Spanish colonization of the Americas 1

Spanish colonization of the Americas

Farthest extent of Spanish colonization inAmerica.

Red: Farthest extent of Spanish colonies underthe House of Bourbon in the 1790s.

Pink: Disputed claims of Spanish colonialadministration.

Purple: Portuguese colonies under dual Spanishcolonial administration during 1580-1640.

The Spanish Colonization of America was the exploration, conquest,settlement and political rule over much of the western hemisphere bythe Spanish Empire. It was initiated by the Spanish conquistadors anddeveloped by the Monarchy of Spain through its administrators andmissionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade andthe spread of the Christian faith through indigenous conversions. Itlasted for over four hundred years, from 1492 to 1898.

Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus, over nearlyfour centuries the Spanish Empire would expand across: most ofpresent day Central America, the Caribbean islands, and Mexico; muchof the rest of North America including the Southwestern, Southerncoastal, and California Pacific Coast regions of the United States; andthough inactive, with claimed territory in present day British ColumbiaCanada; and U.S. states of Alaska, Washington, and Oregon; and thewestern half of South America.[1] [2] [3] In the early 19th century therevolutionary movements resulted in the independence of most Spanishcolonies in America, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, given up in1898 following the Spanish-American War, together with Guam andthe Philippines in the Pacific. Spain's loss of these last territoriespolitically ended Spanish colonization in America. The culturalinfluences, though, still remain.

Exploration

Christopher ColumbusSince the early 15th century, Portuguese explorers sailing caravels established new southward routes along the coastof West Africa. In 1488 they rounded the Cape of Good Hope and explored parts of East Africa. They discoveredrich trading regions in the Indonesian continent and established several trading ports along the West Indonesia coast,and later India.In 1485 Christopher Columbus unsuccessfully tried to persuade King John II of Portugal (João II) to sponsor anexpedition to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. This alternative route, different from the theoreticaleastward route, was based on the conviction that the earth was round. His proposal was rejected by the Portuguese,who thought the distance to Asia was much greater than Columbus had assured. In 1488 again he presented his planto the Portuguese King, who refused based on the recent discovery by Bartholomeu Dias of the eastward route alongthe African coast and across the Indian Ocean.Columbus was more persuasive with the Catholic Monarchs of Spain: recently crowned Isabella I Queen of Castileand her husband Ferdinand II King of Aragon. Although he presented his plan as early as 1486, his arguments forreaching Asian trade centers by sailing West across the Atlantic Ocean did not convince the Spanish Monarchs until1491. Queen Isabella played a decisive role in the decision of supporting Colombus' plans.Finally, in August 1492 Colombus sailed from the Andalusian port of Palos de la Frontera in Southern Spain. Columbus arrived on the island of Guanahani in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492. On this first voyage, Columbus and his sailors were greeted by the Arawak people of the Bahamas. They were kind and curious people who brought

Spanish colonization of the Americas 2

them food, water and gifts. Columbus later wrote in his log: ....They would make fine servants.... With fifty men wecould subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want. In the year of 1495, Columbus and his sailorsrounded up fifteen hundred Arawak men, women and children. Out of those fifteen hundred, they picked fivehundred of the best specimens and out of those five hundred, two hundred died en route.[4] He presented the Spanishmonarchs with small items of gold, parrots, and other 'exotic' things. They commissioned Columbus for a secondvoyage, providing him with seventeen ships, nearly 1,500 men, cannons, crossbows, guns, cavalry, and attack dogs.He returned to claim the island of Hispaniola, present day Haiti and the Dominican Republic, from the indigenousTaíno people in 1493.Columbus was granted governorship of the new territories and made more journeys across the Atlantic Ocean. Whilegenerally regarded as an excellent navigator, during this first stay in the New World, Columbus wrecked hisflagship, the Santa Maria. He was a poor administrator and was stripped of the governorship in 1500, and in fact wasjailed for six weeks once he returned to Spain. Spain then agreed to fund a fourth voyage, but Columbus could not begovernor again.He profited by using the labour of native slaves for agriculture and to mine gold. He attempted to sell native peopleas slaves in Spain, bringing five hundred people back. The Taínos began to resist the Spanish, refusing to plant andabandoning captured native villages. Over time the rebellion grew violent. In the resulting conflict, the nativeinhabitants used their extensive knowledge of the terrain and applied guerilla tactics such as booby traps, ambushes,attrition, and forced marches to tire the Spanish columns. Although stone arrows couldn't penetrate the best of theSpanish armor, they were somewhat effective if they were used as shrapnel, since they tended to shatter on impact;stone and copper or bronze maces were used more effectively. However, the most crucial weapon the nativeAmericans used was the sling, which could hurl massive stones that easily crushed even the most heavily armouredcaballero.[5]

In 1522, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo waged a successful rebellion causing the Spaniards to sign a treatygranting the Indian population the rights of Freedom and of Possession. It had little consequence however, as by thenthe Taíno population was rapidly declining due to European diseases, forced labour, and ritual suicides. The Taínooften refused to participate in activities forced upon them by the Spanish which resulted in suicide. Their childrenwere killed as a perceived escape from a terrible future.On his fourth and final voyage to America in 1502, Columbus encountered a large canoe off the coast of what is nowHonduras filled with trade goods. He boarded the canoe and found cacao beans, copper and flint axes, copper bells,pottery, and colorful cotton garments. This was the first contact of the Spanish with the civilizations of CentralAmerica.

Spanish colonization of the Americas 3

First mainland explorationsIn 1513, Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama, to find gold but instead led the first Europeanexpedition to the Pacific Ocean and the west coast of the New World. In an action with enduring historical import,Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean and all the lands adjoining it for the Spanish Crown. It was 1517 before anotherexpedition from Cuba explored Central America. It landed on the coast of the Yucatán peninsula in search of slaves.

Conquests

First settlements in America

The expansion of Spanish colonization of the Americas during the18th century.

The first mainland explorations were followed by aphase of inland expeditions and conquest. The Spanishcrown extended the Reconquista effort, completed inSpain in 1492, to non-Catholic people in newterritories. In 1502 on the coast of present dayColombia, near the Gulf of Urabá, Spanish explorersled by Vasco Núñez de Balboa explored and conqueredthe area near the Atrato River. The conquest was of theChibchan speaking nations, mainly the Muisca andTairona indigenous people that lived here. The Spanishfounded San Sebastian de Uraba in 1509—abandonedwithin the year, and in 1510 the first permanentSpanish mainland settlement in America, Santa Maríala Antigua del Darién. [6] These were the first Europeansettlements in America. The conquistadors were trulyamazed by what they found — immense wealth in goldand silver, complex cities rivaling or surpassing thosein Europe, and remarkable artistic and scientificachievements. Spanish conquest in the New World wasdriven by the three 'G's—gold, glory, and gospel. [7] [8]

[9]

Spanish colonization of the Americas 4

Mexico

Spanish Conquest of Mexico

Map depicting Cortes' invasion route.

There is a difference in the 'Spanish conquest ofMexico' between the Spanish conquest of the AztecEmpire and the Spanish conquest of Yucatán. Theformer is conquest of the campaign, led by HernánCortés from 1519–21 and his Tlaxcala and other'indigenous peoples' allied against the Mexica/Aztecempire. The Spanish conquest of Yucatán is the muchlonger campaign, from 1551–1697, against the Mayapeoples of the Maya civilization in the YucatánPeninsula of present day Mexico and northern CentralAmerica. The day Hernán Cortés landed ashore atpresent day Veracruz, April 22, 1519, marks thebeginning of 300 years of Spanish hegemony over theregion.

Spanish colonization of the Americas 5

Peru

Vasco Núñez de Balboa claiming possession of the South Sea(Pacific Ocean)

In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spanishsoldiers under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenousAndean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed andcaptured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire. Itwas the first step in a long campaign that took decadesof fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in theAmericas. In the following years Spain extended its ruleover the Empire of the Inca civilization.

The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil warbetween the factions of the two brothers EmperorAtahualpa and Huáscar, and the enmity of indigenousnations the Incas had subjugated, such as the Huancas,Chachapoyas, and Cañaris. In the following years theconquistadors and indigenous allies extended controlover the greater Andes region. The Viceroyalty of Perúwas established in 1542.

Governing

Spain's administration of its colonies in the Americaswas divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1535(capital, México City), and the Viceroyalty of Peru1542 (capital, Lima). In the 18th century the additionalViceroyalty of New Granada 1717 (capital, Bogotá),and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 (capital, BuenosAires) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

This evolved from the Council of the Indies and Viceroyalties into an Intendant system, in an attempt for morerevenue and efficiency.

19th century

During the Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain, assemblies called juntas were established to rule inthe name of Ferdinand VII of Spain. The Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for "Liberators") were the principalleaders of the Latin American wars of independence from Spain. They were predominantly criollos (local-bornpeople of European, mostly of Spanish or Portuguese, ancestry), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in mostcases with military training in the mother country.

Spanish colonization of the Americas 6

Map depicting the route of Pizarro from Panama to Cuzco

In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanishrule occurred in the Viceroyalty of New Granada. The firsttwo were in present day Bolivia at Sucre (May 25), and LaPaz ( July 16); and the third in present day Ecuador at Quito(August 10). In 1810 Mexico declared independence, withthe Mexican War of Independence following for over adecade. In 1821 Treaty of Córdoba established Mexicanindependence from Spain and concluded the War. The Planof Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish aconstitutional foundation for an independent Mexico.

These began a movement for colonial independence thatspread to Spain's other colonies in the Americas. The ideasfrom the French and the American Revolution influenced theefforts. All of the colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico,attained independence by the 1820s. The British Empireoffered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly ontrade with its colonies in the Americas.

In 1898, the United States won victory in the Spanish-American War from Spain, ending the colonial era. The U.S.took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. The latter continues as a self-governing unincorporatedterritory of the United States.Spanish possession and rule of colonies in the Americas ended in 1898.

Cultural impact

Indigenous peoples (Native Americans)The cultures and populations of the indigenous peoples of the Americas were changed by the Spanish assumptionand colonization of their lands.Before the arrival of Columbus, in Hispaniola the indigenous Taíno pre-contact population of several hundredthousand declined to sixty thousand by 1509. Although population estimates vary, Father Bartolomé de las Casas,the “Defender of the Indians” estimated there were 6 million (6,000,000) Taíno and Arawak in the Caribbean at thetime of Columbus's arrival in 1492.The population of the Native Amerindian population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90% (reduced to 1 - 2.5million people) by the early 17th century. In Peru the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century.Of the history of the indigenous population of California, Sherburne F. Cook (1896–1974) was the most painstakingly careful researcher. From decades of research he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. The vast

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majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, in the Mexican and U.S. periods of Californian history(1821–1910), with the most dramatic collapse (200,000 to 25,000) occurring in the U.S. period (1846–1910).[10] [11]

[12]

Missionary effortThe Spaniards were committed, by Vatican decree, to convert their New World indigenous subjects to Catholicism.However, often initial efforts were questionably successful, as the indigenous people added Catholicism into theirlongstanding traditional ceremonies and beliefs. The many native expressions, forms, practices, and items of artcould be considered idolatry and prohibited or destroyed by Spanish missionaries, military, and civilians. Thisincluded religious items, sculptures, and jewelry made of gold or silver, which were melted down before shipment toSpain.Though the Spanish did not impose their language to the extent they did their religion, some indigenous languages ofthe Americas evolved into replacement with Spanish, and lost to present day tribal members. When more efficientthey did evangelize in native languages. Introduced writing systems to the Quechua, Nahuatl and Guarani peoplesmay have contributed to their expansion.

Spanish emigrationIt has been estimated that in the 16th century about 240,000 Spaniards emigrated to America, and in the 17th centuryabout 500,000, predominantly to Mexico and Peru.[13] In the early 20th century impoverished Spaniards, and fromthe 1930s-70s political exiles from the Spanish Civil War and the Franco government, immigrated to the countriesthat were former colonies in America - predominantly Cuba, Mexico, Costa Rica and Argentina. After the 1970s, thedirection reversed as Hispanic Americans began settling in Spain.

References[1] http:/ / cvc. cervantes. es/ obref/ aih/ pdf/ 03/ aih_03_1_013. pdf Study of the Instituto Cervantes[2] http:/ / www. histocat. cat/ pdf/ catalans_al_canada. pdf Study of the Fundació d'Estudis Històrics de Catalunya[3] http:/ / cesarfrijol. tripod. com/ virreynato. html Source in Spanish[4] Zinn, Howard (2003). A People's History Of The United States. New York: The New Press. pp. 281. ISBN 978-1-56584-724-8.[5] Jane Penrose. Slings in the Iron Age (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=99haLasvV3gC& pg=PA139& lpg=PA139& dq=iron+ helmet+

sling& source=bl& ots=2fyIqj6k1u& sig=YXnWKDeXFwg5nHVjvwcutVDbTlU& hl=en& ei=-9YqTKXFBcP-8AaLq8jUCA& sa=X&oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=7& ved=0CCYQ6AEwBg#v=onepage& q& f=false). . Retrieved 30 June 2010.

[6] http:/ / museo. udea. edu. co/ codice/ codice2/ mayolicas2. html[7] "Error: no |title= specified when using {{[[Template:Cite web|Cite web (http:/ / www. u-s-history. com/ pages/ h436. html)]}}"]. .[8] http:/ / www. lablaa. org/ blaavirtual/ historia/ equinoccial_2_vivienda/ cap21. htm[9] http:/ / www. teleantioquia. com. co/ TeleantioquiaensuRegion/ Uraba/ Historia. htm[10] Baumhoff, Martin A. 1963. Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal California Populations. University of California Publications in

American Archaeology and Ethnology 49:155-236.[11] Powers, Stephen. 1875. "California Indian Characteristics". Overland Monthly 14:297-309. on-line (http:/ / www. hti. umich. edu/ cgi/ t/

text/ pageviewer-idx?c=moajrnl& cc=moajrnl& idno=ahj1472. 1-14. 004& node=ahj1472. 1-14. 004:1& frm=frameset& view=image&seq=293)

[12] Cook's judgement on the effects of U.S rule upon the native Californians is harsh: "The first (factor) was the food supply... The secondfactor was disease. ...A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited uponthe Indian. He was driven from his home by the thousands, starved, beaten, raped, and murdered with impunity. He was not only given noassistance in the struggle against foreign diseases, but was prevented from adopting even the most elementary measures to secure his food,clothing, and shelter. The utter devastation caused by the white man was literally incredible, and not until the population figures are examineddoes the extent of the havoc become evident."Cook, Sherburne F. 1976b. The Population of the California Indians, 1769-1970. University ofCalifornia Press, Berkeley|p. 200

[13] Migration to Latin America (http:/ / www. let. leidenuniv. nl/ history/ migration/ chapter53. html)

Spanish colonization of the Americas 8

Further reading• David A. Brading, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, I492-1867

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993

External links• Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America (http:/ / www. vaca. com/ )• NPS/INAH: Spanish Colonial Missions Initiative (http:/ / www. statemuseum. arizona. edu/ oer/ missionsini/

index. shtml)• Spain in America (Edward Gaylord Bourne, 1904) 'Spain in America' (http:/ / penelope. uchicago. edu/ Thayer/ E/

Gazetteer/ Places/ America/ United_States/ _Topics/ history/ _Texts/ BOUSIA/ home. html)• The Spanish Borderlands (Herbert E. Bolton, 1921) 'The Spanish Borderlands' (http:/ / penelope. uchicago. edu/

Thayer/ E/ Gazetteer/ Places/ America/ United_States/ _Topics/ history/ _Texts/ BOLSPB/ home. html)• Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history (http:/ / www. centrelink. org/ KearnsDNA.

html)

Article Sources and Contributors 9

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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Spanish colonization of the Americas.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Users Albrecht, Arthur Wellesley, XGustaX on en.wikipediaFile:Spanish America XVIII Century (Most Expansion).png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Spanish_America_XVIII_Century_(Most_Expansion).png  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: JluisrsFile:Spanish Colonization of Mexico.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Spanish_Colonization_of_Mexico.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ThomasTownsend, Esq., London.Image:Ruta de Cortés.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ruta_de_Cortés.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: YavidaxiuImage:Balboa südsee.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Balboa_südsee.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bryan, Calliopejen1, Cbrown1023, Polarlys,Siebrand, Victor falk, 2 anonymous editsImage:Conquest peru 1531.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Conquest_peru_1531.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ALE!, Maksim, Man vyi, Searchme,Trainthh

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