T.C. ULATIRMA BAKANLII DEMRYOLLAR, LMANLAR, HAVAMEYDANLARI NAATI GENEL MDRL

DEMRYOLLARI EKKPR TASARIM ESASLARI

ANKARA, 2007

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NDEKLER 1. GR ............................................................................................................................................... 24 1.1 artnamenin Kapsam ............................................................................................................... 24 1.2 Kprnn Sahip Olmas Gereken Temel zellikler ................................................................... 24 1.2.1 na Edilebilme.................................................................................................................... 24 1.2.2 Ekonomi .............................................................................................................................. 24 1.2.3 Estetik ................................................................................................................................. 24 1.2.4 Dayankllk.......................................................................................................................... 25 1.2.5 Denetlenebilme ................................................................................................................... 25 1.2.6 Bakm Yaplabilme .............................................................................................................. 25 1.3 Hidroloji ve Hidrolik .................................................................................................................... 25 1.3.1 Genel................................................................................................................................... 25 1.3.2 antiye Verileri .................................................................................................................... 26 1.3.3 Hidrolojik Analiz................................................................................................................... 26 1.3.4 Hidrolik Analiz ..................................................................................................................... 26 1.3.4.1 Akarsu Stabilitesi.......................................................................................................... 26 1.3.5 Kpr Temelleri................................................................................................................... 27 1.3.5.1 Genel............................................................................................................................ 27 1.3.5.2 Kpr Temelinin Oyulmas........................................................................................... 27 1.3.5.3 Kpr Yaklam Hatlar ................................................................................................ 27 1.3.6 Menfez Konumu, Boyu ve Su Yolu Alan ............................................................................ 28 1.3.7 Kpr Drenaj ...................................................................................................................... 28 1.3.7.1 Genel............................................................................................................................ 28 1.3.7.2 Drenlerin Tipi, Boyutu ve Says................................................................................... 28 1.3.7.3 Deme Drenlerinden Dearj....................................................................................... 28 1.3.7.4 Yapnn Drenaj ............................................................................................................ 29 1.4 Yap Kullanm mr................................................................................................................... 29 1.5 nemli Kprlerde Veri Toplanmas .......................................................................................... 29 2. TASARIM ESASLARI ...................................................................................................................... 33 2.1 Genel ......................................................................................................................................... 33 2.1.1 Kaynak Standartlar.............................................................................................................. 33 2.1.2 Tanmlar .............................................................................................................................. 33 2.1.3 Simgeler .............................................................................................................................. 33 2.2 Snr Durum Tasarm Prensipleri................................................................................................ 35 2.2.1 Genel................................................................................................................................... 35 2.2.2 Tasarm Durumlar .............................................................................................................. 35 2.3 Tama Gc Snr Durumlar .................................................................................................... 35 2.4 Kullanm Snr Durumu iin Tasarm Snr Deerleri .................................................................. 35 2.4.1 Genel................................................................................................................................... 35 2.4.2 Tasarm Snr Deerlerinin Hangi Yklemeler Altnda Yaplaca ...................................... 37 2.4.3 Trafik Gvenlii iin Kriter ................................................................................................... 38 2.4.3.1 Kpr Demesinin Dey vmesi ............................................................................... 38 2.4.3.2 Kpr Demesinin Burulmas..................................................................................... 38 2.4.3.3 Kpr Demesinin Dey Sehimi............................................................................... 39 2.4.3.4 Kpr Demesinin Yanal Sehimi ve Titreimi ............................................................ 39 2.4.3.5 Kpr Demesinin Boyuna Yer Deitirmesi ............................................................. 40 2.4.4 Yolcu Rahatl Asndan zin Verilen En Byk Dey Sehim Deerleri.......................... 40 2.4.4.1 Yolcu Rahatlk Kriteri.................................................................................................... 40 2.4.4.2 Yolcu Rahatlnn Kontrol iin Sehim Kriterleri.......................................................... 40 2.4.4.3 Yolcu Rahatl Tahkiki iin Yaplacak Dinamik bir Ara/Kpr Etkileim Hesabyla lgili artlar....................................................................................................................................... 41 3. YKLER VE YK KATSAYILARI .................................................................................................... 45 3.1 Genel ......................................................................................................................................... 45 3.1.1 Kaynak Standartlar.............................................................................................................. 45

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3.1.2 Tanmlar .............................................................................................................................. 45 3.1.3 Simgeler .............................................................................................................................. 46 3.2 Yk Deiim Katsaylar ............................................................................................................. 49 3.3 Yk Katsaylar ve Yk Birleimleri ............................................................................................ 50 3.3.1 Yk Birleimleri ................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.2 Zati Ykler iin Yk Katsaylar ........................................................................................... 53 3.3.3 Zemin Ykleri iin Yk Katsaylar....................................................................................... 53 3.3.4 Tren Grup Ykleri iin Yk Katsaylar ................................................................................ 54 3.3.5 naat Srecindeki Ykler iin Yk Katsaylar.................................................................... 54 3.3.6 Kriko Kuvvetleri iin Yk Katsaylar.................................................................................... 54 3.3.7 Ankaraj Blgesindeki ngerme Kuvvetleri iin Yk Katsaylar .......................................... 55 3.4 Kalc Ykler ............................................................................................................................... 55 3.4.1 Zati Ykler ........................................................................................................................... 55 3.4.2 Toprak Ykleri ..................................................................................................................... 56 3.5 Tren Ykleri................................................................................................................................ 56 3.5.1. Uygulama Alanlar.............................................................................................................. 56 3.5.2 Demiryolu Trafik Ykleri ...................................................................................................... 57 3.5.3 Dey Yklerin Karekteristik Deerleri, Eksentrisite ve Yk Dalm................................. 57 3.5.3.1 Genel............................................................................................................................ 57 3.5.3.2 Yk Modeli LM 71 ....................................................................................................... 57 3.5.3.3 SW/0 ve SW/2 Yk Modelleri ....................................................................................... 58 3.5.3.4 Bo Tren Yk Modeli.................................................................................................... 58 3.5.3.5 Dey Yklerin Dmerkezlii (Yk Modelleri LM 71 ve SW/0).................................... 58 3.5.3.6 Dingil Yklerinin Raylar, Traversler ve Balast Vastas ile Datm ............................. 59 3.5.3.6.1 Bir Nokta Yknn veya Teker Yknn Ray Vastas ile Uzunlamasna Ynde Datm................................................................................................................................ 59 3.5.3.6.2 Tekil Bir Ykn Travers ve Balast Yardm ile Boyuna Ynde Datlmas ........... 60 3.5.3.6.3 Yklerin Travers ve Balast Vastas ile Enine Ynde Datlmas ......................... 60 3.5.3.6.4 Toprak leri ve Toprak Basnc Etkileri iin Edeer Dey Ykleme.................. 62 3.5.3.7 Halka Ak Olmayan Yaya Yollar iin Hareketli Ykler................................................ 62 3.5.4 Dinamik Etkiler (rezonans dahil) ......................................................................................... 62 3.5.4.1 Giri.............................................................................................................................. 62 3.5.4.2 Dinamik Davran Etkileyen Faktrler ......................................................................... 62 3.5.4.3 Genel Tasarm Kurallar ............................................................................................... 63 3.5.4.4 Statik veya Dinamik Hesap Yaplmas ile lgili artlar .................................................. 63 3.5.4.5 Dinamik Katsay: 2, 3 .............................................................................................. 66 3.5.4.5.1 Uygulama Alan ..................................................................................................... 66 3.5.4.5.2 Dinamik Katsaynn Tanm ................................................................................... 66 3.5.4.5.3 Belirleyici Uzunluk L ............................................................................................ 66 3.5.4.5.4 Azaltlm Dinamik Etkiler...................................................................................... 70 3.5.5 Yatay Kuvvetler Karakteristik Deerler ............................................................................ 70 3.5.5.1 Merkezka Kuvvetleri ................................................................................................... 70 3.5.5.2 Burun Kuvveti............................................................................................................... 74 3.5.5.3 Demeraj ve Fren Etkileri............................................................................................... 74 3.5.5.4 Kpr-Hat Etkileimi..................................................................................................... 75 3.5.6 Tren Yklerinin Kprlere Uygulanmas ............................................................................. 75 3.5.6.1 Genel............................................................................................................................ 75 3.5.6.2 Tren Yk Gruplar......................................................................................................... 76 3.5.7 Hareket Halindeki Trenlerden Kaynaklanan Aerodinamik Etkiler........................................ 78 3.5.7.1 Genel............................................................................................................................ 78 3.5.7.2 Hatta Paralel Basit Dey Yzeyler (rnein: Ses Bariyerleri).................................... 78 3.5.7.3 Hattn zerinde Basit Yatay Yzeyler (rnein: sundurma atlar) ............................. 79 3.5.7.4 Hatta Bitiik Basit Yatay Yzeyler (rnein: dey duvarsz platform glgelikleri)....... 80 3.5.7.5 Hat Yanndaki (dey, yatay veya eik yzeyler ieren) ok Yzeyli Yaplar (rnein: ses bariyerleri, dey duvarl glgelikler, vs.) .......................................................................... 81 3.5.7.6 Hat Aklnn Snrl Olduu ( 20 m ye kadar ) Yaplar rten Yzeyler (Hat zerindeki Yatay Yzey ve en az bir Dey Duvar, rnein: Yap Iskelesi, Geici Yaplar) ... 81 3.5.8 Yorulma Tahkiki iin Tren Ykleri........................................................................................ 82

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3.5.8.1 Genel............................................................................................................................ 82 3.5.8.2 Genel Tasarm Metodu ................................................................................................ 82 3.5.8.3 Yorulma iin Tren Tipleri .............................................................................................. 82 3.6 Rzgar Yk .............................................................................................................................. 83 3.6.1 Tasarm Rzgar Hz ........................................................................................................... 83 3.6.2 Rzgar Basnc.................................................................................................................... 83 3.6.3 Rzgar Kuvveti.................................................................................................................... 84 3.6.4 Aeroelastik Stabilitenin Bozulmas ..................................................................................... 85 3.7 evre Etkileri.............................................................................................................................. 85 3.7.1 Kprlerde Scaklk Deiiklikleri ........................................................................................ 85 3.7.1.1 Kpr Deme Tipleri ................................................................................................. 85 3.7.1.2 Dzgn Scaklk Dalm............................................................................................. 85 3.7.1.3 Deiken Scaklk (Enkesit Dey Ekseni Boyunca).................................................... 86 3.7.2 Deiken Bzlme (Diferansiyel Rtre) .............................................................................. 87 3.7.3 Snme................................................................................................................................. 87 3.7.4 Farkl Oturma ...................................................................................................................... 87 3.8 Deprem Etkisi............................................................................................................................. 87 3.9 Zemin Basnc ............................................................................................................................ 87 3.10 Su Ykleri................................................................................................................................. 87 3.10.1 Statik Basn ..................................................................................................................... 87 3.10.2 Suyun Kaldrma Kuvveti.................................................................................................... 87 3.10.3 Aknt Basnc .................................................................................................................... 88 3.10.3.1 Boyuna Ynde............................................................................................................ 88 3.10.3.2 Enine Ynde............................................................................................................... 88 3.10.4 Dalga Yk........................................................................................................................ 89 3.10.5 Oyulma Limit Durumu iin Temellerde Deiim ................................................................ 89 3.11 Srtnme Kuvvetleri................................................................................................................. 89 3.12 Demiryolu Kprlerinde Trenin Raydan kmas..................................................................... 89 3.12.1 Demiryolu Kprsndeki Ray Trafiinden Dolay Trenin Raydan kmas....................... 89 3.13 Ara arpmas Kuvveti ............................................................................................................ 91 3.13.1 Yapnn Korunmas ........................................................................................................... 91 3.13.2 Konstrksiyon ile Ara veya Tren arpmas .................................................................. 91 3.14 Gemi arpmas ........................................................................................................................ 91 4. YAPISAL ANALZ VE DEERLENDRME .................................................................................... 101 4.1 Genel ....................................................................................................................................... 101 4.1.1 Kapsam ............................................................................................................................. 101 4.1.2 Kaynak Standartlar............................................................................................................ 101 4.2 Tanmlar ................................................................................................................................... 101 4.3 Simgeler ................................................................................................................................... 103 4.4 Yap Analizi iin Uygun Yntemler ........................................................................................... 105 4.5 Matematiksel Modelleme ......................................................................................................... 105 4.5.1 Genel................................................................................................................................. 105 4.5.2 Yapsal Malzeme Davran .............................................................................................. 105 4.5.2.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 105 4.5.2.2 Elastik Davran ......................................................................................................... 106 4.5.2.3 Elastik Olmayan Davran .......................................................................................... 106 4.5.3 Geometri ........................................................................................................................... 106 4.5.3.1 Kk Yer Deitirme Teorisi..................................................................................... 106 4.5.3.2 Byk Yer Deitirme Teorisi..................................................................................... 107 4.5.3.2.1 Genel................................................................................................................... 107 4.5.3.2.2 Yaklak Yntemler ............................................................................................. 107

4.5.3.2.2a Genel ................................................................................................................107 4.5.3.2.2b Moment Bytme Basn ve Eilme Etkisi Altnda Bulunan ubuklar ......1074.5.3.2.3 Hassas Yntemler .............................................................................................. 109 4.5.4 Snr Koullarnn Modellenmesi ....................................................................................... 109 4.5.5 Edeer zellikte Elemanlar ile Modelleme...................................................................... 109 4.6 Statik Analiz ............................................................................................................................. 109 4.6.1 Plan Geometrisinin Etkisi .................................................................................................. 109

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4.6.1.1 Kpr Eni le Boyunun Oran ..................................................................................... 109 4.6.1.2 Planda Erisel Kprler ............................................................................................. 109 4.6.2 Burkulma Boyunun Yaklak Hesab................................................................................. 109 4.6.3 Etkili Balk Genilii ......................................................................................................... 110 4.6.3.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 110 4.6.3.2 Tek Gzl Kutu Kirili Yerinde Dkme Beton Kprler ............................................. 110 4.6.3.3 ok Gzl Yerinde Dkme styaplar ....................................................................... 114 4.6.3.4 ok Kirili Kprlerde Yanal Rzgar Yk Yayl .................................................... 114 4.6.3.4.1 I- Kesitli Kprler ................................................................................................. 114 4.6.3.4.2 Kutu Kesitli Kprler............................................................................................ 115 4.6.3.4.3 Yapm Srecinde Rzgar Etkisi........................................................................... 115 4.6.3.5 Yanal Deprem Yklerinin Yayl.............................................................................. 115 4.6.3.5.1 Uygulama Alan ................................................................................................... 115 4.6.3.5.2 Tasarm Kriterleri................................................................................................. 115 4.6.3.5.3 Yk Yayl ......................................................................................................... 115 4.6.4 Hassas Analiz Yntemleri ................................................................................................. 116 4.6.4.1 Genel.............................................................................................................................. 116 4.6.4.2 Demeler.................................................................................................................. 116 4.6.4.2.1 Genel................................................................................................................... 116 4.6.4.2.2 zotrop Plak Modeli.............................................................................................. 116 4.6.4.2.3 Ortotrop Plak Modeli............................................................................................ 116 4.6.4.3 Kirili-Demeli Kprler............................................................................................ 116 4.6.4.4 Hresel ve Kutu Kesitli Kprler ............................................................................... 117 4.6.4.5 Kafes Kprler ........................................................................................................... 117 4.6.4.6 Kemer Kprler .......................................................................................................... 117 4.6.5 Srekli Kirili Kprlerde Negatif Momentlerin Yeniden Datlmas ................................ 117 4.6.5.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 117 4.6.5.2 Hassas Yntem.......................................................................................................... 117 4.6.5.3 Yaklak Yntem ........................................................................................................ 118 4.6.6 Stabilite ............................................................................................................................. 118 4.6.7 Deiken Is Yayl iin Analiz ...................................................................................... 118 4.7 Dinamik Analiz ......................................................................................................................... 118 4.7.1 Dinamik Analiz iin Gereken artlar................................................................................ 118 4.7.1.1 Ykler ......................................................................................................................... 118 4.7.1.2 Yk Birleimleri ve Yk Katsaylar............................................................................. 120 4.7.2 Dikkate Alnacak Hzlar ..................................................................................................... 121 4.7.3 Kpr Parametreleri .......................................................................................................... 122 4.7.3.1 Yapsal Snm........................................................................................................... 122 4.7.3.2 Kprnn Ktlesi........................................................................................................ 122 4.7.3.3 Kprnn Rijitlii ........................................................................................................ 123 4.7.4 YapTitreimlerinin ve Dinamik Davrannn Modellenmesi ............................................. 123 4.7.5 Snr Durumlarnn Dorulanmas ..................................................................................... 125 4.8 Kpr ve Hattn Deiken Etkilere Kar Birleik Tepkisi......................................................... 126 4.8.1 Kpr ve Hattn Birlikte Tepkisini Etkileyen Parametreler................................................. 126 4.8.2 Dikkate Alnacak Etkiler .................................................................................................... 127 4.8.3 Hat / Yap Sisteminin Modellenmesi ve Hesab ................................................................ 128 4.8.4 Tasarm Kriterleri............................................................................................................... 129 4.8.4.1 Hat.............................................................................................................................. 129 4.8.4.2 Yapnn Deformasyonu iin Snr Deerler................................................................. 130 4.8.5 Hesap Metodlar................................................................................................................ 131 4.8.5.1 Bir Demeye Sahip olan bir Kpr iin Basitletirilmi Hesap Yntemi .................. 131 4.9 Deprem Analizi......................................................................................................................... 134 5. BETON KPRLER...................................................................................................................... 137 5.1 Genel ....................................................................................................................................... 137 5.1.1 Kapsam ............................................................................................................................. 137 5.1.2 Kaynak Standartlar............................................................................................................ 137 5.2 Tanmlar ................................................................................................................................... 137 5.3. Simgeler .................................................................................................................................. 140

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5.4 Malzeme zellikleri .................................................................................................................. 146 5.4.1 Beton................................................................................................................................. 146 5.4.1.1 Basn Dayanm........................................................................................................ 146 5.4.1.2 atlama Momenti Hesab iin ekme Dayanm ....................................................... 147 5.4.1.3 Elastisite Modl, Poisson Oran, Is Genleme Katsays ........................................ 147 5.4.1.4 Snme........................................................................................................................ 147 5.4.1.5 Bzlme ..................................................................................................................... 148 5.4.1.6 Dorusal Olmayan Analiz iin Gerilme - Birim Ksalma likisi................................... 148 5.4.1.7 Eilmede Kesit Tasarmnda Kullanlan Gerilme-Birim Ksalma likisi...................... 149 5.4.1.8 Eilmede ekme Dayanm ....................................................................................... 149 5.4.1.9 Sargl Beton .............................................................................................................. 149 5.4.2 Donat................................................................................................................................ 150 5.4.2.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 150 5.4.2.2 zellikler .................................................................................................................... 150 5.4.2.3 Dayanm..................................................................................................................... 150 5.4.2.4 Donatnn Kaynaklanmas .......................................................................................... 150 5.4.2.5 Tasarm Varsaymlar ................................................................................................. 150 5.4.3 ngerilme elii................................................................................................................ 150 5.4.3.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 150 5.4.3.2 ngerilme elii zellikleri ........................................................................................ 151 5.4.3.3 Gevemeye Bal ngerilme Kayb ........................................................................... 151 5.4.3.4 Dayanm..................................................................................................................... 152 5.4.3.5 Sneklik zellikleri ..................................................................................................... 152 5.4.3.6 Yorulma zellikleri .................................................................................................... 152 5.4.3.7 Tasarm Varsaymlar ................................................................................................. 152 5.4.4.8 Elastisite Modl ........................................................................................................ 153 5.4.4 Ardekme Ankrajlar ve Ekleme Manonlar ..................................................................... 153 5.4.5 Klf Borusu........................................................................................................................ 153 5.4.5.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 154 5.4.5.2 Klf Borusu Boyutlar ................................................................................................ 154 5.4.5.3 Sapma Semerlerinde Kullanlan Klf Borular ............................................................. 154 5.5 Snr Durumlar.......................................................................................................................... 154 5.5.1 Genel................................................................................................................................. 154 5.5.2 Kullanm Snr Durumu...................................................................................................... 154 5.5.3 Yorulma Snr Durumu ...................................................................................................... 154 5.5.3.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 155 5.5.4 Dayanm Snr Durumu ..................................................................................................... 155 5.5.4.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 155 5.5.4.2 Dayanm Katsaylar................................................................................................... 155 5.5.4.3 Stabilite ...................................................................................................................... 157 5.6 Destek-Gergi Modeli ................................................................................................................ 157 5.6.1 Genel................................................................................................................................. 157 5.6.2 Yapsal Modelleme............................................................................................................ 158 5.6.3 Desteklerin Boyutlandrlmas ........................................................................................... 158 5.6.3.1 Donatsz Destein Dayanm .................................................................................... 158 5.6.3.2 Destein Etkili Enkesit Alan ...................................................................................... 158 5.6.3.3 Destekte Basn Gerilmesinin Snrlandrlmas ......................................................... 159 5.6.3.4 Donatl Destek........................................................................................................... 159 5.6.4 GergilerinBoyutlandrlmas............................................................................................... 160 5.6.4.1 Gerginin Dayanm ..................................................................................................... 160 5.6.4.2 Gerginin Ankraj ......................................................................................................... 160 5.6.5 Dm Blgelerinin Boyutlandrlmas .............................................................................. 160 5.6.6 atlak Kontrol Donats ..................................................................................................... 160 5.7 Eilme ve Eksenel Kuvvet Etkileri iin Tasarm ....................................................................... 161 5.7.1 Kullanm ve Yorulma Snr Durumlar iin Kabuller ........................................................... 161 5.7.2 Dayanm ve Ar Yk Snr Durumlar iin Kabuller ......................................................... 161 5.7.2.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 161 5.7.2.2 Dikdrtgen Gerilme Dalm ...................................................................................... 162

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5.7.3 Eilme Elemanlar ............................................................................................................. 162 5.7.3.1 Eilme Anma Dayanm Hesabnda Kullanlacak ngerilme elii Gerilmesi ........... 162 5.7.3.1.1 Aderansl Demetlere Sahip Elemanlar ................................................................ 162 5.7.3.1.2 Aderansz Demetlere Sahip Elemanlar ............................................................... 163 5.7.3.2 Eilme Dayanm........................................................................................................ 164 5.7.3.2.1 Katsayl Eilme Dayanm .................................................................................. 164 5.7.3.2.2 Tablal Kesitler..................................................................................................... 164 5.7.3.2.3 Dikdrtgen Kesitler .............................................................................................. 164 5.7.3.2.4 Dier Enkesitler ................................................................................................... 165 5.7.3.2.5 ekil Deitirme Uygunluk Yaklam.................................................................. 165 5.7.3.3 Donat Snrlandrmalar ............................................................................................. 165 5.7.3.3.1 Maksimum Donat ............................................................................................... 165 5.7.3.3.2 Minimum Donat .................................................................................................. 165 5.7.3.3.3 Eilme Elemanlarnn Basn Donats................................................................ 166 5.7.3.4 ekme Blgesindeki Donatnn Datlmas Suretiyle atlak Kontrolu ...................... 166 5.7.3.5 Momentlerin Yeniden Datlmas .............................................................................. 167 5.7.3.6 ekil Deitirmeler ..................................................................................................... 167 5.7.3.6.1 Genel................................................................................................................... 167 5.7.3.6.2 Sehim ve Ters Sehim .......................................................................................... 168 5.7.3.6.3 Eksenel Uzama ve Ksalmalar ............................................................................ 168 5.7.4 Basn Elemanlar ............................................................................................................. 169 5.7.4.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 169 5.7.4.2 Boyuna Donat iin Snrlandrmalar .......................................................................... 169 5.7.4.3 Narinlik Etkilerinin Yaklak Deerlendirilmesi ........................................................... 170 5.7.4.4 Katsayl Eksenel Dayanm ........................................................................................ 171 5.7.4.5 ki Eksenli Eilme ....................................................................................................... 171 5.7.4.6 Basn Elemanlar Enine Donats ............................................................................. 172 5.7.4.6.1 Fretler .................................................................................................................. 172 5.7.4.6.2 Etriyeler ............................................................................................................... 172 5.7.4.7 Dikdrtgen Kutu Kesitli Basn Elemanlar................................................................. 173 5.7.4.7.1 Duvar Narinlik Oran............................................................................................ 173 5.7.4.7.2 Dikdrtgen Gerilme Dalm Ynteminin Kullanm zerine Snrlamalar .......... 173

5.7.4.7.2a Genel ................................................................................................................173 5.7.4.7.2b Maksimum Kullanlabilir Birim Ksalma Snrnn Dzenlenmesi iin Hassas Yntem..............................................................................................................................173 5.7.4.7.2c Katsayl Dayanm iin Yaklak Yntem........................................................1745.7.4.7.3 Dikdrtgen Kutu Enkesitli Basn Elemanlar iin Donat .................................... 174

5.7.4.7.3a Genel ................................................................................................................174 5.7.4.7.3b Donatnn Aral .............................................................................................174 5.7.4.7.3c irozlar.............................................................................................................174 5.7.4.7.3d Bindirme Donats ............................................................................................174 5.7.4.7.3e Kapal Etriyeler ...............................................................................................1755.7.5 Mesnet Dzeneini Tayan Betonda Ezilme Dayanm .................................................. 175 5.7.6 ekme Elemanlar............................................................................................................. 176 5.7.6.1 Katsayl ekme Dayanm......................................................................................... 176 5.7.6.2 ekmeli Eilme Dayanm.......................................................................................... 176 5.8 Kesme ve Burulma................................................................................................................... 176 5.8.1 Tasarm Yntemleri........................................................................................................... 176 5.8.1.1 Eilme Blgeleri ......................................................................................................... 176 5.8.1.2 Sreksizlik Noktalarna Yakn Blgeler ...................................................................... 176 5.8.1.3 Arayz Blgeleri ......................................................................................................... 176 5.8.1.4 Deme Plaklar ve Temeller ..................................................................................... 177 5.8.2 Kesme ve Burulma Tasarm............................................................................................. 177 5.8.2.1 Kesme ........................................................................................................................ 177 5.8.2.1.1 Kesme Dayanm................................................................................................. 177 5.8.2.1.2 Tasarm Kesme Kuvvetinin Belirlenmesi............................................................. 177 5.8.2.1.3 Kesme Anma Dayanm ...................................................................................... 177

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5.8.2.1.3a Betonarme Elemanlarda Betonun Kesme Dayanmna Katks .......................177 5.8.2.1.3b ngerilmeli Beton Elemanlarda Betonun Kesme Dayanmna Katks...........178 5.8.2.1.3c Kesme Donatsnn Kesme Dayanmna Katks..............................................1795.8.2.1.4 Kesme Donats Hesab ...................................................................................... 179 5.8.2.1.5 Minimum Kesme Donats ................................................................................... 179 5.8.2.2 Burulma...................................................................................................................... 180 5.8.2.2.1 Burulma Dayanm............................................................................................... 180 5.8.2.2.2 Tasarm Burulma Momentinin Belirlenmesi......................................................... 180 5.8.2.2.3 Burulma Etkisinin hmal Edilebilecei Burulma Momenti Seviyesi ...................... 180 5.8.2.2.4 Burulmada atlama Momenti.............................................................................. 181 5.8.2.2.5 Burulma Anma Dayanm ................................................................................... 181 5.8.2.2.6 Enine Burulma Donats ...................................................................................... 182 5.8.2.2.7 Boyuna Burulma Donats ................................................................................... 183 5.8.2.3 Kesme ve Burulma Etkilerine Birlikte Maruz Kalan Kesitler ....................................... 183 5.8.2.3.1 Dayanm .............................................................................................................. 183 5.8.2.3.2 Kesme ve Burulma Etkileri Altnda Burulma Donats Hesab............................. 183 5.8.2.3.3 Minimum Kesme ve Burulma Donats ................................................................ 184 5.8.3 Kesme ve Burulma Tasarm ile Ilgili Genel artlar........................................................... 184 5.8.3.1 Aktarm ve Kenetlenme Boylar.................................................................................. 185 5.8.3.2 Kesme Donats Tipleri............................................................................................... 185 5.8.3.3 Maksimum Kesme Donats Aralklar ........................................................................ 185 5.8.3.4 Tasarm ve Detaylandrma artlar ............................................................................ 185 5.8.4 Srtnme Kesmesi............................................................................................................ 186 5.8.4.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 186 5.8.4.2 Kohezyon ve Srtnme.............................................................................................. 187 5.9 ngerilme ve Ksmi ngerilme ................................................................................................ 187 5.9.1 Genel Tasarm Koullar ................................................................................................... 187 5.9.1.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 187 5.9.1.2 Beton Dayanm ......................................................................................................... 188 5.9.1.3 Burkulma .................................................................................................................... 188 5.9.1.4 Kesit zellikleri........................................................................................................... 188 5.9.1.5 atlak Kontrolu........................................................................................................... 188 5.9.1.6 Yrngesi Eri olan veya Eimi baz Noktalarda Deien Demetler ......................... 188 5.9.2 ngerilme Demetleri iin Gerilme Snrlar........................................................................ 188 5.9.3 Beton iin Gerilme Snrlar ............................................................................................... 189 5.9.3.1 Kayplardan nceki Geici Gerilmeler - Tam ngerilmeli Elemanlar ..................... 189 5.9.3.1.1 Basn Gerilmeleri .............................................................................................. 189 5.9.3.1.2 ekme Gerilmeleri.............................................................................................. 189 5.9.3.2 Tam ngerilmeli Elemanlarda Kayplardan Sonra Kullanm Snr Durumu iin Snr Gerilmeler ...................................................................................................................... 190 5.9.3.2.1 Basn Snr Gerilmeleri ...................................................................................... 190 5.9.3.2.2 ekme Gerilmeleri.............................................................................................. 191 5.9.3.3 Ksmi ngerilmeli Elemanlar ...................................................................................... 191 5.9.4 ngerilme Kayplar .......................................................................................................... 191 5.9.4.1 Toplam ngerilme Kayb .......................................................................................... 191 5.9.4.2 Ani Kayplar................................................................................................................ 192 5.9.4.2.1 Ankraj Oturmas Kayb ........................................................................................ 192 5.9.4.2.2 Srtnme............................................................................................................. 192

5.9.4.2.2a nekmeli Yaplar ...........................................................................................192 5.9.4.2.2b Ardekmeli Yaplar..........................................................................................1925.9.4.2.3 Elastik Ksalma.................................................................................................... 193

5.9.4.2.3a nekmeli elemanlar........................................................................................193 5.9.4.2.3b Ardekmeli Elemanlar .....................................................................................1945.9.4.3 Zamana Bal Kayplar............................................................................................... 194 5.9.5 ngerilme ekil Deitirmelerinin Yapdaki Elemanlara Etkisi ......................................... 195 5.9.6 ngerilme Demetlerinde Yn Deitirme Etkileri ve Alnacak nlemler........................... 196 5.9.6.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 196

9

5.9.6.2 Plaklarda Klf Borusu Dalgalanmasnn Etkileri ......................................................... 196 5.9.6.3 Eri Yrngeli Demetlerin Etkileri .............................................................................. 196 5.9.6.3.1 Dzlem indeki Kuvvetlerin Etkileri .................................................................... 196 5.9.6.3.2 Dzlemden Dar Doru Olan Kuvvetlerin Etkisi............................................. 198 5.9.7 Harici Demetlerin Mesnetleri ............................................................................................. 199 5.9.8 Ardekmeli Elemanlarn Ankraj Blgeleri .......................................................................... 199 5.9.8.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 199 5.9.8.2 Genel Blge ve Yerel Blge ....................................................................................... 200 5.9.8.2.1 Genel................................................................................................................... 200 5.9.8.2.2 Genel Blge......................................................................................................... 201 5.9.8.2.3 Yerel Blge.......................................................................................................... 201 5.9.8.3 Genel Blgenin Tasarm ........................................................................................... 201 5.9.8.3.1 Tasarm Yntemleri ............................................................................................. 201 5.9.8.3.2 Tasarm lkeleri.................................................................................................... 202 5.9.8.3.3 zel Ankraj Dzenekleri...................................................................................... 205 5.9.8.3.4 Ara Ankrajlar........................................................................................................ 205

5.9.8.3.4a Genel ................................................................................................................205 5.9.8.3.4b Geriye Balama Donats .................................................................................205 5.9.8.3.4c Nervr ve Kabartma-Ankraj Donats ..............................................................2055.9.8.3.5 Diyaframlar .......................................................................................................... 205 5.9.8.3.6 oklu Deme Ankrajlar..................................................................................... 205 5.9.8.3.7 Sapma Semerleri................................................................................................. 205 5.9.8.4 Destek-Gergi Modelinin Genel Blge Tasarm iin Uygulanmas ............................. 205 5.9.8.4.1 Genel................................................................................................................... 205 5.9.8.4.2 Dm Noktalar ................................................................................................. 206 5.9.8.4.3 Destekler ............................................................................................................. 207 5.9.8.4.4 Gergiler................................................................................................................ 207 5.9.8.5 Elastik Gerilme Analizi ............................................................................................... 207 5.9.8.6 Yaklak Gerilme Analizi ve Tasarm......................................................................... 208 5.9.8.6.1 Uygulama Snrlamalar....................................................................................... 208 5.9.8.6.2 Basn Gerilmeleri ............................................................................................... 208 5.9.8.6.3 Patlatma Kuvveti ................................................................................................. 210 5.9.8.6.4 Kenar ekme Kuvvetleri...................................................................................... 211 5.9.8.7 Yerel Blgelerin Tasarm........................................................................................... 211 5.9.8.7.1 Yerel Blge Boyutlar........................................................................................... 211 5.9.9 nekmeli Elemanlarn Ankraj Blgeleri........................................................................... 212 5.9.9.1 Katsayl Patlatma Dayanm ...................................................................................... 212 5.9.9.2 Sarg Donats ............................................................................................................ 212 5.10 Bzlme ve Is Donats ......................................................................................................... 213 5.11 Donat Detaylar ..................................................................................................................... 213 5.11.1 Net Beton rts ............................................................................................................ 213 5.11.2 Kanca ve Bkmeler ......................................................................................................... 214 5.11.2.1 Standart Kancalar .................................................................................................... 214 5.11.2.2 Deprem Kancalar .................................................................................................... 215 5.11.2.3 Minimum Bkme aplar.......................................................................................... 215 5.11.3 Donat Aral .................................................................................................................. 215 5.11.3.1 Minimum Donat Aral............................................................................................ 215 5.11.3.2 Maksimum Donat Aralklar ..................................................................................... 216 5.11.4 Demet Donatlar .............................................................................................................. 216 5.11.5 ngerilme Demeti ve Klf Borusu Minimum Aralklar .................................................... 216 5.11.5.1 nekme Bklmleri ................................................................................................ 216 5.11.5.2 Dz Yrngeli Klf Borular...................................................................................... 217 5.11.5.3 Eri Yrngeli Klf Borular...................................................................................... 217 5.11.5.4 Demelerdeki ngerilme Demetleri ve Klf Borularnn Maksimum Aralklar ...... 217 5.11.6 Ardekme Demetinde Ek Yaplmas ............................................................................... 217 5.12 Donatnn Kenetlenmesi ve Eklenmesi .................................................................................. 217 5.12.1 Genel............................................................................................................................... 217

10

5.12.1.1 Temel Kurallar.......................................................................................................... 217 5.12.1.2 Eilme Donats........................................................................................................ 218 5.12.1.2.1 Genel................................................................................................................. 218 5.12.1.2.2 Pozitif Moment Donats .................................................................................... 218 5.12.1.2.3 Negatif Moment Donats................................................................................... 218 5.12.2 Donatnn Kenetlenmesi.................................................................................................. 218 5.12.2.1 ekme Donatsnn Kenetlenmesi............................................................................ 218 5.12.2.2 Basn Donatsnn Kenetlenmesi ............................................................................ 219 5.12.2.3 Demet ubuklar ....................................................................................................... 219 5.12.2.4 ekmede Standart Kancalar .................................................................................... 219 5.12.2.4.1 Temel Kanca Kenetlenme Boyu........................................................................ 219 5.12.2.4.2 Deitirme Katsaylar ....................................................................................... 220 5.12.2.4.3 Kancal ubuk iin Etriye Gereksinimi .............................................................. 220 6. ELK KPRLER........................................................................................................................ 223 6.1 Genel ........................................................................................................................................... 223 6.1.1 Kapsam ............................................................................................................................. 223 6.1.2 Kaynak Standartlar............................................................................................................ 223 6.1.2.1 Genel elik Yaplar ile ilgili Kaynak Standartlar (TS EN 1993-1-1 den) ................... 223 6.1.2.2 Kaynaklanabilir Yapsal elikler ile ilgili Kaynak Standartlar (TS EN 1993-1-1 den) 223 6.1.2.3 Toleranslar, Ebatlar ve Teknik Teslim artlar ile ilgili Standartlar (TS EN 1993-1-8 den) ........................................................................................................................................ 224 6.1.2.4 Dairesel veya dikdrtgen enkesitli yapsal borular ile ilgili Standartlar(TS EN 1993-1-8 den) ........................................................................................................................................ 224 6.1.2.5 Cvata, Somun ve Rondelalar ile ilgili Standartlar (TS EN 1993-1-8 den) ................. 225 6.1.2.6 Kaynak malzemesi ile ilgili Standartlar (TS EN 1993-1-8 den).................................. 226 6.1.2.7 elik yaplarn imal ve montaj ile ilgili Standartlar (TS EN 1993-1-8 den) ................ 226 6.1.3 Simgeler ............................................................................................................................ 226 6.2 Malzemeler .............................................................................................................................. 231 6.2.1 Genel................................................................................................................................. 231 6.2.2 Yapsal elik ..................................................................................................................... 231 6.2.2.1 Malzeme zellikleri .................................................................................................... 231 6.2.2.2 Sneklik Gereksinimleri.............................................................................................. 232 6.2.2.3 Krlma Bakmndan elik Cinsi ve Levha Kalnl Seimi ........................................ 233 6.2.2.4 elik Kesit Boyutlar ................................................................................................... 233 6.2.2.5 Tasarmda Kullanlacak Malzeme zellikleri.............................................................. 233 6.2.3 Cvata, Somun ve Rondelalar ........................................................................................... 233 6.2.3.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 233 6.2.3.2 ngermeli Cvatalar ................................................................................................... 233 6.2.3.3 Ankraj Cvatalar......................................................................................................... 233 6.2.3.4 Kaynak Malzemeleri.................................................................................................. 234 6.3 Snr Durumlar.......................................................................................................................... 234 6.3.1 Genel................................................................................................................................. 234 6.3.2 Kullanm Snr Durumlar................................................................................................... 234 6.3.3 Yorulma Snr Durumlar ................................................................................................... 234 6.3.4 Dayanm Snr Durumu ..................................................................................................... 234 6.3.4.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 234 6.3.4.2 Dayanm Katsaylar................................................................................................... 234 6.3.5 Olaan D ve Deprem Snr Durumlar ........................................................................... 235 6.4 Yorulma.................................................................................................................................... 235 6.4.1 Ykten Kaynaklanan Yorulma........................................................................................... 235 6.4.1.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 235 6.4.1.2 Tahkik Yntemi .......................................................................................................... 236 6.4.1.3 Yorulma ile lgili Gerilmelerin Tanmlanmas .............................................................. 236 6.4.1.4 Yorulma Tahkiki iin Gerilme Aral Hesab.............................................................. 237 6.4.1.5 Hasar Edeerlik Katsays ................................................................................. 237 6.4.1.6 Yerel ve Global Gerilme Aralklarndan Kaynaklanan Yorulma Hasarlarnn Birletirilmesi .......................................................................................................................... 241 6.4.1.7 Yorulma Tahkiki ......................................................................................................... 241

11

6.4.1.8 Yorulma Dayanm ..................................................................................................... 241 6.4.2 Burulma ve arplma Kaynakl Yorulma ........................................................................... 241 6.5 Krlma...................................................................................................................................... 242 6.6 Boyutlar ve Detaylar ile lgili Genel artlar.............................................................................. 244 6.6.1 Etkili Aklk Boyu.............................................................................................................. 244 6.6.2 l Ykler iin Ters Sehim................................................................................................ 244 6.6.3 elikte Minimum Kalnlk................................................................................................... 244 6.7 ekme Elemanlar.................................................................................................................... 244 6.7.1 Genel................................................................................................................................. 244 6.7.2 Narinlik Orannn Snrlandrlmas .................................................................................... 245 6.7.3 ekme Dayanm .............................................................................................................. 245 6.7.3.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 245 6.7.3.2 U Azaltma Katsays.................................................................................................. 245 6.7.3.3 Net Alan ..................................................................................................................... 246 6.7.4 ekmeli Eilme ................................................................................................................. 246 6.7.5 ok Paral ekme Elemanlar ......................................................................................... 246 6.7.6 Gz ubuklar ................................................................................................................... 247 6.7.6.1 Katsayl Dayanm ...................................................................................................... 247 6.7.6.2 Boyutlar ...................................................................................................................... 247 6.7.6.3 Dzenleme ................................................................................................................. 247 6.7.6.4 Gz ubuklar iin minimum pim ap ........................................................................ 247 6.7.7 Pim ile Balanm Levhalar............................................................................................... 248 6.7.7.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 248 6.7.7.2 Pim Levhalar ............................................................................................................. 248 6.7.7.3 Boyut Oranlar ............................................................................................................ 248 6.7.7.4 Dzenleme ................................................................................................................. 248 6.8 Basn Elemanlar .................................................................................................................... 249 6.8.1 Genel................................................................................................................................ 249 6.8.2 Narinlik Orannn Snrlandrlmas .................................................................................... 249 6.8.3 Eksenel Basn Dayanm ................................................................................................ 249 6.8.3.1 Eksenel Basn .......................................................................................................... 249 6.8.3.2 Buruma katsays ve Eksenel Basn Elemanlarnda Levha Genilik/Kalnlk Talepleri ............................................................................................................................................... 250 6.8.4 Eksenel Basn ve Eilme Kombinasyonu........................................................................ 251 6.9 I-Kesitli Eilme Elemanlar ....................................................................................................... 252 6.9.1 Genel................................................................................................................................. 252 6.9.2 En Kesit Boyut Snrlandrmalar ....................................................................................... 252 6.9.2.1 Gvde Boyutlar ......................................................................................................... 252 6.9.2.2 Balk Boyutlar .......................................................................................................... 252 6.9.3 Dayanm Snr Durumu ..................................................................................................... 253 6.9.3.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 253 6.9.3.2 Eilme Dayanm........................................................................................................ 253 6.9.3.2.1 Eilme Dayanm Tahkikleri................................................................................. 253

6.9.3.2.1a Tahkiklerde Kullanlacak olan Balk Gerilmeleri ve Eleman Eilme Momentlerinin Tanmlanmas...........................................................................................253 6.9.3.2.1b Aralkl Tutulmu olan Basn Balklarnn Tahkiki ......................................254 6.9.3.2.1c Aralkl Tutulmu olan ekme Balklarnn tahkiki .......................................255 6.9.3.2.1d Srekli ekilde Tutulmu olan ekme veya Basn Balklarnn Tahkiki .....255 6.9.3.2.1e ekme Balklarnda Kopma Tahkiki ..............................................................2556.9.3.2.2 Basn Bal Eilme Dayanm Gerilmeleri........................................................ 255

6.9.3.2.2a Gvdeden Bala Basn Gerilmesi Aktarma Katsays Rb ............................256 6.9.3.2.2b Yerel Burkulma Dayanm Gerilmesi ...............................................................256 6.9.3.2.2c Yanal Burulmal Burkulma Dayanm Gerilmesi..............................................2576.9.3.2.3 ekme Bal Eilme Dayanm Gerilmesi ......................................................... 259 6.9.3.2.4 Gvde Buruma Dayanm .................................................................................. 259

6.9.3.2.4a Boyuna Berkitmeleri Olmayan Gvdeler........................................................259 6.9.3.2.4b Boyuna Berkitmeleri Olan Gvdeler ...............................................................260 12

6.9.3.3 Kesme Dayanm........................................................................................................ 260 6.9.3.3.1 Takviyesiz ve Berkitmesiz Gvdelerin Anma Dayanm ..................................... 261 6.9.3.3.2 Takviyeli Gvdelerin Anma Dayanm ................................................................. 261

6.9.3.3.2a Paneller.........................................................................................................261 6.9.3.3.2b U Paneller......................................................................................................2626.9.3.4 Berkitmeler ve Takviyeler........................................................................................... 263 6.9.3.4.1 Enine Ara Berkitmeler ........................................................................................ 263

6.9.3.4.1a Genel ................................................................................................................263 6.9.3.4.1b Dzlemden Dar kan Levha Genilii .......................................................263 6.9.3.4.1c Berkitme Atalet Momenti.................................................................................264 6.9.3.4.1d Berkitme Alan.................................................................................................2656.9.3.4.2 Mesnet Berkitmeleri............................................................................................. 265

6.9.3.4.2a Dzlem Dna kan Genilik.........................................................................266 6.9.3.4.2b Mesnet Berkitmesi Tama Dayanm.............................................................266 6.9.3.4.2c Mesnet Berkitmelerinin Eksenel Dayanm ....................................................2666.9.3.4.3 Boyuna Takviyeler............................................................................................... 266

6.9.3.4.3a Genel ................................................................................................................267 6.9.3.4.3b Dzlem Dna kan Genilik ........................................................................267 6.9.3.4.3c Boyuna Takviye Atalet Momenti ve Atalet Yarap.......................................2676.9.3.5 Balk Takviye Levhalar ............................................................................................ 268 6.9.3.5.1 Genel................................................................................................................... 268 6.9.3.5.2 Takviye Levhas U Ksmlar ile lgili Koullar .................................................... 268

6.9.3.5.2a Kaynakl U Noktalar .....................................................................................268 6.9.3.5.2b Cvatal U Noktalar .......................................................................................2686.9.4 Yorulma ve Krlma Snr Durumu ..................................................................................... 269 6.9.4.1 Yorulma...................................................................................................................... 269 6.9.4.2 Krlma........................................................................................................................ 269 6.9.5 Kullanm Snr Durumu...................................................................................................... 269 6.9.5.1 Elastik Deformasyonlar .............................................................................................. 269 6.9.5.2 Kalc Deformasyonlar................................................................................................ 269 6.9.5.2.1 Genel................................................................................................................... 269 6.9.5.2.2 Eilme ................................................................................................................. 269 6.9.6 na Edilebilme.................................................................................................................. 270 6.9.6.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 270 6.9.6.2 Eilme Tahkikleri........................................................................................................ 270 6.9.6.2.1 Aralkl ekilde aprazlanm Basn Balklar.................................................. 270 6.9.6.2.2 Aralkl ekilde Tutulmu ekme Balklar......................................................... 271 6.9.6.2.3 Srekli Olarak Tutulmu ekme veya Basn Balklar ..................................... 271 6.9.6.3 Kesme Tahkiki............................................................................................................ 271 6.10 Diyaframlar ve Enleme ereveleri........................................................................................ 271 6.10.1 Genel............................................................................................................................... 272 6.10.2 Dz I-kesitleri .................................................................................................................. 272 6.10.3 Yanal aprazlama........................................................................................................... 272 6.10.3.1 Genel........................................................................................................................ 272 6.10.3.2 Dz I-Profiller ........................................................................................................... 273 6.11 Balant ve Ekler .................................................................................................................... 273 6.11.1 Genel............................................................................................................................... 273 6.11.2 Cvatal Birleimler .......................................................................................................... 274 6.11.2.1 Genel........................................................................................................................ 274 6.11.2.1.1 Kayma-Kritik Birleimler .................................................................................... 274 6.11.2.1.2 Kesme-Ezilme Tipi Birleimler........................................................................... 275 6.11.2.2 Cvatalar, Somunlar ................................................................................................. 275 6.11.2.3 Cvata Delikleri ......................................................................................................... 275 6.11.2.4 Kesme Dayanm...................................................................................................... 276 6.11.2.4.1 Ksa Birleimler ................................................................................................. 276 6.11.2.4.2 Uzun Birleimler ................................................................................................ 276

13

6.11.2.5 Cvata Deliklerinde Ezilme Dayanm....................................................................... 277 6.11.2.6 Kayma Dayanm..................................................................................................... 278 6.11.2.7 ekme Dayanm ..................................................................................................... 280 6.11.2.7.1 Genel................................................................................................................. 280 6.11.2.7.2 Anma ekme Dayanm .................................................................................... 280 6.11.2.7.3 Yorulma Dayanm............................................................................................. 280 6.11.2.7.4 Kanrtma Etkisi .................................................................................................. 280 6.11.2.8 ekme ve Kesme Kombinasyonu ............................................................................ 281 6.11.2.9 Enjeksiyon Cvatalar ............................................................................................... 281 6.11.2.10 Karma Birleimler................................................................................................... 282 6.11.2.11 Blok Halinde Yrtlma.............................................................................................. 282 6.11.2.12 Kollarnn bir Tanesinden Balanm, ekmeye Maruz Kebentler .................... 283 6.11.2.13 Cvata Ara Uzaklklar ............................................................................................ 284 6.11.3 Pimler .............................................................................................................................. 285 6.11.3.1 Eilme ile Kesme Kombinasyonu............................................................................. 285 6.11.3.2 Ezilme ...................................................................................................................... 286 6.11.4 Kaynakl Birleimler......................................................................................................... 287 6.11.4.1 Genel........................................................................................................................ 287 6.11.4.2 Kaynak Tipleri .......................................................................................................... 287 6.11.4.3 Kt Kaynakl Birleimlerin Dayanm ........................................................................ 287 6.11.4.3.1 ekme veya Basn .......................................................................................... 287 6.11.4.3.2 Kesme ............................................................................................................... 287 6.11.4.4 Ke Kaynakl Birleimlerin Dayanm ..................................................................... 287 6.11.4.4.1 ekme veya Basn .......................................................................................... 288 6.11.4.4.2 Kesme ............................................................................................................... 288

6.11.4.4.2a Kaynak Boyu..................................................................................................288 6.11.4.4.2b Etkili Ke Kayna Kalnl........................................................................2886.11.4.5 Ke Kaynann Ularndaki Dnler .................................................................. 289 6.11.4.6 Yaltm Kaynaklar ................................................................................................... 289 6.11.4.7 Kaynakl Birleimlerinde Kuvvet Dalm ................................................................ 289 6.11.4.8 Uzun Ke Kaynakl Balantlar............................................................................... 290 6.11.4.9 Bir Kolundan Balanan Kebentler ........................................................................ 290 6.11.5 Balant Elemanlar .................................................................................................... 291 6.11.5.1 Genel........................................................................................................................ 291 6.11.5.2 ekme...................................................................................................................... 291 6.11.5.3 Kesme ...................................................................................................................... 291 7. KENAR AYAKLAR VE ORTA AYAKLAR....................................................................................... 295 7.1 Genel ....................................................................................................................................... 295 7.1.1 Kapsam ............................................................................................................................. 295 7.1.2 Kaynak Standartlar............................................................................................................ 295 7.2 Tanmlar ................................................................................................................................... 295 7.3 Simgeler ................................................................................................................................... 296 7.4 Zemin Karakteristikleri ve Malzemeler ..................................................................................... 297 7.4.1 Genel................................................................................................................................. 297 7.4.2 Zemin Karakteristiklerinin Belirlenmesi ............................................................................. 297 7.5 Snr Durumlar ve Dayanm Katsaylar................................................................................... 297 7.5.1 Genel................................................................................................................................. 297 7.5.2 Kullanm Snr Durumu...................................................................................................... 298 7.5.3 Dayanm Snr Durumu ..................................................................................................... 298 7.5.3.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 298 7.5.3.2 Yk Birleimleri ve Yk Katsaylar............................................................................. 298 7.5.3.3 Dayanm Katsaylar................................................................................................... 298 7.6 Kenar Ayaklar .......................................................................................................................... 299 7.6.1 Genel................................................................................................................................. 299 7.6.1.1 Ykler ......................................................................................................................... 299 7.6.2 Serbest Duran Kenar Ayaklar..................................................................................... 299 7.6.2.1 Kullanm Snr Durumunda Genel Stabilite Tahkiki .................................................... 299 7.6.2.2 Dayanm Snr Durumunda Tama Gc ve Stabilite Tahkikleri ............................... 299

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7.6.2.2.1 Tama Gc Tahkiki .......................................................................................... 299 7.6.2.2.2 Devrilme Tahkiki.................................................................................................. 301 7.6.2.2.3 Kayma Tahkiki..................................................................................................... 302 7.6.2.2.4 Zemin Pasif Direnci ..................................................................................................... 302 7.6.2.2.5 Yapsal Tahkikler......................................................................................................... 302 7.6.2.2.6 Deprem Tasarm ........................................................................................................ 302 7.6.3 ntegral Kenar Ayaklar....................................................................................................... 303 7.6.4 Kanat Duvarlar ................................................................................................................. 303 7.6.5 Kenar Ayak Donats ......................................................................................................... 303 7.6.6 Genleme Derzleri ........................................................................................................... 303 7.6.7 Temel Alt Erozyonu.......................................................................................................... 303 7.6.8 Drenaj................................................................................................................................ 304 7.7 Orta Ayaklar ............................................................................................................................. 304 7.7.1 Yk Etkileri ........................................................................................................................ 304 7.7.2 Orta Ayan Korunmas..................................................................................................... 304 7.7.2.1 arpma ...................................................................................................................... 304 7.7.2.2 Oyulma....................................................................................................................... 304 7.7.3 Tasarm ............................................................................................................................. 304 7.7.4 Deprem Etkileri.................................................................................................................. 304 7.7.4.1 Genel.......................................................................................................................... 304 7.7.4.2 Kolon-Ayaklar iin Talepler ........................................................................................ 305 7.7.4.2.1 Dayanm Katsaylar ............................................................................................ 305 7.7.4.2.2 Enine Yn Donats .............................................................................................