Unit 1—Chapters 1 – 4Exploration and Colonization

CSS 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 11.1, 11.3

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Identity

Work, Exchange,

and Technology

Peopling

Politics and Power

Americain the World

Environment and Geography —

Physicaland Human

Ideas, Beliefs,

andCulture

Course Course ThemesThemes77

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Skill Type

Historical Thinking Skills Foster Critical Analysis and Interpretation

Comparison and Contextualization

Chronological Reasoning

Crafting Historical Arguments from

Historical EvidenceHistorical

Interpretation and Synthesis

Historical Causation Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time Periodization

Historical Thinking Skill

Comparison Contextualization

Historical Argumentation Appropriate Use of Relevant Historical

Evidence

Interpretation Synthesis

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Nine Periods: 1491 to the Present

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AP® U.S. History Exam Design

Section IPart A: Multiple-choice questions 55 minutes (40%)(55 questions, organized in sets of 2−5)

• Each set is focused on one or more learning objectives.

• Each set is organized around primary or secondary sources.

Part B: Short-answer questions (4 questions) 45 minutes (20%)

Type, Time, and Percentage of Total AP Exam Score

Section II

Part A: Document-based question (1 question) 60 minutes (25%)

Part B: Long-essay question (1 question selected from 2) 35 minutes (15%)

More Themes of History

• Political• having to do with gaining, seeking and organizing power• events related to making and enforcing laws, forms of government and

changes to government, political parties, and elections• Economic

• having to do with how people meet their basic material needs• events related to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods

and services, domestic and foreign trade, taxes, and monetary policy• Geography

• having to do with the earth and its resources• events related to agricultural production, climate,

• Social/Cultural• having to do with people interacting in groups• events related to issues of gender, ethnicity, religion, social class, and

popular culture

Exploration (1000-1500)

Reasons for Exploration• silks and spices (Marco Polo)• crusades created market for

eastern goods• Muslims controlled trade

routes through Middle East • rise of nation-states• missionary orders

New Technology• triangular sails• Astrolabe• better maps• new ship design

Columbian Exchange, 1492• trade between New and Old worlds• population increase – labor pool• better nutrition• corn, potatoes, and beans• death of natives (90%)

Treaty of Tordesillas, 1493• Line of Demarcation• submission of Catholic kings to

Pope• divided world between Spain and

Portugal

Spanish Armada, 1585• preserved Protestant rule in

England• led to English naval dominance• English colonization of New World

Mag

ellan

, 151

9

Brazil

New England

New France

Columbus, 1492Aztec

Iroquois

IncaNew Spain

Northwest Passage?

Cabot, 1497

Hudson

Diaz, 1488

Marco Polospicessilks

CatholicProtestant

Orthodox

Muslim

God, Gold, and Glory (1500-1600)

Black Legend• conversion of natives meant

destruction of native culture and traditions

• Cathedrals were built on the foundations of old temples

Bartolomeo de las Casas• wrote about the people—one of few

records of Aztecs we have today

Juniperra Serra• est. missions in 1700s

encomiendas• plantation style colonies led to

enslavement of natives• produced ore and sugar• native population died creating

market for African slaves

Primogeniture• system by which oldest son

inherited everything

Conquistadores• soldiers who sought wealth in the

crusader spirit, by conquering in the name of the Church (some were incredibly successful)

• Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs, 1519

• Pizarro conquered Incas, 1532

mestizos• half native and half Spanish

God, Gold, and Glory

Mission System

Santa Fe

Tenochitlan

St. Augustine

Havana

Maya

Aztec

Cortez, 1519

Coronado, 1540

Ponce de Leon, 1513

Balboa, 1513

Pizarro, 1532

Inca

Iroquois

Cabrillo, 1543

New France (1600-1700)

Edict of Nantes, 1598• barred French Huguenots from

New France• mostly single men came, few

women• Jesuit missionaries

coureurs de bois• fur traders who set up local fur

trade posts• cooperation with Indians rather

than conquest became model for colony

Samuel de Champlain, 1608• founded Quebec in 1608• made alliance with Huron• Iroquois became allies with British

Robert La Salle, 1682• sailed down Mississippi in 1682• killed by own men in 1685 looking

for it from Gulf of Mexico• New Orleans founded 1718

HURON

pop. 15,000 in 1700

Name Year Founder Type Religion Economics, Religion, and Society

New Hampshire 1638 John Wheelright Charter Puritan New Englandsubsistence farminglumber, fur, shipbuilding suppliesshipping, fishing, whalinglittle religious tolerance except RI

•Plymouth absorbed by MA in 1691•New Haven absorbed by CT in 1692

Massachusetts Bay 1629 Puritans Charter Puritan

Plymouth 1620 Pilgrims Charter Separatist

Rhode Island 1636 Roger Williams Charter Puritan

Connecticut 1639 Thomas Hooker Charter Puritan

New Haven 1637 John Davenport Charter Puritan

New York 1664 James, Duke of York Royal ProtestantMiddle Coloniesbread basketmost religiously and ethnically diverseabsorbed New Amsterdam and New Sweden

Pennsylvania 1681 William Penn Proprietary Quaker

New Jersey 1664 George Carteret Proprietary Protestant

Delaware 1704 William Penn Proprietary Quaker

Maryland 1636 Lord Baltimore Proprietary CatholicSouthern Coloniescash crops—tobacco (1612), rice, indigoslavery introduced in 1619plantation economyclosest economic and cultural ties with England

Virginia 1607 Virginia Company Charter Anglican

Roanoke 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh Charter Anglican

North Carolina 1663 8 Lord Proprietors Proprietary Anglican

South Carolina 1729 Earl of Granville Royal Anglican

Georgia 1733 James Oglethorpe Royal Anglican

Thirteen Colonies 1607-1733

New England (4)1620-1700

Puritan Influence on America• homogenous, Puritan, universal

education - Harvard• work ethic, diversified economy

Mayflower Compact, 1620• first democratic government in

Americas• about 2/5 males voted (still more

democratic than England)

Fundamental Orders, 1639• first written constitution, used as

government of CT

Town Meeting• democratic forum of government

in NE towns• all freemen could vote at city

hall/church

Moving West• new towns in NE were required to

have a minister, a school, and permission from parents to move

• the layout of communities was very orderly with a central green with a church and school and farms around center

Roger Williams• exiled from MA for saying religion

should not influence government and Indians should be paid for their land

• Rhode Island became haven for religious freedom

Salem Witch Trials, 1692-1693• at least 25 executed in hysteria,

ended when governors’ wife accused

1519 ADReformation

Catholic Church Great Schism, 1054

People of the Book--Jews, Christians, Muslims

John Calvin (Calvinists)•predestination—a person is saved by God’s grace•no control over going to heaven or hell

Martin Luther (Lutherans)•necessity of clergy•purchase of indulgences•translation of Bible into German (printing press)

ProtestantReformation

1519(95 Theses)

Orthodox Church

Greece, Russia, Byzantine Empire

Church of England, 1534•same structure as Catholics•similar liturgy•Pope replaced by King

Separatists (Pilgrims)•William Bradford

•Plymouth, 1620

•separate from Church of England

•no hope to redeem Church

Puritans•John Winthrop

•Massachusetts, 1629

•purify Church of England

•Great Migration

•Oliver Cromwell & Roundheads

Quakers (Friends)•William Penn

•Pennsylvania

•no clergy—spoke when moved by God

•refused to swear loyalty to king

•refused to fight

•used archaic “thee”

Predestination

Visible Saints or “the Elect”• those bound for heaven• experienced a manifestation of

God’s gift of saving grace• verified before church council (with

witnesses)• the children of the damned are

damned

Anne Hutchinson• exiled from MA in 1638• taught antinomianism• went to RI for religious freedom

Half-Way Covenant, 1662• Puritans allowed unconverted to

attend meetings and their children might become visible saints

• increased religious participation and erased class barriers in New England

Great Awakening, 1730s• revitalized religious fervor in colonies• protestants divided over new preaching

Jonathan Edwards • “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”• graphic state of sinner• reliance on God’s grace

George Whitefield• an itinerant preacher who spread his

message across the colonies

Old Lights• rejected the new style for older, more

dignified sermons

New Lights• embraced new emotional preaching• creation of New Light Colleges• Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and

Dartmouth

Middle Colonies (4)1660s - 1700

New Amsterdam, 1623-1664• est. by Dutch West India

Company—oversaw Dutch interests in western hemisphere

• Dutch most powerful trade empire of the period

• Peter Stuyvesant military ruler, conquered New Sweden in 1655

patroons• large land grants along Hudson

New York• Charles II sent 4 frigates and

1000 troops to take it and gave the colony to his brother the Duke of York

• the Duke gave his friends New Jersey

William Penn• Quaker founder allowed

freedom of religion• learned language of natives and

dealt with them as equals• PA had fewest conflicts with

natives of any colony

Philadelphia• tolerance of PA and NY made

them largest cities in colonies• Philadelphia was 2nd largest

city in British empire• Germans, Dutch, French,

English, Swedes

Native Americans1607-1754

Indian-White Relationship Cycle• White settlers need secret of

survival from natives• Whites then thrive in new

land• Whites need new land for

farming/mining• Indians resist expansion• Whites destroy/remove

Indians from area

First Anglo-Powhatan War, 1622• Openchancanough,

Pocahontas’ uncle

Pequot Wars, 1637• first major Indian-Colonist

conflict in NE (CT)

Second Anglo-Powhatan War, 1644• Openchancanough again• tribe forced to give up all land

between York and James Rivers

King Philip’s War, 1675• Metacom, Wampanoag chief, led

intertribal assault in NE• destroyed whole towns• only slowed western march of

whites

Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan• kidnapped by whites in 1613 to

keep peace• baptized “Rebecca” and married

John Rolfe in 1615• died on return trip from England

in 1617

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4

5

Southern Colonies (5)1607-1733

Jamestown, 1607• Virginia Company, a joint stock

venture sent 3 ships• “starving time” of 1609-1610,

only 60 of 500 survived• by 1624, only 1277 of 6000

settlers were alive• mosquitoes, malnutrition,

typhoid, and dysentery• John Smith ran colony under

martial law• 20 capitol crimes including not

attending church• John Rolfe introduced tobacco

in 1612 and married Pocahontas in 1615

Maryland Act of Toleration, 1676• protected right of Catholics to

worship in Maryland

House of Burgesses, 1619 • first congress in colonies, based

on Parliament • est. tradition of representative

government in colonies

Carolinas• North Carolina mostly small

farms• South Carolina raised rice for

Caribbean and indigo

Georgia, 1733• penal colony as buffer to Spain

Working Poor

Headright System• colonists received 50 acres for

every person they brought to the New World

Indentured Servitude• poor people paid for passage to

New World through 4-7 years of labor to whomever paid the passage

• more than ½ of all immigrants in 1700s came this way

• at end of indentures, each worker was promised freedom dues

• 2/5 died during servitude

Quitrent• a small piece of land, clothing,

tools, and seeds

Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676• Nathaniel Bacon led revolt

against Gov. Berkeley – burned Jamestown

• frontier people (Scots-Irish) closer to Indians and unhappy about lenient Indian policy (helped fur trade)

• Bacon died of dysentery and the rebellion died with him

• plantation owners switched from indentured servants to slaves

Paxton Boys, 1764• Scots-Irish from western PA• marched on Philadelphia to

protest Quaker Indian policy

Middle Passage

Slavery, 1619• tobacco required lots of labor

and took nutrients from the soil• constant need for more land• 10-12 million slaves brought to

the New World• thousands of Indian slaves as

well

Middle Passage• six-week travel from African

coast to slave houses in the West Indies

• 600 packed onto a ship that could hold 450

• death rates ran as high as 20 percent

Slave Codes• at first slavery was more like

indentured servants• more and more rules changed

slavery into a permanent hereditary inferior position over decades

• 55 slave revolts from 1699 to 1845

Mercantilism

Mercantiism• colonists were supposed to

send raw materials to England• colonies bought manufactured

good from mother country• England discouraged colonies

from developing industry

Navigation Acts, 1650s• banned trade with other nations

and their colonies

Molasses Act, 1733• first new law in fifty years• banned trade with French

colonies to promote trade with British

Hat, Iron, Wool Acts• colonists supposed to buy

finished goods from England

Salutory Neglect• period of lax enforcement of

Navigation Acts (up until 1763)

Triangle Trade• molasses—rum—slaves• this trade cycle tied New

England to the slave trade

European Wars1688 - 1763

“Loyal” Colonies• endangered by Indians and

French in larger world conflicts• derided for their “cowardice”

and lack of patriotism• not treated as equal members

of empire in military• Washington snubbed as colonial

militia officer

New England Confederation, 1643• coalition of Massachusetts Bay,

Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut but not Rhode Island

• for defense against French, Dutch, and Indians

• each colony received two votes

Dominion of New England, 1686• created by crown to make defense easier• enforced Navigation Laws• heavy-handed Sir Edmond Andros hated

by colonists• included all of NE at first, added NY and

Jerseys later• quickly disbanded after the Glorious

Revolution

Glorious Revolution, 1689• James II replaced by his daughter Mary

and her husband, William III, of the Netherlands

• British heritage of rebellion• beheaded Charles I

Ft. Louisbourg, 1745• taken from French but given back in

1748• British exchanged it for Madras in India• colonists felt betrayed

European Name American Name Years

War of League of Augsburg Queen Anne’s War 1688-1697

War of Spanish Succession King William’s War 1701-1713

War of Austrian Succession War of Jenkin’s Ear 1740-1748

Seven Years’ War French-Indian War 1756-1763

Colonial Society1607-1750

Social Classes• lack of hereditary

aristocracy and easy access to land helped create a large middle class

• South more hierarchical

Michel de Crevecoeur • French immigrant wrote

Letters from an American Farmer in 1760s

• social mobility and self-reliance

• America the melting pot

Education in New England• NE towns with 50+ had public

school• NE towns with 100+ had to teach

Latin• Harvard was built by 1636• students were ranked by social

standing

Education in Southern Colonies• in South, education was done by

tutors• the poor had no schools in the

1860s• the rich went to England for college

Lifespan• better balanced nutrition

lengthened life expectancy• NE “invented” grandparents

Women’s Rights

New England• female-male ratio in North

was 1:1• education optional• women ran households,

dairy, and gardens while men did fieldwork

• 8 children the average• no birth control

South• female-male ratio close to

1:50 in South• more control of marriage,

often survived husbands and had rights as widows

Legal Rights• had no inheritance except

through husband• widows had more rights than

other women• married women could not

sign contracts, own property, or vote

Work• few occupations outside the

home were available• maid, midwife