copyright © 2012 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. population growth and urbanization...

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 13

Population Population Growth Growth

and and UrbanizationUrbanization

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Myth or Fact?Myth or Fact? The most important The most important

factor in controlling factor in controlling world population world population growth is technology.growth is technology.

The U.S. achieved The U.S. achieved zero population zero population growth when the growth when the birthrate dropped birthrate dropped below replacement below replacement rate in the 1970s.rate in the 1970s.

Myth Myth


World Population GrowthWorld Population Growth


Doubling TimeDoubling Time

The time it takes for a population to The time it takes for a population to double in size from any base year.double in size from any base year.

Doubling times: Doubling times: Several thousand years for the world Several thousand years for the world

population to grow from 4 to 8 million population to grow from 4 to 8 million A few thousand years to grow from 8 to 16 A few thousand years to grow from 8 to 16

millionmillion


Doubling TimeDoubling Time

About 1,000 years to grow from 16 to 32 About 1,000 years to grow from 16 to 32 millionmillion

Less than 1,000 years to grow to 64 Less than 1,000 years to grow to 64 million. million.

The recent doubling, from 3 billion in 1960 The recent doubling, from 3 billion in 1960 to 6 billion in 1999, took about 40 years.to 6 billion in 1999, took about 40 years.

It will probably not double in size again.It will probably not double in size again.


World’s 7 Largest CountriesWorld’s 7 Largest Countries

Gary

Replace with Figure 12.3 on page 441


Global Population Growth Is Driven by Global Population Growth Is Driven by Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries


Current Population TrendsCurrent Population Trends

Future projections suggest that, although Future projections suggest that, although the world population continues to grow, it the world population continues to grow, it may never double again.may never double again. Fertility rates have dropped around the worldFertility rates have dropped around the world A child born today may live to see A child born today may live to see

stabilization of the world’s populationstabilization of the world’s population


Current Population Trends and Current Population Trends and Future ProjectionsFuture Projections

According to the United Nations, the world’s According to the United Nations, the world’s population is growing at an annual rate of population is growing at an annual rate of 1.14%, resulting in the addition of 76 million 1.14%, resulting in the addition of 76 million people per year.people per year.

Projections of future population growth Projections of future population growth suggest that world population will grow from suggest that world population will grow from 6.5 billion in 2005 to 9.1 billion in 2050. 6.5 billion in 2005 to 9.1 billion in 2050.


Population Growth Rates andPopulation Growth Rates andFertility Rates: 2005 and 2050Fertility Rates: 2005 and 2050


Elements of Elements of Demographic ChangeDemographic Change

Fertility Fertility refers to the actual number of children bornrefers to the actual number of children born

Mortality Mortality refers to the number of deaths that occur in a refers to the number of deaths that occur in a

particular populationparticular population

Migration Migration refers to the permanent change of residencerefers to the permanent change of residence can be immigration or emigrationcan be immigration or emigration


Population DensityPopulation Density

The number of people per unit of land The number of people per unit of land area. area.

The population density of India is 869 The population density of India is 869 people per square mile, compared with people per square mile, compared with 80 people per square mile in the United 80 people per square mile in the United States.States.


Population DensityPopulation Density

In 18 countries, the population density is In 18 countries, the population density is more 1,000 people per square mile.more 1,000 people per square mile.

As a comparison:As a comparison: Kern County: 69 people per sq mileKern County: 69 people per sq mile Los Angeles: 2183 people per sq mileLos Angeles: 2183 people per sq mile San Francisco: 15,502 people per sq San Francisco: 15,502 people per sq

milemile


Current Population TrendsCurrent Population Trends

Future projections suggest that, although Future projections suggest that, although the world population continues to grow, it the world population continues to grow, it may never double again.may never double again. Fertility rates have dropped around the worldFertility rates have dropped around the world A child born today may live to see A child born today may live to see

stabilization of the world’s populationstabilization of the world’s population


Current Population Trends and Current Population Trends and Future ProjectionsFuture Projections

According to the United Nations, the world’s According to the United Nations, the world’s population is growing at an annual rate of population is growing at an annual rate of 1.14%, resulting in the addition of 76 million 1.14%, resulting in the addition of 76 million people per year.people per year.

Projections of future population growth Projections of future population growth suggest that world population will grow from suggest that world population will grow from 6.5 billion in 2005 to 9.1 billion in 2050. 6.5 billion in 2005 to 9.1 billion in 2050.


Population Growth Rates andPopulation Growth Rates andFertility Rates: 2005 and 2050Fertility Rates: 2005 and 2050


QuestionQuestion

There should be government intervention in There should be government intervention in determining the maximum number of children people determining the maximum number of children people can have.can have.

A.A. Strongly agreeStrongly agreeB.B. Agree somewhatAgree somewhatC.C. UnsureUnsureD.D. Disagree somewhatDisagree somewhatE.E. Strongly disagreeStrongly disagree


Population MomentumPopulation Momentum Continued population growth as a result of Continued population growth as a result of

past high fertility rates that have resulted in a past high fertility rates that have resulted in a large number of young women who are large number of young women who are currently entering their childbearing years. currently entering their childbearing years.

Despite the below-replacement fertility rates in Despite the below-replacement fertility rates in more developed regions, population in these more developed regions, population in these regions is expected to continue to grow until regions is expected to continue to grow until about 2030 and then to begin to decline. about 2030 and then to begin to decline.


Population TrendsPopulation Trends

1.1. The total number of people on this planet The total number of people on this planet is rising and is expected to continue to is rising and is expected to continue to increase over the coming decades.increase over the coming decades.

2.2. About 40% of the world’s population lives About 40% of the world’s population lives in countries in which couples have so few in countries in which couples have so few children that the countries’ populations are children that the countries’ populations are likely to decline over the coming years.likely to decline over the coming years.


UrbanizationUrbanization Transformation of a society from a rural to an urban Transformation of a society from a rural to an urban

one.one.

Urban population - Urban population - Persons living in cities or towns Persons living in cities or towns of 2,500 or more residents.of 2,500 or more residents.

Urbanized areaUrbanized area - One or more places and the - One or more places and the adjacent densely populated surrounding area that adjacent densely populated surrounding area that together have a minimum population of 50,000.together have a minimum population of 50,000.

Mega-citiesMega-cities - Cities with 10 million residents or - Cities with 10 million residents or more.more.


Urban SkylineUrban Skyline


SuburbanizationSuburbanization

As more and more people moved to the As more and more people moved to the suburbs, suburbs, urban areas surrounding central urban areas surrounding central cities, the United States underwent cities, the United States underwent suburbanization.suburbanization.

As city residents left the city to live in the As city residents left the city to live in the suburbs, cities experienced suburbs, cities experienced deconcentrationdeconcentration, the redistribution of the , the redistribution of the population from cities to suburbs and population from cities to suburbs and surrounding areas. surrounding areas.


QuestionQuestion

If you could live anywhere in the United If you could live anywhere in the United States that you wanted to, would you States that you wanted to, would you prefer a city, suburban area, small prefer a city, suburban area, small town, or farm?town, or farm?

A.A. CityCity

B.B. Suburban areaSuburban area

C.C. Small townSmall town

D.D. FarmFarm


U.S. Metropolitan Growth and U.S. Metropolitan Growth and Urban SprawlUrban Sprawl

A A metropolitan areametropolitan area is a densely is a densely populated core area together with populated core area together with adjacent communities. adjacent communities.

The largest city in each metropolitan area The largest city in each metropolitan area is designated the central city.is designated the central city.


U.S. Metropolitan Growth and U.S. Metropolitan Growth and Urban SprawlUrban Sprawl

The growth of metropolitan areas is often The growth of metropolitan areas is often referred to as urban sprawl—the ever referred to as urban sprawl—the ever increasing outward growth of urban areas. increasing outward growth of urban areas.

Urban sprawl results in the loss of green Urban sprawl results in the loss of green open spaces, the displacement and open spaces, the displacement and endangerment of wildlife, traffic congestion endangerment of wildlife, traffic congestion and noise, and pollution liabilities.and noise, and pollution liabilities.


Los Angeles TrafficLos Angeles Traffic


Decline in Available Cropland Decline in Available Cropland


Structural-Functionalist Structural-Functionalist PerspectivePerspective

Focuses on how changes in one aspect Focuses on how changes in one aspect of the social system affect other aspects of the social system affect other aspects of society. of society.

The The demographic transition theorydemographic transition theory of of population describes how population describes how industrialization has affected population industrialization has affected population growth. growth.


Structural-Functionalist Structural-Functionalist PerspectivePerspective

The development of urban areas is The development of urban areas is functional for societal development. functional for societal development.

Urbanization is also dysfunctional, Urbanization is also dysfunctional, because it leads to increased rates of because it leads to increased rates of anomie as the bonds between individuals anomie as the bonds between individuals and social groups become weak.and social groups become weak.


Demographic Transition TheoryDemographic Transition Theory

Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high birth - little population growth, high birth rates offset by high death rates.rates offset by high death rates.

Stage 2: Early Industrialization - Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population growth, birth significant population growth, birth rates are relatively high, death rates are relatively high, death rates decline.rates decline.


Demographic Transition Demographic Transition TheoryTheory Stage 3: Advanced Stage 3: Advanced

Industrialization and Urbanization Industrialization and Urbanization - very little population growth occurs, - very little population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low.birth rates and death rates are low.

Stage 4: Postindustrialization - Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more women birth rates decline as more women are employed and raising children are employed and raising children becomes more costly.becomes more costly.


PreindustrialPreindustrialEarly

IndustrialAdvancedIndustrial

PostIndustrial

Birth

Death

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PreindustrialEarlyEarly

IndustrialIndustrialAdvancedIndustrial

PostIndustrial

Birth

Death

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PreindustrialEarly

IndustrialAdvancedAdvancedIndustrialIndustrial

PostIndustrial

Birth

Death

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PreindustrialEarly

IndustrialAdvancedIndustrial

PostPostIndustrialIndustrial

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The Functionalist Perspective The Functionalist Perspective

Population growth and urban conditions Population growth and urban conditions become social problems when they become social problems when they become dysfunctional and lead to social become dysfunctional and lead to social disorganization. disorganization.

Thomas Malthus viewed population size Thomas Malthus viewed population size and food supply as two parts of a system and food supply as two parts of a system that should be in balance if a society is to that should be in balance if a society is to function properly. function properly.


The Conflict PerspectiveThe Conflict Perspective

Population and urban problems become Population and urban problems become social problems due to the inequitable social problems due to the inequitable distribution of resources. distribution of resources.

Karl Marx argued that powerful groups in Karl Marx argued that powerful groups in society benefit from restrictions in the society benefit from restrictions in the food supply and other scarce resources. food supply and other scarce resources.


The Interactionist PerspectiveThe Interactionist Perspective

Interactionists focus on the fact that Interactionists focus on the fact that population and urban problems are a population and urban problems are a matter of social definition. matter of social definition.

Population and urban problems are as Population and urban problems are as much about subjective definitions of much about subjective definitions of reality as they are about objective reality as they are about objective conditions. conditions.


Consequences of World Consequences of World Population GrowthPopulation Growth

Has population growth had adverse Has population growth had adverse consequences for people?consequences for people?

Whether or not the carrying capacity of Whether or not the carrying capacity of the earth has been reached is still the earth has been reached is still controversial, but some of the controversial, but some of the consequences of coming closer to consequences of coming closer to carrying capacity can be seen.carrying capacity can be seen.


Consequences of World Consequences of World Population GrowthPopulation Growth

Crowding

Food Shortages

Depletion of Resources

IntergroupConflict


Problems in Cities in the U.S.Problems in Cities in the U.S.

Economic declineEconomic decline

HousingHousing

SegregationSegregation

CrimeCrime

Educational problemsEducational problems


Future Prospects: Population Future Prospects: Population ProblemsProblems

The future of population problems will The future of population problems will depend on the ability to control fertility. depend on the ability to control fertility.

The major issues in reducing fertility are The major issues in reducing fertility are

family planning, economic development, family planning, economic development, incentives and the status of women.incentives and the status of women.


Future Prospects: Urban Future Prospects: Urban ProblemsProblems

Governmental programs have included urban Governmental programs have included urban renewal and community block grants. renewal and community block grants.

Private investment has focused on developing Private investment has focused on developing cities as better places to live, establishing “urban cities as better places to live, establishing “urban free-enterprise zones,” and utilizing grassroots free-enterprise zones,” and utilizing grassroots community development efforts.community development efforts.

Policies to improve conditions in cities include Policies to improve conditions in cities include urban homesteading and gentrification.urban homesteading and gentrification.

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