constructioncdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/orissa-session-1-ppt1-30-… · construction design...
TRANSCRIPT
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Development Alternatives
LCCR CONSTRUCTION FOR COASTAL CLIMATIC ZONE
ORISSA
1
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Defining Climate Change
Climate is… “ the mean and variability of relevant parameters like temperature, precipitation, and wind over a period of time, usually averaged over 30 years.”
-The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate change is… the fluctuations in the “average weather” or variations in patterns of temperature, wind and precipitation over extended periods as well as the occurrence of extreme weather events.
GHG Concentrations during the last 2000 years Source: IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report
“Human activity alters the composition of global atmosphere both directly and indirectly, and is, to a large extent, responsible for climate change.”
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Climate Change: Common understanding
• The world is warming
• Much of the warming is to do with human emissions of greenhouse gases
• Warming will cause other changes
• There will be a wide range of impacts due to these changes The Earth’s climate system has demonstrably changed on both global
and regional scales since the pre-industrial era, with some of these
changes attributable to human activities.
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001, 2007
3
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
Glo
bal E
mis
sio
ns (
GtC
O2e) Business as usual
550ppm CO2e stabilisation path
450ppm CO2e stabilisation path
CO2e = carbon dioxide equivalent. This converts the various greenhouse gases (methane, nitrous oxide and F-gases) into
comparable units in terms of global warming potential.
To avoid the worst impacts of climate change, we need to stabilise emissions
at concentrations of 450-550ppm CO2e…
What is Safe Level?
4
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Global Impacts of Climate Change
PREDICTED CHANGE
PROJECTED IMPACTS ON
Fluctuating precipitation patterns
Increased droughts, cyclones, floods.
Temperature extremities Increased heat & cold waves
Rise in sea levels Submerging of low-lying coasts
Agriculture Health Shelter
5
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Global Impacts of Climate Change
Over the period 1991-2005, • 3,470 million people were affected by disasters • 960,000 people died • US$ 1,193 billion economic losses
-International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, United Nations
45% of deaths by
natural disaster
79% of economic
losses caused by
natural hazards.
76% of all disaster events(1988-2007)
were hydrological, meteorological or
climatological in nature.
6
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Global Impacts of Climate Change
Global Climate Change Vulnerability Map Source: Centre of Global Development
“Most economies relying on agriculture and natural resources, are expected to be seriously affected by the adverse impacts of climate change.”
- IPCC 4th Assessment Report, 2007
Climate change mostly affects the developing countries of the world. In developing countries a large proportion of the population is more strongly
connected with natural resources.
7
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Impacts of Climate Change in South Asia
PROJECTED IMPACTS ON
Ecosystems
Agro-based livelihoods
Habitat
PREDICTED CHANGE • Increased droughts, tropical cyclones, floods • Rise in sea level • Rise in air and sea temperatures
Water systems
8
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Impacts of Climate Change in Orissa
Temperature fluctuation: • While global mean temperature rose by 0.5ºC over the past 50 years, in Orissa it rose by 1ºC. • In the last decade, the highest recorded average temperature has increased by a range of 4.4-6.6ºC, and the corresponding lowest recorded temperatures have decreased by a range of 3-5.1ºC.
“For 95 of the last 105 years, Orissa has witnessed adverse climatic events.” – InfoChange News & Features, December 2006.
RECORDED CHANGE
9
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Floods: •Monsoon of 2001: floods in 25 districts with no history of floods, 10 million lives affected, followed by an intense drought in 2002. Cyclones: •Cyclones of 1999: affected as many as 12.57 million people, 1.73 million hectares of agricultural land and damaged 1.65 million houses, fully or partially. Heat wave: •Heat wave of 1998: killed around 1500 people, mostly in coastal Orissa, a region otherwise known for its moderate temperature.
Calamities and Extreme Weather Events in Orissa
Cyclonic storms and floods along the 480 km coastline have been the most recurrent natural calamity in the coastal belt.
Cyclone
Flood
10
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Impacts of Climate Change in Orissa
“From a case study of the Orissa and West Bengal region, it is estimated that in the absence of protection, a one meter sea level rise will inundate 170,000 ha of predominantly prime agricultural land and displace 0.7 million people.”
– www.orissafactsheet.org
PREDICTED CHANGE Six coastal districts (Balasore, Bhadrak, Cuttack, Khurda, Puri and Nayagarh, interior districts of Mayurbhang and Kandhamal )are expected to receive more rainfall, while all other districts would get less rainfall.
11
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Factors Contributing to Climate Change in Orissa
Many of these activities are carried out to support the needs of the construction activities within the state.
Destroying forest cover
Removal of natural carbon sinks
Depletion of water resources
Disturbing the groundwater hydrology
Uncontrolled mining
Top soil erosion
12
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
How should we address climate change?
Mitigation
• Action to reduce greenhouse gases, and therefore reduce future climate change impacts.
Adaptation
• Action to minimise the impacts of climate change and to reduce its severity as it happens. Public services, businesses and communities need to adapt to the effects of climate change that are apparent now.
13
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Slide Source: Shukla, 2010
India: Commitments, Actions and Drivers
14
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Dilemma of providing services and protecting the environment
Energy Service Demand Energy Technology
CO2, SO2, NOX
Air pollutants
Acid precipitation
Why is this difficult?
15
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
The Construction Sector
GLOBALLY, the construction sector : • Accounts for 40% of the total flow of raw materials into the global economy every year. • Contributes 9% of global Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
IN INDIA, the construction sector: • Is amongst the fastest growing sectors today : 156% growth from 2000 to 2007, providing employment to 18 million people directly. • Was estimated at USD 70.8 billion in 2008-09, in a trillion dollar economy. • Has been steadily contributing about 8% to the national GDP over the last 5 years.
16
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
How does Climate Change affect Construction?
Uncomfortably hot or cold temperatures, high
velocity winds and intense precipitation
Increased incidence of extreme weather events
Flood and cylcone proneness in Orissa
Generation of huge amounts of debris from
damaged buildings
Climate resilience in design and
construction of buildings
Increased durability and performance
Building design and location
Appropriate disposal and reutilization of
debris
Changed needs of habitat and shelter in response to climate change.
17
Water Storage Water efficiency and
capture
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Extraction of naturally materials such as building stone, wood, limestone (for cement) and
soil for making bricks
Operational energy needs of buildings contributes to peak in
electricity consumption
Rapid increase in housing construction
Alteration of water cycle, land degradation, impact on local communities and impact on
air quality
Green house gas (GHG) emissions
Intensifies pressure identified above
Building construction and operation activities have extensive direct and indirect impacts on the environment.
At the national level, activities of the
construction sector
22% of the total annual national CO2 emissions (80% results mainly from
production of energy intensive building materials - steel, cement, bricks and lime)
How does Construction affect Climate Change?
18
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Construction and Climate Change: a cyclic link
19
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Villages
Highest proportion of kutcha houses in the country.
Conventional Building Practice in Rural Orissa
Kutcha houses Upgraded houses
Roofing: • Biomass • Tiles • Bamboo understructure Walls: • Mud(70% houses) • Brick • Biomass
Foundation: • Laterite foundation and plinth Walls: • Country burnt red bricks walls.
20
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Conventional Building Practice in Rural Orissa
State govt. pushing for fly-ash to replace brick
and laterite construction
Small Towns
Roofing: • RCC • Tiles • Asbestos sheets Walls: • Bricks • Earth • Biomass • Stone
Pucca houses
Last 10 years: Rising number
of thermal power plants
21
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Resources in Orissa
• Annual average rainfall : 1,489 mm • 11 major rivers systems
WATER RESOURCES
CONCERNS:
• Water pollution • Variation in rainfall patterns: droughts, floods
22
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
• Recorded forest cover: 60,000 km2 (37% state’s geographical area). • Building resources derived: timber, fuel wood, NTFPs (including Sal seed), bamboo. • Coastal plantations: 203 km2 of coastal mangrove plantations act as natural barriers to cyclone.
FOREST RESOURCES
Resources in Orissa
“Between 1986 and 2003, Orissa’s forest cover shrank by about 8%.” - State Of Forests Report, Forests and
Environment Department
CONCERNS: • Conservation of mangroves for protection from cyclones. • Soil erosion due to forest degradation is a serious issue.
23
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Minerals quarried: Bauxite (in laterite stone), dolomite,
graphite, sandstone, coal, granite,
marble, limestone, slate.
MINERAL RESOURCES
Resources in Orissa
Orissa is one of India’s most mineralised states.
The Government of Orissa have listed 104 mines which are found to have done over mining beyond the permission granted by Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM) in the state over the past 10 years period.
24
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
RE-USABLE INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Resources in Orissa
27 power plants produce 20 million tonnes fly-ash per year
Manufacture of building materials that can be substituted by fly ash
Metallurgical & metal-based industries and coal-based
thermal power plants
Large amounts of environmentally hazardous waste is generated of which some are useful for building material
production.
247 sponge iron plants produce dolochar
Usable in brick kilns as internal fuel, reducing the carbon footprint of the unit.
25
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Pressures of Extracting & Processing
Building Materials in Orissa
Increase in severely degraded land by
136%
Increase in barren land by 69%
Increase in land converted to non-
agricultural use by 34%
Indiscriminate quarrying for 13 years (uptill 2011)
Large scale deforestation and loss of forest cover
Construction of big power projects, roads and buildings
Loss of carbon sinks, irregular water flow (drying up of natural springs and increased vulnerability to flash floods during rains).
The dust, smoke and silt coming out of these plants are heavy sources of pollution.
Cement is one of the biggest industries
Large scale destruction of natural resources with open cast mining of limestone.
26
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
D
ES
IGN
Thank you
Development Alternatives 27
FO
R L
CC
R C
ON
ST
RU
CT
ION
DE
SIG
N
Development Alternatives
This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and the Netherlands Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGIS) for the benefit of developing countries. However, the viewsexpressed and information contained in it are not necessarily those of or endorsed by DFID or DGIS, who can accept no responsibility for such views or information or for any reliance placed on them. This publication has been prepared for general guidance on matters of interest only, and does not constitute professional advice. You should not act upon the information contained in this publication without obtaining specific professional advice. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this publication, and, to the extent permitted by law, the entities managing the delivery of the Climate and Development Knowledge Network do not accept or assume any liability, responsibility or duty of care for any consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to act, in reliance on the information contained in this publication or for any decision based on it.
© Copyright Climate and Development Knowledge Network 2013.
All content / information present here is the exclusive property of Development Alternatives (DA). The content / information contained here is correct at the time of publishing. The views expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization(s) associated with DA. This document contains details of a number of organizations, events, publications, projects and individuals. However, this does not imply that these entities are either endorsed or recommendedby DA in preference to others of a similar nature. These entities shall not be liable for any damages incidental to the use of the information contained in this document. No material from here may be copied, modified, reproduced, republished, uploaded, transmitted, posted or distributed in any form without prior written permission from DA. Unauthorized use of the content / information appearing here may violate copyright, trademark and other applicable laws, and could result in criminal or civil penalties.
© Development Alternatives 2013
Disclaimer