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Unit 1--Exploration and ColonizationChapters 1 – 5

• Political– having to do with gaining, seeking and organizing power– events related to making and enforcing laws, forms of government and changes to

government, political parties, and elections

• Economic– having to do with how people meet their basic material needs– events related to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services,

domestic and foreign trade, taxes, and monetary policy

• Geography– having to do with the earth and its resources– events related to agricultural production, climate,

• Social/Cultural– having to do with people interacting in groups– events related to issues of gender, ethnicity, religion, social class, and popular culture

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1000-1500 ADExploration

New Technology

•triangular sails

•Astrolabe

•better maps

•new ship design

Columbian Exchange•pop. Increase•better nutrition•labor pool•death of natives (90%)

Iroquois

Inca

Aztec

Reasons for Exploration

•silks and spices

•Marco Polo

•crusades

•trade routes

•nation-states

•missionary zeal

Northwest Passage?

Muslim

New

Spain

New France

New England

Spanish Armada, 1585•preserved Protestant rule in England•English naval rule•made English colonization of New World possible

Columbus, 1492

Mag

ella

n, 1

519

Diaz, 1488

Hudson

Cabot, 1497

Columbian Exchange

potatoes, corn, beans

Treaty of Tordesillas, 1493 (Line of Demarcation)—submission of Catholic kings to

Pope, divided world between Spain and Portugal

Brazil

Catholic

Protestant

Orthodox

Marco Polospicessilks

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1500-1600 ADNew Spain

Inca

Aztec

Maya

Iroquois

Ponce de Leon, 1513

GloryConquistadores—soldiers who sought wealthin the crusader spirit, by conquering in thename of the Church (some were incrediblysuccessful)•Hernan Cortes

•conquered Aztecs, 1519•Pizarro

•conquered Incas, 1532

Gold•Encomiendas—plantation style colonies led to enslavement of natives, produced ore and sugar

•Mestizos—half native and half Spanish

God•conversion of natives meant destruction of native culture and traditions

•Black Legend

•Cathedrals were built on the foundations of old temples

•Bartolomeo de las Casas

•wrote about the people—one of few records of Aztecs we have today

•Juniperra Serra

•est. missions in 1700sBalboa, 1513

Pizarro, 1532

Cortez, 1519

Coronado, 1540

Missio

n S

ystem

Havana

Santa Fe

St. Augustine

Tenochitlan

Primogeniture—system by which oldest son inherited everything

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New France• Edict of Nantes, 1598, barred

French Huguenots from New France

• mostly single men came, few women

– coureurs de bois (fur traders)– Jesuit missionaries

• cooperation with Indians rather than conquest became model for colony

• Samuel de Champlain, 1608– founded Quebec in 1608– made alliance with Huron– Iroquois became allies with

British

• Robert La Salle, 1682– sailed down Mississippi in 1682– killed by own men in 1685 looking

for it from Gulf of Mexico– New Orleans founded 1718

HURON

pop. 15,000 in 1700

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Name Year Founder Type Religion Economics, Religion, and Society

New Hampshire 1638 John Wheelright Charter PuritanNew Englandsubsistence farminglumber, fur, shipbuilding suppliesshipping, fishing, whalinglittle religious tolerance except RI

•Plymouth absorbed by MA in 1691•New Haven absorbed by CT in 1692

Massachusetts Bay 1629 Puritans Charter Puritan

Plymouth 1620 Pilgrims Charter Separatist

Rhode Island 1636 Roger Williams Charter Puritan

Connecticut 1639 Thomas Hooker Charter Puritan

New Haven 1637 John Davenport Charter Puritan

New York 1664 James, Duke of York Royal ProtestantMiddle Coloniesbread basketmost religiously and ethnically diverseabsorbed New Amsterdam and New Sweden

Pennsylvania 1681 William Penn Proprietary Quaker

New Jersey 1664 George Carteret Proprietary Protestant

Delaware 1704 William Penn Proprietary Quaker

Maryland 1636 Lord Baltimore Proprietary Catholic

Southern Coloniescash crops—tobacco (1612), rice, indigoslavery introduced in 1619plantation economyclosest economic and cultural ties with England

Virginia 1607 Virginia Company Charter Anglican

Roanoke 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh Charter Anglican

North Carolina 1663 8 Lord Proprietors Proprietary Anglican

South Carolina 1729 Earl of Granville Royal Anglican

Georgia 1733 James Oglethorpe Royal Anglican

1607-1733Thirteen Colonies

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1607-1733New England (4)

• homogenous, Puritan, universal education - Harvard• diversified economy,

• Mayflower Compact, 1620– first democratic government in Americas– about 2/5 males voted (still more democratic than

England)• Fundamental Orders, 1639

– first written constitution, used as government of CT• Town Meeting

– democratic forum of government in NE towns– all freemen could vote at city hall/church

• Moving West– new towns in NE were required to have a minister,

school, and permission from parents to move– the layout of communities was very orderly with a

central green with a church and school and farms around center

• Roger Williams– exiled from MA for saying religion should not influence

government and Indians should be paid for their land– Rhode Island became haven for religious freedom

• Salem Witch Trials, 1692-1693– at least 25 executed in hysteria, ended when

governors’ wife accused

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1519 ADReformation

Catholic Church

Great Schism, 1054

People of the Book--Jews, Christians, Muslims

John Calvin (Calvinists)•predestination—a person is saved by God’s grace•no control over going to heaven or hell

Martin Luther (Lutherans)•necessity of clergy•purchase of indulgences•translation of Bible into German (printing press)

ProtestantReformation

1519(95 Theses)

Orthodox Church

Greece, Russia, Byzantine Empire

Church of England, 1534•same structure as Catholics•similar liturgy•Pope replaced by King

Separatists (Pilgrims)•William Bradford

•Plymouth, 1620

•separate from Church of England

•no hope to redeem Church

Puritans•John Winthrop

•Massachusetts, 1629

•purify Church of England

•Great Migration

•Oliver Cromwell & Roundheads

Quakers (Friends)•William Penn

•Pennsylvania

•no clergy—spoke when moved by God

•refused to swear loyalty to king

•refused to fight

•used archaic “thee”

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Visible Saints or “the Elect”•those bound for heaven•experienced a manifestation of God’s gift of saving grace

•verified before church council (with witnesses)

•the children of the damned are damned

Anne Hutchinson•exiled from MA in 1638•taught antinomianism•went to RI for religious freedom

Half-Way Covenant, 1662•Puritans allowed unconverted to attend meetings and their children might become visible saints•increased religious participation and erased class barriers in New England

Great Awakening, 1730s•revitalized religious fervor in colonies

•Jonathan Edwards preached a sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

•graphic state of sinner•reliance on God’s grace

•George Whitefield, an itinerant preacher, spread message across colonies

Old vs. New Lights•protestants divided over new preaching•old lights rejected the new style for older, more dignified sermons•new lights embraced new more emotional preaching

•led to greater religious diversity and competition in America and creation of New Light Colleges

•Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth

Predestination

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1607-1733Middle Colonies (4) •New Amsterdam, 1623-1664

•est. by Dutch West India Company—oversaw Dutch interests in western hemisphere

•Dutch most powerful trade empire of the period

•patroons—large land grants along Hudson

•Peter Stuyvesant military ruler, conquered New Sweden in 1655

•Charles II sent 4 frigates and 1000 troops to take it and gave the colony to his brother the Duke of York

•the Duke gave his friends New Jersey

•William Penn

•Quaker founder allowed freedom of religion

•learned language of natives and dealt with them as equals

•PA had fewest conflicts with natives of any colony

•tolerance of PA and NY made them largest cities in colonies

•Philadelphia was 2nd largest city in British empire

• Germans, Dutch, French, English, Swedes

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1607-1754Native Americans

1. First Anglo-Powhatan War, 1622– Openchancanough, Pocahontas’ uncle

2. Pequot Wars, 1637– first major Indian-Colonist conflict in NE (CT)

3. Second Anglo-Powhatan War, 1644– Openchancanough again, tribe forced to give up

all land between York and James Rivers4. King Philip (Metacom)--Wampanoag chief, 1675

– led intertribal assault in NE, destroyed whole towns

– only slowed western march of whites5. Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan

– kidnapped by whites in 1613 to keep peace– baptized “Rebecca” and married John Rolfe in

1615– died on return trip from England in 1617

Indian-White Relationship Cycle1. White settlers need secret of survival from natives2. Whites then thrive in new land3. Whites need new land for farming/mining4. Indians resist expansion5. Whites destroy/remove Indians from area

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2

3

4

5

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1607-1733Southern Colonies (5)

•Jamestown, 1607•Virginia Company, a joint stock venture sent 3 ships•“starving time” of 1609-1610, only 60 of 500 survived•by 1624, only 1277 of 6000 settlers were alive

•mosquitoes, malnutrition, typhoid, and dysentery•John Smith ran colony under martial law

•20 capitol crimes including not attending church•John Rolfe introduced tobacco in 1612 and married Pocahontas in 1615

•Maryland Act of Toleration, 1676•protected right of Catholics to worship in Maryland

•House of Burgesses, 1619 •first congress in colonies, based on Parliament •est. tradition of representative government in colonies

•Carolinas•North Carolina mostly small farms•South Carolina raised rice for Caribbean and indigo

•Georgia, 1733•penal colony as buffer to Spain

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1607-1750Working Poor

• Headright System

– colonists received 50 acres for every person they brought to the New World

• Indentured Servitude

– poor people paid for passage to New World through 4-7 years of labor to whomever paid the passage

– more than ½ of all immigrants in 1700s came this way

– at end of indentures, each worker was promised freedom dues

• a small piece of land, clothing, tools, and seeds

– 2/5 died during servitude

• Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676

– Nathaniel Bacon led revolt against Gov. Berkeley – burned Jamestown

– frontier people (Scots-Irish) closer to Indians and unhappy about lenient Indian policy (helped fur trade)

– Bacon died of dysentery and the rebellion died with him

– plantation owners switched from indentured servants to slaves

• Paxton Boys, 1764

– Scots-Irish from western PA

– marched on Philadelphia to protest Quaker Indian policy

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1607-1750Slavery and Middle Passage

• Slavery– tobacco required lots of labor and took

nutrients from the soil– constant need for more land– 10-12 million slaves brought to the New

World– thousands of Indian slaves as well

• Middle Passage– six-week travel from African coast to

slave houses in the West Indies– 600 packed onto a ship that could hold

450– death rates ran as high as 20 percent

• Slave Codes– at first slavery was more like indentured

servants– more and more rules changed slavery

into a permanent hereditary inferior position over decades

– 55 slave revolts from 1699 to 1845

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1700-1750Mercantilism

•Navigation Acts, 1650s•colonists were supposed to send raw materials to England (see map)•banned trade with other nations and their colonies

•Molasses Act, 1733•first new law in fifty years•banned trade with French colonies to promote trade with British

•Hat, Iron, Wool Acts•colonists supposed to buy finished goods from England

•Salutory Neglect•period of lax enforcement of Navigation Acts (up until 1763)

•Triangle Trade•molasses—rum—slaves•this trade cycle tied New England to the slave trade

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European Wars1688-1763

• as loyal colonies, Americans dragged into wars every few years

– endangered by Indians and French in larger world conflict

– Americans derided for their “cowardice” and lack of patriotism

– not treated as equal members of empire

• New England Confederation, 1643– coalition of Massachusetts Bay,

Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut but not RI for defense against French, Dutch and Indians

– each colony received two votes

• Dominion of New England, 1686– created by crown to make defense

easier and to enforce Navigation Laws

– heavy-handed Sir Edmond Andros hated by colonists

– included all of NE at first, added NY and Jerseys later

– quickly disbanded after the Glorious Revolution

• War of League of Augsburg, 1688-1697

– Queen Anne’s War• War of Spanish Succession, 1701-1713

– King William’s War• War of Austrian Succession, 1740-1748

– War of Jenkin’s Ear• Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763

– French-Indian War

• Glorious Revolution, 1689– James II replaced by his daughter

Mary and her husband, William III, of the Netherlands

– British heritage of rebellion• beheaded Charles I

• Ft. Louisbourg– taken from French in 1745 (given back

in 1748)– British exchanged it for Madras in India– colonists felt betrayed

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1607-1750Colonial Society

• Social Classes– lack of hereditary aristocracy and easy access

to land helped create a large middle class– South more hierarchical

• Michel de Crevecoeur – French immigrant wrote Letters from an

American Farmer in 1760s– social mobility and self-reliance– America the melting pot

• Education– NE towns with 50+ had public school– NE towns with 100+ had to teach Latin

• Harvard was built by 1636• students were ranked by social standing

– in South, education was done by tutors• the poor had no schools in the 1860s• the rich went to England for college

• Lifespan– better balanced nutrition lengthened life

expectancy– New England “invented” grandparents

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1607-1750Women’s Rights

• Legal Rights– had no inheritance except

through husband– widows had more rights than

other women– married women could not sign

contracts, own property, or vote

• Work– few occupations outside the

home were available• maid, midwife

• New England– female-male ratio in North

was 1:1– education optional– women ran households,

dairy, and gardens while men did fieldwork

– 8 children the average– no birth control

• South– female-male ratio close to

1:50 in South– more control of marriage,

often survived husbands and had rights as widows