Chapter 22-Chapter 22-25: Plant 25: Plant KingdomKingdom

MulticellularMulticellular EukaryotesEukaryotes AutotrophsAutotrophs carry out carry out photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Thick cell walls made Thick cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose

Probably evolved from green algaeProbably evolved from green algae Both have cell walls of celluloseBoth have cell walls of cellulose Both have same type of chlorophyllBoth have same type of chlorophyll Both store food as starchBoth store food as starch

1st plants appeared 440 million years 1st plants appeared 440 million years ago (simple structures and no leaves)ago (simple structures and no leaves)

Plants need 5 things to Plants need 5 things to survive:survive:

WaterWater SunlightSunlight MineralsMinerals Gas exchangeGas exchange Transport of water and Transport of water and nutrients through plant nutrients through plant bodybody

CuticleCuticle waxy waxy

waterproof waterproof coatingcoating

Made of lipids Made of lipids (do not dissolve (do not dissolve in water)in water)

Helps prevent Helps prevent water loss from water loss from plantplant

LeavesLeaves Traps light Traps light

energyenergy Grows from a Grows from a

stemstem Where Where

photosynthesphotosynthesis occursis occurs

RootsRoots Absorb water Absorb water

and minerals and minerals from the soilfrom the soil

Helps transport Helps transport nutrients to the nutrients to the stemstem

Helps anchor Helps anchor plant to the plant to the groundground

StemsStems Provides support Provides support

for growthfor growth Contains tissues Contains tissues

that help transport that help transport food, water, and food, water, and other materials other materials throughout the throughout the plantplant

Vascular tissueVascular tissue Tubelike, Tubelike, elongated cellselongated cells

Transports Transports water, food, water, food, and other and other materialsmaterials

Can be food Can be food storage organsstorage organs

SeedsSeeds Contain an Contain an

embryo and embryo and food supplyfood supply

Covered by a Covered by a protective protective coatcoat

Alternation of Alternation of GenerationsGenerations

Lives of plants include 2 stagesLives of plants include 2 stages Development of gametes (sex Development of gametes (sex

cells)cells) Haploid cells (n)Haploid cells (n) Gametophyte stageGametophyte stage Antheridium: male structure Antheridium: male structure

where sperm is producedwhere sperm is produced Archegonium: female Archegonium: female

structure where eggs are structure where eggs are producedproduced

FertilizationFertilization Diploid cells (2n)Diploid cells (2n)

Produced by mitosisProduced by mitosis Sporophyte stageSporophyte stage Production of sporesProduction of spores

ParenchymaParenchyma Most abundant Most abundant

cells with thin, cells with thin, flexible cell wallsflexible cell walls

Found throughout Found throughout the plantthe plant

Function in Function in storage and food storage and food productionproduction

CollenchymaCollenchyma Long cells Long cells with unevenly with unevenly thickened cell thickened cell wallswalls

Provide Provide strength and strength and supportsupport

SclerenchymaSclerenchyma Thick, rigid Thick, rigid cellscells

Provide Provide support for support for the plantthe plant

EpidermisEpidermis TissueTissue: group of cells that work together: group of cells that work together Epidermis (Dermal tissue)Epidermis (Dermal tissue): composed of : composed of

flattened parenchymal cellsflattened parenchymal cells Covers and protects the body of plantCovers and protects the body of plant Produce cuticle to protect plant from Produce cuticle to protect plant from

water losswater loss

Stomata:Stomata: Allows evaporation of water by diffusionAllows evaporation of water by diffusion Openings in leaf tissue (pores on underside of Openings in leaf tissue (pores on underside of

leaves)leaves) Control exchange of gasesControl exchange of gases Found on stems and surface of leavesFound on stems and surface of leaves TranspirationTranspiration: loss of water through stomata: loss of water through stomata Controlled by guard cellsControlled by guard cells

Open and close stomataOpen and close stomata CloseClosein presence of less waterin presence of less water OpenOpen in presence of a lot of water in presence of a lot of water

Ground TissueGround Tissue

photosynthesis, photosynthesis, storage, supportstorage, support

Meristem Meristem TissueTissue

region of region of actively actively dividing dividing cellscells

Vascular Vascular TissueTissue

xylem and phloemxylem and phloem

Classifying Classifying PlantsPlants

Grouped into divisions Grouped into divisions instead of phylumsinstead of phylums

Plants placed into 2 groupsPlants placed into 2 groupsNon-seed plantsNon-seed plantsSeed plantsSeed plants

Non-Seed PlantsNon-Seed Plants can be vascular or can be vascular or

nonvascularnonvascular Produce hard-Produce hard-

walled reproductive walled reproductive cells called cells called sporesspores

BryophytesBryophytes mosses, liverworts, hornwortsmosses, liverworts, hornworts Life cycles depend on water for Life cycles depend on water for

reproductionreproduction Lack vascular tissue (nonvascular Lack vascular tissue (nonvascular

plants)plants) Low-growing plants: draw up Low-growing plants: draw up

water by osmosis and diffusionwater by osmosis and diffusion Found in moist, shady areasFound in moist, shady areas Small in sizeSmall in size Must have water for reproductionMust have water for reproduction No seeds or flowersNo seeds or flowers

Tracheids/TracheophytesTracheids/Tracheophytes Ferns, club mosses, horsetailsFerns, club mosses, horsetails Seedless, vascular plantsSeedless, vascular plants TracheidsTracheidshollow cells with a thick hollow cells with a thick

cell wallcell wall Allows water to move through a plantAllows water to move through a plant Xylem: carries water from roots up to Xylem: carries water from roots up to

entire plantentire plant Phloem: transports nutrients and Phloem: transports nutrients and

carbohydratescarbohydrates Found in moist habitatsFound in moist habitats No seeds or flowersNo seeds or flowers

Seed PlantsSeed Plants Produce seedsProduce seeds Water not needed for Water not needed for

reproductionreproduction Has vascular tissueHas vascular tissue Divided into 2 groups Divided into 2 groups

Gymnosperms- Gymnosperms- ““Naked SeedsNaked Seeds””

Seeds on surface of cones Seeds on surface of cones (exposed seeds)(exposed seeds)

Ex: conifers (pine, spruce), Ex: conifers (pine, spruce), cycads, ginkgocycads, ginkgo

Reproduce with exposed seedsReproduce with exposed seeds Pollination done through Pollination done through

wind, insects, or small wind, insects, or small animalsanimals

Cones: seed-bearing structuresCones: seed-bearing structures

Angiosperms – Angiosperms – ““Covered SeedsCovered Seeds”” Flowering plants (240,000 Flowering plants (240,000

species)species) Dominant plant lifeDominant plant life Develop Develop flowers flowers unique unique

reproductive organsreproductive organs Effective in successful Effective in successful

pollinationpollination Contain ovaries which Contain ovaries which

surround and protect the seedsurround and protect the seed Attract pollinatorsAttract pollinators

FruitFruit Wall of tissue Wall of tissue

surrounding the seedsurrounding the seed Ripened ovary of a flowerRipened ovary of a flower Used to attract animalsUsed to attract animals

Eat fruit and then Eat fruit and then deposit seeds at great deposit seeds at great distancesdistances

Categories of AngiospermsCategories of Angiosperms

Monocots vs. dicots:Monocots vs. dicots: named named for # of seed leaves for # of seed leaves (cotyledons)(cotyledons) 1 seed leaf (mono-) vs. 2 1 seed leaf (mono-) vs. 2

seed leaves (di-)seed leaves (di-) MonocotsMonocots corn, wheat, corn, wheat,

lilies, orchids, grasseslilies, orchids, grasses Dicots Dicots roses, clover, roses, clover,

tomatoes, daisiestomatoes, daisies

Categories of AngiospermsCategories of Angiosperms Herbaceous plants vs. Herbaceous plants vs.

woody plantswoody plants Smooth, nonwoody stems Smooth, nonwoody stems

vs. thick, woody stemsvs. thick, woody stems Herbaceous Herbaceous

dandelions, zinniasdandelions, zinnias Woody Woody trees, shrubs, trees, shrubs,

vinesvines

Categories of AngiospermsCategories of Angiosperms Plant life spansPlant life spans

AnnualAnnual (1 year) (1 year)Pansies, wheat, cucumbersPansies, wheat, cucumbers

BiennialBiennial (2 years) (2 years)Parsley, celery, carrots, beets, turnipsParsley, celery, carrots, beets, turnips

Perennial Perennial (more than 2 years)(more than 2 years)Peonies, asparagus, grassesPeonies, asparagus, grasses

RootsRoots Absorb water and dissolved nutrientsAbsorb water and dissolved nutrients Anchors plantAnchors plant Root hairsRoot hairs

Extensions of individual cellsExtensions of individual cells Help roots absorb more water and Help roots absorb more water and

nutrientsnutrients Hair-like extensionsHair-like extensions Increase surface area of rootsIncrease surface area of roots TrichomesTrichomes: hairlike projections: hairlike projections

Give stem or leaf a fuzzy appearanceGive stem or leaf a fuzzy appearance Help reduce evaporation of waterHelp reduce evaporation of water

2 Kinds of Roots2 Kinds of Roots TaprootsTaproots Fibrous rootsFibrous roots Root capRoot cap: covers tip : covers tip

of each rootof each root Xylem and phloem Xylem and phloem

are in center of rootare in center of root

StemsStems Support systemSupport system Hold leaves up towards sunlightHold leaves up towards sunlight Produce leaves, branches, and Produce leaves, branches, and

flowersflowers Transport system Transport system carries carries

nutrients between roots and nutrients between roots and leavesleaves

Protects plant against predators Protects plant against predators and diseaseand disease

LeavesLeaves Main photosynthetic organMain photosynthetic organ Helps plant absorb sunlightHelps plant absorb sunlight Mesophyll tissueMesophyll tissue

Where most chloroplasts are foundWhere most chloroplasts are found Where photosynthesis takes placeWhere photosynthesis takes place

Leaf veinsLeaf veins Transport water and inorganic Transport water and inorganic

compounds into the leafcompounds into the leaf Transports organic compounds away Transports organic compounds away

from leaf to other parts of plantfrom leaf to other parts of plant Products of photosynthesis Products of photosynthesis glucose glucose

Chapter 22-25 Review #1:Chapter 22-25 Review #1:1. Bryophytes are plants that lack ____.

a. a haploid generation c. vascular tissue

b. cell walls d. chlorophyll

2. The function of the xylem is to ____.

a. carry water c. carry out photosynthesis

b. carry nutrients and carbohydrates d. store minerals

3. Plants rely on phloem tissue for the transport of _____.

a. chlorophyll c. nutrients and carbohydrates

b. water d. sperm and egg cells

Reproduction Reproduction of Seed Plantsof Seed Plants

FlowersFlowers

reproductive organsreproductive organs Composed of 4 types of specialized Composed of 4 types of specialized

leavesleaves

SepalsSepals Outermost circle of Outermost circle of

floral partsfloral parts GreenGreen Closely resemble Closely resemble

leavesleaves Protect flower while Protect flower while

it is developing it is developing (under petals)(under petals)

PetalsPetals Brightly coloredBrightly colored Found inside the Found inside the

sepalssepals Attract insects and Attract insects and

other pollinatorsother pollinators

StamensStamens Male reproductive Male reproductive

partsparts Anther and Anther and

filamentfilament Anther: Anther:

produces pollen produces pollen (contains sperm)(contains sperm)

CarpelsCarpels (sometimes called a (sometimes called a

pistil)pistil) Female Female

reproductive reproductive partsparts

Ovary, stigma, styleOvary, stigma, style Ovary: has ovule Ovary: has ovule

(contains egg)(contains egg)

PollenPollen: male : male reproductive cell or reproductive cell or gametegamete

PollinationPollination: transfer : transfer of pollen from the of pollen from the male reproductive male reproductive structure to the structure to the female reproductive female reproductive structurestructure

Seed and Fruit DevelopmentSeed and Fruit Development FruitFruit: ripened ovary: ripened ovary

Contains seed Contains seed enclosed inside an enclosed inside an ovary wallovary wall

Ex: peas, corn, Ex: peas, corn, beans, rice, beans, rice, cucumberscucumbers

Seed DispersalSeed Dispersal AnimalsAnimals

Seeds covered in Seeds covered in tough coatingtough coating Can pass Can pass

through through digestive tractdigestive tract

Sprouts in fecesSprouts in feces Wind and waterWind and water

Usually lightweightUsually lightweight

DormancyDormancy Embryo is alive Embryo is alive

but not growingbut not growing Seed germinationSeed germination

Early growth stage Early growth stage of an embryoof an embryo

Seeds absorb Seeds absorb water to crack water to crack open seed coatopen seed coat

Chapter 22-25 Review #2:Chapter 22-25 Review #2:1. What is the thick wall of tissue that surrounds a

seed called? a. fruit b. cotyledon c. sporangia d. protonema

2. An embryo is alive but not growing during ___.a. vegetative reproduction c. germination

b. dormancy d. pollination

3. The early stage of growth in which a seed absorbs water, causing the seed coat to crack open is called _________.a. dormancy c. germination

b. grafting d. dispersal

Hormones and Plant GrowthHormones and Plant Growth MeristemMeristem: regions of : regions of

tissue that can produce tissue that can produce cells that will develop cells that will develop into specialized tissueinto specialized tissue Source of plant Source of plant

growthgrowth Plants grow in response Plants grow in response

to environmental factorsto environmental factors Light, moisture, Light, moisture,

temperature, gravitytemperature, gravity

Plant HormonesPlant Hormones Substances produced in one part of plant that Substances produced in one part of plant that

affects another partaffects another part Controls patterns of growth and development Controls patterns of growth and development

and responses to environmental conditionsand responses to environmental conditions AuxinsAuxins: stimulate cell elongation and cell : stimulate cell elongation and cell

divisiondivision Cytokinins:Cytokinins: stimulate cell division stimulate cell division GibberellinsGibberellins: stimulate an increase in size: stimulate an increase in size EthyleneEthylene: stimulates fruit to ripen: stimulates fruit to ripen

Plant ResponsesPlant Responses TropismsTropisms: responses of : responses of

plants to external plants to external environmental stimulienvironmental stimuli

GravitropismGravitropism: response : response of a plant to force of of a plant to force of gravitygravity Shoots grow out of Shoots grow out of

the soilthe soil Roots grow into the Roots grow into the

soilsoil

PhototropismPhototropism: : response of a response of a plant to lightplant to light

ThigmotropismThigmotropism: : response of response of plants to touchplants to touch

Nastic MovementNastic Movement movement of a movement of a

plant not based on plant not based on the direction of a the direction of a stimulusstimulus ExEx: Venus : Venus

flytrapflytrap

PhotoperiodismPhotoperiodism response of plants to difference in response of plants to difference in

the amount of light and dark the amount of light and dark periods in a dayperiods in a day

Plant AdaptationsPlant Adaptations Aquatic plantsAquatic plants: have tissues with large : have tissues with large

air-filled spaces to allow oxygen to air-filled spaces to allow oxygen to diffusediffuse

Salt-tolerant plantsSalt-tolerant plants: leaves with : leaves with specialized cells that pump salt out of specialized cells that pump salt out of leavesleaves

Desert plantsDesert plants: extensive roots, reduced : extensive roots, reduced leaves, thick stems to store water, and leaves, thick stems to store water, and dormant seedsdormant seeds

Plant AdaptationsPlant Adaptations Carnivorous plantsCarnivorous plants: leaves to trap : leaves to trap

and digest insectsand digest insects ParasitesParasites: ex. Mistletoe: ex. Mistletoe Chemical defensesChemical defenses: can be poisonous: can be poisonous

Chapter 22-25 Review #3:Chapter 22-25 Review #3:

1. Name 3 types of plant tropisms and what each type responds to.

 2. Describe a hormone.

 

3. A plant’s response to periods of light and darkness is called _________________.