Collections IV: BotanyCollections IV: Botany

PLANT TYPESPLANT TYPES

What is a Plant? What is a Plant?

Multicellular Multicellular eukaryoteseukaryotes: contain a nucleus.: contain a nucleus. cell walls = cell walls = cellulosecellulose

important in manufacturing products, such as paper.important in manufacturing products, such as paper. Plants include: trees, shrubs and grasses.Plants include: trees, shrubs and grasses. Most plants are Most plants are autotrophsautotrophs: :

capture energy from sunlight capture energy from sunlight produce its own food. produce its own food.

Plant Cell: Plant Cell: differences from differences from animal cell... animal cell... cell wallcell wall cell vacuolecell vacuole chloroplastschloroplasts

Early PlantsEarly Plants

The 1The 1stst plants evolved plants evolved multicellular blue-green multicellular blue-green

algaealgae The oldest known The oldest known

fossils of plants, fossils of plants, nearly 450 million years nearly 450 million years

oldold similar to today’s similar to today’s

mosses.mosses.

4 Major Groups of Plants 4 Major Groups of Plants

Mosses and their Mosses and their relatives (15,600 relatives (15,600 species)species)

Ferns and their relatives Ferns and their relatives (11,000 species)(11,000 species)

Cone-bearing plants Cone-bearing plants (760 species)(760 species)

Flowering plants Flowering plants (235,000 species)(235,000 species)

SEED PLANTSSEED PLANTS Gymnosperms bear their seeds directly on the surfaces of Gymnosperms bear their seeds directly on the surfaces of

cones.cones. Gymnosperms include: Gymnosperms include:

1.1. ConifersConifers2.2. CycadsCycads3.3. GinkgoesGinkgoes4.4. GnetophytesGnetophytes

Angiosperms Angiosperms flowering plants, flowering plants, bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed.bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed.

Angiosperms include:Angiosperms include:1.1. GrassesGrasses2.2. Flowering trees and shrubsFlowering trees and shrubs3.3. Wildflowers Wildflowers

Reproduction Free From WaterReproduction Free From Water

Adaptations that allow seed plants to Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include:reproduce without water include:

1.1. Flowers or cones Flowers or cones

2.2. The transfer of sperm by pollination.The transfer of sperm by pollination.

3.3. The protection of embryos in seeds.The protection of embryos in seeds.

GymnospermsGymnosperms

Cone bearing plantsCone bearing plants

Gymnosperms—Cone BearersGymnosperms—Cone Bearers

The most ancient surviving seed plants.The most ancient surviving seed plants. Gymnosperms include:Gymnosperms include:

1.1. GnetophytesGnetophytes2.2. CycadsCycads3.3. GinkgoesGinkgoes4.4. ConifersConifers

These plants all reproduce with seeds that are These plants all reproduce with seeds that are exposed—exposed—gymnospermgymnosperm means “naked seed.” means “naked seed.”

GnetophytesGnetophytes

Phylum: GnetophytaPhylum: Gnetophyta 3 genera3 genera The reproductive scales The reproductive scales

of these plants are of these plants are clustered into cones.clustered into cones.

Ex.) Ex.) WelwitschiaWelwitschia, native , native to the Namibian desert to the Namibian desert in southwestern Africa.in southwestern Africa.

CycadsCycads Phylum: CycadophytaPhylum: Cycadophyta 9 genera9 genera Palm-like plants that reproduce Palm-like plants that reproduce

with large cones.with large cones. 11stst appeared during the Triassic appeared during the Triassic

Period, 225 million years ago, Period, 225 million years ago, when the dinosaurs roamed the when the dinosaurs roamed the Earth.Earth.

Grow naturally in tropical and Grow naturally in tropical and subtropical places, such as Mexico, subtropical places, such as Mexico, the West Indies and parts of Asia, the West Indies and parts of Asia, Africa and Australia.Africa and Australia.

GinkgoesGinkgoes

Phylum: GinkgophytaPhylum: Ginkgophyta Only 1 species, Only 1 species, Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo biloba, one of the oldest seed plant species , one of the oldest seed plant species

alive today!alive today! Cultivated in China and are now found in urban settings in the Cultivated in China and are now found in urban settings in the

United States, where their toughness and resistance to air pollution United States, where their toughness and resistance to air pollution make them popular shade trees.make them popular shade trees.

ConifersConifers

Phylum: ConiferophytaPhylum: Coniferophyta The most common The most common

gymnosperm, with more than gymnosperm, with more than 500 known species.500 known species.

Ex.) evergreens, pines, spruces, Ex.) evergreens, pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods and junipers.and junipers.

Can live for more than 4,000 Can live for more than 4,000 years!years!

Found all over the United States.Found all over the United States.

Two Angiosperm Divisions Two Angiosperm Divisions

*(flowering plants):*(flowering plants):

Monocots Monocots DicotsDicots

Monocots & DicotsMonocots & Dicots

Named for the number Named for the number of seed leaves, or of seed leaves, or cotyledons, in the plant cotyledons, in the plant embryo.embryo.

A A cotyledoncotyledon is the 1 is the 1stst leaf or the 1leaf or the 1stst pair of pair of leaves produced by the leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant.embryo of a seed plant.

Angiosperms: MonocotsAngiosperms: Monocots One cotyledonOne cotyledon Veins usually parallelVeins usually parallel vascular bundles complexly arrangedvascular bundles complexly arranged fibrous root systemfibrous root system floral parts floral parts multiples of 3 multiples of 3 grasses, palms, bamboos, lilies, orchids, grasses, palms, bamboos, lilies, orchids,

yuccasyuccas growth can be at base of leaf (cutting growth can be at base of leaf (cutting

grass does not remove growth region) grass does not remove growth region)

Monocot ExampleMonocot Example

Angiosperms: DicotsAngiosperms: Dicots

Two cotyledonsTwo cotyledons Leaf veins usually netlikeLeaf veins usually netlike Vascular bundles usually arranged Vascular bundles usually arranged

in ringin ring Taproot usually presentTaproot usually present Floral parts Floral parts multiples of 4-5 multiples of 4-5 Most angiospermsMost angiosperms

Dicot ExampleDicot Example

Plant Tissues and Cell Plant Tissues and Cell TypesTypes

Three basic tissue types (structural)Three basic tissue types (structural) Three basic tissue types (structural)Three basic tissue types (structural)

DermalDermal Ground tissue: structural support Ground tissue: structural support Vascular Tissue: “tubes” Vascular Tissue: “tubes”

Xylem: Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to Transports water and minerals from roots to

leavesleaves Phloem: Phloem:

Transports sugar, nutrients, and hormones Transports sugar, nutrients, and hormones from leaves to the rest of the plantfrom leaves to the rest of the plant

Tissue TypesTissue Types

Structure and Function Structure and Function

STEM,STEM,

ROOT, &ROOT, &

LEAFLEAF

Structure of a Shoot (“Stem”)Structure of a Shoot (“Stem”) The vascular tissue in stems conduct water and The vascular tissue in stems conduct water and

nutrients.nutrients. XylemXylem and and phloemphloem are part of the vascular are part of the vascular

tissue in stems that conduct water and tissue in stems that conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant.nutrients throughout the plant.

NodesNodes: where leaves are attached.: where leaves are attached. InternodeInternode: regions between the nodes.: regions between the nodes. BudsBuds: found where the leaves attach to the : found where the leaves attach to the

nodes. They contain undeveloped tissue that nodes. They contain undeveloped tissue that can produce new stems and leaves.can produce new stems and leaves.

Stem FunctionsStem Functions

Produce leaves, branches and flowers.Produce leaves, branches and flowers.

Hold leaves up to the sunlight.Hold leaves up to the sunlight.

Transport substances between roots and Transport substances between roots and leaves.leaves.

Stem StructureStem Structure

Types of StemsTypes of Stems

Monocot stemsMonocot stems: : vascular bundles are vascular bundles are scattered throughout the scattered throughout the stem.stem.

Dicot stemsDicot stems: vascular : vascular bundles are arranged in bundles are arranged in a cylinder.a cylinder.

Function of a Root:Function of a Root:

► Absorb water and dissolved nutrients.Absorb water and dissolved nutrients.► Anchor plant in the ground, holding soil in Anchor plant in the ground, holding soil in

place and preventing erosion.place and preventing erosion.► Protect plant from harmful soil bacteria and Protect plant from harmful soil bacteria and

fungi.fungi.► Transport water and nutrients to the rest of the Transport water and nutrients to the rest of the

plant.plant.► Hold plant upright against wind and rain.Hold plant upright against wind and rain.

Types of RootsTypes of Roots

TaprootTaproot: long, larger : long, larger primary root (ex. primary root (ex. carrot).carrot).

Fibrous rootsFibrous roots: : branching, smaller root branching, smaller root (ex. herbaceous plant).(ex. herbaceous plant).

Structure and Function of a Leaf Structure and Function of a Leaf Optimized for gas exchangeOptimized for gas exchange Photosynthesis Photosynthesis TranspirationTranspiration Epidermis - Epidermis -

waxy cuticle waxy cuticle stoma / guard cells stoma / guard cells

open daylight, closed dark, closed under water open daylight, closed dark, closed under water stress stress

Mesophyll - Mesophyll - palisade layer - chloroplasts palisade layer - chloroplasts spongy layer - chloroplasts spongy layer - chloroplasts

vascular bundles -vascular bundles - xylem & phloem xylem & phloem bundle sheath cells bundle sheath cells

Leaf StructureLeaf Structure

BladesBlades: thin, flattened : thin, flattened sections of leaf.sections of leaf.

PetiolePetiole: thin stalk that : thin stalk that connects the blade to the connects the blade to the stem.stem.

Types of LeavesTypes of Leaves

1.1. Simple leafSimple leaf: The blade : The blade of a simple leaf can be of a simple leaf can be different shapes.different shapes.

2.2. Compound leafCompound leaf: The : The blade is divided into blade is divided into many separate leaflets.many separate leaflets.

PLANT GROWTHPLANT GROWTH

Indeterminate GrowthIndeterminate Growth

Plants exhibit a growth pattern called Plants exhibit a growth pattern called indeterminate growthindeterminate growth

These areas are called These areas are called meristemsmeristems Rapidly divides producing undifferentiated cells Rapidly divides producing undifferentiated cells Plants do not have a pre-programmed body plan Plants do not have a pre-programmed body plan

Plants continue to grow throughout their lifePlants continue to grow throughout their life

Plant NutritionPlant Nutrition

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen essential essential elements.elements.

Nitrogen, Potassium, and Phosphorous are obtained Nitrogen, Potassium, and Phosphorous are obtained from the soil from the soil primary macronutrientsprimary macronutrients..

Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur secondary macronutrientssecondary macronutrients

A complete fertilizer provides all three primary A complete fertilizer provides all three primary macronutrients and some of the secondary and macronutrients and some of the secondary and micronutrients. micronutrients. 5-10-5 5-10-5 percent by weight (primary macronutrients). percent by weight (primary macronutrients).

Why is the soil important?Why is the soil important?

SoilSoil: : weathered, decomposed rock and mineral weathered, decomposed rock and mineral

(geological) fragments (geological) fragments mixed with air and water.mixed with air and water.

Fertile soil Fertile soil nutrients in a readily available nutrients in a readily available form for plant growth. form for plant growth.

The roots of the plant bring needed minerals The roots of the plant bring needed minerals into the plant. into the plant.

Plants use these minerals in:Plants use these minerals in:

Structural components in carbohydrates and Structural components in carbohydrates and proteins proteins

Organic molecules used in metabolismOrganic molecules used in metabolism Magnesium in chlorophyll Magnesium in chlorophyll Phosphorous found in ATP Phosphorous found in ATP

Enzyme activators like potassiumEnzyme activators like potassium activates possibly fifty enzymes activates possibly fifty enzymes

Maintaining osmotic balance Maintaining osmotic balance

PLANT PLANT REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION

SEED STRUCTURESEED STRUCTURE

LIFE CYCLESLIFE CYCLES

Seed StructureSeed Structure SeedSeed: An embryo of a plant : An embryo of a plant

that is encased in a that is encased in a protective covering and protective covering and surrounded by a food surrounded by a food supply.supply.

EmbryoEmbryo: An organism in its : An organism in its early stage of development.early stage of development.

Seed coatSeed coat: Surrounds and : Surrounds and protects the embryo and protects the embryo and keeps the contents of the keeps the contents of the seed from drying out.seed from drying out.

PollenPollen The entire male gametophyte is contained in a tiny The entire male gametophyte is contained in a tiny

structure: a structure: a pollen grainpollen grain.. Sperm produced by this gametophyte do not swim Sperm produced by this gametophyte do not swim

through water to fertilize the eggs.through water to fertilize the eggs. Instead, the pollen grain is carried to the female Instead, the pollen grain is carried to the female

reproductive structure byreproductive structure by1.1. WindWind2.2. InsectsInsects3.3. Small animalsSmall animals

PollinationPollination: the transfer of pollen from the male : the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure.structure.

Plant Life CyclePlant Life Cycle

A plant’s life A plant’s life cyclecycle is the entire sequence of is the entire sequence of stages in its life.stages in its life.

A plant’s life A plant’s life spanspan is the maximum length of is the maximum length of time it lives in its environment.time it lives in its environment.

Under what conditions might a plant not live Under what conditions might a plant not live out its expected life span?out its expected life span?

Do predators and disease effect a plant’s life Do predators and disease effect a plant’s life span?span?

Life Cycle of Plants: VocabularyLife Cycle of Plants: Vocabulary

AnnualAnnual: A plant that completes its life cycle in one growing : A plant that completes its life cycle in one growing season. It will grow, flower, set seed and die.season. It will grow, flower, set seed and die.

ex.) marigolds, tomatoes, petuniasex.) marigolds, tomatoes, petunias

PerennialPerennial: A plant that lives for 3 or more years. It can grow, : A plant that lives for 3 or more years. It can grow, flower and set seed for many years. flower and set seed for many years.

ex.) daisies, roses, chrysanthemumsex.) daisies, roses, chrysanthemums

BiennialBiennial: A plant that needs 2 growing seasons to complete its : A plant that needs 2 growing seasons to complete its life cycle. It grows life cycle. It grows vegetativelyvegetatively (produces leaves) one season. (produces leaves) one season. Then it goes dormant (rests over winter) and in the spring, it Then it goes dormant (rests over winter) and in the spring, it will begin to grow and flower, set seed and die.will begin to grow and flower, set seed and die.

ex.) parsley, carrots, foxgloveex.) parsley, carrots, foxglove