Chapter 15Population and Urbanization

Chapter Outline

• The City of God• Population• Theories of Population Growth• Population and Social Inequality

• Urbanization

The City of God: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

• Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is one of the world’s most beautiful cities.

• With a population of more than 12 million in 2002, it is the 18th biggest metropolitan area in the world.

• Not all are well off, slums are home to about 20% of the city’s inhabitants.

The City of God: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

• Brazil’s 41 million people in 1940 multiplied to about 180 million in 2004.

• The country is now more urbanized than the United States, with more than 3/4 of its population living in urban areas.

The Population “Explosion”

• 10,000 years before the birth of Christ there were only about 6 million people in the world.

• By the time Christ was born, world population had risen to 250 million, and it increased to some 760 million by 1750.

• The number of humans reached 1 billion in 1804 and 5 billion in 1987.

The Population “Explosion”

• On July 1, 2005, there will be an estimated 6.4 billion people in the world according to the U.S. Census Bureau.– Where 1 person stood 12,000 years

ago, there are now 1067 people.– Statistical projections suggest that by

2100, there will be about 1700 people.

World Population, (projected)

Age–sex Pyramid (projected)

Age–sex pyramid (projected)

Malthusian Theory of Population Growth

• While food supplies increase slowly, populations grow quickly.

• Only war, pestilence, and famine can keep human population growth in check.

Polling Question

• There should be government intervention in determining the maximum number of children people can have.A. Strongly agreeB. Agree somewhatC. UnsureD. Disagree somewhatE. Strongly disagree

Renewable Resources, World, % Change, 1990–2010

(projected)

Demographic Transition Theory

• The main factors underlying population dynamics:– Industrialization– Growth of cultural values

Demographic Transition Theory: 4 Stages

1. Pre-industrial era - crude birth rates and crude death rates were high and population growth was slow.

2. Early industrialization - crude death rates fell, population growth was rapid.

Demographic Transition Theory: 4 Stages

3. Later in industrialization era - values about having children changed, the crude birth rate fell, resulting in slow growth again.

4. Postindustrial era - crude death rate has risen above the crude birth rate in many societies.

Demographic Transition Theory

Countries with Lowest and Highest Fertility Rates, 2003

CountryFertility

RateCountry

Fertility Rate

Georgia 1.1 Niger 8.0

Ukraine 1.1 Somalia 7.2

Greece 1.2 Yemen 7.0

Italy 1.2 Mali 7.0

Latvia 1.2 Uganda 6.9

Lithuania 1.2Dem. Rep.

Congo6.9

Fertility Rates World’s Three Biggest

CountriesCountry Fertility Rate

China 1.7

India 3.1

United States 2.0

Case Study: Kerala

• Kerala is a state in India with more than 30 million people.

• Kerala had a total fertility rate of 1.8 in 1991, half of India’s national rate and far less than the replacement level of 2.1.

Case Study: Kerala

• The government of Kerala solved overpopulation by increasing gender equality.– Organized programs to educate women and

increase participation in the paid labor force.

– Made family planning widely available.• Today, Keralan women enjoy the highest

literacy rate, the highest labor force participation rate, and the highest rate of political participation in India.

Urbanization

World’s 5 Largest Metropolitan Areas,

1900CountryCountry MillionsMillions

London, England 6.5

New York, U.S. 4.2

Paris, France 3.3

Berlin, Germany 2.4

Chicago, U.S. 1.7

World’s 5 Largest Metropolitan Areas, 2015

(projected)Country Millions

Tokyo, Japan 28.7

Mumbai (Bombay), India 27.4

Lagos, Nigeria 24.4

Shanghai, China 23.4

Jakarta, Indonesia 21.2

Polling Question

• If you could live anywhere in the United States that you wanted to, would you prefer a city, suburban area, small town, or farm?A. CityB. Suburban areaC. Small townD. Farm

Chicago School

• Described the arrangement of the industrial city as expanding concentric circles: – The main business,

entertainment, and shopping area is in the center.

– The class position of residents increases as from inner to outer rings.

Concentric Zone Model: Chicago (1920)

After Chicago: A Critique

1. Social isolation, stress, emotional withdrawal and other problems may be as common in rural as in urban areas.

2. The patterns discovered are most applicable to American industrial cities in the first quarter of the 20th century.

3. Presents urban growth as a natural process, slighting historical, political, and economic foundations in capitalist industrialization.

1. Central city2. Suburban residential

areas3. Circumferential

highway4. Radial highway5. Shopping mall6. Industrial district7. Office park8. Service center9. Airport complex10.Combined

employment and shopping center

New Urban Sociology

• Emerged in the 1970s and stressesthat city growth is a process rooted in power relations and the urge to profit.

Corporate City

• The growing post-World War II perception and organization of the North American city as a vehicle for capital accumulation.

Suburbanism

• A way of life outside city centers that is organized mainly around the needs of children and involves higher levels of conformity and sociability than life in the central city.

Gated Communities, Exurbs, and Edge Cities• Metropolitan areas include:

– gated communities - Residents pay high taxes to keep the community patrolled and walled off from the outside world.

– exurbs - Rural residential areas within commuting distance of the city.

– edge cities - Exurban clusters of malls and offices at the convergence point of major highways.

20 Largest Cities in the United States, 2002

City Population

1 New York, NY 8,084,316

2 Los Angeles, CA 3,798,981

3 Chicago, IL 2,886,251

4 Houston, TX 2,009,834

5 Philadelphia, PA 1,492,231

6 Phoenix, AZ 1,371,960

7 San Diego, CA 1,259,532

20 Largest Cities in the United States, 2002

City Population

8 Dallas, TX 1,211,467

9 San Antonio, TX 1,194,222

10 Detroit, MI 925,051

11 San Jose, CA 900,443

12 Indianapolis, IN 783,612

13 San Francisco, CA 764,049

14 Jacksonville, FL 762,461

20 Largest Cities in the United States, 2002

City Population

15 Columbus, OH 725,228

16 Austin, TX 671,873

17 Memphis, TN 648,882

18 Baltimore, MD 638,614

19 Milwaukee, WI 590,895

20 Boston, MA 589,281

The Postmodern City:3 Features

1. Access to formerly public spaces is limited to those who can afford to pay.

2. A variety of lifestyles and subcultures based on race, ethnicity, immigrant status, class, sexual orientation, etc.

3. More globalized than the corporate city.

% Change in Population of High-Poverty Neighborhoods, United

States, 1990–2000

Quick Quiz

1. According to Malthus, what forces hold population growth in check?a. "preventive" measures such as

abortion and infanticideb. "positive checks" such as war,

pestilence, and faminec. "religious checks" such as

abstinence and self-deniald. "preventive" measures such as

abortion and infanticide, and "positive checks" such as war, pestilence, and famine

Answer: d

1. According to Malthus, "preventive" measures such as abortion and infanticide, and "positive checks" such as war, pestilence, and famine hold population growth in check.

2. Helping the poor economically generally results in the poor having more children.

a. Trueb. False

Answer: b

• Helping the poor economically generally does not result in the poor having more children.

3. According to demographic transition theory, in the pre-industrial period:a. the crude birth rate was lowb. the crude birth rate was highc. the crude death rate was highd. the crude birth rate was low, and

the crude death rate was highe. the crude birth rate was high, and

the crude death rate was high

Answer: e

• According to demographic transition theory, in the pre-industrial period the crude birth rate was high, and the crude death rate was high.

4. What policies have been followed in Kerala, a state in India, to reduce the fertility rate to a manageable level?a. The government pursued a policy of

rapid industrialization.b. The government strictly enforced a

childbirth policy similar to China'sc. The government organized

programs to educate women and increase their participation in the labor force.

d. All of these choices

Answer: c

• In Kerala, a state in India, the government organized programs to educate women and increase their participation in the labor force.

5. The idea that industrialization is the only factor underlying urbanization is inaccurate because:a. cities existed in the ancient era as

administrative and religious centersb. international trade stimulated urban

growth in pre-industrial Europe and the Middle East

c. urbanization is not occurring at a rapid rate in the world's poor countries

d. a. and b.

Answer: d

• The idea that industrialization is the only factor underlying urbanization is inaccurate because cities existed in the ancient era as administrative and religious centers and international trade stimulated urban growth in pre-industrial Europe and the Middle East.

6. The new urban sociology is a theoretical approach that borrows ideas from biology to identify the dynamics and patterns of urban growth.

a. Trueb. False

Answer: b

• The new urban sociology does not borrow ideas from biology to identify the dynamics and patterns of urban growth.

7. _________________ are rural residential areas within commuting distance of a city.

Answer: exurbs

• Exurbs are rural residential areas within commuting distance of a city.