Unit 1Unit 1 Chapters 1-5 TextbookChapters 1-5 Textbook

TopicsTopics:: Colonization: European interest in 15Colonization: European interest in 15thth Century? Century? Features of Spanish ColonizationFeatures of Spanish Colonization Native American Civilization: Elements of CivilizationNative American Civilization: Elements of Civilization British Colonization: Political, Economic, Religious, British Colonization: Political, Economic, Religious,

Social Development of British ColoniesSocial Development of British Colonies 17th and 18th Century Colonial Developments: 17th and 18th Century Colonial Developments:

Regionalization: North v SouthRegionalization: North v South Role of Religion: Great AwakeningRole of Religion: Great Awakening French ColonizationFrench Colonization

Topic 1Topic 1

Why did Europeans, in the 15Why did Europeans, in the 15thth Century, become interested in Century, become interested in overseas Colonization? (Why not overseas Colonization? (Why not before this?)before this?)

Key features of European society Key features of European society beforebefore the 15th Century. the 15th Century.

1. Sparsely populated.1. Sparsely populated.

The Black Death, a catastrophic epidemic of the The Black Death, a catastrophic epidemic of the bubonic plague that began in 1347, decimated bubonic plague that began in 1347, decimated Europe, killing 25m people, reducing the population Europe, killing 25m people, reducing the population from 85m to 60m…..resulted in Economic decline, from 85m to 60m…..resulted in Economic decline, but also less demand for land… but also less demand for land…

2. Mentality of the Middle Ages, inward-2. Mentality of the Middle Ages, inward-looking and relatively static outlook.looking and relatively static outlook.

Leif Ericson (11th Century) Leif Ericson (11th Century) and others had seen part of the and others had seen part of the new world - European's were new world - European's were capable of crossing the ocean capable of crossing the ocean to find it - but even had their to find it - but even had their discoveries become common discoveries become common knowledge there would have knowledge there would have been little interest on the part been little interest on the part of others to follow. of others to follow.

Europeans in the Middle Ages Europeans in the Middle Ages were not an adventurous were not an adventurous people…..people…..their outlook was their outlook was overwhelmingly provincialoverwhelmingly provincial

Close up of Leif in front of Hallgrímskirkja, in Reykjavík, Iceland. The statue was a gift from the United States government; he may have reached the US 500 yrs before Columbus – Vinland, near Newfoundland

33. Europe was divided into innumerable . Europe was divided into innumerable small duchies and kingdomssmall duchies and kingdoms

Power was for the most part so widely dispersed that Power was for the most part so widely dispersed that no single leader was capable of launching great no single leader was capable of launching great ventures. ventures.

Powerful nation states had not yet emerged.Powerful nation states had not yet emerged.

Yet, Europeans were aware of the Orient and its Yet, Europeans were aware of the Orient and its exotic goods (spices, silk, herbs, perfumes..) exotic goods (spices, silk, herbs, perfumes..) from…..from…..

News brought back by Christian Missionaries and News brought back by Christian Missionaries and the Crusaders who had gone to defend the Holy the Crusaders who had gone to defend the Holy Land from Moslem attacksLand from Moslem attacks

The writings of Marco Polo: he spentThe writings of Marco Polo: he spent20 years there in the 1320 years there in the 13thth Century: Century:

But interest in / demand for these goods was But interest in / demand for these goods was low because of Economic, Political, Social low because of Economic, Political, Social conditions in Europe and conditions in Europe and

The long, unsafe transportation route, The long, unsafe transportation route, dominated by Arab and Italian merchants, that dominated by Arab and Italian merchants, that the goods were brought across the goods were brought across

Summary….Changes in Europe during the 15th Summary….Changes in Europe during the 15th Century encouraging Colonization….OverviewCentury encouraging Colonization….Overview

1. Emergence of new governments / rulers1. Emergence of new governments / rulers 2. Population Increase2. Population Increase 3. Expansion of Commercial activity / Economy3. Expansion of Commercial activity / Economy 4. Emergence of Mercantilism as dominant 4. Emergence of Mercantilism as dominant

Economic philosophyEconomic philosophy 5. Spread of Renaissance spirit5. Spread of Renaissance spirit 6. Developments in Navigational Technology6. Developments in Navigational Technology 7. Breakthrough voyages of Diaz (1488) and Da 7. Breakthrough voyages of Diaz (1488) and Da

Gama (1498)Gama (1498)

1. Emergence of New Governments.1. Emergence of New Governments. Strong new monarchies emerged: they created Strong new monarchies emerged: they created

centralized centralized nation statesnation states, with national courts, , with national courts, national national armiesarmies, and perhaps most important, , and perhaps most important, national taxation national taxation systemssystems

As these As these ambitious kings and queens consolidated / ambitious kings and queens consolidated / centralized their powercentralized their power, subdued their nobles and , subdued their nobles and increased their wealth, they became eager to enhance the increased their wealth, they became eager to enhance the commercial and political power of their nations. commercial and political power of their nations.

Increased competition / rivalry with other nationsIncreased competition / rivalry with other nations

They were ready to finance daring expensive voyages of They were ready to finance daring expensive voyages of exploration – to find new land, increase supply of exotic exploration – to find new land, increase supply of exotic goods. goods.

Among the first united powerful nation states were Among the first united powerful nation states were Portugal, Spain, England, France, Netherlands - no Portugal, Spain, England, France, Netherlands - no coincidence that these were the states which became coincidence that these were the states which became great colonial empires. great colonial empires.

The countries which were slow or late in unifying - The countries which were slow or late in unifying - Germany, Italy - were left behind in the race for Germany, Italy - were left behind in the race for colonies. colonies.

22. Population Increase. Population Increase Another great change taking place in Europe in the Another great change taking place in Europe in the

15th Century was an increase in population. The 15th Century was an increase in population. The population increased from about 55m in 1450 to population increased from about 55m in 1450 to almost 100 m by 1600…..more competition / pressure almost 100 m by 1600…..more competition / pressure for land…sparked interest in acquiring land overseasfor land…sparked interest in acquiring land overseas

3. Expansion of Commerce.3. Expansion of Commerce.

Rise in population increased, meant increased Rise in population increased, meant increased prosperity for merchants, meant an increase in the prosperity for merchants, meant an increase in the demand for expensive goods, esp. exotic goods of the demand for expensive goods, esp. exotic goods of the Orient, from those growing in wealth…..must find Orient, from those growing in wealth…..must find faster, cheaper routesfaster, cheaper routes

4. Emergence of Mercantilism as the 4. Emergence of Mercantilism as the Dominant Economic Policy Dominant Economic Policy

Main ideas of MercantilismMain ideas of Mercantilism

the goal of economic activity should be to increase the nation's the goal of economic activity should be to increase the nation's total wealth….the individual is of secondary importancetotal wealth….the individual is of secondary importance

the world's wealth was finite; strong nations had to the world's wealth was finite; strong nations had to aggressively accumulate as much as possible before sources aggressively accumulate as much as possible before sources became exhausted (gold, silver, commodities)….strong nations became exhausted (gold, silver, commodities)….strong nations should exploit weaker nations should exploit weaker nations

To build up gold reserves, strong nations should export more To build up gold reserves, strong nations should export more than they importedthan they imported

States that were economically strong would be able to fund States that were economically strong would be able to fund huge armies, and dominate their neighbors and other nations – huge armies, and dominate their neighbors and other nations – Mercantilism was ultimately a political philosophy with a Mercantilism was ultimately a political philosophy with a political motive: POWERpolitical motive: POWER

Mercantilism was embraced by the new rulers of Mercantilism was embraced by the new rulers of nation states: thus their support for Merchants nation states: thus their support for Merchants searching for new routes, and explorers searching for searching for new routes, and explorers searching for new landsnew lands

5. Spread of Renaissance Spirit.5. Spread of Renaissance Spirit. A new emphasis on individualism, on living life now / A new emphasis on individualism, on living life now /

“carpe diem”, that life should not be dominated by “carpe diem”, that life should not be dominated by religion or by concerns or worries about the afterlife religion or by concerns or worries about the afterlife etc. etc.

Atmosphere of rebirth nurtured a healthy spirit of Atmosphere of rebirth nurtured a healthy spirit of optimism, self reliance, ambition and optimism, self reliance, ambition and “venturesomeness”; people were encouraged to be “venturesomeness”; people were encouraged to be informed, to question, to be less superstitious, to informed, to question, to be less superstitious, to believe that the world was roundbelieve that the world was round

Columbus would come to believe in this – he was a Columbus would come to believe in this – he was a product of the Renaissance. product of the Renaissance.

An outward-looking, risk-taking mentality slowly An outward-looking, risk-taking mentality slowly overcame that of the Middle Ages.overcame that of the Middle Ages.

Renaissance ideas were spread through books printed on Renaissance ideas were spread through books printed on the new Printing Presses of Europe (Gutenberg; 1450) the new Printing Presses of Europe (Gutenberg; 1450)

6. Navigational Technology6. Navigational Technology

In 1416, Prince In 1416, Prince Henry the Navigator, Henry the Navigator, set up a school of Navigation in Sagres, set up a school of Navigation in Sagres, PortugalPortugal

Brought the best cartographers, Brought the best cartographers, astronomers, and navigators…… astronomers, and navigators……

Goal was to help Portugal break Italian Goal was to help Portugal break Italian dominance of trade with the Orient by dominance of trade with the Orient by finding a sea route around Africafinding a sea route around Africa

The Experts at Sagres developed improved The Experts at Sagres developed improved

Ships: Ships: Caravels;Caravels; faster, lighter sailing shipsfaster, lighter sailing ships MapsMaps; (17,000 miles of the African coastline and ; (17,000 miles of the African coastline and

13,000 miles of the Asiatic coast).13,000 miles of the Asiatic coast). CompassesCompasses; gave accurate direction; gave accurate direction Astrolabes: Astrolabes: helped plot position based on the helped plot position based on the

position of the stars position of the stars

7. Breakthrough Voyages7. Breakthrough Voyages Diaz Diaz - first to round the tip of - first to round the tip of

Africa - 1488 - Called it Cape of Africa - 1488 - Called it Cape of Torment. Later changed to Cape Torment. Later changed to Cape of Good Hope of Good Hope

Da GamaDa Gama – first to sail round the – first to sail round the tip of Africa and up the East tip of Africa and up the East Coast of Africa in 1498, stopping Coast of Africa in 1498, stopping at Mozambique, Mombasa, at Mozambique, Mombasa, Malindi, before sailing across the Malindi, before sailing across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, IndiaIndian Ocean to Calicut, India

As a result, Portugal became As a result, Portugal became an economic power-house an economic power-house (trading in Africa, India, (trading in Africa, India, China) and an Empire, China) and an Empire, breaking the Italian dominance breaking the Italian dominance of trade with the Orientof trade with the Orient

Vasco Da Gama

Summary….Changes in Europe during the 15th Summary….Changes in Europe during the 15th Century encouraging Colonization….OverviewCentury encouraging Colonization….Overview

1. Emergence of new governments / rulers1. Emergence of new governments / rulers 2. Population Increase2. Population Increase 3. Expansion of Commercial activity / Economy3. Expansion of Commercial activity / Economy 4. Emergence of Mercantilism as dominant 4. Emergence of Mercantilism as dominant

Economic philosophyEconomic philosophy 5. Spread of Renaissance spirit5. Spread of Renaissance spirit 6. Developments in Navigational Technology6. Developments in Navigational Technology 7. Breakthrough voyages of Diaz (1488) and Da 7. Breakthrough voyages of Diaz (1488) and Da

Gama (1498)Gama (1498)