Chapter 12

Population Growth Population Growth and Urbanizationand Urbanization

Myth or Fact?Myth or Fact? The most important factor The most important factor

in controlling world in controlling world population growth is population growth is technology, especially technology, especially contraception.contraception.

U.S. cities are segregated U.S. cities are segregated because whites and non-because whites and non-whites don’t want to live in whites don’t want to live in the same neighborhoods.the same neighborhoods.

The U.S. achieved zero The U.S. achieved zero population growth when population growth when the birthrate dropped the birthrate dropped below replacement rate in below replacement rate in the 1970s.the 1970s.

Suburban growth in the Suburban growth in the U.S. began because U.S. began because people wanted larger people wanted larger homes and more land.homes and more land.

Myth Myth

Studying PopulationStudying Population

PopulationPopulation Total # of people inhabiting a particular Total # of people inhabiting a particular

geographic area at a specific timegeographic area at a specific time

DemographyDemography Study of the size, composition and Study of the size, composition and

distribution of human populationsdistribution of human populations Change over timeChange over time

U.S. CensusU.S. Census Since 1790Since 1790

Mailed for first time in 1960Mailed for first time in 1960

Elements of Demographic ChangeElements of Demographic Change

Fertility Fertility Crude birth rate—the # of live births in year per 1,000 Crude birth rate—the # of live births in year per 1,000 FecundityFecundity—biological max # of children a woman could bear—biological max # of children a woman could bear

Mortality Mortality Crude death rate—total # of deaths a year per 1,000Crude death rate—total # of deaths a year per 1,000 Infant mortalityInfant mortality—rate of death among infants under 1 year—rate of death among infants under 1 year

Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy Average # of years people expected to liveAverage # of years people expected to live Longevity—life spanLongevity—life span

Rate of natural increaseRate of natural increase The difference between crude birth and death ratesThe difference between crude birth and death rates

Migration Migration Permanent change of residencePermanent change of residence

Immigration—movement into a countryImmigration—movement into a country Emigration—movement out of a countryEmigration—movement out of a country

Global Fertility Rates 2008Global Fertility Rates 2008

Global Life Expectancy 2008Global Life Expectancy 2008

Global Infant Mortality Rates 2008Global Infant Mortality Rates 2008

Global MigrationGlobal Migration

Population Change in the U.S. 2008Population Change in the U.S. 2008

World Population Growth over 2,000 YearsWorld Population Growth over 2,000 Years

World Population Clock 2008World Population Clock 2008

World Population Clock 2008World Population Clock 2008

Population ProjectionsPopulation Projections

World Population TrendsWorld Population Trends Demographic transition Demographic transition

Change in patterns of birth and death rates Change in patterns of birth and death rates Due to Industrialization Due to Industrialization

Demographic gapDemographic gap Gap between high birth rates and low death Gap between high birth rates and low death

ratesrates

Carrying capacityCarrying capacity The upper limit imposed on a population by its The upper limit imposed on a population by its

resourcesresources Cannot exceedCannot exceed

Four Stages Four Stages of Demographic Transitionof Demographic Transition

Postindustrial StageLow Birth Rates

and Low Death Rates

Industrial StageDeclining Death Rates and

Declining Birth Rates

Early Industrial StageHigh Birth Rates and Declining Death Rates

Preindustrial StageHigh Birth Rates and

High Death Rates

Demographic TransitionDemographic Transition

““NOVA—NOVA—World in the Balance: The World in the Balance: The

Population Paradox” Population Paradox”

Video Presentation:Video Presentation:

Perspectives on Population GrowthPerspectives on Population Growth FunctionalismFunctionalism

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus Population boom in Europe—Industrial RevolutionPopulation boom in Europe—Industrial Revolution

The Malthusian TheoremThe Malthusian Theorem Food production growth: additiveFood production growth: additive Population growth: exponentialPopulation growth: exponential

Focus on exhaustion of resourcesFocus on exhaustion of resources Conflict TheoryConflict Theory

Focus on inequitable distribution of resourcesFocus on inequitable distribution of resources Rather than lackRather than lack

Artificial limits benefit someArtificial limits benefit some InteractionismInteractionism

FocusFocus on subjective experienceon subjective experience Definition of what is desirable or essentialDefinition of what is desirable or essential

Population GrowthPopulation Growth

Consequences:Consequences:

CrowdingCrowding Related to other social Related to other social

problemsproblems Poverty, violence, crimePoverty, violence, crime

Food shortagesFood shortages Focus on yield increasesFocus on yield increases

Biotechnology and genetic Biotechnology and genetic modificationmodification

Depletion of resourcesDepletion of resources Shortages of fossil fuelsShortages of fossil fuels

Inter-group conflictInter-group conflict Compete for resourcesCompete for resources

Future Prospects:Future Prospects:

Zero Population GrowthZero Population Growth Produce no natural Produce no natural

increaseincrease Family PlanningFamily Planning

Programs to change Programs to change cultural valuescultural values

Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development Urbanization, rising Urbanization, rising

standards of livingstandards of living IncentivesIncentives

Tax breaks, trust fundsTax breaks, trust funds Status of WomenStatus of Women

Equality through Equality through education, jobs, voteeducation, jobs, vote

CitiesCitiesHistoryHistory

Humans form Humans form communitiescommunities Groups who share:Groups who share:

Common territoryCommon territory Identity or belongingIdentity or belonging InteractionInteraction

Cities:Cities: Large, permanentLarge, permanent Rely on outside areas for foodRely on outside areas for food

Urbanization:Urbanization: Cities grow more urbanCities grow more urban

Industrialization (18Industrialization (18thth—19—19thth century)century)

Change in the U.S.Change in the U.S. 1800: ~ 6% lived in cities1800: ~ 6% lived in cities 2000: ~ 80% lived in cities2000: ~ 80% lived in cities

GrowthGrowth Suburbs:Suburbs:

City outskirts City outskirts Less density Less density Mostly residentialMostly residential

Suburbanization:Suburbanization: Government programs Government programs

(1930s)(1930s) Federal Housing Federal Housing

Administration (FHA)Administration (FHA) Veteran’s Administration Veteran’s Administration

(VA)(VA) Economy and technology Economy and technology

(1940s-50s) (1940s-50s) Change in U.S.Change in U.S.

1970: 75% of residents both 1970: 75% of residents both live and work in suburbslive and work in suburbs

2000: 60% of urban 2000: 60% of urban population lives in suburbspopulation lives in suburbs

Urban/Rural Makeup of U.S.Urban/Rural Makeup of U.S.

How Urban Is Your State?How Urban Is Your State?

Urban Density in the U.S.Urban Density in the U.S.

Urban Density in the U.S. (2009)Urban Density in the U.S. (2009) Population per square milePopulation per square mile

U.S. average: 80U.S. average: 80 California average: 270California average: 270

Urban densityUrban density Minneapolis: 1,800 Minneapolis: 1,800 Portland: 3,000 Portland: 3,000 Los Angeles: 8,000Los Angeles: 8,000 Philadelphia: 11,000Philadelphia: 11,000 Chicago: 14,000Chicago: 14,000 San Francisco: 16,000San Francisco: 16,000 Isla Vista: 18,000 (per ½ sq. mile)Isla Vista: 18,000 (per ½ sq. mile) New York City: 27,000 (Manhattan: 67,000)New York City: 27,000 (Manhattan: 67,000)

Shrinking and Growing CitiesShrinking and Growing Cities

Global Global Cities: Cities:

1,000,000+ 1,000,000+ residentsresidents

Global Megacities Global Megacities 1975-20151975-2015

““NOVA—NOVA—World in the Balance: World in the Balance:

China Revs Up” China Revs Up”

Video Presentation:Video Presentation:

Problems in U.S. CitiesProblems in U.S. Cities

Problems in U. S. CitiesProblems in U. S. Cities Economic DeclineEconomic Decline

Flight of people and jobsFlight of people and jobs NE and MidwestNE and Midwest

HousingHousing Deterioration and abandonment of neighborhoodsDeterioration and abandonment of neighborhoods Lack of affordable housingLack of affordable housing

SegregationSegregation GhettoGhetto

Neighborhood inhabited largely by single ethnic or racial groupNeighborhood inhabited largely by single ethnic or racial group Exacerbates poverty, racial tensionsExacerbates poverty, racial tensions

CrimeCrime Larger city, higher crime rateLarger city, higher crime rate

More in inner-citiesMore in inner-cities Public EducationPublic Education

Poor communities cannot afford expenses Poor communities cannot afford expenses

Urban FlightUrban Flight

Perspectives on UrbanizationPerspectives on Urbanization FunctionalismFunctionalism

Urban conditions become social problemsUrban conditions become social problems When they become dysfunctional When they become dysfunctional When they lead to social disorganization When they lead to social disorganization

Conflict TheoryConflict Theory Urban conditions become social problemsUrban conditions become social problems

Due to social inequalityDue to social inequality Inner-city residents have little economic and political Inner-city residents have little economic and political

power power

InteractionismInteractionism Urban conditions become social problemsUrban conditions become social problems

When defined subjectivelyWhen defined subjectively Urban conditions “worsened” in 1980s-90sUrban conditions “worsened” in 1980s-90s

Future Prospects: Urban ProblemsFuture Prospects: Urban Problems Federal Grants and ProgramsFederal Grants and Programs

Urban renewalUrban renewal RebuildRebuild Provide low-cost housingProvide low-cost housing Stimulate investment Stimulate investment

Private InvestmentPrivate Investment Make cities better places to liveMake cities better places to live

““Enterprise zones”Enterprise zones”

Community DevelopmentCommunity Development Join private and public stakeholdersJoin private and public stakeholders

Resettlement of CitiesResettlement of Cities Encourage returnEncourage return

““Urban homesteading”Urban homesteading” ““Gentrification”Gentrification”

Regional Planning and CooperationRegional Planning and Cooperation Benefit from regional decision makingBenefit from regional decision making