Colonization

Unit 1Chapters 1-3

GPS Standards 1-2

Early Exploration

• Europeans had been exploring for 3 reasons:– God, Gold, and Glory

• This included:– Finding all water route to Asia they called a “Northwest Passage” to

help ensure wealth due to trade.

• Settlements were NOT a priority at the time!• Settlements became necessary following events such as:

– The Protestant Reformation – Power conflicts involving the strong world powers: Portugal, Spain,

England, France, Netherlands

3G

Spain• Spain had created settlements in the southern

portions of the modern day United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America.

• Their success can be contributed to the Treaty of Tordesillas and their drive for gold.

England

• Queen Elizabeth I strove to make England the “main power” in Europe.

• King Philip II of Spain became the main target due to the success of his navy in battle and in exploration.

• The English were able to defeat the Spanish Armada making them the top power in Europe.

Virginia

• Sir Walter Raleigh explored the Atlantic seaboard and named the area Virginia after Queen Elizabeth. WHY Virginia???

• Settlement– Raleigh sent 2 separate groups of colonists

• 1585- Roanoke Island (modern day North Carolina), the colonists went home after a year

• 1587- More than 100 people were sent led by John White. By 1590, there was no trace of the “Lost Colony”

Financing Voyages

• Due to domestic issues, no other efforts were made for colonization for 25+ years.

• When it did, a different approach was taken:– Joint- Stock Company: form of business

organization that pooled the funds of many investors (Stockholders) who can independently sell their shares of the company

• Increases available resource capital• Diversifies risk

Joint Stock Companies

• King James I of England (successor of Elizabeth I) issued Charter of 1606.– Licensed joint stock companies to establish

settlements and find riches in specified areas.– Companies that participated included:

• The London Company• The Plymouth Company

Jamestown

• The London Company organized settlers for Jamestown- named for the King.

• Settled in 1607 under the leadership of John Smith

Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??

There was no talk…but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold…

- Arrived with first settlers- Many saw him as the leader

of the colony- Established a good

relationship with the Powhatans

- “Rough and Ready” You don’t work, you don’t eat

- DID NOT marry Pocahontas!!!!

Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

Jamestown Fort & Settlement

(Computer Generated)

Jamestown Fort & Settlement

(Computer Generated)

Jamestown HousingJamestown Housing

Jamestown SettlementJamestown Settlement

Jamestown Chapel, 1611

Jamestown Chapel, 1611

Problems

• Jamestown was near a marsh filled with mosquitos.

• Many of the Colonists died in the first year by– Disease– Starvation– Exposure to elements

The Powhatan

Confederation of 30 small tribes

• Local American Indians• Led by Wahunsonacock

(Chief Powhatan)• Gave settlers food and

taught how to cultivate corn.

Pocahontas• Daughter of Wahunsonacock

(Powhatan)• 10-12 years old at time of

English settlement• Intermediary between English

and Powhatan• Captured by colonists during

a time of strained relations• Married John Rolfe

– Converted to Christianity– Brought peace temporarily– “Lady Rebecca”

The REAL Pocahontas

• This is not real. Sorry

But this is!

The “Starving Time”

1609-1610• Following John Smith’s

departure from Jamestownn, relations with the Powhatans turned cold. – Settlers began stealing from

the Natives– Fall 1609- Powhatans raided

Jamestown in retaliation– Burned all crops– Killed all livestockSettlers were left to starve

High mortality rates

1607-1608• 104 colonists to 38 • 1609-1610

– 340 colonists 30– Many died from starvation.

Adult life expectancy:-40 years

Death of children before age 5:-80%

Tobacco

Introduced to Europe in 1550s• John Rolfe introduced this

Caribbean crop to Virginia as an enterprise- 1612

• This brought about the need for workers to cultivate “black gold”

• Indentured Servitude followed

Indentured Servants

• English citizens who agreed to work 4-7 years as a servant in exchange for passage to the New World.

• After that time, servants would be granted freedom and at times….Land!

Headrights system:• Men who paid for an

indentured servant’s passage would be granted a tract of land

• 1 Man=50 acres• Many would pay for entire

families to come in an effort to accumulate as much land as possible.

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Due to an economic downturn in the tobacco prices, farmers and laborers began to settle in new areas.

• Main area of conflict was western Virginia

• A treaty had been signed guaranteeing land to the Powhatan but white settlers moved in.

• Attacks began to take place by both parties

• Colonists wanted war• Governor Berkeley refused

but Nathaniel Bacon attacked American Indians, looted wealthy plantations, and burned Jamestown.

• Bacon died of illness and the King ordered Governor Berkeley to return to Britain.

House of Burgesses

• Virginia’s representative assembly of large plantation owners

• Quieted opposition by:– limiting the governor’s

power over land– Opened American Indian

lands to colonists

Indentured ServantsIndentured servants became the first means to meet the increased

need for labor.

In return for free passage to Virginia, a laborer worked for four

to five years in the fields before being granted freedom.

The Crown (England) rewarded planters with 50 acres of land for every inhabitant they brought to

the New World. –

Naturally, the colony began to expand. That expansion was soon

challenged by the Native American confederacy formed and named

after Powhatan

Trans-Atlantic Trade

• Triangular Trade routes were established between European nations and their colonies in the New World.

• Raw materials were shipped to Europe

• Finished goods were shipped to the New World via Africa

• Enslaved Africans were shipped from Western Africa to the New World along the Middle Passage.

Middle Passage• The middle passage was the slave’s voyage from the western

coast of Africa to the new world. – The trip was horrible. – Each person had less than 15 square feet to call his own. – Several slaves were whipped, thrown overboard, or forced to eat in

order to avoid starving to death.

Consequences of Atlantic Slave Trade

• Generations in Africa lost its fittest members.

• Depleted populations in Africa.

• Created new populations in the Americas

• Created new cultures • The slave trade

introduced guns into the African continent.

Travel across the Middle Passage

Slavery

Slave Codes– Designed to prevent

rebellions, slaves could not:• leave plantation without

permission• meet together in large

numbers• own weapons• learn to read or write

– This did not stop uprisings

Abolition• Quakers- members of a

Protestant sect that rejected wealth, clergy, as well as abolition- wanted to get rid of slavery

Growth of African-American Population• Slaves generally worked

hard on farms and plantations – they banded together to remember their African heritage and valued the bonds of family

• Free African-Americans generally did the same kind of work as slaves before the American Revolution – they generally lived in worse conditions and had minimal rights

New England Colonies

• Connecticut• Massachusetts Bay• Rhode Island• New Hampshire

New England

Settlement• 1620• Traveled on the Mayflower• Pilgrims- left England for

religious reasons• Landed near Cape Cod bay

in Massachusetts.

Labor and Economy• Based off of fishing and ship

building• Extra labor (like slaves and

indentured servants) weren’t necessary because New England colonists had very large families. More kids=free labor

Plymouth Colony

Mayflower Compact• Established a self-governing

colony based on the majority rule of male church members.

• Around half of the colonists died in the first winter.

Massachusetts Bay ColonyGovernor John Winthrop

Politics• Leader who wished to build a

model community of Christians

• Charter allowed for self-government but they COULD NOT violate English law.

• Voting rights for all freemen• Elected representatives were

part of the General Court- governing body

• Only half the men had right to vote

I see a city on a hill!

New England continuedCooperation of Church and state

• Place where town meetings and church services were held

• Everyone in the community expected to live a moral life or ALL would suffer God’s anger.

• Predestination- God already determined who would be saved

Meetinghouse

Navigation Acts• Restrictions on the colonies

to ensure profit for the mother country by protecting English shipping.

*COLONIES EXIST FOR THE GOOD OF THE

MOTHER COUNTRY!

MERCANTILISM

Loss of Massachusetts Charter• Revoked by King George II

because the colonists refused to obey the Navigation Acts.

New England

• Religious Conflicts:– Following the break with the

Roman Catholic church by King Henry 8th, there were further divisions.

Religion

• Puritans – tried to “purify”- make pure or fix

the church from within– Most Puritans did stay in England

unlike Pilgrims.– Those that left were seeking

religious freedom in America. They arrived in Plymouth ten years after the Pilgrims.

• Separatists– Broke with the Anglican Church

and many fled to other countries

The Great Migration- Beginning in 1630, more than 40,000 left England for the Americas to escape religious persecution and economic ruin.

Religious Dissent Continued

Anne Hutchinson• Banished from

Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638 for going against church ideas.

• Went to Rhode Island and later Long Island.

• Killed in American Indian attack.

Salem Witch Trials• 1690- Two dozen had been

accused of witchcraft• 1692- A series of tales were

told by a group of girls in Massachusetts. – led to hundreds being

accused of witchcraft – 19 people were hanged.

New England Society

Women and Families• Unlike Jamestown, women

and children came with their husbands to New England.

• Most families had 6-9 children• Women made everything by

hand: soap, yarn, candles, butter, cheese, etc.

• Because food was better and disease not as much of an issue, most survived to adulthood.

Commerce• There were indentured

servants, but due to the large families, extra labor was not as necessary as in Virginia.

• Crops were sufficient for survival but not a lot of surplus (extra) to sell for profit

Half Way Covenant

• A method for members to have partial membership in the New England Puritan church.

• Promoted by Rev. Stoddard

Religious Dissent

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

• Minister Thomas Hooker and his group left due to religious differences and the desire for more farmland.

• Considered first written constitution in the colonies

Providence, Rhode Island• Minister Roger Williams-

believed in strict separation of church and state.

• He was banished by the Puritans

• Purchased land from Narraganset Indians

• Obtained royal charter in 1644 allowing religious freedom.

New England

Relationship with Native Americans

• Squanto- Patuxet Indian who spoke English– Was kidnapped in 1615 and

had lived in Spain and England before returning to his village to find it wiped out by disease in 1619.

– Taught Pilgrims how to grow crops

– Joined in the Wampanoag tribe in a harvest celebration

• Became basis for Thanksgiving

King Philip’s War 1675-1676• Last major effort by the

Indians to push out English settlers

• Brutal conflict between the Massachusetts settlers and the Wampanoag Indians

• Indians led by Metacom (aka King Philip)

• Metacom was caputured and beheaded.

• Supporters fled and those captured were sent to the West Indies as slaves.

• Puritans saw the victory as a sign of God’s favor.

Mid Atlantic Colonies

• New York• New Jersey• Pennsylvania• Delaware

Mid-Atlantic Colonies

• New Amsterdam, New Netherlands– Settled by the Dutch West

India Company in 1621.• Fur traders

– Leaders ineffective (Leader was a Governor)

– English took over without a shot being fired.

– King’s brother the Duke of York took over, hence the name change to New York.

New Jersey

• The Duke of York took land from his acquired colony of New York and gave it to his friends.

Mid-Atlantic Colonies Continued• Pennsylvania

• The land was given to the son of Sir William Penn to pay off a debt.• Penn was also later given Delaware.• Setup as a haven for fellow Quakers but the area was geographically and

religiously diverse. Religious tolerance was followed• Crops included grain that was made into flour and exported.

Trade and Economics in the Colonies

• Mercantilism– Economic philosophy that

the control of imports was the key to success.

• Colonies existed for the good of the home country

• Colonies were a source of raw materials

• Colonies were a market for manufactured goods.

• Needed :– 1. Colonies – 2. Navy – 3. Sell more than you buy

• Trans-Atlantic Trade– The trade of African slaves by

Europeans.– Most slaves were shipped

from West Africa to the new world.

Main goal of Mercantilism:FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE-You export more than you import

Quebec• The French created

their North American colonial empire that they called “New France”

• France did not top the English because they failed to settle their land claims.

Reasons for the Settlement of Quebec

• Samuel Champlain founded Quebec after failing to find a Northwest Passage to India

• Worked towards converting Indians and establishing missions• Created a fur trade along the Mississippi river to Louisiana

FUR AND FAITH

• Society: Friendly with Indians –Because the French needed furs,

they were the most friendly with the local Native Americans

Benjamin Franklin

–Benjamin Franklin represented opportunities in colonial society; He used scientific innovation & political writing to

gain world fame

Franklin’s Key Concepts

• Social Mobility– Allowed for people to

change their social status or position

• Individualism– The value of a person is

based more on their morals, abilities, and work rather than their family. Focus on self- reliance and personal independence.

Great Awakening

• To counter the Enlightenment (focus on reason), a series of religious revivals swept through the British colonies in the mid-1700s

• Led to development of other Protestant denominations such as:– Baptist– Methodist

Great Awakening

• –Used “fire & passion” toencourage people to examine their eternal destiny

• –Preached sermons to 1,000s

in large “camp revivals”

• –Encouraged questioning of

established churches

• Jonathan Edwards– Credited with launching Great

Awakening in New England.

• George Whitefield– Spread the message in Britain but also

took tours of the colonies to preach.