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G.R. No. L-409 January 30, 1947

ANASTACIO LAUREL, pe!!oner, "#. ERI$ERTO %ISA, re#pon&en.

R E S O L U T I O N

In G.R. No. L-409,Anastacio Laurel vs. Eriberto Misa, etc., theCourt, acting on the etition !or habeas corpus"#e$ %& 'nastacioLaure# an$ %ase$ on a theor& that a (i#iino citi)en *ho a$here$ tothe enem& gi+ing the #atter ai$ an$ com!ort $uring the aaneseoccuation cannot %e rosecute$ !or the crime o! treason $e"ne$an$ ena#i)e$ %& artic#e 114 o! the Re+ise$ ena# Co$e, !or thereason 1/ that the so+ereignt& o! the #egitimate go+ernment in thehi#iines an$, conseuent#&, the corre#ati+e a##egiance o! (i#iinociti)ens thereto *as then susen$e$ an$ 2/ that there *as achange o! so+ereignt& o+er these Is#an$s uon the roc#amation o!the hi#iine Reu%#ic

1/ Consi$ering that a citi)en or su%3ect o*es, not a ua#i"e$ an$temorar&, %ut an a%so#ute an$ ermanent a##egiance, *hichconsists in the o%#igation o! "$e#it& an$ o%e$ience to hisgo+ernment or so+ereign an$ that this a%so#ute an$ ermanenta##egiance shou#$ not %e con!use$ *ith the ua#i"e$ an$ temorar&a##egiance *hich a !oreigner o*es to the go+ernment or so+ereigno! the territor& *herein he resi$es, so #ong as he remains there, inreturn !or the rotection he recei+es, an$ *hich consists in theo%e$ience to the #a*s o! the go+ernment or so+ereign.Car#is#e vs.nite States, 21 La*. e$., 429 Secretar& o! State5e%ster Reort to the resi$ent o! the nite$ States in the case o!Thraser, 6 5e%. 5or7s, 826/

Consi$ering that the a%so#ute an$ ermanent a##egiance o! theinha%itants o! a territor& occuie$ %& the enem& o! their #egitimatego+ernment or so+ereign is not a%rogate$ or se+ere$ %& theenem& occuation, %ecause the so+ereignt& o! the go+ernment orso+ereign de jure is not trans!erre$ there%& to the occuier, as *eha+e he#$ in the cases o! Co Kim Cham vs. Valdez Tan Keh andDizon 8 hi#., 11:/ an$ o! eralta vs. Director o! risons 8 hi#.,2;8/, an$ i! it is not trans!erre$ to the occuant it must necessari#&remain +este$ in the #egitimate go+ernment that the so+ereignt&+este$ in the titu#ar go+ernment *hich is the sureme o*er*hich go+erns a %o$& o#itic or societ& *hich constitute the state/must %e $istinguishe$ !rom the e

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such a##egiance ma&, at most, %e consi$ere$ simi#ar to thetemorar& a##egiance *hich a !oreigner o*es to the go+ernment orso+ereign o! the territor& *herein he resi$es in return !or therotection he recei+es as a%o+e $escri%e$, an$ $oes not $o a*a&*ith the a%so#ute an$ ermanent a##egiance *hich the citi)enresi$ing in a !oreign countr& o*es to his o*n go+ernment orso+ereign that 3ust as a citi)en or su%3ect o! a go+ernment orso+ereign ma& %e rosecute$ !or an$ con+icte$ o! treasoncommitte$ in a !oreign countr&, in the same *a& an inha%itant o! aterritor& occuie$ %& the mi#itar& !orces o! the enem& ma& committreason against his o*n #egitimate go+ernment or so+ereign i! hea$heres to the enemies o! the #atter %& gi+ing them ai$ an$com!ort an$ that i! the a##egiance o! a citi)en or su%3ect to hisgo+ernment or so+ereign is nothing more than o%e$ience to its#a*s in return !or the rotection he recei+es, it *ou#$ necessari#&!o##o* that a citi)en *ho resi$es in a !oreign countr& or state *ou#$,on one han$, ipso !actoacuire the citi)enshi thereo! since he hasen!orce u%#ic or$er an$ regu#ate the socia# an$ commercia# #i!e, inreturn !or the rotection he recei+es, an$ *ou#$, on the other han$,

#ose his origina# citi)enshi, %ecause he *ou#$ not %e %oun$ too%e& most o! the #a*s o! his o*n go+ernment or so+ereign, an$*ou#$ not recei+e, *hi#e in a !oreign countr&, the rotection he isentit#e$ to in his o*n

Consi$ering that, as a coro##ar& o! the susension o! the e

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the occuie$ territor& *ere come##e$ i##ega##& %& the mi#itar&occuant, through !orce, threat or intimi$ation, to gi+e him ai$ an$com!ort, the !ormer ma& #a*!u##& resist an$ $ie i! necessar& as ahero, or su%mit thereto *ithout %ecoming a traitor

Consi$ering that a$otion o! the etitioner@s theor& o! susen$e$a##egiance *ou#$ #ea$ to $isastrous conseuences !or sma## an$*ea7 nations or states, an$ *ou#$ %e reugnant to the #a*s o!humanit& an$ reuirements o! u%#ic conscience, !or it *ou#$ a##o*in+a$ers to #ega##& recruit or en#ist the Fuis#ing inha%itants o! theoccuie$ territor& to "ght against their o*n go+ernment *ithoutthe #atter incurring the ris7 o! %eing rosecute$ !or treason, an$e+en come# those *ho are not ai$ them in their mi#itar& oerationagainst the resisting enem& !orces in or$er to com#ete#& su%$uean$ conuer the *ho#e nation, an$ thus $eri+e them a## o! theiro*n in$een$ence or so+ereignt& such theor& *ou#$ sanctionthe action o! in+a$ers in !orcing the eo#e o! a !ree an$ so+ereigncountr& to %e a art& in the ne!arious tas7 o! $eri+ing themse#+eso! their o*n !ree$om an$ in$een$ence an$ reressing thee

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This Court reso#+es, *ithout re3u$ice to *rite #ater on a moree

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retain their #o&a#t& to Lacorona o! Sain, accor$ing to the Treat& o! eace%et*een the nite$ States an$ Sain, signe$ in aris on Decem%er 10 o!1;9;, an$ *ith the en#& this Court %ut '#so #o*ercourts ?'D (o##o*e$ consistent#& an$ in+aria%#& it the e

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'merican e#sim#e %irth accor$ing to its constitution an$ the $ecision innite$ States + 5ong Aim 'r7 . S. 169, 649/. The 'merican Constitutionne+er came into !orce in the hi#iines. The theor& o! 3us so#i in thehi#iines in accor$ance *ith the #a* o! 1 u#& 1902, aro+e$ %& the'merican Congress, accor$ing to the Treat& o! aris, *hich has$e$eterminar is con$itiona#, that is %orn in the hi#iines (i#iinoesconsi$era$o cui$a$ano i! I *as a resi$ent an$ a Sanish su%3ect or chi#$o! a resi$ent an$ a Sanish su%3ect in 'ri# 11, 1;99. I! it a%roa$ or chi#$ o!an a#ien in aeu##a $ate can not %e (i#iino citi)en.

The $e!en$ant then, accor$ing to the e+i$ence enautos ma& %e (i#iino or!oreign.

n$er the Treason 'ct No. 292 o! the Ci+i# Commission, e+er& resi$ent inthe hi#iines, o*ing a##egiance to the nite$States or the Go+ernment o!the hi#iine Is#an$s, heciere them !ormare *ar or common cause *ith itsenemies an$ he#ing them socorrien$o#es insi$e or outsi$e those Is#an$s,committe$ the crime treason. Section 1 o! the 'ct is unasim#etrans#antation o+er the ro+isions o! the 'merican Crimina# Co$e that is

reresentations o! the !o##o*ing #ines =5hoe+er, o*e o*ing a##egiance tothe nite$ States, Le+ies 5ar 'gainst them or a$here to Their enemies,gi+ing them ai$ an$ com!ort 5ithin the nite$ States or e#se*here, isgui#t& o! treason. = Sec 1, Crim Co$e RS, 8::1 sec Jar. 4.1909, c :21, O1, :8 Stat, 10;;......./

=Treason 'gainst the nite$ States,= sa&s the 'merican Constitution, =sha##consist on#& in #e+&ing 'gainst them, or in a$hering to Their Enemies,gi+ing them ai$ an$ com!ort.= Section : P1Q 'rtic#e III./

In %oth e

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not 7no* *hether the *eaon carrie$ %& ae##ant *as a re+o#+er or aisto# %ecause =it *as hi$$en.= 5hen the arrest *as ma$e, the *itness *asat a%out t*e#+e meters a*a& !rom ae##ant. The *itness *asaccomanie$ %& Jariano Catan. She sai$ =J& comanion *as JarianoCatan,= her %rother-in-#a*. The *itness $oes not 7no* *here the =oin= *asorgani)e$. =5hat I 7no* *as that he came to our #ace together *ith othereo#e to organi)e it.= Eimaco *as 2: &ears o#$, a "uerrillero un$erGenera# Gau$encio Bera. The *itness *as at the #ace %ecause the moon=*as then %right an$ =*e *ere ha+ing a *a#7.=

2. Jarianito Catan, :4 &ears, marrie$, merchant, testi"e$ that =I remem%erthat on 'ri# 1:, 1944, *hi#e I *as in !ront o! the Cine in Loe), Ta&a%as,m& %rother Eimaco Kur%ano/ *as arreste$ %& the accuse$.= The arrest*as ma$e %& ae##ant an$ Lam%erto San aun. The *itness $i$ not as7*h&. =I sim#& !o##o*e$ m& %rother an$ then *ent home an$ reorte$ thecase to m& arents.=?is %rother *as ta7en to the aanese garrison, an$since his arrest on 'ri# 1:, the *itness has not hear$ o! his %rother. The*itness $i$ not hear a%out the organi)ation 7no*n as =oin.= EimacoKur%ano =is m& %rother-in-#a*.= ?e *as arreste$ at o@c#oc7 .m. =in !ronto! the cine= an$, ans*ering the uestion *hether he *as =the on#& ersonresent= *hen the arrest too7 #ace, sai$ =I *as the on#& one there. I *asta7ing a *a#7.= >n#& Lam%erto San uan an$ ae##ant *ere the ersons*ho arreste$ Eimaco, an$ the *itness *as sure that there *as=no other.=The *itness *as a%out ten meters a*a& !rom them. '%out ha#! an houre#ase$ !rom the moment o! the arrest to the time the *itness reorte$ theinci$ent to his arents. Lam%erto San uan *as carr&ing an e

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b/ 's to *hether Jariano or Jarianito Catan *as, as state$ %&I##umina$a Kur%ano, =m& comanion=

c/ 's to the resence o! I##umina$a Kur%ano at the#ace o! thearrest

d/ 's to *hether ae##ant *as *earing camisa chinaor o#o shirt

e/ 's to *hether ae##ant ha$ his re+o#+er at his #e!t or right hi

!/ 's to *hether sai$ *eaon *as e

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G.R. No. 179'* e)ruary 57, 1955

T+E EOLE O T+E +ILIINE ISLANS,#ainti-ae##ee, +s. LOL-LO an& SARA6,$e!en$ants-ae##ants.

%ALCOL%,J.:

The $a&s *hen irates roame$ the seas, *hen icturesue %uccaneers #i7eCatain '+er& an$ Catain Ai$$ an$ Martho#ome* Ro%erts grie$ theimagination, *hen grostesue %rutes #i7e M#ac7%ear$ ourishe$, seem !ara*a& in the ages o! histor& an$ romance. Ne+erthe#ess, the recor$ %e!oreus te##s a ta#e o! t*entieth centur& irac& in the south seas, %ut strie$ o!a## touches o! chi+a#r& or o! generosit&, so as to resent a horri%#e case o!raine an$ near mur$er.

>n or a%out une :0, 1920, t*o %oats #e!t matuta, a Dutch ossession, !oreta, another Dutch ossession. In one o! the %oats *as one in$i+i$ua#, aDutch su%3ect, an$ in the other %oat e#e+en men, *omen, an$ chi#$ren,#i7e*ise su%3ects o! ?o##an$. '!ter a num%er o! $a&s o! na+igation, at a%out o@c#oc7 in the e+ening, the secon$ %oat arri+e$ %et*een the Is#an$s o!

Muang an$ Mu7i$ in the Dutch East In$ies. There the %oat *as surroun$e$%& si< vintasmanne$ %& t*ent&-!our Joros a## arme$. The Joros "rst as7e$!or !oo$, %ut once on the Dutch %oat, too !or themse#+es a## o! the cargo,attac7e$ some o! the men, an$ %ruta##& +io#ate$ t*o o! the *omen %&metho$s too horri%#e to the $escri%e$. '## o! the ersons on the Dutch%oat, *ith the e

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I! the crime %e committe$ against non%e##igerent su%3ects o!another nation at *ar *ith Sain, it sha## %e unishe$ *ith theena#t& o!presidio ma%or.

'RT. 184. Those *ho commit the crimes re!erre$ to in the "rst

aragrah o! the neccuation in the hi#iines, *hen he sai$

Though the o*ers o! the mi#itar& occuant are a%so#ute an$sureme, an$ imme$iate#& oerate uon the o#itica# con$ition o!the inha%itants, the municia# #a*s o! the conuere$ territor&, suchas aect ri+ate rights o! erson an$ roert&, and provide !or thepunishment o! crime, are consi$ere$ as continuing in !orce, so !aras the& are comati%#e *ith the ne* or$er o! things, unti# the& aresusen$e$ or suerse$e$ %& the occu&ing %e##igerent an$ractice the& are not usua##& a%rogate$, %ut are a##o*e$ to remain

in !orce, an$ to %e a$ministere$ %& the or$inar& tri%una#s,su%stantia##& as the& *ere %e!ore the occuations. This en#ightene$ractice is so !ar as ossi%#e, to %e a$here$ to on the resentoccasion. >cia# Ga)ette, re#iminar& Num%er, an. 1, 190:, . 1.See a#so Genera# Jerritt roc#amation o! 'ugust 14, 1;9;./

It cannot a$mit o! $ou%t that the artic#es o! the Sanish ena# Co$e $ea#ing*ith irac& *ere meant to inc#u$e the hi#iine Is#an$s. 'rtic#e 186 o! theena# Co$e in re#ation to artic#e 1 o! the Constitution o! the SanishJonarch&, *ou#$ a#so ma7e the ro+isions o! the Co$e a#ica%#e not on#&to Saniar$s %ut to (i#iinos.

The oinion o! Grotius *as that irac& %& the #a* o! nations is the same

thing as irac& %& the ci+i# #a*, an$ he has ne+er %een $isute$. Theseci"c ro+isions o! the ena# Co$e are simi#ar in tenor to statutor&ro+isions e#se*here an$ to the concets o! the u%#ic #a*. This mustnecessari#& %e so, consi$ering that the ena# Co$e "n$s its insiration inthis resect in the &ovelas, the artidas, an$ the &ovisima 'ecopilacion.

The Constitution o! the nite$ States $ec#ares that the Congress sha## ha+ethe o*er to $e"ne an$ unish iracies an$ !e#onies committe$ on thehigh seas, an$ oenses against the #a* o! nations. .S. Const. 'rt. I, sec.;, c#. 10./ The Congress, in utting on the statute %oo7s the necessar&anci##ar& #egis#ation, ro+i$e$ that *hoe+er, on the high seas, commits thecrime o! irac& as de(ned b% the la) o! nations, an$ is a!ter*ar$s %roughtinto or !oun$ in the nite$ States, sha## %e imrisone$ !or #i!e. .S. Crim.

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Co$e, sec. 290 ena#t& !ormer#& $eath .S. Re+. Stat., sec. 8:6;./ The!ramers o! the Constitution an$ the mem%ers o! Congress *ere content to#et a $e"nition o! irac& rest on its uni+ersa# concetion un$er the #a* o!nations.

It is e+i$ent that the ro+isions o! the ena# Co$e no* in !orce in thehi#iines re#ating to irac& are not inconsistent *ith the correson$ingro+isions in !orce in the nite$ States.

M& the Treat& o! aris, Sain ce$e$ the hi#iine Is#an$s to the nite$States. ' #ogica# construction o! artic#es o! the ena# Co$e, #i7e the artic#es$ea#ing *ith the crime o! irac&, *ou#$ %e that *here+er =Sain= ismentione$, it shou#$ %e su%stitute$ %& the *or$s =nite$ States= an$*here+er =Saniar$s= are mentione$, the *or$ shou#$ %e su%stitute$ %&the e

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G.R. No. 111709 Auu# 30, 5001

EOLE O T+E +ILIINES, #ainti-ae##ee, +s. ROGER . TULIN,

8IRGILIO I. LOOLA, CECILIO O. C+ANGCO, ANRES C. INANTE,C+EONG SAN +IONG, an& JO+N OES,accuse$-ae##ants.

%ELO,J.2

This is one o! the o#$er cases *hich un!ortunate#& has remaine$ in $oc7eto! the Court !or sometime. It *as reassigne$, together *ith other simi#arcases, to un$ersigne$ponentein ursuance o! '.J. No. 00-9-0:-SC $ate$(e%ruar& 2, 2001.

In the e+ening o! Jarch 2, 1991, =JT Ta%angao,= a cargo +esse# o*ne$ %&the N>C Shiing an$ Transort Cororation, #oa$e$ *ith 2,000 %arre#s o!

7erosene, 2,600 %arre#s o! regu#ar gaso#ine, an$ 40,000 %arre#s o! $iese# oi#,*ith a tota# +a#ue o! 40,426,9:,;, *as sai#ing o the coast o! Jin$oronear Si#ona& Is#an$.

The +esse#, manne$ %& 21 cre* mem%ers, inc#u$ing Catain E$i#%erto Li%o-on, Secon$ Jate Christian Torra#%a, an$ >erator Isaias Er+as, *assu$$en#& %oar$e$, *ith the use o! an a#uminum #a$$er, %& se+en !u##&arme$ irates #e$ %& Emi#io Changco, o#$er %rother o! accuse$-ae##antCeci#io Changco. The irates, inc#u$ing accuse$-ae##ants Tu#in, Lo&o#a,an$ In!ante, r. *ere arme$ *ith J-16 ries, .48 an$ .:; ca#i%er han$guns,an$ %o#os. The& $etaine$ the cre* an$ too7 com#ete contro# o! the +esse#.Therea!ter, accuse$-ae##ant Lo&o#a or$ere$ three cre* mem%ers to ainto+er, using %#ac7 aint, the name =JT Ta%angao= on the !ront an$ rear

ortions o! the +esse#, as *e## as the N>C #ogo on the chimne& o! the+esse#. The +esse# *as then ainte$ *ith the name =Ga#i#ee,= *ith registr&at San Loren)o, ?on$uras. The cre* *as !orce$ to sai# to Singaore, a## the*hi#e sen$ing mis#ea$ing ra$io messages to N>C that the shi *asun$ergoing reairs.

N>C, a!ter #osing ra$io contact *ith the +esse#, reorte$ the$isaearance o! the +esse# to the hi#iine Coast Guar$ an$ secure$ theassistance o! the hi#iine 'ir (orce an$ the hi#iine Na+&. ?o*e+er,search an$ rescue oerations &ie#$e$ negati+e resu#ts. >n Jarch 9, 1991,the shi arri+e$ in the +icinit& o! Singaore an$ cruise$ aroun$ the arearesuma%#& to a*ait another +esse# *hich, ho*e+er, !ai#e$ to arri+e. Theirates *ere thus !orce$ to return to the hi#iines on Jarch 14, 1991,

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arri+ing at Ca#atagan, Matangas on Jarch 20, 1991 *here it remaine$ atsea.

>n Jarch 2;, 1991, the =JT Ta%angao= again sai#e$ to an$ anchore$a%out 10 to 1; nautica# mi#es !rom Singaore@s shore#ine *here another

+esse# ca##e$ =Na+i ri$e= anchore$ %esi$e it. Emi#io Changco or$ere$ thecre* o! =JT Ta%angao= to trans!er the +esse#@s cargo to the ho#$ o! =Na+iri$e=. 'ccuse$-ae##ant Cheong San ?iong suer+ise$ the cre* o! =Na+iri$e= in recei+ing the cargo. The trans!er, a!ter an interrution, *ith %oth+esse#s #ea+ing the area, *as com#ete$ on Jarch :0, 1991.

>n Jarch :0, 1991, =JT Ta%angao= returne$ to the same area an$com#ete$ the trans!er o! cargo to =Na+i ri$e.=

>n 'ri# ;, 1991, =JT Ta%angao= arri+e$ at Ca#atagan, Matangas, %ut the+esse# remaine$ at sea. >n 'ri# 10, 1991, the mem%ers o! the cre* *erere#ease$ in three %atches *ith the stern *arning not to reort the inci$entto go+ernment authorities !or a erio$ o! t*o $a&s or unti# 'ri# 12, 1991,

other*ise the& *ou#$ %e 7i##e$. The "rst %atch *as !etche$ !rom theshore#ine %& a ne*#& ainte$ assenger 3ee $ri+en %& accuse$-ae##antCeci#io Changco, %rother o! Emi#io Changco, *ho %rought them to Imus,Ca+ite an$ ga+e 20,000.00 to Catain Li%o-on !or !are o! the cre* inrocee$ing to their resecti+e homes. The secon$ %atch *as !etche$ %&accuse$-ae##ant Changco at mi$night o! 'ri# 10, 1991 an$ *ere %roughtto $ierent #aces in Jetro Jani#a.

>n 'ri# 12, 1991, the Chie! Engineer, accomanie$ %& the mem%ers o! thecre*, ca##e$ the N>C Shiing an$ Transort Cororation oce to reortthe inci$ent. The cre* mem%ers *ere %rought to the Coast Guar$ >ce !orin+estigation. The inci$ent *as a#so reorte$ to the Nationa# Mureau o!In+estigation *here the ocers an$ mem%ers o! the cre* en Ja& 20, 1991, accuse$-ae##ants ?iong an$ Changco *ere arreste$at the #o%%& o! '#ha ?ote# in Matangas Cit&.

>n >cto%er 24, 1991, an In!ormation charging ua#i"e$ irac& or +io#ationo! resi$entia# Decree No. 8:2 irac& in hi#iine 5aters/ *as "#e$

against accuse$-ae##ants, as !o##o*s

The un$ersigne$ State rosecutor accuses R>GER . TLIN,BIRGILI> I. L>>L', CECILI> >. C?'NGC>, 'NDRES C. IN('NTE,an$ C?E>NG S'N ?I>NG, an$ nine 9/ other >?N D>ES o!ua#i"e$ irac& Bio#ation o! .D. No. 8:2/, committe$ as !o##o*s

That on or a%out an$ $uring the erio$ !rom Jarch 2 to'ri# 10, 1991, %oth $ates inc#usi+e, an$ !or sometime rioran$ su%seuent thereto, an$ *ithin the 3uris$iction o! this?onora%#e Court, the sai$ accuse$, then manning a motor#aunch an$ arme$ *ith high o*ere$ guns, consiring an$con!e$erating together an$ mutua##& he#ing one another,

$i$ then an$ there, *i#!u##&, un#a*!u##& an$ !e#onious#& "reuon, %oar$ an$ sei)e *hi#e in the hi#iine *aters JTN>C T'M'NGC> #oa$e$ *ith etro#eum ro$ucts, together*ith the com#ement an$ cre* mem%ers, em#o&ing+io#ence against or intimi$ation o! ersons or !orce uonthings, then $irect the +esse# to rocee$ to Singaore*here the cargoes *ere un#oa$e$ an$ therea!ter returne$to the hi#iines on 'ri# 10, 1991, in +io#ation o! thea!oresai$ #a*.

C>NTR'R T> L'5.

. 119-20, Ro##o./

This *as $oc7ete$ as Crimina# Case No. 91-94;96 %e!ore Mranch 49 o! theRegiona# Tria# Court o! the Nationa# Caita# u$icia# Region statione$ inJani#a. on arraignment, accuse$-ae##ants #ea$e$ not gui#t& to thecharge. Tria# thereuon ensue$.

'ccuse$-ae##ants Tu#in, In!ante, r., an$ Lo&o#a, not*ithstan$ing someinconsistencies in their testimon& as to *here the& *ere on Jarch 1, 1991,maintaine$ the $e!ense o! $enia#, an$ $isute$ the charge, as *e## as the

1:

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trans!er o! an& cargo !rom =JT Ta%angao= to the =Na+i ri$e.= '## o! themc#aime$ ha+ing their o*n resecti+e sources o! #i+e#ihoo$. Their stor& is tothe eect that on Jarch 2, 1991, *hi#e the& *ere con+ersing %& the %each,a re$ see$%oat *ith Catain E$i#%erto Li%oon an$ Secon$ Jate ChristianTorra#%a on %oar$, aroache$ the seashore. Catain Li%oon inuire$ !romthe three i! the& *ante$ to *or7 in a +esse#. The& *ere to#$ that the *or7

*as #ight an$ that each *or7er *as to %e ai$ :,000.00 a month *itha$$itiona# comensation i! the& *or7e$ %e&on$ that erio$. The& agree$e+en though the& ha$ no sea-going en %oar$, the& coo7e$,c#eane$ the +esse#, reare$ coee, an$ ran erran$s !or the ocers. The&$enie$ ha+ing gone to Singaore, c#aiming that the +esse# on#& *ent toMatangas. on arri+a# thereat in the morning o! Jarch 21, 1991, the&*ere ai$ 1,000.00 each as sa#ar& !or nineteen $a&s o! *or7, an$ *ereto#$ that the %a#ance *ou#$ %e remitte$ to their a$$resses. There *asneither receit nor contracts o! em#o&ment signe$ %& the arties.

'ccuse$-ae##ant Changco categorica##& $enie$ the charge, a+erring thathe *as at home s#eeing on 'ri# 10, 1991. ?e testi"e$ that he is the&ounger %rother o! Emi#io Changco, r.

'ccuse$-ae##ant Cheong San ?iong, a#so 7no*n as Ram)an '#i, a$$uce$e+i$ence that he stu$ie$ in S&$ne&, 'ustra#ia, o%taining the =Certi"cate= asChie! >cer, an$ #ater com#ete$ the course as a =Jaster= o! a +esse#,*or7ing as such !or t*o &ears on %oar$ a +esse#. ?e *as em#o&e$ at Na+iJarine Ser+ices, te., Lt$. as ort Catain. The coman& *as engage$ inthe %usiness o! tra$ing etro#eum, inc#u$ing shioi#, %un7er #u%e oi#, an$etro#eum to $omestic an$ internationa# mar7ets. It o*ne$ !our +esse#s,one o! *hich *as =Na+i ri$e.=

>n Jarch 2, 1991, the $a& %e!ore =JT Ta%angao= *as sei)e$ %& Emi#ioChangco an$ his cohorts, ?iong@s name *as #iste$ in the coman&@s #etter

to the Jercanti#e Section o! the Jaritime Deartment o! the Singaorego+ernment as the ra$io te#ehone oerator on %oar$ the +esse# =ChingJa.=

The coman& *as then $ea#ing !or the "rst time *ith au# Gan, aSingaorean %ro7er, *ho oere$ to se## to the !ormer %un7er oi# !or theamount o! :00,000.00 Singaore $o##ars. '!ter the coman& ai$ o+er one-ha#! o! the a!oresai$ amount to au# Gan, the #atter, together *ith osehNg, >erations Suerinten$ent o! the "rm, rocee$e$ to the high seas on%oar$ =Na+i ri$e= %ut !ai#e$ to #ocate the contact +esse#.

The transaction *ith au# Gan "na##& ushe$ through on Jarch 2, 1991.?iong, uon his return on %oar$ the +esse# =Ching Ja,= *as assigne$ to

suer+ise a shi-to-shi trans!er o! $iese# oi# o the ort o! Singaore, thecontact +esse# to %e $esignate$ %& au# Gan. ?iong *as or$ere$ toascertain the uantit& an$ ua#it& o! the oi# an$ *as gi+en the amount o!:00,000.00 Singaore Do##ars !or the urchase. ?iong, together *ith au#Gan, an$ the sur+e&or 5i##iam ao, on %oar$ =Na+i ri$e= sai#e$ to*ar$ a+esse# ca##e$ =JT Ga#i#ee=. ?iong *as to#$ that =JT Ga#i#ee= *ou#$ %e

ma7ing the trans!er. '#though no insection o! =Na+i ri$e= *as ma$e %&the ort authorities %e!ore $earture, Na+i Jarine Ser+ices, te., Lt$. *asa%#e to rocure a ort c#earance uon su%mission o! Genera# Dec#arationan$ cre* #ist. ?iong, au# Gan, an$ the %ro7ers *ere not in the cre* #istsu%mitte$ an$ $i$ not ass through the immigration. The Genera#Dec#aration !a#se#& reecte$ that the +esse# carrie$ 11,900 tons.

>n Jarch 2;, 1991, =Na+i ri$e= reache$ the #ocation o! =JT Ga#i#ee=. The%ro7ers then to#$ the Catain o! the +esse# to shi-si$e *ith =JT Ga#i#ee=an$ then trans!er o! the oi# transire$. ?iong an$ the sur+e&or 5i##iam aomet the Catain o! =JT Ga#i#ee,= ca##e$ =Catain Mo%%&= *ho #ater turne$out to %e Emi#io Changco/. ?iong c#aime$ that he $i$ not as7 !or the !u##name o! Changco nor $i$ he as7 !or the #atter@s ersona# car$.

on com#etion o! the trans!er, ?iong too7 the soun$ings o! the tan7s inthe =Na+i ri$e= an$ too7 sam#es o! the cargo. The sur+e&or reare$ thesur+e& reort *hich =Catain Mo%%&= signe$ un$er the name =Ro%ertoCasti##o.= ?iong then han$e$ the a&ment to au# Gan an$ 5i##iam ao.on arri+a# at Singaore in the morning o! Jarch 29, 1991, ?iongreorte$ the uantit& an$ ua#it& o! the cargo to the coman&.

Therea!ter, ?iong *as again as7e$ to suer+ise another trans!er o! oi#urchase$ %& the "rm = !rom =JT Ga#i#ee= to =Na+i ri$e.= The sameroce$ure as in the "rst trans!er *as o%ser+e$. This time, ?iong *as to#$that that there *ere !oo$ an$ $rin7s, inc#u$ing %eer, urchase$ %& the

coman& !or the cre* o! =JT Ga#i#ee. The trans!er too7 ten hours an$ *ascom#ete$ on Jarch :0, 1991. au# Gan *as ai$ in !u## !or the trans!er.

>n 'ri# 29 or :0, 1991, Emi#io Changco intimate$ to ?iong that he ha$!our +esse#s an$ *ante$ to oer its cargo to cargo oerators. ?iong *asas7e$ to act as a %ro7er or shi agent !or the sa#e o! the cargo inSingaore. ?iong *ent to the hi#iines to $iscuss the matter *ith Emi#ioChangco, *ho #ai$ out the $etai#s o! the ne* trans!er, this time *ith =JTo#aris= as contact +esse#. ?iong *as to#$ that the +esse# *as sche$u#e$ toarri+e at the ort o! Matangas that *ee7en$. '!ter %eing %i##ete$ at '#ha?ote# in Matangas Cit&, *here ?iong chec7e$ in un$er the name =S>NNCS?.= ' erson %& the name o! =AEBIN >C'J>,= *ho #ater turne$ out to%e Emi#io Changco himse#!, a#so chec7e$ in at '#ha ?ote#. (rom accuse$-

14

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ae##ant Ceci#io Changco, ?iong !oun$ out that the +esse# *as notarri+ing. ?iong *as therea!ter arreste$ %& NMI agents.

'!ter tria#, a 98-age $ecision *as ren$ere$ con+icting accuse$-ae##antso! the crime charge$. The $isositi+e ortion o! sai$ $ecision rea$s

5?ERE(>RE, in the #ight o! the !oregoing consi$erations, 3u$gmentis here%& ren$ere$ %& this Court "n$ing the accuse$ Roger Tu#in,Birgi#io Lo&o#a, 'n$res In!ante, r. an$ Ceci#io Changco gui#t&%e&on$ reasona%#e $ou%t, asprincipals, o! the crime o! irac& inhi#iine 5aters $e"ne$ in Section 2$/ o! resi$entia# Decree No.8:2 an$ the accuse$ Cheong San ?iong, as accom#ice, to sai$crime. n$er Section :a/ o! the sai$ #a*, the ena#t& !or therincia#s o! sai$ crime is man$ator& $eath. ?o*e+er, consi$eringthat, un$er the 19; Constitution, the Court cannot imose the$eath ena#t&, the accuse$ Roger Tu#in, Birgi#io Lo&o#a, 'n$resIn!ante, r., an$ Ceci#io Changco are here%& each mete$ the ena#t&o! RECLSI>N ERET', *ith a## the accessor& ena#ties o! the

#a*. The accuse$ Cheong San ?iong is here%& mete$ the ena#t& o!RECLSI>N ERET', ursuant to 'rtic#e 82 o! the Re+ise$ ena#Co$e in re#ation to Section 8 o! D 8:2. The accuse$ Roger Tu#in,Birgi#io Lo&o#a, 'n$res In!ante, r. an$ Ceci#io Changco are here%&or$ere$ to return to the N>C Shiing an$ Transort Cororationthe =JT Ta%angao= or i! the accuse$ can no #onger return thesame, the sai$ accuse$ are here%& or$ere$ to remit, 3oint#& an$se+era##&, to sai$ cororation the +a#ue thereo! in the amount o!11,240,000.00, hi#iine Currenc&, *ith interests thereon, at therate o! 6 er annum !rom Jarch 2, 1991 unti# the sai$ amount isai$ in !u##. '## the accuse$ inc#u$ing Cheong San ?iong are here%&or$ere$ to return to the Ca#te< hi#iines, Inc. the cargo o! the=JT Ta%angao=, or i! the accuse$ can no #onger return the sai$cargo to sai$ cororation, a## the accuse$ are here%& con$emne$to a&, 3oint#& an$ se+era##&, to the Ca#te< Re"ner&, Inc., the +a#ueo! sai$ cargo in the amount o! 40,426,9:.;, hi#iine Currencus interests unti# sai$ amount is ai$ in !u##. '!ter the accuse$Cheong San ?iong has ser+e$ his sentence, he sha## %e $eorte$ toSingaore.

'## the accuse$ sha## %e cre$ite$ !or the !u## erio$ o! their$etention at the Nationa# Mureau o! In+estigation an$ the Cit& ai#o! Jani#a $uring the en$enc& o! this case ro+i$e$ that the&agree$ in *riting to a%i$e %& an$ com#& strict#& *ith the ru#es an$regu#ations o! the Cit& ai# o! Jani#a an$ the Nationa# Mureau o!In+estigation. 5ith costs against a## the accuse$.

S> >RDERED.

. 149-180, Ro##o./

The matter *as then e#e+ate$ to this Court. The arguments o! accuse$-ae##ants ma& %e summari)e$ as !o##o*s

'o"er . Tulin, Vir"ilio *. Lo%ola, Andres C. *n!ante, +r., and Cecilio .Chan"co

'ccuse$-ae##ants Tu#in, Lo&o#a, In!ante, r., an$ Ceci#io Changco assertthat the tria# court erre$ in a##o*ing them to a$ot the rocee$ings ta7en$uring the time the& *ere %eing reresente$ %& Jr. Tomas osa$as, a non-#a*&er, there%& $eri+ing them o! their constitutiona# right to roce$ura#$ue rocess.

In this regar$, sai$ accuse$-ae##ants narrate that Jr. osa$as entere$ hisaearance as counse# !or a## o! them. ?o*e+er, in the course o! therocee$ings, or on (e%ruar& 11, 1992, the tria# court $isco+ere$ that Jr.osa$as *as not a mem%er o! the hi#iine Mar. This *as a!ter Jr. osa$asha$ resente$ an$ e

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$ec#aring that the %ur$en is #o$ge$ on him to ro+e %& c#ear an$con+incing e+i$ence that he ha$ no 7no*#e$ge that Emi#io Changco an$ hiscohorts attac7e$ an$ sei)e$ the =JT Ta%angao= an$or that the cargo o!the +esse# *as sto#en or the su%3ect o! the!t or ro%%er& or irac& :/ thetria# court erre$ in "n$ing him gui#t& as an accom#ice to the crime o!ua#i"e$ irac& un$er Section 4 o! resi$entia# Decree No. 8:2 'nti-irac&

an$ 'nti-Ro%%er& La* o! 194/ 4/ the tria# court erre$ in con+icting an$unishing him as an accom#ice *hen the acts a##ege$#& committe$ %& him*ere $one or eN 12. 1/ 'n& erson un$er in+estigation !or the commissiono! an oense sha## ha+e the right to %e in!orme$ o! his right to

remain si#ent an$ to ha+e cometent an$ in$een$ent counse#16

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re!era%#& o! his o*n choice. I! the erson cannot aor$ theser+ices o! counse#, he must %e ro+i$e$ *ith one. These rightscannot %e *ai+e$ e

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. 106-112, Ro##o./

5e a#so agree *ith the tria# court@s "n$ing that accuse$-ae##ants@$e!ense o! $enia# is not suorte$ %& an& har$ e+i$ence %ut their %aretestimon&. Greater *eight is gi+en to the categorica# i$enti"cation o! theaccuse$ %& the rosecution *itnesses than to the accuse$@s #ain $enia# o!articiation in the commission o! the crime eople v. 0acca%, 2;4 SCR'296 P199;Q/. Instea$, accuse$-ae##ants Tu#in, Lo&o#a, an$ In!ante, r.narrate$ a atent#& $eserate ta#e that the& *ere hire$ %& three com#etestrangers a##ege$#& Catain E$i#%erto Li%oon, Secon$ Jate ChristianTorra#%a, an$ their comanion/ *hi#e sai$ accuse$-ae##ants *erecon+ersing *ith one another a#ong the seashore at '#a&a, Ma#i%ago,Ca#atagan, Matangas, to *or7 on %oar$ the =JT Ta%angao= *hich *as thenanchore$ o-shore. 'n$ rea$i#&, sai$ accuse$-ae##ants agree$ to *or7 ascoo7s an$ han$&men !or an in$e"nite erio$ o! time *ithout e+en sa&inggoo$%&e to their !ami#ies, *ithout e+en 7no*ing their $estination or the$etai#s o! their +o&age, *ithout the ersona# eects nee$e$ !or a #ong+o&age at sea. Such e+i$ence is incre$i%#e an$ c#ear#& not in accor$ *ithhuman e

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irac& committe$ in hi#iine *aters. ?e maintains that in or$er toreconci#e the t*o #a*s, the *or$ =an& erson= mentione$ in Section 1 P$Q o!resi$entia# Decree No. 8:2 must %e omitte$ such that resi$entia# DecreeNo. 8:2 sha## on#& a#& to oen$ers *ho are mem%ers o! the com#ementor to assengers o! the +esse#, *hereas Reu%#ic 'ct No. 689 sha## a#&to oen$ers *ho are neither mem%ers o! the com#ement or assengers o!

the +esse#, hence, en the other han$, un$er resi$entia# Decree No. 8:2 issue$ in

194/, the co+erage o! the #a* on irac& em%races an% personinc#u$ing =aassenger or mem%er o! the com#ement o! sai$ +esse# in hi#iine*aters.= ?ence, assenger or not, a mem%er o! the com#ement or not,an& erson is co+ere$ %& the #a*.

Reu%#ic 'ct No. 689 neither suerse$e$ nor amen$e$ the ro+isions onirac& un$er resi$entia# Decree No. 8:2. There is no contra$iction%et*een the t*o #a*s. There is #i7e*ise no am%iguit& an$ hence, there isno nee$ to construe or interret the #a*. '## the resi$entia# $ecree $i$ *asto *i$en the co+erage o! the #a*, in 7eeing *ith the intent to rotect theciti)enr& as *e## as neigh%oring states !rom crimes against the #a* o!nations. 's ene o! Moo7 T*o o! the Re+ise$ ena#Co$e. 's such, it is an e

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same, irac& is a rerehensi%#e crime against the *ho#e *or#$ eople v.Lol1lo, 4: hi#. 19 P1922Q/.

?o*e+er, $oes this constitute a +io#ation o! accuse$-ae##ant@sconstitutiona# right to %e in!orme$ o! the nature an$ cause o! theaccusation against him on the groun$ that he *as con+icte$ as anaccom#ice un$er Section 4 o! resi$entia# Decree No. 8:2 e+en though he*as charge$ as a rincia# %& $irect articiation un$er Section 2 o! sai$#a*

The tria# court !oun$ that there *as insucienc& o! e+i$ence sho*ing

a/ that accuse$-ae##ant ?iong $irect#& articiate$ in the attac7 an$sei)ure o! =JT Ta%angao= an$ its cargo %/ that he in$uce$ Emi#ioChangco an$ his grou in the attac7 an$ sei)ure o! =JT Ta%angao= an$ itscargo c/ an$ that his act *as in$isensa%#e in the attac7 on an$ sei)ure o!=JT Ta%angao= an$ its cargo. Ne+erthe#ess, the tria# court !oun$ thataccuse$-ae##ant ?iong@s articiation *as in$isuta%#& one *hich ai$e$

or a%ette$ Emi#io Changco an$ his %an$ o! irates in the $isosition o! thesto#en cargo un$er Section 4 o! resi$entia# Decree No. 8:2 *hichro+i$es

SECTI>N 4.Aidin" pirates or hi"h)a% robbers2bri"ands or abettin"pirac% or hi"h)a% robber% bri"anda"e. 'n& erson *ho7no*ing#& an$ in an& manner ai$s or rotects irates or high*a&ro%%ers%rigan$s, such as gi+ing them in!ormation a%out themo+ement o! o#ice or other eace ocers o! the go+ernment, oracuires or recei+es roert& ta7en %& such irates or %rigan$s orin an& manner $eri+es an& %ene"t there!rom or an& erson *ho$irect#& or in$irect#& a%ets the commission o! irac& or high*a&ro%%er& or %rigan$age, sha## %e consi$ere$ as an accom#ice o! the

rincia# ocers an$ %e unishe$ in accor$ance *ith Ru#esrescri%e$ %& the Re+ise$ ena# Co$e.

It sha## %e resume$ that an& erson *ho $oes an& o! the actsro+i$e$ in this Section has er!orme$ them 7no*ing#&, un#ess thecontrar& is ro+en.

The ru#ing o! the tria# court is *ithin *e##-sett#e$ 3urisru$ence that i! thereis #ac7 o! com#ete e+i$ence o! consirac&, the #ia%i#it& is that o! anaccom#ice an$ not as rincia# eople v. Tolentino, 40 SCR' 814 P191Q/.'n& $ou%t as to the articiation o! an in$i+i$ua# in the commission o! thecrime is a#*a&s reso#+e$ in !a+or o! #esser resonsi%i#it& eople v. Corbes,

20 SCR' 468 P199Q eople vs. El!ano, +r., 128 SCR' 92 P19;:Q eoplev. astores, 40 SCR' 49; P191Q/.

Emhasis must a#so %e #ace$ on the #ast aragrah o! Section 4 o!resi$entia# Decree No. 8:2 *hich resumes that an& erson *ho $oes an&o! the acts ro+i$e$ in sai$ section has er!orme$ them 7no*ing#&, un#essthe contrar& is ro+en. In the case at %ar, accuse$-ae##ant ?iong ha$!ai#e$ to o+ercome the #ega# resumtion that he 7no*ing#& a%ette$ orai$e$ in the commission o! irac&, recei+e$ roert& ta7en %& such iratesan$ $eri+e$ %ene"t there!rom.

The recor$ $isc#oses that accuse$-ae##ant ?iong ai$e$ the irates in$isosing o! the sto#en cargo %& ersona##& $irecting its trans!er !rom =JTGa#i#ee= to =JT Na+i ri$e=. ?e ro"te$ there!rom %& %u&ing the hi3ac7e$cargo !or Na+i Jarine Ser+ices, te., Lt$. tsn, une :, 1992, . 18-2:/. ?ee+en teste$ the ua#it& an$ +eri"e$ the uantit& o! the etro#eumro$ucts, conni+e$ *ith Na+i Jarine Ser+ices ersonne# in !a#si!&ing theGenera# Dec#arations an$ Cre* List to ensure that the i##ega# trans!er *ent

through, un$etecte$ %& Singaore ort 'uthorities, an$ su#ie$, theirates *ith !oo$, %eer, an$ other ro+isions !or their maintenance *hi#e inort tsn, une :, 1992, . 1::-1:4/.

5e %e#ie+e that the !a#si"cation o! the Genera# Dec#aration 'rri+a# an$Dearture/ an$ Cre* List *as accom#ishe$ an$ uti#i)e$ %& accuse$-ae##ant ?iong an$ Na+i Jarine Ser+ices ersonne# in the e

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Ro%erto Casti##o at the he#m, the sur+e&or reare$ the =Fuantit&Certi"cate= E >RDERED.

G.R. No. 110097 ee()er 55, 1997

EOLE O T+E +ILIINES, #ainti-ae##ee, +s. ARNULOASTORGA, accuse$-ae##ant.

ANGANI$AN,J.:

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'ctua# $etention or =#oc7ing u= is the rimar& e#ement o! 7i$naing. I!the e+i$ence $oes not a$euate#& ro+e this e#ement, the accuse$ cannot%e he#$ #ia%#e !or 7i$naing. In the resent case, the rosecution mere#&ro+e$ that ae##ant !orci%#& $ragge$ the +ictim to*ar$ a #ace on#& he7ne*. There %eing no actua# $etention or con"nement, the ae##ant ma&%e con+icte$ on#& o! gra+e coercion.

The Case

The !oregoing rinci#e is use$ %& this Court in reso#+ing the aea# o!'rnu#!o 'storga cha##enging the Jarch :1, 199: Decision 1o! the Regiona#Tria# Court o! Tagum, Da+ao con+icting him o! 7i$naing.

In an In!ormation5$ate$ Jarch 24, 1992 an$ $oc7ete$ as Crimina# CaseNo. ;24:, 'e##ant 'rnu#!o 'storga *as charge$ *ith +io#ation o! 'rtic#e26, aragrah 4 o! the Re+ise$ ena# Co$e, a##ege$#& committe$ as!o##o*s

That on or a%out Decem%er 29, 1991 in the Junicia#it& o! Tagum,ro+ince o! Da+ao, hi#iines, an$ *ithin the 3uris$iction o! this?onora%#e Court, the a%o+e-name$ accuse$, *ith $e#i%erate intentan$ %& means o! !orce, $i$ then an$ there *i##!u##&, un#a*!u##& an$!e#onious#& 7i$na +onne Tra&a, a minor, ; &ears o! age, there%&$eri+ing her o! her #i%ert& against her *i##, to the $amage an$re3u$ice o! sai$ oen$e$ art&.

'rraigne$ on (e%ruar& 24, 199:, 'e##ant 'storga, $u#& assiste$ %& hiscounse#,3#ea$e$ not gui#t& to the charge. Tria# on the merits ensue$. The$isositi+e ortion o! the assai#e$ Decision4rea$s as !o##o*s'

5?ERE(>RE, remises consi$ere$, the gui#t o! accuse$ 'RNL(>'ST>RG' ha+ing %een ro+en %e&on$ reasona%#e $ou%t, ursuantto 'rtic#e 26 aragrah 4 o! the Re+ise$ ena# Co$e, PheQ ishere%& sentence$ to'eclusion erpetuato %e ser+e$ at theNationa# enitentiar&, PJuntin#uaQ.

This aea# *as "#e$ $irect#& *ith this Court in +ie* o! the ena#t&imose$.:

The 3acts

Evidence !or the rosecution

The e+i$ence !or the rosecution *as narrate$ in the Decision o! the tria#court, as !o##o*s7

rosecution *itnesses e

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*ere notice$ %& the grou o! &oungsters. The grou *ere %oun$ toJaco Catho#ic Church to see a $rama. ?a+ing met the t*o an$ asnotice$ %& the grou accuse$ 7ee PsicQ on #oo7ing %ac7 at them.The grou *ere susicious a%out the man *ho *as %ringing achi#$. The grou $eci$e$ to !o##o* them. 'ccuse$ hurrie$#& *a#7e$!ast *ith +onne, an$ to re+ent !rom %eing o+erta7en, he carrie$

the +ictim an$ ran. The& *ere chase$. '!ter a $istance o! ha#! a7i#ometer the& *ere o+erta7en.

E$*in (a%i#a $ec#are$ that onathan, one o! his comanions *ithothers in chasing, as7e$ the accuse$ *here the& *ere %oun$. ?eans*ere$ to*ar$s Minuangan. The grou notice$ somethingsusicious %ecause their $estination *as a#rea$& to*ar$s Tagum*hich is an oosite $irection to Minuangan.

5hen as7e$ *ho is the chi#$, accuse$ ans*ere$ Tra&a. onathanone o! those *ho chase$ 7ne* the !ami#&. ?e got !rom the accuse$+onne *ho sho*e$ some resistance. Ne+erthe#ess, the grou%rought her home at Minuangan. Li7e*ise, accuse$ *as a#so%rought %& them to +onne@s home. The house o! accuse$ an$+onne *ere "+e 8/ meters a*a&. 'ccuse$ *ante$ to ta#7 to thearents o! the +ictim, %ut he *as $ri+en %& her aunt an$ a$+ice$PsicQ to #ea+e other*ise he *i## %e sta%%e$ %& +onne@s !ather. ?e#e!t an$ ne+er ta#7e$ *ith the !ami#&.

Evidence !or the De!ense

The !acts as +ie*e$ %& the $e!ense are resente$ in the 'e##ant@sMrie!,*$ate$ Decem%er 10, 199:

The $e!ense consiste$ o! the testimonies o! 'r%eth Na#cot an$ the

accuse$-ae##ant himse#!.

'r%eth Na#cot, a resi$ent o! Tagum, Da+ao, testi"e$ tht P sicQ in thea!ternoon o! Decem%er 29, 1991, she *as at the Junicia# ?a## o!Jaco, Da+ao. She sa* 'storga *ith t*o 2/ comanions. The& *ere$rin7ing Re$ ?orse an$ *ere a#rea$& $run7. 5hen the& "nishe$$rin7ing, she *ent *ith 'storga to the #atter@s house. TSN, . -;an$ 1;, Jarch 2:, 199:/. The house o! 'storga is a%out 8 metersa*a& !rom the house o! the com#ainantP.Q +onne came an$ as7e$mone& !rom the accuse$ to %u& can$&. The t*o *ent together an$she *as #e!t %ehin$. She to#$ them to hurr& u. 5hen the& !ai#e$ toreturn, she #oo7e$ !or them, %ut %ecause it *as a#rea$& $ar7. She

$i$ not "n$ them. She *ent %ac7 to the house o! the accuse$.*bid., . 10-11/.

'rnu#!o 'storga, a resi$ent o! Jaco, Da+ao an$ a go#$ annertesti"e$ that =at aroun$ 100 .J. o! Decem%er 29, 1991, hearri+e$ at Jaco !rom Tagum. on arri+a# his t*o !rien$s, Bic+ican$ 'n$ing *ere a#rea$& at his home. The& $eci$e$ to $rin7, hencethe& rocee$e$ to '$ecor Cottage an$ $ran7 t*o ga##ons o! Tu%a.'t aroun$ 200 .J., the& *ere at the mar7et #ace an$ $rin7 %eergran$e. 't 800 .J. on the same $a&, the three rocee$e$ nearthe municia# ha## an$ *ith some ersons, the& again continue$their $rin7ing sree ta7ing u Re$ ?orse *ine=. Decision, . :/.

't a%out 600 .J., he *as a#rea$& $run7 an$ he *ent home.+onne aroache$ him an$ as7e$ him mone& to %u& can$&. ?eto#$ her that the& *i## %u&. The& *ere not a%#e to %u& %ecause thet*o stores *here the& *ent *ere a#rea$& c#ose$. TSN, . 12 an$1:, Jarch 24, 199:/. ?e too7 her !or a stro## !or his $run7eness PsicQto su%si$e. The& *a#7e$ insi$e the schoo# remises *hich *asa%out 20 meters a*a& !rom the secon$ store. The& *ent out o! theschoo# comoun$ going to*ar$s Luon-#uon %ecause $ue to his$run7neness PsicQ, he thought it *as the *a& to*ar$s their house.*bid, . 14-18/ The& reache$ Luon-#uon %ri$ge, crosse$ it t*icethin7ing that it *as the %ri$ge near the municia# ha##. '!terreaching uro7, the& met se+era# ersons, he *as as7e$ *ere sic/the& *ere hea$ing, an$ he ans*ere$ to Taguma&, %ut he *as to#$that the& PsicQ *a& *as a#rea$& going to Tagum. ?e reueste$those ersons to gui$e them to Taguma&. The& as7e$ him *ho*as the chi#$ he *as carr&ing. ?e ans*ere$ that it *as Tra&a@schi#$, *bid, . 16-1/. ?e *as carr&ing the chi#$ %ecause he *asa#rea$& cr&ing she a#rea$& *ante$ to go home. The grou o!ersons, men an$ *omen, gui$e$ them. +onne *as %eing he#$ %&

the *omen. The& arri+e$ at +onne@s house. ?e ta#7e$ to theauntie o! the chi#$ an$ to#$ her that he *ou#$ con+erse *ith her %uthe *as a$+ise$ to go a*a& %ecause the !ather o! +onne mighthac7 him. So he *ent home. *bid, . 1;-19/

The Trial Court4s 'ulin"

The tria# court 3usti"e$ its "n$ing o! gui#t *ith the !o##o*ing $iscussion9

'ccuse$ insiste$ PthatQ he *as a#rea$& $run7 hence *hen he too7+onne to %u& can$&, he stro##e$ *ith her so that his $run7enness%e su%si$e$.

2:

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'## these $e!ense +ersion *as re%utte$ %& +onne *hen shecategorica##& $ec#are$ that she $i$ not sme## #iuor on the accuse$.

?is $e!ense o! inton re%utta#, +onne $enie$ that she as7e$ mone& !rom accuse$ to%u& can$&. She a#so $enie$ as testi"e$ %& $e!ense *itness 'r%ethNa#cot that she *ent to the house o! the accuse$ on 29 Decem%er1991 or on an& other $ates to as7 mone& !rom 'storga !or can$&.

De!ense e+i$ence are PsicQ uncture$ *ith un%e#ie+a%i#it& in his otangent an$ incre$i%#e theor& o! $run7ar$ness. ?is a##ege$ %eing#ost in the $irection o! Minuangan in site o! +onne@s insistencean$ that o! the erson the& met that he *as on the *rong *a&consi$ering that there are no criss crossing roa$s e

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3irst *ssue Credibilit% o! rosecution 5itnesses

'e##ant conten$s that the testimonies o! the rosecution*itnesses are not *orth& o! cre$ence %ecause the& *ereinconsistent an$ imro%a%#e. ?e cites the !o##o*ing

G#en$a Cha+e) testi"e$ that she *as resent *hen theaccuse$ to#$ +onne that the& *i## %u& can$&. She sense$that the accuse$ *as $run7. TSN, . 10-11, Jarch 10,199:/. These testimonies *ere contra$icte$ %& +onneTra&a *hen she $ec#are$ that G#en$a Cha+e) ha$ a#rea$&*ent PsicQ insi$e their house *hen PtheQ accuse$ to#$ herthat the& *i## %u& can$& TSN, . 10, Jarch 16, 199:/. Shetesti"e$ that she $i$ not sme## #iuor on the accuse$.Decision, . :-4/

E$*in (a%i#a testi"e$ that their grou *as a%#e to o+erta7ethe accuse$ at a $istance o! 2 !athoms an$ the& PsicQ him

a%out 18 to 20 meters TSN, . :8, Jarch 10, 199:/ 'rne#(a%i#a, on the other han$, testi"e$ that the& o+ertoo7 theaccuse$ a!ter chasing him at a $istance o! ha#! 7i#ometerTSN, . 10, Jarch 11, 199:/.

+onne Tra&a testi"e$ that the accuse$ cou#$ not ran !astcarr&ing her %ecause she *as hea+&. TSN, . 19, Jarch 16,199:/. ?o*e+er, 'rne# (a%i#a $ec#are$ that the& *ere a%#eto o+erta7e the accuse$ on#& a!ter chasing him at a$istance o! ha#! 7i#ometer TSN, . 10, Jarch 11, 199:/meaning accuse$ *as running !ast.11

5e ho#$, ho*e+er, that inconsistencies in the testimonies o!

*itnesses concerning minor $etai#s an$ co##atera# matters, #i7e thee

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800 .m., causing him to %e con!use$ on *hich *a&the& shou#$ ta7e in going home.

e/ That the accuse$ *as not hurt %& the grou o!&oungsters *ho a##ege$#& rescue$ the chi#$, nor *asimme$iate#& %rought to the municia# ha## *hich *as3ust near the house o! the +ictim !or the "#ing o! thenecessar& charge this PsicQ actuations on#& con"rm the!act that the accuse$ mere#& sought their he# ingui$ing them home, an$

!/ That it too7 more than one *ee7 !or the com#ainantan$ her arents to "#e the case at the (isca#@s >ce.

5e cannot sustain these contentions. The charge is not %e#ie$ %&the one-*ee7 $e#a& in the "#ing o! the com#aint. It has %een he#$that $e#a& or +aci##ation in ma7ing a crimina# accusation $oes notnecessari#& *ea7en the cre$i%i#it& o! a *itness *here such $e#a& is

satis!actori#& e

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1. That the oen$er is aprivate individual.

2. That h e 8idnapsor detainsanother, or in an& othermanner deprivesthe #atter o! his libert%.

:. That the act o! $etention or 7i$naing must %e ille"al.

4. That in the commission o! the oense, an& o! the!o##o*ing circumstances is resent

8. That the 7i$naing or $etention #asts !or morethan(ve 9:; da%s or

6. That it committed simulatin" public authorit% or

. That an& serious ph%sical injuries are inicte$ uon theerson 7i$nae$ or $etaine$ or threats to 8ill him are

ma$e or

;. That the erson 7i$nae$ or $etaine$ is a minor,!emale, or apublic o$cer.

The Sanish +ersion o! 'rtic#e 26 o! the Re+ise$ ena# Co$e usesthe terms =#oc7u= encerrar/ rather than =7i$na= secuestrar orraptar/. Loc7u is inc#u$e$ in the %roa$er term o! =$etention,=*hich re!ers not on#& to the #acing o! a erson in an enc#osure*hich he cannot #ea+e, %ut a#so to an& other $eri+ation o! #i%ert&*hich $oes not necessari#& in+o#+e #oc7ing u.5*Li7e*ise, theRe+ise$ ena# Co$e *as origina##& aro+e$ an$ enacte$ inSanish. Conseuent#&, the Sanish te

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' 5e *ere going aroun$ the schoo#

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' The man as7e$ Mo& 'storga *here are &ou going, an$Mo& 'storga ans*ere$, to Minuangan, %ut the mancontinue$ to sa& that this *a& is going to Tagum an$ not toMinuangan an& more.

F 5hat e#se $i$ the man as7, i! an&

' I !urther sai$ that *e *i## a#rea$& #ea+e, an$ *e *i## %ethe ones to go to Minuangan, an$ a!ter that, Mo& 'storgaut me $o*n %ecause he urinate$. So, at that instance, Iran, %ut, a!ter he urinate$, he a#rea$& too7 ho#$ o! me notto run an& more %ecause there is a ghost.

F 5hen &ou sai$ &ou ran a*a& a!ter Mo& 'storga #e!t &ou*hen he urinate$, *here $i$ &ou run

' To*ar$s Minuangan, sir.

F To*ar$s the $irection o! &our house

' es, sir.

F 'n$ &ou *ere o+erta7en again %& Mo& 'storga

' es, sir.

F 5hat $i$ he $o to &ou *hen &ou *ere o+erta7en %& Mo&'storga

' ?e too7 ho#$ o! me again an$ he to#$ me, he threatene$me that there is PsicQ a re$ e&es %ut I ans*ere$ him that isPsicQ not a re$ e&es o! the ghost %ut that is a #ight coming!rom the +ehic#e.

F No*, *hat haene$ ne

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' ?e mo+e$ c#oser to the %anana #ants. ?e #oo7e$ %ac7an$ he sa* that ersons *ere a#rea$& chasing him an$a!ter that he carrie$ me an$ ran.

(rom the !oregoing, it is c#ear that the ae##ant an$ the +ictim*ere constant#& on the mo+e. The& *ent to Jaco E#ementar&

Schoo# an$ stro##e$ on the schoo# groun$s. 5hen no%o$& *as atthe Luon#uon %ri$ge, ae##ant too7 the +ictim to the high*aea$ing to Tagum, Da+ao. 't that time, +onne #ea$e$ *ithae##ant that she rea##& *ante$ to go home to Minuangan, %utae##ant ignore$ her #eas an$ continue$ *a#7ing her to*ar$ the*rong $irection. Later on, the grou o! 5itness 'rne# (a%i#a sotte$them. 'e##ant 'storga carrie$ the +ictim an$ ran, %ut (a%i#a@sgrou chase$ an$ caught u *ith them.

This narration $oes not a$euate#& esta%#ish actua# con"nement orrestraint o! the +ictim, *hich is the rimar& e#ement o!7i$naing.31'e##ant@s aarent intention *as to ta7e +onneagainst her *i## to*ar$s the $irection o! Tagum. 'e##ant@s #an $i$not materia#i)e, ho*e+er, %ecause (a%i#a@s grou chance$ uonthem. The e+i$ence $oes not sho* that ae##ant *ante$ to $etain+onne much #ess, that he actua##& $etaine$ her. 'e##ant@s!orci%#e $ragging o! +onne to a #ace on#& he 7ne* cannot %e sai$to %e an actua# con"nement or restriction on the erson o! +onne.There *as no =#oc7u.= 'ccor$ing#&, ae##ant cannot %e con+icte$o! 7i$naing un$er 'rtic#e 26 o! the Re+ise$ ena# Co$e.

Rather, the !e#on& committe$ in this case is gra+e coercion un$er'rtic#e 2;6 o! the same co$e. Gra+e coercion or coaccion "ravehasthree e#ements a/ that an& erson is re+ente$ %& another !rom$oing something not rohi%ite$ %& #a*, or come##e$ to $osomething against his or her *i##, %e it right or *rong %/ that there+ention or comu#sion is eecte$ %& +io#ence, either %& materia#!orce or such a $is#a& o! it as *ou#$ ro$uce intimi$ation an$,conseuent#&, contro# o+er the *i## o! the oen$e$ art& an$ c/that the erson *ho restrains the *i## an$ #i%ert& o! another has noright to $o so or, in other *or$s, that the restraint is not ma$eun$er authorit& o! a #a* or in the e

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e#ements o! *hich *ere sucient#& ro+e$ %& the rosecution.?ence, a con+iction !or sai$ crime is aroriate un$er Section 4,Ru#e 120 o! the 19;; Ru#es on Crimina# roce$ure

Sec. 4. +ud"ment in case o! variance bet)een alle"ationand proo! 5hen there is +ariance %et*een the oense

charge$ in the com#aint or in!ormation, an$ that ro+e$ oresta%#ishe$ %& the e+i$ence, an$ the oenses as charge$is inc#u$e$ in or necessari#& inc#u$es the oense ro+e$,the accuse$ sha## %e con+icte$ o! the oense ro+e$inc#u$e$ in that *hich is charge$, or o! the oense charge$inc#u$e$ in that *hich is ro+e$.

't the time the !e#on& *as committe$ on Decem%er 29, 1991, theena#t& imose$ %& #a* !or gra+e coercion *as arresto ma%oran$a "ne not e >RDERED.

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G.R. No. 134'03 Juy 5, 1999

JASER AG$A, etitioner, +s. T+E +ONORA$LE EUTO%$US%AN OR T+E %ILITAR, SO4 NE%ESIO NATI8IA, JR.an& SO5 ELEA;AR %. SOLO%ON, reson$ent.

GON;AGA-REES,J.:

This etition !or certiorarisee7s to nu##i!& the Reso#ution o! the Deut&>m%u$sman !or the Ji#itar& $ate$ 19 anuar& 199;1*hich recommen$e$the $ismissa# o! the crimina# com#aint "#e$ %& etitioner against hereinri+ate reson$ents !or +io#ation o! 'rtic#e 128 o! the Re+ise$ ena# Co$e!or $e#a& in the $e#i+er& o! $etaine$ ersons, an$ the >r$er o! 'ri# 1:,199;5*hich $enie$ his motion !or reconsi$eration.

The ertinent !acts #ea$ing to the "#ing o! the etition at %ar are as !o##o*s

>n Setem%er , 199, etitioner, together *ith a certain Sher*inuga#%ot, *as arreste$ an$ $etaine$ at the Li#oan o#ice Station, JetroCe%u !or an a##ege$ +io#ation o! R.'. 610, the =Secia# rotection o!Chi#$ren 'gainst Chi#$ a%use, E'N '. GIC''R', *hi#e on %oar$ a tric&c#egoing their $estinations. on initia# in+estigation o! the Mg&,

Catain o! Mg&. Catarman, accuse$ S?ER5IN G'LM>T *asre#ease$ an$ accuse$ 'SER 'GM' is resent#& $etain Li#oano#ice Station ai#. Je$ica# Certi"cate issue$ !rom Don BicenteSotto Jemoria# Je$ica# Center, Ce%u Cit& is hereto attache$.

>n Setem%er 10, 199, counse# !or etitioner *rote the Chie! o! o#ice o!Li#oan $eman$ing the imme$iate re#ease o! etitioner consi$ering that the#atter ha$ =!ai#e$ to $e#i+er the $etaine$ aser 'g%a& to the roer 3u$icia#authorit& *ithin thirt&-si< :6/ hours !rom Setem%er , 199.= 'ri+atereson$ents $i$ not act on this #etter an$ continue$ to $etain etitioner.:

>n Setem%er 12 199, the th Junicia# Circuit Tria# Court o! Li#oan,Jetro Ce%u issue$ an or$er, $enominate$ as =Detention During theen$enc& o! the Case=, committing etitioner to the 3ai# *ar$en o! Ce%uCit&.7(i+e 8/ $a&s #ater, or on Setem%er 1, 199, etitioner *as or$ere$re#ease$ %& the sai$ court a!ter he ha$ oste$ %on$. *

>n Setem%er 26, 199, etitioner "#e$ a com#aint !or $e#a& in the$e#i+er& o! $etaine$ ersons against herein ri+ate reson$ents S>4Nemesio Nati+i$a$, r., S>2 E#ea)ar J. Sa#omon an$ other uni$enti"e$o#ice ocers statione$ at the Li#oan o#ice Su%station, %e!ore the >ce o!the Deut& >m%u$sman !or the Bisa&as.9

Regar$ing the com#aint !or +io#ation o! R.'. 610, it is a##ege$ %&etitioner that on No+em%er 10, 199, the th JCTC o! Li#oan, Jetro Ce%u

issue$ a reso#ution containing the !o##o*ing $isositi+e ortion

5?ERE(>RE, "n$ing ro%a%#e cause !or the crime in Bio#ation o!Reu%#ic 'ct 610, it is here%& recommen$e$ that anIN(>RJ'TI>N %e "#e$ against the t*o a!orename$ accuse$.

(or*ar$ the recor$ o! this case to the ro+incia# (isca#@s >ce !oraroriate action.10

M& +irtue o! Jemoran$um Circu#ar No. 14, Series o! 1998, $ate$ 10>cto%er 1998 o! the >ce o! the >m%u$sman,11 the case !or $e#a& in$e#i+er& "#e$ %& etitioner against herein ri+ate reson$ents %e!ore theDeut& >m%u$sman !or the Bisa&as *as trans!erre$ to the Deut&

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>m%u$sman !or the Ji#itar& !or its roer $isosition. Thus, it *as thisoce *hich acte$ on the com#aint, no* $enominate$ as >JM-BIS-CRIJ-9-0;6, an$ *hich issue$ the uestione$ Reso#ution $ate$ anuar& 19,199; recommen$ing its $ismissa# against herein ri+ate reson$ents.etitioner mo+e$ !or reconsi$eration o! this Reso#ution %ut this motion *as$enie$ in an >r$er $ate$ 'ri# 1:, 199;.

?ence, this etition !or certiorari.

The groun$s re#ie$ uon in the resent etition15are as !o##o*s

I.

T?E MLIC RES>NDENT GR'BEL 'MSED ITS DISCRETI>N IN RELING>N JEJ>R'NDJ CIRCL'R N>. 14, SERIES >( 1998, D'TED 10 >CT>MER1998, >( T?E >((ICE >( T?E >JMDSJ'N IN ?>LDING T?'T IT ?'SC>JETENCE T> 'CT >N T?E 'M>BE-ENTITLED C'SE ME(>RE IT, T?E S'IDCIRCL'R MEING NC>NSTITTI>N'L 'ND ILLEG'L, ?ENCE, NLL 'ND

B>ID.

II.

T?E MLIC RES>NDENT GR'BEL 'MSED ITS DISCRETI>N IN N>T?>LDING T?'T IT IS ME>ND ITS C>JENCE T> DETERJINE 5?ET?ER >RN>T T?E JNICI'L CIRCIT TRI'L C>RT >( LIL>'N-C>J>STEL' ?'S IN('CT N> RISDICTI>N T> TR T?E C'SE (ILED 'G'INST ?EREINETITI>NER.

III.

T?E MLIC RES>NDENT GR'BEL 'MSED ITS DISCRETI>N IN N>T?>LDING T?'T T?E JCTC, 5?ILE ?'BING 'T?>RIT T> C>NDCT 'RELIJIN'R INBESTIG'TI>N, IS N>T T?E =R>ER DICI'L 'T?>RIT =C>NTEJL'TED IN 'RTICLE 128 >( T?E REBISED EN'L C>DE 'ND,?ENCE, T?E (ILING >( T?E C>JL'INT ME(>RE IT (>R T?E R>SE >(C>NDCTING ' RELIJIN'R INBESTIG'TI>N DID N>T INTERRT T?EERI>D RESCRIMED M 'RT. 128.

IB.

T?E MLIC RES>NDENT GR'BEL 'MSED ITS DISCRETI>N IN ?>LIDINGT?'T T?E ISSE >( T?E B'LIDIT >( T?E >RDER >( DETENTI>N IS

IRRELEB'NT T> T?E ISSE >( CRIJIN'L LI'MILIT >( RIB'TERES>NDENTS (>R DEL' IN T?E DELIBER >( DET'INED ERS>NS.

B.

T?E MLIC RES>NDENT GR'BEL 'MSED ITS DISCRETI>N IN ?>LDINGT?'T T?E DT >( RIB'TE RES>NDENTS T> (ILE T?E NECESS'RC>JL'INT IN C>RT 5'S (L(ILLED 5?EN T?E (ILED ' (>RJ'LC>JL'INT >N ; SETEJMER 199 5IT? T?E T? JCTC >( LIL>'N-C>J>STEL'.

>n the "rst issue, etitioner argues that $ue to the ci+i#ian character o! thehi#iine Nationa# o#ice, the >ce o! the Deut& >m%u$sman !or theJi#itar&, %& +irtue o! the $escrition o! the >ce, has no cometence or3uris$iction to act on his com#aint against ri+ate reson$ents *ho aremem%ers o! the N. etitioner a#so uestions the constitutiona#it& o!Jemoran$um Circu#ar No. 14 inso!ar as it urorts to +est the >ce o! theDeut& >m%u$sman !or Ji#itar& 'airs *ith 3uris$iction to in+estigate a##

cases against ersonne# o! the hi#iine Nationa# o#ice.ce o! theDeut& >m%u$sman !or the Ji#itar& *ith 3uris$iction to in+estigatecom#aints against mem%ers o! the N, +io#ates the #atter@s ci+i#iancharacter.

's oine$ %& the >ce o! the So#icitor Genera# in its Comment $ate$

Decem%er 199;1', the issue as to *hether the Deut& >m%u$sman !or theJi#itar& has the authorit& to in+estigate ci+i#ian ersonne# o! thego+ernment *as reso#+e$ in the armati+e in the case o!Acop v. $ce o!the mbudsman.1:In that case, the etitioners, *ho *ere mem%ers o! thehi#iine Nationa# o#ice uestione$ the 3uris$iction o! the Deut&>m%u$sman to in+estigate the a##ege$ shootout o! certain susecte$mem%ers o! the =Auratong Ma#e#eng= ro%%er& gang this Court he#$ that

The $e#i%erations on the Deut& !or the mi# itar& esta%#ishment $onot &ie#$ conc#usi+e e+i$ence that such $eut& is rohi%ite$ !romer!orming other !unctions or $uties aecting non-mi#itar&ersonne#. >n the contrar&, a re+ie* o! the re#e+ant Constitutiona#ro+isions re+ea# other*ise.

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's re+ious#& esta%#ishe$, the >m%u$sman =ma& em%u$sman suer+ision an$ contro# o+erthe >m%u$sman@s $euties, one %eing the $eut& !or the mi#itar&esta%#ishment. In this #ight, Section 11 o! R.'. No. 60 ro+i$es

Sec. 11. Structura# >rgani)ation. The authorit&an$ resonsi%i#it& !or the ece o! the >m%u$sman an$ !or the$ischarge o! its o*ers an$ !unctions sha## %e+este$ in the >m%u$sman, *ho sha## ha+esuer+ision an$ contro# o! the sai$ >ce.

5hi#e Section :1 thereo! $ec#ares

Sec. :1. Designation o! In+estigators an$rosecutors. The >m%u$sman ma& uti#i)e the

ersonne# o! his oce an$or $esignate or $euti)ean& "sca#, state rosecutor to assist in thein+estigation an$ rosecution o! certain cases.Those $esignate$ or $euti)e$ to assist him hereinsha## %e un$er his suer+ision an$ contro#.

'ccor$ing#&, the >m%u$sman ma& re!er cases in+o#+ing non-mi#itar& ersonne# !or in+estigation %& the Deut& !or Ji#itar&'airs. In these cases at %ench, there!ore, no irregu#arit& atten$e$the re!erra# %& the 'cting >m%u$sman o! the Aurutong Ma#e#engcase to reson$ent Casac#ang *ho, in turn, create$ a ane# o!in+estigators.17

The cite$ case is $eterminati+e o! the issue. ?o*e+er, etitioner, in hisRe#& to Comment $ate$ (e%ruar& 1, 1999, argues that the ru#ing in the'co case is not on a## !ours *ith the case at %ar 1*. etitioner states thatthe $octrine #ai$ $o*n in the sai$ case is sim#& that =the >m%u$smanma& re!er cases in+o#+ing non-mi#itar& ersonne# !or in+estigation %& theDeut& !or Ji#itar& 'airs. This $octrine, etitioner argues, =a#ies on#& toiso#ate$ or in$i+i$ua# cases in+o#+ing non-mi#itar& ersonne# re!erre$ %& the>m%u$sman to the Deut& !or Ji#itar& 'airs= an$ $oes not a#& *hen,as in this case, there is a *ho#esa#e or in$iscriminate re!erra# o! such casesto the Deut& >m%u$sman !or Ji#itar& 'airs in the !orm o! an >ceJemoran$um Circu#ar.

etitioner@s arguments $o not con+ince as there is no %asis !or the$istinction.

There is no %asis in the a%o+e-cite$ $ecision to #imit the re!erra# o! casesin+o#+ing non-mi#itar& ersonne# to the Deut& >m%u$sman !or Ji#itar&'airs to iso#ate$ or in$i+i$ua# cases. The >ce o! the >m%u$sman, in

issuing Jemoran$um Circu#ar No. 18, is sim#& em%u$sman =to uti#i)e the ersonne# o! his oce an$or $esignateor $euti)e an& "sca#, state rosecutor or the or #a*&er in the go+ernmentser+ice to act as secia# in+estigator or rosecutor to assist in thein+estigation an$ rosecution o! certain cases.= This Court, a%sent an&gra+e a%use o! $iscretion, ma& not enter!ere *ith the em%u$sman o! his o*er o! suer+ision an$ contro# o+er the sai$ >ce.

etitioner !urther argues that Jemoran$um Circu#ar No. 14 +io#ates thec#ear intent an$ o#ic& o! the Constitution an$ o! R.'. 698 to maintain theci+i#ian character o! the o#ice !orce an$ =*ou#$ ren$er nugator& an$meaning#ess the $istinction %et*een cases in+o#+ing ci+i#ian an$ mi#itar&ersonne# an$ the creation o! searate $i+isions o! the >m%u$sman.=19

Sai$ contentions are mis#ace$.

The Deut& >m%u$sman !or the Ji#itar&, $esite his $esignation as such, is%& no means a mem%er o! the mi#itar& esta%#ishment. The sai$ >ce *asesta%#ishe$ =to ece o! the >m%u$sman to the mi#itar&esta%#ishment 3ust as it chamions the common eo#e against%ureaucratic in$ierence=. The >ce *as inten$e$ to he# the =or$inar&!oot so#$iers= to o%tain re$ress !or their grie+ances against higherauthorities an$ the $ra!ters o! the Constitution *ere a*are that thecreation o! the >ce, *hich is seeming#& in$een$ent o! the resi$ent, toer!orm !unctions *hich constitutiona##& shou#$ %e er!orme$ %& the

resi$ent, might %e in $erogation o! the o*ers o! the resi$ent asComman$er-In-Chie! o! the 'rme$ (orces50.

It must %e %orne in min$ that the >ce o! the >m%u$sman *as en+isione$%& the !ramers o! the 19; Constitution as the =e&es an$ ears o! theeo#e=51an$ =a chamion o! the citi)en.55= Sec. 12, 'rt. HI o! the 19;Constitution $escri%es the >m%u$sman an$ his $euties as =rotectors o!the eo#e.= Thus, "rst an$ !oremost, the >m%u$sman an$ his $euties,inc#u$ing the Deut& >m%u$sman !or the Ji#itar& o*e their a##egiance tothe eo#e an$ or$inar& citi)ens, it is c#ear#& not a art o! the mi#itar&. 5e!ai# to see ho* the assumtion o! 3uris$iction %& the sai$ oce o+er thein+estigation o! cases in+o#+ing the N *ou#$ $etract !rom or +io#ate the

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ci+i#ian character o! the o#ice !orce *hen recise#& the >ce o! the>m%u$sman is a ci+i#ian oce.

The other issues raise$ %& etitioner concerns the a#ication o! 'rt. 128 o!the Re+ise$ ena# Co$e *hich ro+i$es as !o##o*s

'rt. 128. De#a& in the $e#i+er& o! $etaine$ ersons to the roer3u$icia# authorities. The ena#ties ro+i$e$ in the nece o! the Deut& >m%u$sman !or theJi#itar& in its 1: 'ri# 199; >r$er, state$ that the $ut& o! "#ing the

correson$ing com#aint in court *as =!u#"##e %& reson$ent *hen the!orma# com#aint *as "#e$ on Setem%er ;, 199 *ith the th JCTC o!Li#oan-Comoste#a, %are#& 20 hours a!ter the arrest o! herein com#ainanto! Setem%er , 199.=5:The So#icitor Genera#, !or his art, argues that*hi#e a municia# court 3u$ge ma& con$uct re#iminar& in+estigations as ane

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cit& "sca# is not the roer 3u$icia# authorit& re!erre$ to in 'rt. 128 isa#ica%#e.

etitioner@s re#iance on the cite$ cases is mis#ace$. The cite$ cases o!Sangguniang Ma&an an$ Casti##o $ea#t *ith the issue o! *hether or not the"n$ings o! the Junicia# Court u$ge in a re#iminar& in+estigation are

su%3ect to re+ie* %& ro+incia# an$ cit& "sca#s. There *as no ronoucementin these cases as to *hether or not a municia# tria# court, in the er$er o! the

>ce o! the Deut& >m%u$sman !or the Ji#itar&, the Court reso#+es toDISJISS the etition. No ronouncement as to costs.

S> >RDERED.

G.R. No. L-37007 Juy 50, 19*7

RA%ON S. %ILO, !n !# apa!y a# A##!#an ro"!n!a !#a o

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The un$ersigne$ 'ssistant ro+incia# (isca# accuses uan Tu+era,Sr., Tomas Jen$o)a an$ Ro$o#!o Jangsat a#ias Ru$&, a## o!Janaoag, angasinan, o! the crime o! 'RMITR'R DETENTI>N,committe$ as !o##o*s

That on or a%out the 21st $a& o! 'ri# 19:, at aroun$ 1000

o@c#oc7 in the e+ening, in %arrio Maguina&, Janaoag, angasinan,hi#iines an$ *ithin the 3uris$iction o! this ?onora%#e Court,accuse$ uan Tu+era, Sr., a %arrio catain, *ith the ai$ o! someother ri+ate ersons, name#& uan Tu+era, r., Merti##o Mataoi# an$one Dianong, ma#treate$ one 'rman$o Ba#$e) %& hitting *ith %uttso! their guns an$ "sts %#o*s an$ imme$iate#& therea!ter, )ithoutle"al "rounds, )ith deliberate intent to deprive said ArmandoValdez o! his constitutional libert%, accused 0arrio captain +uanTuvera, -r., Cpl. Tomas Mendoza and at. 'odol!o Man"sat,members o! the police !orce o! Man"sat, an"asinan conspirin",con!ederatin" and helpin" one another, did, then and there,)ill!ull%, unla)!ull% and !eloniousl%, lod"e and loc8 said ArmandoValdez inside the municipal jail o! Manaoa", an"asinan !or about

eleven 9cto%er 12, 192.

SGD./ BICENTE C. C'LD>N''ssistant ro+incia# (isca#

'## the accuse$, inc#u$ing reson$ent uan Tu+era, Sr., *ere arraigne$ an$#ea$e$ not gui#t&.

>n 'ri# 4, 19:, Tu+era "#e$ a motion to uash the in!ormation on thegroun$ that the !acts charge$ $o not constitute an oense an$ that theroo!s a$$uce$ at the in+estigation are not sucient to suort the "#ingo! the in!ormation. etitioner 'ssistant ro+incia# (isca# Ramon S. Ji#o "#e$an oosition thereto.

(in$ing that reson$ent uan Tu+era, Sr. *as not a u%#ic ocer *ho can %echarge$ *ith 'r%itrar& Detention, reson$ent u$ge 'nge#ito C. Sa#angagrante$ the motion to uash in an or$er $ate$ 'ri# 28, 19:.

?ence, this etition.

'r%itrar& Detention is committe$ %& a u%#ic ocer *ho, *ithout #ega#groun$s, $etains a erson.1The e#ements o! this crime are the !o##o*ing

1. That the oen$er is a u%#ic ocer or em#o&ee.

2. That he $etains a erson.

:. That the $etention is *ithout #ega# groun$s.2

The groun$ re#ie$ uon %& ri+ate reson$ent Tu+era !or his motion touash the in!ormation *hich *as sustaine$ %& reson$ent u$ge, is thatthe !acts charge$ $o not constitute an oense,:that is, that the !actsa##ege$ in the in!ormation $o not constitute the e#ements o! 'r%itrar&Detention.

The In!ormation charges Tu+era, a %arrio catain, to ha+e consire$ *ithC#. Jen$o)a an$ at. Jangsat, *ho are mem%ers o! the o#ice !orce o!Janaoag, angasinan in $etaining etitioner Ba#$e) !or a%out e#e+en 11/

hours in the municia# 3ai# *ithout #ega# groun$. No $ou%t the #ast t*oe#ements o! the crime are resent.

The on#& uestion is *hether or not Tu+era, Sr., a %arrio catain is a u%#icocer *ho can %e #ia%#e !or the crime o! 'r%itrar& Detention.

The u%#ic ocers #ia%#e !or 'r%itrar& Detention must %e +este$ *ithauthorit& to $etain or or$er the $etention o! ersons accuse$ o! a crime.Such u%#ic ocers are the o#icemen an$ other agents o! the #a*, the3u$ges or ma&ors.4

Reson$ent u$ge Sa#anga $i$ not consi$er ri+ate reson$ent Tu+era as

such u%#ic ocer *hen the !ormer ma$e this "n$ing in the uestione$or$er

'arent#&, i! 'rman$o Ba#$e) *as e+er 3ai#e$ an$ $etaine$ morethan si< 6/ hours, uan Tu+era, Sr., has nothing to $o *ith thesame %ecause he is not in an& *a& connecte$ *ith the o#ice (orceo! Janaoag, angasinan. Granting that it *as Tu+era, Sr., *hoor$ere$ Ba#$e) arreste$, it *as not he *ho $etaine$ an$ 3ai#e$ him%ecause he has no such authorit& +este$ in him as a mere MarrioCatain o! Marrio Maguina&, Janaoag, angasinan. 8

In #ine *ith the a%o+e "n$ing o! reson$ent u$ge Sa#anga, ri+atereson$ent Tu+era asserts that the motion to uash *as roer#& sustaine$

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!or the !o##o*ing reasons 1/ That he $i$ not ha+e the authorit& to ma7earrest, nor 3ai# an$ $etain etitioner Ba#$e) as a mere %arrio catain 62/That he is neither a eace ocer nor a o#iceman,:/ That he *as not au%#ic ocia#;4/ That he ha$ nothing to $o *ith the $etention o!etitioner Ba#$e)98/ That he is not connecte$ $irect#& or in$irect#& in thea$ministration o! the Janaoag o#ice (orce106/ That %arrio catains on

'ri# 21, 192 *ere not &et consi$ere$ as ersons in authorit& an$ that it*as on#& uon the romu#gation o! resi$entia# Decree No. 299 that MarrioCatain an$ ?ea$s o! Maranga&s *ere $ecree$ among those *ho areersons in authorit&11an$ that the roer charge *as I##ega# Detentionan$ Not 'r%itrar& Detention.12

5e $isagree.

Long %e!ore resi$entia# Decree 299 *as signe$ into #a*, %arrio #ieutenants*ho *ere #ater name$ %arrio catains an$ no* %aranga& catains/ *ererecogni)e$ as ersons in authorit&. In +arious cases, this Court $eeme$them as ersons in authorit&, an$ con+icte$ them o! 'r%itrar& Detention.

In /.-. vs. 0ra"anza,1:Jartin Sa#i%io, a %arrio #ieutenant, an$ ?i#arioMragan)a, a municia# counci#or, arreste$ (ather (e#iciano Gome) *hi#e he*as in his church. The& ma$e him ass through the $oor o! the +estr& an$a!ter*ar$s too7 him to the municia# %ui#$ing. There, the& to#$ him that he*as un$er arrest. The riest ha$ not committe$ an& crime. The t*o u%#icocia#s *ere con+icte$ o! 'r%itrar& Detention.14

In /.-. vs. #ellada,18Geronimo Ge##a$a, a %arrio #ieutenant, *ith the he# o!(i#oteo So#iman, %oun$ an$ tie$ his house%o& Sine nee$ not %e a o#ice ocer to %e chargea%#e *ith 'r%itrar& Detention.It is accete$ that other u%#ic ocers #i7e 3u$ges an$ ma&ors, *ho act*ith a%use o! their !unctions, ma& %e gui#t& o! this crime.22' erusa# o! theo*ers an$ !unction +este$ in ma&ors *ou#$ sho* that the& are simi#ar tothose o! a %arrio catain2:e

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a h&othetica# a$mission o! the !acts a##ege$ in the in!ormation. 2;Jatterso! $e!ense cannot %e ro+e$ $uring the hearing o! such a motion, er$er o! 'ri# 28, 19: in Crimina# Case No. D-829 is here%& set asi$e. Let this case %e reman$e$ to the aroriate tria#court !or !urther rocee$ings. No ronouncement as to costs.

S> >RDERED.

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G.R. No. L-14:39 %ar 5', 1919

;ACARIAS 8ILLA8ICENCIO, ET AL., etitioners, +s.JUSTO LU?$AN, ETAL.,reson$ents.

%ALCOL%,J.2

The anna#s o! 3uri$ica# histor& !ai# to re+ea# a case uite as remar7a%#e asthe one *hich this a#ication !or habeas corpussu%mits !or $ecision.5hi#e har$#& to %e ecto%er 28.

The +esse#s reache$ their $estination at Da+ao on >cto%er 29. The *omen*ere #an$e$ an$ receite$ !or as #a%orers %& (rancisco Sa#es, ro+incia#

go+ernor o! Da+ao, an$ %& (e#iciano Wigo an$ Ra!ae# Casti##o. Thego+ernor an$ the hacenderoWigo, *ho aear as arties in the case, ha$no re+ious noti"cation that the *omen *ere rostitutes *ho ha$ %eene

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%e!ore the court the ersons therein name$, a##ege$ to %e $eri+e$ o! their#i%ert&, on Decem%er 2, 191;.

Me!ore the $ate mentione$, se+en o! the *omen ha$ returne$ to Jani#a attheir o*n en motion o! counse# !or etitioners, their testimon&*as ta7en %e!ore the c#er7 o! the Sureme Court sitting as commissioners.

>n the $a& name$ in the or$er, Decem%er 2n$, 191;, none o! the ersonsin *hose %eha#! the *rit *as issue$ *ere ro$uce$ in court %& thereson$ents. It has %een sho*n that three o! those *ho ha$ %een a%#e tocome %ac7 to Jani#a through their o*n eorts, *ere noti"e$ %& the o#icean$ the secret ser+ice to aear %e!ore the court. The "sca# aeare$,reeate$ the !acts more comrehensi+e#&, reiterate$ the stan$ ta7en %&him *hen #ea$ing to the origina# etition coie$ a te#egram !rom theJa&or o! the cit& o! Jani#a to the ro+incia# go+ernor o! Da+ao an$ theans*er thereto, an$ te#egrams that ha$ asse$ %et*een the Director o!La%or an$ the attorne& !or that Mureau then in Da+ao, an$ oere$ certaina$a+its sho*ing that the *omen *ere containe$ *ith their #i!e inJin$anao an$ $i$ not *ish to return to Jani#a. Reson$ents Sa#esans*ere$ a##eging that it *as not ossi%#e to !u#"## the or$er o! the

Sureme Court %ecause the *omen ha$ ne+er %een un$er his contro#,%ecause the& *ere at #i%ert& in the ro+ince o! Da+ao, an$ %ecause the&ha$ marrie$ or signe$ contracts as #a%orers. Reson$ent Wigo ans*ere$a##eging that he $i$ not ha+e an& o! the *omen un$er his contro# an$ thatthere!ore it *as imossi%#e !or him to o%e& the man$ate. The court, a!ter$ue $e#i%eration, on Decem%er 10, 191;, romu#gate$ a secon$ or$er,*hich re#ate$ that the reson$ents ha$ not com#ie$ *ith the origina#or$er to the satis!action o! the court nor en anuar& 1:, 1919, the reson$entstechnica##& resente$ %e!ore the Court the *omen *ho ha$ returne$ to thecit& through their o*n eorts an$ eight others *ho ha$ %een %rought toJani#a %& the reson$ents. 'ttorne&s !or the reson$ents, %& their returns,

once again recounte$ the !acts an$ !urther en$ea+ore$ to account !or a## o!the ersons in+o#+e$ in thehabeas corpus. In su%stance, it *as state$ thatthe reson$ents, through their reresentati+es an$ agents, ha$ succee$e$in %ringing !rom Da+ao *ith their consent eight *omen that eight&-one*omen *ere !oun$ in Da+ao *ho, on notice that i! the& $esire$ the& cou#$return to Jani#a, transortation !ee, renounce$ the right through s*orn

statements that "!t&-nine ha$ a#rea$& returne$ to Jani#a %& other means,an$ that $esite a## eorts to "n$ them t*ent&-si< cou#$ not %e #ocate$.Moth counse# !or etitioners an$ the cit& "sca# *ere ermitte$ to su%mitmemoran$a. The "rst !orma##& as7e$ the court to "n$ usto Lu7%an, Ja&oro! the cit& o! Jani#a, 'nton ?ohmann, chie! o! o#ice o! the cit& o! Jani#a,ose Ro$rigue) an$ (ernan$o >r$a

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con+icte$ o! +agranc&, to the home#an$. Ne* or7 an$ other States ha+estatutes ro+i$ing !or the commitment to the ?ouse o! Re!uge o! *omencon+icte$ o! %eing common rostitutes. '#*a&s a #a*X E+en *hen thehea#th authorities come# +accination, or esta%#ish a uarantine, or #ace a#erous erson in the Cu#ion #eer co#on&, it is $one ursuant to some #a*or or$er. Mut one can search in +ain !or an& #a*, or$er, or regu#ation, *hich

e+en hints at the right o! the Ja&or o! the cit& o! Jani#a or the chie! o!o#ice o! that cit& to !orce citi)ens o! the hi#iine Is#an$s ? an$ these*omen $esite their %eing in a sense #eers o! societ& are ne+erthe#ess notchatte#s %ut hi#iine citi)ens rotecte$ %& the same constitutiona#guaranties as are other citi)ens? to change their $omici#e !rom Jani#a toanother #oca#it&. >n the contrar&, hi#iine ena# #a* seci"ca##& unishesan& u%#ic ocer *ho, not %eing e

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o! #a*, these rosecutors *i## institute an$ ress a crimina# rosecution 3ustas +igorous#& as the& ha+e $e!en$e$ the same ocia# in this action.Ne+erthe#ess, that the act ma& %e a crime an$ that the ersons gui#t&thereo! can %e rocee$e$ against, is no %ar to the instant rocee$ings. Touote the *or$s o! u$ge Coo#e& in a case *hich *i## #ater %e re!erre$to? =It *ou#$ %e a monstrous anoma#& in the #a* i! to an a#ication %&

one un#a*!u##& con"ne$, ta %e restore$ to his #i%ert&, it cou#$ %e a sucientans*er that the con"nement *as a crime, an$ there!ore might %econtinue$ in$e"nite#& unti# the gui#t& art& *as trie$ an$ unishe$ there!or%& the s#o* rocess o! crimina# roce$ure.= In the matter o! ac7sonP1;6Q, 18 Jich., 416, 4:4./ The *rit o! habeas corpus*as $e+ise$ an$e

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o%e& the or$er o! the court an$ thus to un$o the *rong that he hasinicte$, he shou#$ %e come##e$ to $o so. E+en i! the art& to *hom the*rit is a$$resse$ has i##ega##& arte$ *ith the custo$& o! a erson %e!orethe a#ication !or the *rit is no reason *h& the *rit shou#$ not issue. I! thema&or an$ the chie! o! o#ice, acting un$er no authorit& o! #a*, cou#$$eort these *omen !rom the cit& o! Jani#a to Da+ao, the same ocia#s

must necessari#& ha+e the same means to return them !rom Da+ao toJani#a. The reson$ents, *ithin the reach o! rocess, ma& not %eermitte$ to restrain a !e##o* citi)en o! her #i%ert& %& !orcing her to changeher $omici#e an$ to a+o* the act *ith imunit& in the courts, *hi#e theerson *ho has #ost her %irthright o! #i%ert& has no eecti+e recourse. Thegreat *rit o! #i%ert& ma& not thus %e easi#& e+a$e$.

It must %e that some such uestion has hereto!ore %een resente$ to thecourts !or $ecision. Ne+erthe#ess, strange as it ma& seem, a c#osee

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issuance o! the *rit ha$ %een han$e$ o+er %& him to another that it *asno #onger in his custo$& or contro#, an$ that it *as imossi%#e !or him too%e& the *rit. ?e *as !oun$ in contemt o! court. >n aea#, the court,through Lor$ Esher, J. R., sai$

' *rit o! habeas corpus*as or$ere$ to issue, an$ *as issue$ on

anuar& 22. That *rit comman$e$ the $e!en$ant to ha+e the %o$&o! the chi#$ %e!ore a 3u$ge in cham%ers at the Ro&a# Courts o!ustice imme$iate#& a!ter the receit o! the *rit, together *ith thecause o! her %eing ta7en an$ $etaine$. That is a command to brin"the child be!ore the jud"e and must be obe%ed, unless some la)!ulreason can be sho)n to e@cuse the nonproduction o! the child. *! itcould be sho)n that b% reason o! his havin" la)!ull% parted )iththe possession o! the child be!ore the issuin" o! the )rit, thede!endant had no lon"er po)er to produce the child, that mi"ht bean ans)er but in the absence o! an% la)!ul reason he is bound toproduce the child, and, i! he does not, he is in contempt o! theCourt !or not obe%in" the )rit )ithout la)!ul e@cuse. Jan& eortsha+e %een ma$e in argument to shi!t the uestion o! contemt to

some anterior erio$ !or the urose o! sho*ing that *hat *as$one at some time rior to the *rit cannot %e a contemt. Mut theuestion is not as to *hat *as $one %e!ore the issue o! the *rit.The uestion is *hether there has %een a contemt in $iso%e&ingthe *rit it *as issue$ %& not ro$ucing the chi#$ in o%e$ience to itscomman$s. The Fueen vs.Mernar$o P1;;9Q, 2: F. M. D., :08. Seea#so to the same eect the Irish case o! *n reJatthe*s, 12 Ir. Com.La* Re. PN. S.Q, 2:: The Fueen vs.Marnar$o, Gossage@s CaseP1;90Q, 24 F. M. D., 2;:./

' $ecision coming !rom the (e$era# Courts is a#so o! interest. ' habeascorpus*as $irecte$ to the $e!en$ant to ha+e %e!ore the circuit court o! theDistrict o! Co#um%ia three co#ore$ ersons, *ith the cause o! their

$etention. Da+is, in his return to the *rit, state$ on oath that he ha$urchase$ the negroes as s#a+es in the cit& o! 5ashington that, as he%e#ie+e$, the& *ere remo+e$ %e&on$ the District o! Co#um%ia %e!ore theser+ice o! the *rit o! habeas corpus, an$ that the& *ere then %e&on$ hiscontro# an$ out o! his custo$&. The e+i$ence ten$e$ to sho* that Da+is ha$remo+e$ the negroes %ecause he susecte$ the& *ou#$ a#& !or a *rito! habeas corpus. The court he#$ the return to %e e+asi+e an$ insucient,an$ that Da+is *as %oun$ to ro$uce the negroes, an$ Da+is %eing resentin court, an$ re!using to ro$uce them, or$ere$ that he %e committe$ tothe custo$& o! the marsha## unti# he shou#$ ro$uce the negroes, or %eother*ise $ischarge$ in $ue course o! #a*. The court a!ter*ar$s or$ere$that Da+is %e re#ease$ uon the ro$uction o! t*o o! the negroes, !or oneo! the negroes ha$ run a*a& an$ %een #o$ge$ in 3ai# in Jaran$. Da+is

ro$uce$ the t*o negroes on the #ast $a& o! the term. nite$States vs.Da+is P1;:9Q, 8 Cranch C.C., 622, (e$. Cas. No. 14926. See a#soRo%% vs.Conno##& P1;;:Q, 111 .S., 624 Church on ?a%eas, 2n$ e$., .10./

5e "n$, there!ore, %oth on reason an$ authorit&, that no one o! the

$e!ense oere$ %& the reson$ents constitute$ a #egitimate %ar to thegranting o! the *rit o! habeas corpus.

There remains to %e consi$ere$ *hether the reson$ent com#ie$ *ith thet*o or$ers o! the Sureme Court a*ar$ing the *rit o! habeas corpus, an$ i!it %e !oun$ that the& $i$ not, *hether the contemt shou#$ %e unishe$ or%e ta7en as urge$.

The "rst or$er, it *i## %e reca##e$, $irecte$ usto Lu7%an, 'nton ?ohmann,(rancisco Sa#es, an$ (e#iciano Wigo to resent the ersons name$ in the*rit %e!ore the court on Decem%er 2, 191;. The or$er *as $ate$ No+em%er4, 191;. The reson$ents *ere thus gi+en am#e time, ractica##& onemonth, to com#& *ith the *rit. 's !ar as the recor$ $isc#oses, the Ja&or o!the cit& o! Jani#a *aite$ unti# the 21st o! No+em%er %e!ore sen$ing ate#egram to the ro+incia# go+ernor o! Da+ao. 'ccor$ing to the resonse o!the attorne& !or the Mureau o! La%or to the te#egram o! his chie!, there*ere then in Da+ao *omen *ho $esire$ to return to Jani#a, %ut *hoshou#$ not %e ermitte$ to $o so %ecause o! ha+ing contracte$ $e%ts. Theha#!-hearte$ eort natura##& resu#te$ in none o! the arties in uestion%eing %rought %e!ore the court on the $a& name$.

(or the reson$ents to ha+e !u#"##e$ the court@s or$er, three otiona#courses *ere oen 1/ The& cou#$ ha+e ro$uce$ the %o$ies o! theersons accor$ing to the comman$ o! the *rit or 2/ the& cou#$ ha+esho*n %& a$a+it that on account o! sic7ness or in"rmit& those ersons

cou#$ not sa!e#& %e %rought %e!ore the court or :/ the& cou#$ ha+eresente$ a$a+its to sho* that the arties in uestion or their attorne&*ai+e$ the right to %e resent. Co$e o! Crimina# roce$ure, sec. ;./ The&$i$ not ro$uce the %o$ies o! the ersons in *hose %eha#! the *rit *asgrante$ the& $i$ not sho* imossi%i#it& o! er!ormance an$ the& $i$ notresent *ritings that *ai+e$ the right to %e resent %& those intereste$.Instea$ a !e* stereot&e$ a$a+its urorting to sho* that the *omen*ere conten$e$ *ith their #i!e in Da+ao, some o! *hich ha+e since %eenreu$iate$ %& the signers, *ere aen$e$ to the return. That throughor$inar& $i#igence a consi$era%#e num%er o! the *omen, at #east si

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The court, at the time the return to its "rst or$er *as ma$e, *ou#$ ha+e%een *arrante$ summari#& in "n$ing the reson$ents gui#t& o! contemt o!court, an$ in sen$ing them to 3ai# unti# the& o%e&e$ the or$er. Theire

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e