences

(began in Latvia for the first time during 1990./1991. academic year) and Environmental chemistry (since 1993)

Professional study programme for B.Sc. in Environmental protection and expertise

Open University format Environmental study programme for wide audience (high school students, teachers and others) (since 1993)

Prepared and presented several lecture courses for students and teachers: Sustainable Baltic Region, Environmental chemistry, Environmental pollution and pollution control, Chemistry of natural resources and applied chemistry, Principles of environmental impact assessment, Food packaging, Water chemistry and management, Baltic Sea environment and others in Sweden and Netherlands conducted research projects: “ Environmental chemical impacts to the stone made historical

monuments of Latvia and their protection from corrosion” and “Environmental impact to drinking water quality in Latvia”

179

EDGARS JANSONSCURRICULUM VITAE

Year of birth: 1929 Identity No. 17022910525Education:19451949 Industrial Polytechnikum in Riga, Department of Chemistry, student19491954 Latvian state university, Faculty of Chemistry, student19541957 Latvian state university, Faculty of Chemistry, postgraduateAcademic titles and scientific degrees:

1961 candidate of chemical sciences1965 assistant professor of Chair of chemistry1986 professor of the Chair of Analytical chemistry1992 Dr. habil. chem. 1993 professor of the University of Latvia

Employment:19571958 Latvian state university, assistant

19581963 Polytechnic Institute of Riga, Faculty of Chemistry, assistant, senior teacher

1963 Latvian state university, Faculty of Biology, senior teacher19641973 Latvian state university, pro-rector for Research19751977 Latvian state university, Faculty of Chemistry, dean19841987 Latvian state university, Faculty of Chemistry, professor19871997 University of Latvia, professor, Chief of the Chair of Analytical

chemistrysince 1996 professor emeritus of the University of Latviasince 1997 researcher emeritus of Latvia

Publications: 1. Э.Ю. Янсон, Теоретические основы аналитической химии, «Высшая школа», Москва, 1987,

304 с. 2. E. Jansons, Analītiskās ķīmijas teorētiskie pamati. Zvaigzne, Rīga, 1993, 350 lpp. Number of scientific publications: 233Number of publications for study and school: 85Number of popular scientific and other publications: 26Research:

19541962 Tetraphenylborates and their application in the analytical chemistry.19631990 Dithiocarboxylic acids and dithiocarboxylates, their application in the analytical chemistry.since 1991 Analytical control of environment.

Academic courses:19591963 Chemistry for electrical engineering students19651975 Investigation of complex compounds in solutions 19651970 Analytical methods of elements1994 Chemical control of environment19641996 Analytical chemistrysince 1966 Measurement Errors since 1998 Development of analytical chemistry

Honorary titles1989 Merited man of peoples education of Latvian SSR1989 Winner of state prize of Latvian SSR (for study book «Theoretical

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry»)1995 Emeritus professor of the University of Latvia1996 Emeritus researcher of Latvia

IDA JĀKOBSONECURRICULUM VITAE

Year of birth: 1946 ID number: 281246-11829Education:

1966-1971 Department of Chemistry of the State University of Latvia, student

180

Academic titles and scientific degrees:1990 Candidate of chemical sciences 1992 Dr. chem.

Employment:1971-1980 Department of Chemistry of the State University of Latvia, teaching laboratory

assistant1980-1987 Research associate, Department of Chemistry of the State University of Latvia1987-1992 Lecturer, Department of Chemistry of the State University of LatviaSince 1992 Docent, Department of Chemistry of the University of Latvia

Publications:1. I Jākobsone, L.Volkova et al. Latvijā audzēto kviešu šķirņu graudu kvalitātes izvērtēšana. -

LLU Pārtikas tehnoloģijas fakultātes zinātnisko rakstu krājums, Jelgava, 1998, 46-52 (Quality assessment of the wheat grains grown in Latvia. - Collected articles of Food Technology Department of Latvian Agriculture University)

2. I.Jākobsone, V.Bartkevičs et al. Smago metālisko elementu noteikšana Latvijas zivju produkcijā. - LLU Pārtikas tehnoloģijas fakultātes zinātnisko rakstu krājums, Jelgava, 1998, 86-92 (Determination of heavy metallic elements in Latvian fish products. - Collected articles of Food Technology Department of Latvian Agriculture University)

Translated from German and printed 2 study books in food chemistry:1. R.Matiseks u.c. “Pārtikas analītiskā ķīmija (Analytical chemistry of food)”, Rīga, Latvijas

Universitāte, 1998, 456 pp.2. V.Baltess “Pārtikas ķīmija (Food Chemistry)”, Rīga, Latvijas Universitāte, 1998, 474 pp.

Number of scientific articles and conference proceedings: 21Research:

Until 1992 worked on topic “Synthesis and characteristic (ability to bound heavy metal ions from water solutions) of polymer bound pyridine”. Since 1993 working on problems in food chemistry in connection with re-structuring of Latvian economy to the conditions of free market, and elaboration and implementation of National Quality Assurance Program.

Academic courses:Food Chemistry I 32 hFood Chemistry II 64 hGeneral Food Chemistry 64 h

181

Additional data on professional activities:Since 1993 organising the subprogram “Food chemistry” for Bachelor and Master studies under chemistry syllabus. Since 1998 started the syllabus for higher professional education “Food chemist and expert”.

Training courses and qualifications:1. Certificate issued 09.02.96 for participation in 5-days training course “HACCP and Quality

Management” of the Campden-Chorleywood Food Research Association.2. Certificate No. 07-96 from 06.11.96 on participation and graduation of the training course on

quality assessment in the Quality Institute of Riga Technical University.3. Diploma of Institute of European Politics (Bonn), Latvian State Administration School and

Carl Duisberg Society “Trainer in EU matters” from 07.05.1998.4. Diploma issued 18.02.1999. for participation of the training course “Hazard Analysis Critical

Control Point (HACCP)” organised by Danish Ministry of Food in co-operation with Latvian Ministry of Agriculture.

5. Diploma issued 12.02.1999. for participation of the training course “Production hygiene” organised by Danish Ministry of Food in co-operation with Latvian Ministry of Agriculture.

182

JURIS TĪLIKSCURRICULUM VITAE


1955-1958 State University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry1958-1961 Riga Politechnical Institute, Faculty of Chemistry

Academic titles and scientific degrees:1972 candidate of science, chemistry1992 Ph.D. (nostrification)1993 Dr.habil.phys.1995 Prof., University of Latvia, Corresponding member of Latvian Academy of Science1996 full member of Latvian Academy of Science1996 State Prof. in physical chemistry

Employment:1961-1972 Engineer, head of chemical service, Nuclear Reactor, Institute of

Physics, Latvian Academy of Science 1964-1973 State University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Dept of Physical

chemistry, tutor, docent1973-1985 State University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Dept of Physical

chemistry, Head of the Department1985-1995 State University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Dept of Physical

chemistry, Prof.1995-1998 University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Dept of Physical

chemistry, Head of the Departmentsince 1998 University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Dept of Physical

chemistry, State Prof. in physical ChemistryPublications:1. J.Tiliks, S.Tanaka, G,Kizane, A.Supe, A.Abramenkovs, V.Grishmanov. The

influence of magnetic field on the radiolysis of lithium containing ceramics. Fussion Technology, Vol.2, pp. 1507-1510 (1996)

2. J.Tiliks, G.Kizane, A.Supe, A.Abramenkovs, G.Vasilyev. Formation and properties of radiation-induced defects and radiolysis products in lithium orthosilicate. Fussion Eng. Des., Vol.17, pp. 17-20 (1991)

3. A.Abramenkovs, J.Tiliks, G.Kizane, V.Grishmanovs, A.Supe. Basic study of influence of radiation defects on tritium release processes from lithium orthosilicates. J.Nucl.Mater., Vol. 248, pp. 116-120 (1997)

4. Y.Tiliks, A.Abramenkovs, V.Vasiljev. Tritium extraction from lithium containing ceramics in thermal annealing in out-of-reactor experiments. J.Fus.Eng. and Design, Vol. 17, pp. 61-64 (1991)

Research:Radiation chemistry of solids.

Teaching experience: 1972-1980 Physical Chemistry (kinetics, sorption)

1994-1995 Control of Radioactive Pollution of Food1994-1995 Ecology of High Energy Technological Processes1994-1995 Environment and Radiation1975-1995 Radiation Physics and Chemistry of Solids1980-1995 Kinetics of Fast and Heterogeneous Reactions1994-1997 High Energy Physicochemical Technological Processes1978-1998 High Energy Chemistry1980-1998 Physical Methods of Investigation1992-1998 Radioecology1997-1998 Magnetochemistry1997-1998 Modern Methods of Investigation

Additional information:

183

Organised and headed Inter-Universities Laboratory of Radiation (SARIL) of University of Latvia – 1996, Laboratory of Electron Accelerator of University of Latvia – 1997. Member of Council of Habilitation and Promotion of Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Latvian Academy of Science, Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia.

184

GUNTA ĶIZĀNECURRICULUM VITAE



1992 M.Sc., chemistry1992 Dr.chem.

Employment:1965-1966 Medicine Institute of Riga, Dept. of Biochemistry, Central Researching

laboratory, laboratory assistant1966-1969 Medicine Institute of Riga, Dept. of Biochemistry, Central Researching

laboratory, junior researcher1970-1972 Medicine Institute of Riga, Dept. of Biochemistry, Central Researching

laboratory, researcher1975-1998 University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical

chemistry, researchersince 1998 University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical

chemistry, leading researcherPublications:1. J.Tiliks, S.Tanaka, G.Kizane, A.Supe, A.Abramenkovs, V.Grishmanov. The

influence of magnetic field on the radiolysis of lithium containing ceramics. Fussion Technology, Vol.2, pp. 1507-1510 (1996)

2. J.Tiliks, G.Kizane, A.Supe, A.Abramenkovs, G.Vasilyev. Formation and properties of radiation-induced defects and radiolysis products in lithium orthosilicate. Fussion Eng. Des., Vol.17, pp. 17-20 (1991)

3. A.Abramenkovs, J.Tiliks, G.Kizane, V.Grishmanovs, A.Supe. Basic study of influence of radiation defects on tritium release processes from lithium orthosilicates. J.Nucl.Mater., Vol. 248, pp. 116-120 (1997)

4. G.P.Rudzit, G.K.Kizane. Extraction of terbium by some derivatives of pyrazolone. Izvestiya Akad.Nauk Latv.SSR, N.5, pp. 556-559 (1976), in Russian

Research:1965-1975 variance of microelements in biological samples, aetiology of caries since 1998 radiation chemistry of solids

Teaching experience:1997-1998 Activation Analysis

185

BROŅISLAVS LEŠČINSKISCURRICULUM VITAE



1988 candidate of science, chemistry1992 Dr.chem.

Employment:1985-1987 State University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of

Physical chemistry, junior researcher1988-1990 State University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of

Physical chemistry, scientific researcher1991-1993 University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical

chemistry, senior researchersince 1994 University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical

chemistry, leading researcherPublications:1. Leshchinskiy B.L., Tiliks Yu.E. Liquid phase component of lyoluminescence. 1.

Lyosystem of LiF/concentrated sulphuric acid. Steady state conditions. Latvijas Ķīmijas Žurnāls, pp. 323-328 (1993), in Russian

2. Leshchinskiy B.L., Tiliks Yu.E. Liquid phase component of lyoluminescence. 1. Lyosystem of LiF/concentrated sulphuric acid. Unsteady state conditions. Latvijas Ķīmijas Žurnāls, pp. 573-577 (1993), in Russian

3. Leshchinskiy B.L., Dzelme Yu.R., Tiliks Yu.E., Bugaenko L.T. Affection of rate of solvatation of irradiated potassium chloride to lyoluminescence. Izvestiya Akad.Nauk Latv.SSR, Ser. Khim., pp. 307-312 (1985), in Russian

4. Avotinsh Yu.E., Leshchinskiy B.L., Tiliks Yu.E., Sensibilisation of lyoluminescence of potassium chloride by ions in water solution. Izvestiya Akad.Nauk Latv.SSR, Ser. Khim., pp. 407-409 (1984), in Russian

Research:Radiation chemistry of solids and lyoluminescence

Teaching experience:1997-1998 Luminescent Methods of Analysis

186

SIGURDS TAKERISCURRICULUM VITAE


1962-1970 The Faculty of Chemistry of Latvia State UniversityAcademic titles and scientific degrees:

1984 Candidate of Science of Chemistry1990 Docent 1992 Doctor of Chemistry (Dr.chem.)

Employment:1968-1970 The senior expert, the leader of the laboratory in the Faculty of Chemistry of the State

University of Latvia1971-1990 Assistant, the senior lecturer in the Faculty of Chemistry of the University of Latviasince 1990 Associate Professor in the Faculty of Chemistry of the University of Latvia1992-1998 The programme coordinator of the TEMPUS office of Latvia (extra work)1993-1998 The teacher of the computer learnig course of LATTELEKOM (extra work)

Publications:1. S.Takeris. Skaitļojamās mašīnas un programmēšana. Eksperimentālo rezultātu matemātiskā

apstrāde. R., 1989, 54 lpp.2. S.Takeris. Skaitļotāji un informātika ķīmiķiem. Mācību palīglīdzeklis. R., 1987, 73 lpp.3. U.Alksnis, A.Kauķis, S.Takeris. Metodiski norādījumi laboratorijas darbiem. 2.izdevums. R., 1982,

56 lpp.Research:

Until 1985 research about the hydrogen diffusion through the oxides of transition metals. Work at the teaching programmes in the field of chemistry and informatics. Process modelling by using computers. The use of computer net in the process of teaching and learning.Teaching experience:1. Physical chemistry (electrochemistry) 108 lessons2. Colloid chemistry (for experts in the science of commodities) 64 lessons3. The mathematical processing of chemical experiments 64 lessons4. The modelling and planning of chemical experiments 16 lessons5. The use of computer for preparing articles 32 lessons

187

ARNIS APSĪTISCURRICULUM VITAE


1949-1954, University of Latvia, undergraduate student, Faculty of Chemistry1954-1957, University of Latvia, graduate student, Faculty of Chemistry

Academic titles and scientific degrees: 1958 Candidate of Science (Chemistry)1962 Docent 1992 Dr. chem.

Employment: 1957-1959, Assistant, State University of Latvia1959-1960, Assistant, Riga Polytechnic InstituteSince 1960 Docent at the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia

Publications Thirty four publications for students in chemistry and seventy four reports in scientific journals

ResearchSpectroscopic studies of derivatives the chelate 2-acyl-1,3-indanedione

Teaching experience Inorganic and analytical chemistryAnalysis of Inorganic SubstancesInorganic Chemistry

188

JĀNIS ŠVIRKSTSCURRICULUM VITAE

Year of birth: 1958ID number 180658-11812Education:

1976 - 1982, University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, undergraduate student.1988- 1990, University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, graduate student.

Academic titles and scientific degrees: 1992 Master of Chemistry1995 Dr. chem.Since 1995 docent.

Employment: 1976-1982 senior lab. assistant, University of Latvia1983-1988 senior engineer, University of Latvia1984-1988 assistant, University of Latvia1988-1990 junior scientist, University of Latvia1991-1992 senior engineer, University of Latvia1992-1995 lecturer in chemistry, University of Latvia1995-present, docent, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia.

Publications:1. Годе Г. К., Швиркст Я. Я. Условия образования дибората бария

BaO•B2O3•5H2O (Ba 115) по реакции обмена и некотрые его свойства. - Изв. АН Латв.ССР Сер.хим.- 1985, т.5, с.548-552.

2. Годе Г. К., Швиркст Я. Я. Дибарий гексаборат 2BaO•3B2O3•7H2O (Ba 237). - Изв. АН Латв.ССР Сер.хим.- 1985, т.1, с.14-17.

3. Молчанов С. В., Анферов В. П., Швиркст Я. Я., Годе Г. К. Исследование диборатов бария методом двойного ЯКР-ЯМР резонанса. - Изв. АН Латв.ССР Сер.хим.- 1990, т.2, с.192-195.

4. Симонов М. А., Карпов О. Г., Швиркст Я. Я., Годе Г. К. Локализация атомов водорода в кристаллической структуре Ba[B(OH)4]2•H2O. - Кристаллография.- 1989, т. 34, вып. 5, с. 1292-1294.

ResearchSynthesis and investigation of the borates formed by groups I through IV.

Teaching experience: 1994-1997 General Chemistry1994-present Inorganic Chemistry 1994-present Crystal Chemistry1994-present Selected Topics in Inorganic Chemistry1998-present Geochemistry

189

ARTŪRS VĪKSNACURRICULUM VITAE

Year of birth: 1955ID number:Education:

1978 State University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry1981 - 1984 Post graduate student, Department of Analytical Chemistry,

University of Latvia1991 Studies of Stripping Potentiometry, Department of Analytical and Marine Chemistry

University of Göteborg (prof. Daniel Jagner)1992 - 1999Research and studies (in the sandwich program), Department of Environmental

Physics, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Göteborg, SwedenAcademic titles and scientific degrees:

1993 Dr.chem. (equivalent to Ph.D. in Chemistry)1996 Phil. Lic. In Environmental Science1994 Docent

Employment:1978 - 1981 Junior Scientific Associate, Department of Organic Chemistry,

University of Latvia1984 – 1990 Educational assistant, Department of Analytical Chemistry,

University of Latvia1990 - 1996Lecturer, Department of Analytical Chemistry,

University of LatviaSince 1996 Docent at the Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

Publications:1. 18. Viksna A., Znotina V, Boman J. Concentrations of some elements in and on Scots pine needles.

X-ray Spectrometry, 1999, 28, 275-281.2. 19. Helmisaari H-S., Makkonen K., Olsson M., Viksna A., Mälkönen E. Fine-root growth,

mortality and heavy metal concentrations in limed and fertilized Pinus silvestrys (L.) stands in the vicinity of a Cu-Ni smelter in SW Finland. Plant and soil, 1999, vol. 209, pp. 193-200.

3. Olsson M., Viksna A., Helmisaari H-S. Multielement analysis of small amounts of Scots pine fine roots by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry X-ray Spectrometry, 1999, vol. 28, pp. 335-338.

4. Viksna A., Znotina V, Boman J. 1999, Concentrations of some elements in and on Scots pine needles. in J.E. Fernandez and A. Tartari (eds.), Proceedings of the European Conference on Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectromery 1998, San Giovanni in Monte, Bologna, Italy, 7-12 June 1998, pp. 251-256.

Teaching experience:Microanalysis MethodsAnalysis of Foodstuffs and WatersElectrochemical Analysis MethodsAnalysis of Air and SoilAnalysis of Water

190

ANDRIS ZICMANISCURRICULUM VITAE


1959-1964 Riga Polytechnic Institute, Faculty of Chemistry 1964-1969 post graduate studies, Riga Polytechnic Institute, Faculty of ChemistryAcademic titles and scientific degrees:

1969 Candidate of Chemical Sciences (Riga Polytechnic Institute)1979 Docent of the Organic Chemistry Chair1989 Doctor of Chemical Sciences (Moscow Institute of Fine Chemical Technology)1990 Professor in the speciality “Technology of the Fine Organic Synthesis Technology”1990 Professor of the University of Latvia1992 Dr.habil.chem. (Latvian Academy of Sciences)1998 Corresponding member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences

Employment:1969-1975 Head of laboratory, Plant of Chemical Reagents (Olaine, Latvia)1975-1979 Docent of the University of Latvia1979-1985 Head of laboratory, company “Biolar” (Olaine, Latvia)1985-1990 Deputy director of research, company “Biolar” (Olaine, Latvia)Since 1990 Professor of the University of LatviaSince 1995 Dean of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia

Publications: 189 (total), the most important being:1. P.M.van Berkel, W.L.Driessen, J.Reedijk, D.C.Sherrington, A.Zitsmanis. Metal - ion binding

affinity of azole - modified oxirane and thiirane resins. - Reactive & Functional Polymers, 1995, vol. 27, N 1, pp.15-28.

2. A.Zicmanis, T.Hamaide, C.Graillat, C.Monnet, S.Abele, A.Guyot. Synthesis of new alkyl maleates ammonium derivatives and their uses in emulsion polymerization. - Colloid Polym. Sci., 1997, vol. 275, N 1, pp. 1-8.

3. S.Ābele, M.Sjoberg, T.Hamaide, A.Zicmanis, A.Guyot. Reactive surf-actants in heterophase polymerization. 10. Characterization of surface activity of new polymerizable surfactants derived from maleic anhydride. - Langmuir, 1997, vol. 13, N 2, pp.176-181.

4. I.Uzulina, S.Abele, A.Zicmanis, A.Guyot. Methacrylic maleic bifunctional stabilizer in emulsion polymerization. - Macromol. Rapid Commun., 1998, vol. 19, pp. 397-402.

5. S.Abele, A.Zicmanis, C.Graillat, C.Monnet, A.Guyot. Cationic and zwitterionic polymerizable surfactants: quaternary ammonium dialkyl maleates. 1. Synthesis and characterization. - Langmuir, 1999, vol. 15, N 4, pp. 1033-1044.

Research:Preparation, analysis, characterisation of polymer-bound catalysts, reagents, and ion exchangers, as well as their application in organic synthesis. Elaboration of new upgraded methods of organic synthesis and analysis.

Teaching experience:Since 1990 Organic ChemistrySince 1990 Spectroscopy of Organic SubstancesSince 1990 Organic SynthesisSince 1992 Applied Organic ChemistrySince 1994 Preparation methods of organic substancesSince 1995 Analysis of Organic Substances, Part I and IISince 1999 Heterocyclic Compounds

Professional membership:Latvian Chemical Society, American Chemical Society

VALDIS KAĻĶISCURRICULUM VITAE


1955-1957 Latvian State University, Faculty of Chemistry, cum laude1958-1961 Riga Polytechnical University, cum laude

Academic titles and scientific degrees:1973 Candidate of Science in former USSR (Ph.D. in Western countries)1979 Senior Researcher

191

1980 Docent, Department of Inorganic Chemistry1992 Dr. chem.

1998 Dr. habil. chem.Employment:

1961-1967 Chief Engineer of Department of Radiochemistry, Latvian Nuclear Reactor1968-1973 Senior Researcher, Institute of Wood Chemistry, Latvian Academy of Science1974-1980 Senior Researcher, Faculty of Chemistry, Latvian State University1980-1989 Docent, Faculty of Chemistry, Latvian State University1989-1998 Head of the Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry

Publications: 180 (total)1. V.Kalkis, J.Zicans, M.Kalnins, T.Bocoka, A.Bledzki. Studies o Morphology, Rheological,

Mechanical and Thermorelaxation Properties of Chemically and Radiation modified Polyethylene/Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Copolymer Blends. -J. Macromol. Sci. 1998, A 35(&8), pp.1217-1237.

2. V.Kalkis, R.D.Maksimov, J.Zicans. Thermomechanical Properties of Radiation-Modified Blends of Polyethylene with Liquid Crystalline Copolyester. -Polymer Eng. and Science, 1999, vol. pp.1375-1382.

3. V.Kalkis, M.Kalnins, J.Zicans. Application of Ultrasonic Method for the Control of Thermosetting Polymer Materials. -Mechanics of Composite Materials. 1997, vol.33, 3, pp.394-407.

4. V.Kalkis, A.Viksne, J.Zicans, A.K.Bledzki. Heat Shrinkable Film on the base of Polyolefin Wastes. -Die Angew. Makromol. Chemie.1997, 249, Nr. 4351, pp.151-160.

5. V.Kalkis, R.D.Maksimov, J.Zicans. Features of Thermomechanical Properties of Radiation-Modified Blends of High-density Polyethylene with Liquid-Crystalline Copolyester. -Mechanics of Composite Material. 1998, vol.34, 1, pp.94-105.

6. M.Kalnins, E.Neimanis, V.Kalkis. High Molecular Compounds. Riga, Zvaigzne, 1981, 339 pp. (in Latvian)

Research: Radiation chemistry of polymers. New methods of modifying of polymers are developed to create

thermosetting materials.Technological principles of radiation modifying of polymers using industrial radiation sources are

developed. Present work is connected to research radiationally crosslinking polymeric blends with liquid crystal polymers, applying the electron accelerator.Teaching experience:

High Molecular CompoundsChemistry of every-day life Work safety and Environment protection Processing of Polymers Radiation Chemistry of Polymers

192

Professional Activities and Memberships:Member of Habilitation and Promotion Council of the Institute of Polymer MechanicsMember of Habilitation and Promotion Council (Chemical Technology), Riga Technical University Member, Latvian Council of Science Expert Committee (Scientific Principles of Technology: materials, chemistry and pharmacy)Member, Latvian Material Research Association

Foreign experience:Studies in:Denmark, Denmark Technical University, 1994Sweden, Brunsvik High School, 1997Norway, NIVA courses (Workplaces Health Promotion), 2000

193

ANDRIS ACTIŅŠCURRICULUM VITAE


1962-1970 The Faculty of Chemistry of Latvian State University (LSU), undergraduate student1971-1974 Latvian State University, graduate student

Academic titles and scientific degrees:1992 M.Sc. of Chemistry1998 Doctor of Chemistry (Dr.chem.)

Employment:1974-1989 engineer, the research associate at the Faculty of Chemistry of Latvian State University1989-1990 The Head of the Department of SCTB of inorganic materials at the

Academy of Sciences of Latvia1990-1998 Senior lecturer at the Faculty of Chemistry of LSUsince 1998 Docent at the Faculty of Chemistry of LU, acting Head of the Department of Physical

ChemistryThe most important scientific publications and textbooks:1. Ацтиньш А.Я., Слайдинь Г. Багоцкий В.С. Исследование методом вращающегося дискового

электрода с кольцом электрохимического окисления ионов марганца. – Изв. АН ЛатвССР. Сер.хим., 1978, № 2, c.180-187.

2. Ацтиньш А.Я., Калнинь А.Я., Сиротина Э.А. Применение метода поляризационных кривых для исследования системы Na-S. – Электрохимия, 1983, т.19, вып. 11, с. 1553-1555.

Articles in scientific journals and collected articles 10Patents 1Reviews 19Other scientific publications 10Textbooks 4

Research:1970-1989 Practical and theoretical investigations of chemical power sourcessince 1990 Corrosion, preservation and renovation chemistry of stone materials of monuments.

Forensic chemistry (forensic science).Teaching experience:

1976-1986 - Optional course “The kinetics of electrode processes” 32 lessons1990-1991 – “Physical and colloid chemistry” (for biologists) 32 lessonssince 1992 – “X-ray analysis of chemical structure” 16 lessonssince 1994 – “General chemistry” (chapter “Physical chemistry”) 24 lessonssince 1995 –“Preservation and renovation chemistry of monuments”16 lessonssince 1996 – “The environment and stone materials” 32 lessons

Professional activities:1995 Renovator-expert in the investigation of stone, certificate № 65.1992 – expert in the Forensic science laboratory of the Ministry of Justice.

194

ULDIS ALKSNISCURRICULUM VITAE


1952-1957 The Faculty of Chemistry of Latvian State University, a studentAcademic titles and scientific degrees:

1978 Candidate of Science in Chemistry1979 Docent in the Department of Physical Chemistry1998 Doctor of Chemistry (Dr.chem.)

Employment:1956-1957 Engineer in the Chemistry Institute of the Academy of Science of Latvia

1958-1961 Senior engineer in the Chemistry Institute of the AS of Latvia1961-1963 Docent, Faculty of Chemistry of State University of Latvia

1963-1979 Senior lecturer at the Faculty of Chemistry of State University of Latviasince 1979 Assistant professor at the Faculty of Chemistry of State University of Latvia

The most important scientific publications and textbooks:1. Алкснис У.Я. и др. Кривые диффузии протонов через пассивное железо. - Изв. АН ЛатвССР.

Сер.хим., 1976, № 1, c.28-30.2. Alksnis U. u.c. Fizikālā un koloidālā ķīmija. R.: Zvaigzne, 1990., 425 lpp.3. Alksnis U. Ķīmijas vēstures stāsti R.: IM, I-III d., 1992.-1994., 152 lpp.4. Grosvalds I., Alksnis U. u.c. Ķīmija Latvijas augstskolās. – Latv.ķīm.žurn., 1998., Nr.2, 3,-16.lpp.Research:

Carbon steel corrosion inhibitors in neutral solutions of sodium chloride.Development of chemistry in the institutions of higher education of Latvia.

Teaching experience:1961-1967 } Physical and colloid chemistry1970-19811962–1968 } Physical chemistrysince 1996

since 1964 Colloid chemistry since 1968 Corrosion of metals 1985 – 1988 Introduction to chemistry since 1989 The history of chemistry since 1998 Contemporary chemistry

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JĀNIS ČAKSTECURRICULUM VITAE


1960-1964 Riga Industrial Polytechnic, undergraduate student1964-1970 The Faculty of Chemistry of Latvian State University, graduate student1971-1976 Latvian State University, research student

Academic titles and scientific degrees:1976 Candidate of Science in Chemistry1984 Docent in the Faculty of Chemistry of LSU1992 Doctor of Chemistry (Dr.chem.)

Employment:1971-1976 Assistant at the Faculty of Chemistry of Latvian State University1976 Senior research associate at the Faculty of Chemistry of LSU1976-1984 Senior lecturer at the Faculty of Chemistry of LSUsince 1984 Docent at the Faculty of Chemistry of Latvian University

The most important scientific publications and text books:1. J.Čakste. Fizikālā ķīmija. Sorbcija. R.: LVU, 1984, 83 lpp.2. Пипаре Л.Я., Чаксте Я.Э. Восстановление кислорода на платиновом электроде в присутствии

суспензии SiО2. – Изв. АН ЛатвССР. Сер.хим., 1988, № 4, c.433-435.Research:

Chemical power sources.Teaching experience:

since 1976– “Physical chemistry (kinetics)” 32 lessons1979 - “Physical chemistry (electrochemistry)” 32 lessonssince 1991 – “Environmental protection” 32 lessons

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ARNIS SUPECURRICULUM VITAE


1978-1983 State University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, student1983-1986 Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry, Ph.D. studies

Academic and scientific degrees:1987 candidate of science, chemistry1992 Ph.D (nostrification)1998 Dr.habil.chem.

Employment:1987-1989 State University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of

Physical chemistry, junior scientific researcher1989-1990 State University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of

Physical chemistry, scientific researcher1991-1993 State University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of

Physical chemistry, senior scientific researchersince 1994 State University of Latvia, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of

Physical chemistry, leading researcherPublications and textbooks:1. A.Supe, J.Tiliks, A.Gorokhov. Formation of peroxyl radicals in dissolution of

irradiated solids. High Energy Chem., Vol.26, N.3, pp. 181-183 (1992)2. A.Supe, J.Tiliks. Radiation stability of organic compounds during the sterilisation

of tableted medicines with ionising radiation. High Energy Chem., Vol.26, N.5, pp. 350-353 (1992)

3. A.Supe, J.Tiliks. Optical Absorption of irradiated hydrocarbons. High Energy Chem., Vol. 28, N.3, pp. 197-202 (1994)

4. A.Supe, J.Tiliks, T.Ananyeva. Luminescence spectra of irradiated alkali metal sulphates. High Energy Chem., Vol. 30, N.2, pp. 111-114 (1996)

Research:Models of forming, chemical properties and affection of free radicals stabilised in solid matrix to

drug radiation sterilisation and other energy-containment processes.Teaching experience:

1992 Physical Methods of Investigation1994-1996 Computer Analysis of Scientific Information1997 Physical Chemistry of Free Radicalssince 1998 Computer Modelling of Physicochemical Processessince 1998 Chemically Active Particles

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ANDREJS SILINSCURRICULUM VITAE


1959-63 Latvia State University, student1963-66 Moscow State University, graduate student (master’s degree)1967-70 Latvia State University, graduate student (doctorate)

Degrees and titles:1972 Candidate- Physics and Mathematics1976 Senior Research Collaborator1984 Doctor of Physics and Mathematics1990 Corresponding member of the Latvia Academy of Science1991 Dr. habil. physics1992 Full member of the Latvia Academy of Science

Employment:1966 Latvia State University, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, assistant1966-67 Latvia State University, Semiconductor Laboratory, junior researcher1966-70 Latvia State University, Semiconductor Laboratory, engineer1971-78 Latvia State University, Semiconductor Laboratory, section leader1978-84 Latvia State University, Solid-state Physics Institute, deputy director for

research1984-92 Latvia State University, Solid-state Physics Institute, director1991- University of Latvia, professor1992- Latvia Academy of Science, secretary-general1993- 95 Member of the Saeima (parliament) of Latvia, chaired the Education,

Culture and Science CommitteeMember of the following organisations:1. Latvia Science Council- member of the commission of experts in physics mathematics and

astronomy2. Official representative to the NATO committee on Science and Problem Solving in Modern Society3. Scientific leader of the project FEEMIRC-LATVIA4. Physics societies in Latvia and the US.Publications: 144 publications

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KĀRLIS ŠTEINERSCURRICULUM VITAE

Year of birth: 1938ID number: 051038Education:

1956-61 Latvia State University, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, studentDegrees and titles:

1978 Candidate of Technical Sciences1982 Docent, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics1992 Doctor of Mathematics1992 Docent, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics

Employment:1961- 64 Mathematics teacher1964-65 Latvia Academy of Science, Institute for Wood Chemistry, Senior engineer1965-67 Latvia State University, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, assistant1967-78 Latvia Sate University, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Senior instructor

General Maths Department1978-84 Latvia State University, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, deputy dean,

docent1985-86 Latvia State University, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, docent1986- University of Latvia, Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, docent and chairman of the General Maths department

Scientific publications:Journal articles 12Author certificates 2Conference presentations 7Text books 4Instruction materials 15Course programmes 3

Research:Deformation of layered composite materials, methods for teaching mathematics,

development of teaching aids, projects of the Latvia Ministry of Education and Science, project on information in education.Teaching experience:

Higher mathematicsMathematical AnalysisDifferential EquationsDidactic of Elementary Mathematical Analysis

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VELTA BALODECURRICULUM VITAE

Year of birth: 1943ID number: 041143-10903

Education1962-67 Latvia State University, student1969-71 Latvia State University, studied foreign language instruction 1970 Rostock University, studied German1983 KarlMarxStadt Technical College, studied German language instruction1993 Leipzig University, studied German1995 Goethe Institute, studies German language teaching1996 Summer courses at the Sonnenberg Institute

Academic titles and degrees:Master of Philology in the German language

Employment1967-72 Latvia State University, foreign language instructor1972-91 Latvia State University, senior foreign language instructor1991-93 University of Latvia, foreign language lecturer1993-98 University of Latvia, foreign language lectures with the Faculty of Natural Sciences.

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VELTA BĒRTINACURRICULUM VITAE


1977 Latvia State University1978-80 Latvia State University, Faculty of Pedagogy

Employment: 1977-83 Latvia State University, Foreign Language Faculty, instructor1977-94 Latvia State University, Foreign Language Faculty, senior laboratory instructor1994- University of Latvia, Language Centre, assistant.

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INGRĪDA VĪTIŅACURRICULUM VITAE


1953-1960 studies at Department of Chemistry of Riga Polytechnic Institute;1965-1968 PhD studies at the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Latvian Academy of Sciences

(IICLAS).Academic titles and scientific degrees:

1968 candidate of chemical sciences;1968 the oldest scientific co-worker;1991 Dr. chem.1994 Dr. habil. chem;1995 Prof. at IICLAS.

Employment:1962-1965 the oldest engineer at IICLAS;1968-1986 the oldest scientific co-worker at the Laboratory of Electrochemistry IICLAS;1986-1987 leading researcher at the Laboratory of Electrochemistry of IICLAS;1987- the Head of the Laboratory of Metal Electrodeposition of IICLAS. The laboratory is

confirmed as a testing lab. and is also included the international catalogue “Survey of Corrosion Research Laboratories” issued in Canada.Publications:

Totally -129 including 9 international patents (Germany, Great Britain, France, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia), 13 author certificates, 10 abstracts in international conferences.Research:

Theoretic electrochemistry, mechanism of metal electrodeposition, mechanism of coating structure formation, diffusion in contacting solid layers, formation of intermetallides, electrodeposition of composite coatings of metal with inorganic additives.1974-1991 leading of a joint project on the preparation of superconducting coatings of Nb3Sn and Sn-PbMo6S8 in co-operation with the Institute of Kinetics and Combustion of the Russian Academy of Sciences.1991-1999 leading of several scientific projects on mechanism of metal electrodeposition on various substrata.1996-1999 leading of the 1st subprogram of the 5th program of Latvian research grants. The name of the program is ``Electrochemical preparation and studies of thin layers of metal or metal with inorganic additives, and the electrochemical modification of the material surface``.Teaching experience:1994-1995 Physical chemistry and structure metal surfaces (48 h);1996-1997 Modification and testing of material surfaces (48 h).Honours:1987 Premium of State of Latvia.Additional information on the professional activity:since 1997 a member of the New York Academy of Sciences;1991-1999 a member of the Latvian Council of Science Expert Committee for Chemistry;a board member of Latvian Quality Association.

UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA

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FACULTY OF CHEMISTRY

ACADEMIC PROGRAMME FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR CHEMISTRY

Programme Director: Professor Andris Zicmanis

Dr.habil.chem. (Latvia)

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SYNOPSIS OF THE DOCTORAL STUDIES PROGRAMME

1.1.Goal of the programme, opportunities for defending the doctoral thesis and receiving the degree

In developing the doctoral programme, the rules and regulations of the University of Latvia regarding doctoral studies have been followed. The goal of the doctoral programme is to prepare highly qualified specialists in one of the sub-disciplines of chemistry: inorganic, organic, analytical, and physical chemistry. The doctoral programme offers the following: in-depth theoretical knowledge and independent research experience in one of

the sub-disciplines of chemistry; knowledge and experience required in the economy of Latvia: scientific

research, tertiary education, environmental protection. an opportunity to compete for positions in foreign laboratories and participate

in international scientific endeavours. Following the successful defence of the doctor’s thesis at a meeting of the University of Latvia Chemical Sciences Promotion Council, the candidate is granted the degree of Doctor of Chemistry (Dr chem.).

1.2 Prerequisites for admission to the doctoral programme

Prerequisites for admission to the doctoral programme in chemistry:a Master’s degree in one of the following disciplines: chemistry, biology, physics, geology, medicine, pharmacy, agricultural science, pedagogy, or a degree or diploma equivalent to the master’s degree in one of these disciplines.Admission to the doctoral programme: Every year, following the decision of the University of Latvia Science

Council, a competition is announced for the number state financed doctoral studies position in chemical sciences. This decision indicates the number of available scholarships and the required documents to be submitted by applicants.

The documents must be submitted to the University of Latvia Doctoral Studies Section by the date indicated by the University of Latvia Science Council.

The Doctoral Studies Section forwards the applications of those applicant wishing to enrol in the chemistry programme to the University of Council on Doctoral Studies in Chemical Sciences.

The Council on Doctoral Studies reviews the research projects submitted by the candidates, interviews the candidates, evaluate the knowledge and experience of the candidate in the chosen sub-discipline of chemistry, and the candidates proficiency of a foreign language. The Council on Doctoral Studies will vote, either with an open or a secret ballot if requested by a member, on the suitability of the applicant to undertake doctoral studies. The Council on Doctoral Studies will arrange the applicants according to their qualifications and suitability, and if needed will inform candidates which additional subjects they must complete before admission. Candidates are admitted to the state financed doctoral programme in order of their standing

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as a result of the competition. Candidates whose studies will be financed by non-government sources are admitted to the doctoral programme provided they meet the academic prerequisites.

The Chemical Sciences Council on Doctoral Studies will notify the candidate of its decision within one month after the application has been received by the University. If the Council on Doctoral Studies’ decision is favourable, the University will admit the candidate to the doctoral studies programme within a month of such a decision.

Following the recommendations of the Chemical Sciences Council on Doctoral Studies, the candidate and his supervisor will develop a programme of study and research. The programme will be reviewed by the appropriate department of the chosen chemistry sub-discipline, the University of Latvia Chemical Sciences Doctoral Studies Council will review the programme and if the programme is approved it will be submitted to the University of Latvia Doctoral Studies Section.

The doctoral student will present a review of his work on a yearly basis to the department of the appropriate sub-discipline in chemistry. The department will submit its decision to the Council on Doctoral Studies which decides whether the candidate may continue his studies.

Doctoral students in chemistry leave the Faculty of Chemistry after successful completion of their studies, or at their own request to quit their studies, or as a result of not completing the requirements of the programme of studies. In the latter instance, the Council on Doctoral Studies must reach the appropriate decision on the recommendation of the candidate’s supervisor or the chairman of the appropriate department. A copy of the recommendation to expel a student will be submitted to the University of Latvia Doctoral Section.

The University of Latvia Chemical Sciences Council on Doctoral Studies and its chairman is recommended for a period of five years by the Council of the Faculty of Chemistry to the Deputy-rector for Science of the University of Latvia. At present the members of this Council are: Prof. Andris Zicmanis (chairman), Prof. Janis Dregeris, Prof. Juris Tiliks, Prof. Mikelis V.Veidis, Dr. Anda Priksane.

1.3 The Structure of the Doctoral Programme in Chemistry

Time LimitationsTo complete the doctoral programme, the candidate must gain 144 credit points. The academic year consists of forty-eight weeks. If necessary, a student may be enrolled in the doctoral programme for five academic years. This time does not include justifiable periods of absence exceeding six months. After due consideration, the Chemical Sciences Council on Doctoral Studies will decide on the candidate’s request for an extension of time. Candidates entering the state financed doctoral studies programme will receive financial support from the government for three years. If the candidate requires more time to complete his studies, other financial resources must be found.

Structure of the Programme

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The required 144 credit points will be earned as follows:1. Scientific research 80 credit points2. Literature search, preparation of manuscripts and thesis 20 credit points3. Course work in the chosen sub-discipline 20 credit points4. Specialised courses in the area of chosen research 10 credit points5. Foreign language requirement 6 credit points6. Undergraduate tutoring 4 credit points7. Study of basic management and communication methods 4 credit points

Total 144 credit points

1.4 Format of the Results Presented for Doctoral Degree

The only acceptable format for presentation of research results is a written thesis, submitted to the for public defence to the Chemical Sciences Degree Promotion Council. The thesis must contain the completed research results within one of the sub-disciplines of chemistry. The thesis must contain relevant references to the research performed; a discussion and a critical evaluation of research results; a full description of research methods and materials used. The thesis must be accompanied by reprints of at least five publications, or copies of papers submitted and accepted for publication in journals designated by the Latvia Science Council. It is recommended that the subject of the thesis be presented at appropriate conferences, and the abstracts of the conference be included with the thesis. Before submitting the thesis for public defence, the work must be reviewed within the department where the research was performed. The presence of the candidate and the research supervisor at this review are obligatory.

1.5 The Cost of Doctoral Studies in Chemistry

The expense of maintaining the infrastructure; research expenses, expenses to gain required theoretical knowledge by the student, expenses for the scholarship of the doctoral programme and the remuneration of the research supervisor are all part of the cost of the programme. The government will finance these expenses for a period of three years for each student. If the student needs more time to complete his work, other sources of financing must be found. After receiving from the potential research supervisors the written research proposal, the Chemical Sciences Council on Doctoral Studies will calculate the expense of the research project and consider possible financing before approving the research proposal. The cost of doctoral studies may be borne by non-government sources.

Approximate expenses for the doctoral programme in the academic year 1999/2000.

Expense Monthly expense Ls

Annual expense Ls

RemunerationStudent’s stipend 60 720

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Supervisors salary 25 300Social security tax 7 84Theory (courses) 90Research expensesAssignments to other institutions

500

Reagents and materials 1786Information retrieval and computer use

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Total expenses

The largest expense is for reagents and materials. Even so, this is less that at most universities in Western Europe (3000 GPD in Great Britain and 30000 Franks in France).

1.6 Research Centres in Latvia Participating in the Doctoral Programme

A number of research centres in Latvia participate in the doctoral studies programme with advise in specialised areas of research and permitting the students to use their research facilities and equipment.

Research centre Research areasLatvia Organic Synthesis Institute Organic Chemistry

Analytical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry

Riga Technical University,Inorganic Chemistry Institute

Inorganic ChemistryAnalytical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry

Members of the above Research Centres may participate in the research projects and the University of Latvia Chemical Sciences Degree Promotion Council, thus ensuring objectivity of the performed results.

1.7 The Sub-disciplines of Chemistry Offering Doctoral Studies

Professors in charge of the sub-discipline

Chemistry sub-discipline

Professor Mikelis V.Veidis Inorganic ChemistryProfessor Edgars JansonsProfessor Andris Zicmanis

Analytical Chemistry

Professor Janis Dregeris Professor Andris Zicmanis

Organic Chemistry

Professor Juris Tiliks Physical ChemistryInorganic Chemistry

1.8 Universities and Research Organisations where Graduates have Engaged in Post-doctoral Research

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Place Country Research AreaLatvia Organic Synthesis Institute

Latvia Organic, Physical, and Analytical Chemistry

Riga Technical University Inorganic Chemistry Institute

Latvia Inorganic, Analytical, and Physical Chemistry

University of Lund Sweden Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Stockholm Sweden Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Goteborg Sweden Analytical and Physical

ChemistryChalmers Technical University Sweden Analytical ChemistryLyons First University France Organic and Analytical

ChemistryNational Research Centre Polymer Laboratory, Lyons

France Organic and Analytical Chemistry

Cincinnati University USA Organic and Physical Chemistry

Brunell University Great Britain

Organic Chemistry

Strathclyde University Great Britain

Organic and Analytical Chemistry

University of Tokyo Japan Physical ChemistryMoscow University Russia Physical ChemistryUniversity of Oldenburg Germany Organic Chemistry

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1.9 Resources for the Doctoral Studies Programme

The resources of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, the available research equipment in Latvia, specialists and information resources, as well as possible co-operation with foreign institutions are involved in the realisation of the doctoral studies programme. The Faculty of Chemistry of the University of Latvia has at its disposal a number of research instruments. Equipment not available within the University is often accessible at other institutions in Latvia. Involvement in international research projects is encouraged. During the last few years, the number of doctoral students reporting to a Latvian and a foreign research supervisor has increased. In the last eight years, as a result of foreign aid, the library of the Faculty has expanded considerably. Many seminal journals and text books are now available. Doctoral students may also use the Latvia Academic Library and the Latvia Organic Synthesis Institute Library. The inter-library network is also available. Each sub-discipline in chemistry is headed by a professor. All members of the Faculty of Chemistry are involved in realising the doctoral programme to ensure a high level of theoretical instruction and access to competent specialists.

1.10 The Doctoral Programme - a Comparison with Foreign Universities

The doctoral studies programme offered at the University of Latvia is very similar to those at most other universities in Western Europe and the US An essential requirement of all doctoral programmes is the need for quality research. The University of Latvia programme uses publication of results as the criteria of good research and expects that the candidates research will result in five publications. A survey of requirements at other European universities showed that the main difference is that the University of Latvia requires the papers to be, at least, accepted for publication in order to be considered in the evaluation of the candidates work. The University of Latvia has set the minimum time for doctoral studies at three years. Under normal circumstances, a candidate for studies in the doctoral programme at the University of Latvia has completed at least six years of studies in chemistry (or a related science). This is a year longer than required by most foreign universities. A more objective indicator is the requirement that doctoral students at the University of Latvia are required to complete 144 credit points during the three years. 100 credit points are granted for research and thesis preparation. The remaining forty four credit points are granted for theoretical courses as well as student supervision. The doctoral programmes at universities in Sweden and the US place greater emphasis on theoretical courses, but students enter these programmes with a Bachelor’s degree. At the University of Latvia, the discipline of chemistry has been divided into the four main sub-disciplines: organic, inorganic, physical, and analytical chemistry. Foreign universities tend to have more sub-discipline. The model at the University of Latvia reflects real, but limited, need for chemists with the highest degree.

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2. CONTENTS OF THE DOCTORAL PROGRAMME IN CHEMISTRYA description of the subjects in the various sub-disciplines

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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Programme author: Professor Mikelis V.Veidis

1. The structure of an atom. The origin of the elements, classification of elements. The hydrogen atom,

principles of quantum mechanics, atomic orbitals.

2.Molecular structure and the chemical bond.Valence shell electron pair repulsion and hybrid orbitals. Valence bond theory:

the hydrogen molecule, diatomic molecules and many-atom molecules. Molecular orbital (MO) theory and its application to many-atom molecules. Characteristics of bonds formed according to the MO theory. Symmetry considerations of MO’s

3. Symmetry in molecules.Symmetry elements and operations, point groups and the use of character

tables in chemistry.

4. Oxidation and reduction.Mechanisms and kinetics of electron transfer. The use of Latimmer, and Frost

diagrams.

5. Transition elements and complex chemistry.Structure and symmetry of molecules. Nomenclature. Isomerism and chirial

molecules. Bonding: crystal field, ligand field and molecular orbital theories. Reaction mechanisms and kinetics in ligand exchange and ligand replacement reactions.

6. Hydrogen.Properties of the element, its cations and anions. Compounds with hydrogen,

hydrides, hydrogen as a ligand. Synthetic methods for the preparation of hydrogen compounds. Reactions of hydrogen compounds. The boron hydrides, aluminium hydride, gallium hydride. Hydrides of group 14. Hydrides of groups 15 and 16.

7. Chemistry of the boron and carbon groups [13 and 14]Boron compounds of electronegative elements. Boron clusters. Synthesis of

boranes. Carboranes a ligands. Carbon, graphite, diamond. Carbides. Carben bonded to electronegative elements.

8. Chemistry of the nitrogen and oxygen groups [15 and 16]Nitrogen-halogen and nitrogen-oxygen compounds. Properties of water

solutions of nitrogenoxides. Nitrogen-phosphorous compounds. The oxy-halides. Oxides of the p-elements. Metal oxides, metal sulphides, metal selenides, metal tellurides. Rings and clusters of p-element oxides. 9. Chemistry of the halogen and noble gas groups [17 and 18]

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The chemical properties of the halogens, pseudo-halogens, interhalogens. Halogen complexes, poly-halogens, halogen oxides.

The noble gases: synthesis of compounds and structure of compounds.

10. Spectroscopy and MagnetismSpectroscopic term symbols. Spectra of d-element complexes. Electronic

spectra, optical rotatory dispersion.Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, antimagnetism of molecules.

11. Reaction mechanisms of the transition elementsMechanisms of ligand substitution. Substitution in square planar complexes

and octahedral complexes. Red-oxs reactions and d-d charge transfer reactions.

12. OrganometallicsBond formation mechanisms. 18 electron rule, oxidation state of the central

atom, ligand charge effects. Metal carbonyl compounds. Hydrogen and carbohydrates as ligands. Bonding of unsaturated carbon bonds. Transition metal cluster molecules.

13. CatalysisThe principles of catalysis and the desired characteristics of catalysts.

Homogenous and heterogenous catalysis.

14. Bio-inorganic chemistryThe role of metal ions in biological systems. Oxygen transport mechanisms,

vitamin B12, nitrogen fixation.

Literature:1. F. Albert Cotton, et al, “Advanced Inorganic Chemistry”, 6th edition, Wiley;

1999.2. D.F. Shriver and P.W Atkins, “Inorganic Chemistry”, 2nd edition, Oxford

University Press;1999.3. James E.Huheey, Ellen A.Keiter, Richard L.Keiter, “Inorganic Chemistry”,

4th edition, Harper Collins; 19934. E.Riedel, “Anorganische Chemie”, Walter de Cruyter & Co, 19905. Albert Cotton, Geoffrey Wilkinson, P.L.Gaus, “Basic Inorganic Chemistry”,

2nd edition, Wiley,1987.

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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Course author: Professor Juris Tiliks

1.Introduction to physical chemistryThe subject of physical chemistry. The meaning of physical chemistry.

Theoretical methods in physical chemistry.

2. The foundations of quantum chemistryPlank’s equation: the relation between energy and frequency. De’Broglie

equation: the relationship between wave length and momentum. The Schroedinger equation for stationary waves, its interpretation. The unceratinty principle.

Spin of electrons, the angular momentum and the magnetic momentum of electrons. Pauli’s principle. Formulation of the exclusion principles in quantum mechanics: many electron wave function.

3. The structure of the atomThe hydrogen atom. The principal, orbital angular momentum, and the

magnetic quantum numbers. Energy levels. The ground state and exited states. Atomic orbitals.

Many-electron atoms, The aufbau principle. Hund’s rule. Periodic trends. Valence. Oxidation state. 4. The structure of molecules

Covalent bonding. The theories of Heitler and London. Molecular orbitals. σ and bonds. MO theory and many-atom molecules. Orbital overlap. Hybrid orbitals. Directed bonds. Conjugate bonds. Benzene and other aromatic molecules and their structures.Bond polarity. Dipole moments. The ionic bond. The hydrogen bond. Van der Wall’s forces.

5. Elementary processesAbsorption and emission of radiant energy by atoms and molecules. The Bohr

atom. Photons. Electronic, stretching and rotation energy. Non-harmonic stretching frequencies. Molecular absorption spectra. Light dispersion. Induced radiation, lasers.Nuclear magnetic resonance. Chemical shifts. Spin-spin interactions. Electron paramagnetic resonance and free radicals.

6. The structure of the solid phaseCrystals, and symmetry. The crystal lattice. Electrons in metals. The free

electron model. The zone theory. Conductivity in metals. Non-conductors. Semi-conductors.

7. Electric surface phenomenaThe work function of an electron. The photoelectric effect. The Einstaein

equation. Emission of thermo electrons. Contact potentials.

8.The laws of thermodynamics

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The first law of thermodynamics. Enthalpy. The ideal gas. Hess’ law. Kirchoff’s law.

The second law of thermodynamics. Entropy. Isothermal processes and Helmholtz energy. Gibbs energy. Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. Clausiuss - Clapyron equation. Phase transitions. Thermodynamic equilibrium. Chemical potential. Gibbs’ phase law. 9. Chemical equilibrium

Equilibrium in ideal gases and ideal solutions. The laws of Henry and Raoult. Gibbs energy and equilibrium constants. The mass action law. Equilibrium among phases.

Non-ideal systems. Partial quantities. Real gases. Activity in non-electryite solutions. Activity coefficients.

The third law of thermodynamics and Planks hypothesis. Entropy. The use of the third law in chemical equilibrium problems.

10. Electrochemical equilibriumThermodynamics and the voltaic cell. Faraday’s law. Activity coefficients in

electrolytic solutions. Electrode potentials and the Nernst equation. Ionic motion. Diffusion potential.

11.Thermodynamics of surface phenomenaAdsorption. Gibbs adsorption equation. Lipmann equation. Capacity of the

electric double layer. The null potential of an electrode.

12. Foundations of statistical mechanicsMicro states and macro states. The phase space of molecules and systems.

The volume of phase space in quantum theory. The statistical characteristics of the second law of thermodynamics. The Boltzmann equation. Quantum theory applied to the third law of thermodynamics. Maxwell-Boltzmann equation. The Einstein - Bosee equation, the Fermi-Dirac equation. 13. Kinetic theory of gases

Pressure of ideal gases. Van der Wall’s equation for real gases. Critical points.

Maen free path of gas molecules. Thermal conductivity. Diffusion of gases. Fick’s law. Brownian motion. Einstein’s equation for the mean velocity.

14. Statistical thermodynamicsExpressing thermodynamic functions with the use of statistical summs.

Calculations of molecular statistical summs. Moments of inertia. Symmetry numbers. Molecular rotation and classical mechanics. Normal vibrations. Harmonic vibrations: a comparison of classical mechanics and statistical mechanics. Specific heat of solids. Debye theory. Characteristic temperatures. Statistical weighting of electrons in an atom. The angula momentum quantum number and statistical weighting. Statistical weighting of two atom molecules. Calculation of thermodynamic functions for gases.

15. Velocity of reactions

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The kinetic ground state The velocity constant. Relationship between velocity and equilibrium constants. Arhenius equation. Activation energy. Reversible reactions. Principles of catalysis. Retrieval of non-bonded electrons as a source of activation energy. Potential surfaces of atoms and diatomic molecules. The London equation. Adiabatic processes. Transmission coefficients. Tunneling.

The activated complex. Homogenous gas reactions. Gibbs’ energy of activation, entropy of activation, enthalpy of activation. 16. Kinetics of homogeneous and heterogenous reactions

The activated complex and velocity of bimolecular gas reactions. Collision of molecules. Steric factors. Pre-exponential multipliers for monomolecular gas reactions. Gas reactions at low pressure. Photochemical reactions. Chemical effect of high energy radiation. Reactions in the liquid phase. 17. Kinetics of heterogenous reactions

Diffusion kinetics. Laminar and tubular flow. The diffusion layer and volume diffusion.

Physical adsorption. Hemosorption. Heats of adsorption. Theories of adsorption. Adsorption isotherms. Velocity of heterogenous reactions.

18. Kinetics of electrode processesOvervoltage and polarisation. Slow discharge. Theories describing the electric

double layer. Effect of the electric double layer on the velocity of electrode processes.

Literature: 1. P.W.Atkins, “Physical Chemistry”, Oxford University Press; 19932. G.Wedler ,“Lerbuch der Physikalischen Chemie”, Wiley; 19973. W.Kutrelnigg, “Einfuhrung in der Theoretische Chemie”, Wiley; 19924. C.R. Metz, “Physikalische Chemie”,McGraw-Hill; 19915. I.Walter and R.Moore, “Physikalische Chemie”, Walter de Gruyter, 1986

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Programme authors: Professor Janis DregerisProfessor Andris Zicmanis

1. Theoretical aspects of organic chemistry

Structural isomers and stereo-isomersTypes of reagents and reactionsThe covalent bondHomogenous and heterogenous catalysis

2. The hydrocarbonsAlkanesCycloalkanes and steroidsAlkenesAlkynesArenes

3. Monofunctional hydrocarbonsHalogenalkanesHalogenarenesOrganic compounds of the elementsHydroxyl compounds of alkanesPhenolsAmines and their derivativesAldehydes and ketonesEnols and enonsCarboxylic acidsDerivatives of carboxylic acids.

4. Multifunctional hydrocarbons

Dicarbonyl compoundsAmino acids, peptides, proteinsCarbohydrates, monosacharides, oligosacharides, polysacharides

5. The lipids 6. DNA and RNA

7. Heterocyclic compoundsThree membered heterocyclesFour and five membered heterocyclesFive membered aromatic heterocyclesSix membered aromatic heterocyclesNitrogen containing heterocycles in nature. The alkaloids.

8. Synthetic polymers

9. Physical methods for the study of organic compounds

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Spectroscopic methods: electron absorption, luminescence, infra red, combined dispersion, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy

10. Synthetic organic chemistryMutual changes of functional groups in organic moleculesMethods and strategy of forming the carbon-carbon bondUtility of organometallics in C—C bond formationUse of stabilised carbanions and related reagents in C—C bond formationMethods and strategy of forming carbon-noncarbon bondsReduction in organic synthesisOxidation in organic synthesisThe use of shielding groups Reagents containing B, P, and Si.Solvents in organic synthesis

Literature:

1. T.W.G. Solomons “Organic Chemistry”, Wiley; 19922. R.T.Morisson and R.N.Boyd, “Organic Chemistry”, Prentice-Hall;19923. P.Y.Bruice, “Organic Chemistry”, Prentice Hall; 19984. A.Streitwieser, J.Clayton, H.Heathcock, “Introduction to Organic

Chemisrty”, McMilla; 19925. R.K.Macie, D.M.Smith, R.A.Aitken, “Guidebook to Organic Synthesis” 2nd

edition, Longman; 19906. J.March, “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 3rd edition, Wiley; 19857. C.Reichardt, “Solvents and Solvent Effectsin Organic Chemistry”, 2nd

edition, VCH Publishers; 1992

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Course authors: Professor Andris Zicmanis Professor Edgars Jansons

1. Analytical chemistry- an overviewAnalytical chemistry. The analytical signal. Qualitative evaluation and

identification. Use of chemical reactions. Calibration. Calculations. Classification of analytical methods. Validation of methods

2. The role of thermodynamics and kinetics in analytical chemistryGibbs’ energy. Achieving chemical and electrochemical equilibrium.

Equilibrium constants. Reaction mechanisms. Kinetic equations. Catalysis. Reaction rates.

3. Protolytic equilibriumAutoprotolysis and amphiprotic solvents. Acid, neutral, and basic solutions.

Strong and weak acids and bases. pH. Buffers and buffer capacity. Logarithmic concentration diagrams.

4. Complexing equilibriumStability constants of complexes. Graphical representation of complex

formation. Ionic strength and pH influence on complex formation equilibrium constants. Inert and labile complexes.

5. Organic analytical reagentsBond formation: radical reactions and dative bonds. Chelates and inner

complexes. EDTA. Organic analytical reagents containing sulphur and nitrogen.

6. Oxidation - reduction equilibriumFirst order and second order equilibrium. Redoxs electrodes. Membrane

electrodes. The hydrogen electrode. Electrode potentials, redoxs potentials, and standard potentials. The Nernst equation. Th influence of ionic strength, pH, and complex formation on the redox potential. Redox reactions. The rate of achieving redox equilibrium. The thermodynamic stability diagram of water. Induced analytical reactions.

7. Solid - solution equilibriumSolution constants and its relation to solubility. Influence of ionic strength,

the common ion effect, protolysis, and oxidation-reduction on solubility.

8. Kinetics of precipitationCrystal seeding. Homogenous precipitation. Co-precipitation. Post-

precipitation. Colloids in analytical chemistry.

9. Extraction equilibriumExtraction of inorganic ions with organic solvents. Partition constants. Degree

of extraction. Methods of extraction.

10. Masking and de-masking

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The use of reaction constants to determine masking effects. Using protolysis, redox reactions, and complexing reactions to achieve masking. Formation of the ligand protolytic pair and pKA. Demasking. 11. Separation and concentration methods

Equilibrium and kinetic separation methods. The partition factor. Precipitation methods. Extraction methods. Chromatographic methods, paper, column, thin layer, gas, and liquid chromatography.

12. Errors in quantitative analysisGross errors, systematic errors, accidental departure from the arithmetic mean.

Avoiding gross errors. Systematic errors and the accuracy of the measurement. Ensuring accuracy. Validation of methods. Corrections, and the meaning of accuracy in analytical chemistry.

13. Gravimetric analysisPrecipitation. Gravimetric concepts. Calculation of results. Gravimetric

analysis in modern chemistry.

14. Volumetric analysisClassification of volumetric methods. Titration curves. The equilibrium

constant of the reaction and its relation to volumetric analysis. Preparation of solutions for titration. Direct titration. Back titration. Acid-base titrations. Titration curves. pH indicators. Systematic errors. Uses of acid-base titrations.

Redox titrations. Indicators. Titration curves and the end point. Applications.EDTA titrations. Chelation. Titration curves. Indicators. Systematic errors.

Applications.Sedimentation. Relation between the equilibrium constant and the solubility constant. Titration curves. Indicators. Applications.

15. Electrode equilibrium methodsThe galvanic cell. Standard electrodes. Indicatorelectrodes. Ion selective

electrodes. Contact potentials of solutions. Measuring the potential of a galvanic cell. Potentiometric titrations.

16. Electrodeposition methodsThe galvanic cell and its relation to the electric cell. Faraday’s law.

Overpotential. Polarization of electrodes. Electrogravimetric methods. Calculating the potential. Separation methods. The dropping mercury electrode- polarographic methods. Solid microelectrodes. Background electrolites. Polarographic curves. Applications.Inverse chronopotentiometry: methods and theory. Use of computers. Applications.

17. The atomic emission methodVaporisation and exitation Intensity of spectral lines. Recording results.

18. The atomic absorption method

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Vaporisation. The Cathode lamp. Measurement of results. Chemical interference. Applications.

19. Luminescence methodsExitation to obtain atomic luminescence. Use in analytical chemistry.

Molecular luminesence.

20. X-ray fluoresence methodsX-rays and their interaction with matter. Obtaining X-rays. Preparing

samples. Qualitative and quantitative analysis.

21. Molecular absorption methodsThe nature of electromagnetic radiation. Molecular orbital theory. Ligand

field theory. Chromophores. Light absorbtion. Single and double beam apparatus. Monochromators. Photometric determinations when light is absorbed by a single substance or by more that one substance. Errors. Photometric analysis of extration products. Photometric titrations. Determining the protolytic pair.

22. Infra - red spectroscopyDetectors. Spectrometers. Sample preparation. Applications

23. Nuclear magnetic resonanceTheory and operation. Chemical shifts. The use of 1H and 13C.

24. Mass spectroscopyTheory and operation. Ionisation of the sample. Applications.

25. Activation analysis

Theory and operation. Gamma ray activation. Measuring results. Radioactive indicators. Detection of radioactive radiation. Neutron activation analysis.

26. Computer applications in analytical chemistryWriting simple programs. Use of available programs.

27. TerminologyIUPAC recommended terminology for analytical chemistry.

Literature:

1. “Analytical Chemistry”, R.Kellner et al, editors, Wiley; 19981. J.J.Lagowski and C.H.Sorum, “Semimicro Qualitative Analysis”, Prentice

Hall;19912. K.A.Rubinson, “Chemical Analysis”, Little, Brown; 19873. D.A.Scoog and D.M. West, “Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry”, Holt,

Reinhart, Winston; 19694. D.G.Peters, J.M.Hayes, G.M.Hieftje, “Chemical Separations and

Measurements”, Saunders; 1974

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