cognitive psychology day 3 evolution of language theory of mind and extreme male brains
TRANSCRIPT
Cognitive Psychology
Day 3Evolution of Language
Theory of mind and extreme male brains
Can animals talk
bull It always depends on what you call talkinghellip
bull Kepekevoluciosvideok
bull There are two reasons
Arcok a Marson
bull There are two reasonsndash We like to hear animals talk
ndash Kepekevoluciostatogo majom
bull There are two reasonsndash We like to hear animals talkndash Animals like to imitate us
Human language
bull Hockettrsquos principles
ndash Arbtrariness (non-necessary connection between form and meaning)
ndash Abstractness (ability to talk about events distant in time or space)
ndash Duality (from a few meaningless signs an infinite number of configurations created)
ndash Productivity (new linguistic elements can be formed)
Natural signs ndash natural language
bull Closed ( 30-40 signs)
bull Holisticndash sounds smells facial
expressions
bull Analogue (crying)bull Concrete
bull inherited
bullOpen LexikonbullArbitrarily changeable
bullAnalytic Steven Pinker nyelvtan= discrete combinatorial system
bullhierarchybullrecursivity
bullinfinitebullDigitalbullDetached distanced
bulllearned
Inherited signs
bull Vervet monkeys
bull Playing them recorded signalsndash Different shouts
bull Eagle hide in bushbull Snake look under feetbull Leopard run up tree
bull It takes learning to get them right
bull Are they in-built measures of fear
bull What makes possible sentences infinitendash Recursion
ndash Diane said that Peter told her that Mary lied that she was at school that day
The mouse that the cat chased ate the cheeseThe mouse that the cat chased that the dog
barked ate the cheese
What animals canrsquot do
bull past
bull future
bull question
bull Lie ndash cheat
The Vervets again
bull Ability to cheatndash Want to get rid of bigger malendash Want to hide that yoursquove found foodndash Just give a leopard cry
And now the macaquesidentifying module
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Can animals talk
bull It always depends on what you call talkinghellip
bull Kepekevoluciosvideok
bull There are two reasons
Arcok a Marson
bull There are two reasonsndash We like to hear animals talk
ndash Kepekevoluciostatogo majom
bull There are two reasonsndash We like to hear animals talkndash Animals like to imitate us
Human language
bull Hockettrsquos principles
ndash Arbtrariness (non-necessary connection between form and meaning)
ndash Abstractness (ability to talk about events distant in time or space)
ndash Duality (from a few meaningless signs an infinite number of configurations created)
ndash Productivity (new linguistic elements can be formed)
Natural signs ndash natural language
bull Closed ( 30-40 signs)
bull Holisticndash sounds smells facial
expressions
bull Analogue (crying)bull Concrete
bull inherited
bullOpen LexikonbullArbitrarily changeable
bullAnalytic Steven Pinker nyelvtan= discrete combinatorial system
bullhierarchybullrecursivity
bullinfinitebullDigitalbullDetached distanced
bulllearned
Inherited signs
bull Vervet monkeys
bull Playing them recorded signalsndash Different shouts
bull Eagle hide in bushbull Snake look under feetbull Leopard run up tree
bull It takes learning to get them right
bull Are they in-built measures of fear
bull What makes possible sentences infinitendash Recursion
ndash Diane said that Peter told her that Mary lied that she was at school that day
The mouse that the cat chased ate the cheeseThe mouse that the cat chased that the dog
barked ate the cheese
What animals canrsquot do
bull past
bull future
bull question
bull Lie ndash cheat
The Vervets again
bull Ability to cheatndash Want to get rid of bigger malendash Want to hide that yoursquove found foodndash Just give a leopard cry
And now the macaquesidentifying module
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull There are two reasons
Arcok a Marson
bull There are two reasonsndash We like to hear animals talk
ndash Kepekevoluciostatogo majom
bull There are two reasonsndash We like to hear animals talkndash Animals like to imitate us
Human language
bull Hockettrsquos principles
ndash Arbtrariness (non-necessary connection between form and meaning)
ndash Abstractness (ability to talk about events distant in time or space)
ndash Duality (from a few meaningless signs an infinite number of configurations created)
ndash Productivity (new linguistic elements can be formed)
Natural signs ndash natural language
bull Closed ( 30-40 signs)
bull Holisticndash sounds smells facial
expressions
bull Analogue (crying)bull Concrete
bull inherited
bullOpen LexikonbullArbitrarily changeable
bullAnalytic Steven Pinker nyelvtan= discrete combinatorial system
bullhierarchybullrecursivity
bullinfinitebullDigitalbullDetached distanced
bulllearned
Inherited signs
bull Vervet monkeys
bull Playing them recorded signalsndash Different shouts
bull Eagle hide in bushbull Snake look under feetbull Leopard run up tree
bull It takes learning to get them right
bull Are they in-built measures of fear
bull What makes possible sentences infinitendash Recursion
ndash Diane said that Peter told her that Mary lied that she was at school that day
The mouse that the cat chased ate the cheeseThe mouse that the cat chased that the dog
barked ate the cheese
What animals canrsquot do
bull past
bull future
bull question
bull Lie ndash cheat
The Vervets again
bull Ability to cheatndash Want to get rid of bigger malendash Want to hide that yoursquove found foodndash Just give a leopard cry
And now the macaquesidentifying module
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Arcok a Marson
bull There are two reasonsndash We like to hear animals talk
ndash Kepekevoluciostatogo majom
bull There are two reasonsndash We like to hear animals talkndash Animals like to imitate us
Human language
bull Hockettrsquos principles
ndash Arbtrariness (non-necessary connection between form and meaning)
ndash Abstractness (ability to talk about events distant in time or space)
ndash Duality (from a few meaningless signs an infinite number of configurations created)
ndash Productivity (new linguistic elements can be formed)
Natural signs ndash natural language
bull Closed ( 30-40 signs)
bull Holisticndash sounds smells facial
expressions
bull Analogue (crying)bull Concrete
bull inherited
bullOpen LexikonbullArbitrarily changeable
bullAnalytic Steven Pinker nyelvtan= discrete combinatorial system
bullhierarchybullrecursivity
bullinfinitebullDigitalbullDetached distanced
bulllearned
Inherited signs
bull Vervet monkeys
bull Playing them recorded signalsndash Different shouts
bull Eagle hide in bushbull Snake look under feetbull Leopard run up tree
bull It takes learning to get them right
bull Are they in-built measures of fear
bull What makes possible sentences infinitendash Recursion
ndash Diane said that Peter told her that Mary lied that she was at school that day
The mouse that the cat chased ate the cheeseThe mouse that the cat chased that the dog
barked ate the cheese
What animals canrsquot do
bull past
bull future
bull question
bull Lie ndash cheat
The Vervets again
bull Ability to cheatndash Want to get rid of bigger malendash Want to hide that yoursquove found foodndash Just give a leopard cry
And now the macaquesidentifying module
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull There are two reasonsndash We like to hear animals talk
ndash Kepekevoluciostatogo majom
bull There are two reasonsndash We like to hear animals talkndash Animals like to imitate us
Human language
bull Hockettrsquos principles
ndash Arbtrariness (non-necessary connection between form and meaning)
ndash Abstractness (ability to talk about events distant in time or space)
ndash Duality (from a few meaningless signs an infinite number of configurations created)
ndash Productivity (new linguistic elements can be formed)
Natural signs ndash natural language
bull Closed ( 30-40 signs)
bull Holisticndash sounds smells facial
expressions
bull Analogue (crying)bull Concrete
bull inherited
bullOpen LexikonbullArbitrarily changeable
bullAnalytic Steven Pinker nyelvtan= discrete combinatorial system
bullhierarchybullrecursivity
bullinfinitebullDigitalbullDetached distanced
bulllearned
Inherited signs
bull Vervet monkeys
bull Playing them recorded signalsndash Different shouts
bull Eagle hide in bushbull Snake look under feetbull Leopard run up tree
bull It takes learning to get them right
bull Are they in-built measures of fear
bull What makes possible sentences infinitendash Recursion
ndash Diane said that Peter told her that Mary lied that she was at school that day
The mouse that the cat chased ate the cheeseThe mouse that the cat chased that the dog
barked ate the cheese
What animals canrsquot do
bull past
bull future
bull question
bull Lie ndash cheat
The Vervets again
bull Ability to cheatndash Want to get rid of bigger malendash Want to hide that yoursquove found foodndash Just give a leopard cry
And now the macaquesidentifying module
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull There are two reasonsndash We like to hear animals talkndash Animals like to imitate us
Human language
bull Hockettrsquos principles
ndash Arbtrariness (non-necessary connection between form and meaning)
ndash Abstractness (ability to talk about events distant in time or space)
ndash Duality (from a few meaningless signs an infinite number of configurations created)
ndash Productivity (new linguistic elements can be formed)
Natural signs ndash natural language
bull Closed ( 30-40 signs)
bull Holisticndash sounds smells facial
expressions
bull Analogue (crying)bull Concrete
bull inherited
bullOpen LexikonbullArbitrarily changeable
bullAnalytic Steven Pinker nyelvtan= discrete combinatorial system
bullhierarchybullrecursivity
bullinfinitebullDigitalbullDetached distanced
bulllearned
Inherited signs
bull Vervet monkeys
bull Playing them recorded signalsndash Different shouts
bull Eagle hide in bushbull Snake look under feetbull Leopard run up tree
bull It takes learning to get them right
bull Are they in-built measures of fear
bull What makes possible sentences infinitendash Recursion
ndash Diane said that Peter told her that Mary lied that she was at school that day
The mouse that the cat chased ate the cheeseThe mouse that the cat chased that the dog
barked ate the cheese
What animals canrsquot do
bull past
bull future
bull question
bull Lie ndash cheat
The Vervets again
bull Ability to cheatndash Want to get rid of bigger malendash Want to hide that yoursquove found foodndash Just give a leopard cry
And now the macaquesidentifying module
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Human language
bull Hockettrsquos principles
ndash Arbtrariness (non-necessary connection between form and meaning)
ndash Abstractness (ability to talk about events distant in time or space)
ndash Duality (from a few meaningless signs an infinite number of configurations created)
ndash Productivity (new linguistic elements can be formed)
Natural signs ndash natural language
bull Closed ( 30-40 signs)
bull Holisticndash sounds smells facial
expressions
bull Analogue (crying)bull Concrete
bull inherited
bullOpen LexikonbullArbitrarily changeable
bullAnalytic Steven Pinker nyelvtan= discrete combinatorial system
bullhierarchybullrecursivity
bullinfinitebullDigitalbullDetached distanced
bulllearned
Inherited signs
bull Vervet monkeys
bull Playing them recorded signalsndash Different shouts
bull Eagle hide in bushbull Snake look under feetbull Leopard run up tree
bull It takes learning to get them right
bull Are they in-built measures of fear
bull What makes possible sentences infinitendash Recursion
ndash Diane said that Peter told her that Mary lied that she was at school that day
The mouse that the cat chased ate the cheeseThe mouse that the cat chased that the dog
barked ate the cheese
What animals canrsquot do
bull past
bull future
bull question
bull Lie ndash cheat
The Vervets again
bull Ability to cheatndash Want to get rid of bigger malendash Want to hide that yoursquove found foodndash Just give a leopard cry
And now the macaquesidentifying module
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Natural signs ndash natural language
bull Closed ( 30-40 signs)
bull Holisticndash sounds smells facial
expressions
bull Analogue (crying)bull Concrete
bull inherited
bullOpen LexikonbullArbitrarily changeable
bullAnalytic Steven Pinker nyelvtan= discrete combinatorial system
bullhierarchybullrecursivity
bullinfinitebullDigitalbullDetached distanced
bulllearned
Inherited signs
bull Vervet monkeys
bull Playing them recorded signalsndash Different shouts
bull Eagle hide in bushbull Snake look under feetbull Leopard run up tree
bull It takes learning to get them right
bull Are they in-built measures of fear
bull What makes possible sentences infinitendash Recursion
ndash Diane said that Peter told her that Mary lied that she was at school that day
The mouse that the cat chased ate the cheeseThe mouse that the cat chased that the dog
barked ate the cheese
What animals canrsquot do
bull past
bull future
bull question
bull Lie ndash cheat
The Vervets again
bull Ability to cheatndash Want to get rid of bigger malendash Want to hide that yoursquove found foodndash Just give a leopard cry
And now the macaquesidentifying module
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Inherited signs
bull Vervet monkeys
bull Playing them recorded signalsndash Different shouts
bull Eagle hide in bushbull Snake look under feetbull Leopard run up tree
bull It takes learning to get them right
bull Are they in-built measures of fear
bull What makes possible sentences infinitendash Recursion
ndash Diane said that Peter told her that Mary lied that she was at school that day
The mouse that the cat chased ate the cheeseThe mouse that the cat chased that the dog
barked ate the cheese
What animals canrsquot do
bull past
bull future
bull question
bull Lie ndash cheat
The Vervets again
bull Ability to cheatndash Want to get rid of bigger malendash Want to hide that yoursquove found foodndash Just give a leopard cry
And now the macaquesidentifying module
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull What makes possible sentences infinitendash Recursion
ndash Diane said that Peter told her that Mary lied that she was at school that day
The mouse that the cat chased ate the cheeseThe mouse that the cat chased that the dog
barked ate the cheese
What animals canrsquot do
bull past
bull future
bull question
bull Lie ndash cheat
The Vervets again
bull Ability to cheatndash Want to get rid of bigger malendash Want to hide that yoursquove found foodndash Just give a leopard cry
And now the macaquesidentifying module
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
What animals canrsquot do
bull past
bull future
bull question
bull Lie ndash cheat
The Vervets again
bull Ability to cheatndash Want to get rid of bigger malendash Want to hide that yoursquove found foodndash Just give a leopard cry
And now the macaquesidentifying module
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
The Vervets again
bull Ability to cheatndash Want to get rid of bigger malendash Want to hide that yoursquove found foodndash Just give a leopard cry
And now the macaquesidentifying module
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
And now the macaquesidentifying module
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Careful Der Kluge Hans ndash Clever Hans ndash effect
(1907 Oskar Pfungst)
ELIZA httpwww-aiijssielizaelizahtmlA trap set by our intentional stance
Argumentation valid for all sentient subjects (HS as well) (Rico the Border Collie)
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Two important questions
bull Nature-nurture (Skinner vs Chomsky)ndash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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- Slide 185
- Slide 186
- Slide 187
- Slide 188
-
Irene PepperbergAlex the African grey parrot
Avian Lanuage teaching EXperiment
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacuteALexalextheparrot[1]mov
Is it human language
Sentence structure How many blue blocks
New words coined bdquoBanneryrdquo
All in all 200 words
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
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-
bull Paul Bloom (Yale)bull bdquoboth a baby and a dog are exposed to
language but only the baby learns to talk (Science)rdquo
bull Childrenrsquos word learning ndash fast mapping
ndashPERSPECTIVESBEHAVIORCan a Dog Learn a Word Paul Bloom (11 June 2004)Science 304 (5677) 1605 [DOI 101126science1099899])
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
The new chimpanzees
bull Rico the Border Collie (video)bull Juliane Kaminski Leipzigbull Fast mapping and word learning
ndash bdquofetch-the-bunnyrdquo One word ndash can put it in a box as well or give it to someone
ndash Novel item ndash novel word
bull Paul Bloom
ndash bdquofor psychologists dogs may be the new chimpanzeesrdquo
ndash bdquoIf any child learned words the way Rico did the parents would run screaming to the nearest neurologist
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
The new chimpanzees
bull Questionsndash Talent or learning (nature or nurture)ndash Dogs are evolutionarily selected for
attending to the communicative intentions of humans
ndash Can Rico demonstrate understanding of a word other than by fetching an object
ndash Could Rico be told not to fetch a specific object (akin to telling a human child dont touch)
ndash Can Rico learn a word for any object that is not small and fetchable
ndash Can the same results be produced with nonlinguistic sounds
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Important aspects
bull Nature-nurturendash Species similar to us (apes)ndash Species adapted to us (dog cat)
bull Natural communicative signs - artificialndash Animals communicating in their natural habitatndash Arbitrary sign taught by human researchers
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Monkeys speaking
bull Maybe they could use a simpler proto language
bull Ability not used
bull 3 methodsndash Natural speechndash ASL- sign languagendash Lexigram signs
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
Languagebull lexigrams
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Gua(Kellogg amp Kellogg 1933)
ndash Raised as a family member (9 months)
ndash Intimate relationship
httpwwwpsyfsueduhistorywnkapehtml
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Emotional reactions
feeding
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
In spite of all this Guandash Never produced intelligible wordsndash Only understood few
Where is your nose
Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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Viki(Hayes 1951)
bull Family memberbull Reinforceent learningbull After 7 years
ndash Badly articulated 4 words mama papa up cupndash Only family members understand himndash Understands few words
60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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60rsquos teaching chimps
bull Complete fiasco
bull Is the problem physiologicalndash Lack of fine motor coordination
ndash Movement of tonguendash Control of breathingndash Voluntary control of emitting sounds
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Different physiologyLarynx higher -gt smaller pharynx and nasal cavity
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndash American sign
languagebull lexigramok
bull Three starsbull Washoe
(chimpanzee)
bull Nim Chimpsky (chimpanzee)
bull Koko (gorilla)
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Washoe(Gardner amp Gardner 1960rsquos)
bull Captured in Africa bull Started to learn at 11 months ndash
teaching during 51 monthsbull Brouht up as a deaf child (games
social activities)bull idea
ndash Chimps use gestures as a natural sign in their communication
ndash They do not use signs
ASL American Sign Language
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
What did Washoe learn
Lexiconbull production 150-200 signsbull Understood morebull More syntactic categories (N V Adj
Pro)bull Could create new signs ()
Duck = water + bird
Grammarbull overgeneralizationbull Combining signs
ndash Washoe sorryndash Baby downndash Go inndash Hug hurryndash Out open please hurry
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
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- Slide 15
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-
Nim Chimpsky amp Herbert Terrace
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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-
Nim Chimpsky(Terrace Petitto Sanders amp Bever 1979)
bull What does his name remind you of
bull Washoersquos familybull ASL stricter design
What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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What has Nim Chimpsky learned
bull 125 signs BUT stricter criteria would ca 25ndash (strict criteiria meaning double-blind studies with
signers)
bull A maximum of two combinationsrarrif there is az more it is usually repetitionndash banana me eat banana eat
bull The length of sentences does not grow over timebull No relationship between the complexitiy of
sentences and their length (rather he learned that the more he signs the sooner he gets what he wantshellip)
bull No spontaneous signs
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Nim Chimpskybull His utterances
ndash 90 reaction relates to a bdquohere and now aspectrdquo (eat play drink)
ndash 40 straight repetition
bull Interrupts the signing of teacher
bull Does not add new information to the situation
bdquoYou can teach that to a dove with operant conditioningrdquo (Herbert Terrace)
Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
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Koko and dr Penny Patterson
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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- Slide 2
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BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_first3signs_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokokoko_sign_history_56[1]mov
BME_evoluacutecioacuteskurzusevoluc200607BMEnyelvevoluacutecioacutekokomeet_koko_psa_56[1]mov
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Francine Patterson
33 year-old gorilla learned the language in infancy (ASL)
Longest ongoing research worked together for 33 years
Only research involving a gorilla
Supposedly knows a 1000 signs and understands written English
Chatted on America Online
Can communicate toothache
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
But letrsquos see that chathellip
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull Spoken languagebull ASL ndashbull lexigrams
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
David and Ann Premack
Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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Savage Rumbaugh
One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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One of the fiascos
Mercury-
Since he did not learn language at all he was transferred to do other experiments
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Bad news ndash good news
bull Matata and her son Kanzindash After 25 years of training Matata still wasnrsquot
very good at lexigrams ndash they gave up and sent her to a Primate Center
ndash They kept Kanzi ndash luckily
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Kanzi(Greenfield amp Savage-Rumbaugh 1990)
bull A real star (played together with Paul McCartney-vel + Peter Gabriel)
bull bonobo supposed to be more intelligent social communicative
bull Has NEVER been taught only her mother
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Kanzi and Alia
bull Compared them with a comprehension test with toys Kanzi has never seen before only videos and pictures
bull Kanzi make the dog bite the snake bull Kanzi tickle Rose with the bunny bull 500 novel sentencesbull Both Alia and kanzi were 70
correct
Kanzi video httpwwwiowagreatapesorgbonobomeetkanziphp
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Conclusion about ape studies
apebull Here and nowbull No syntaxbull explicit teaching
bull Does not refuse badly formed sentences
bull Rarely forms questionsbull Not using symbols
spontaneuosly
bull MLU same
bull Banana me me me eat
childbull timelinebull syntaxbull No explicit teaching ndash
spontaneous signs with deaf children)
bull Refuses badly formed sentences
bull Frequent questionsbull Referential use of symbols
bull MLU grows and so does complexity
bull I am going to eat all the bananas
Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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Hauser Chomsky Fitch
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bdquoHuman language is an embarrassment for evolutionary theoryrdquo
David Premack
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
When
bull A when did language evolve in the history of mankindndash evidence
bull Human fossils (speech organs and brain tissue) ndash 2 million years
bull tools ndash 100 thousand yearsbull Art ndash 30-35 thousand years
bull B What is the point
How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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How did language evolve
1 Evolutionists bull The meteors of Chomsky
Two questionsContinuous or discontinuousAdaptation or exaptation
bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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bull Step-by-step evolutionndash Different linguistic levels Bickertonndash A evolutionary stable strategy of grammar
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Bickerton elmeacutelete
ndash 0 Australopithecus ndashapes today (categorize)ndash 1 Erectus ndash protolanguage without syntaxndash 2 Archaic homo sapiens ndash symbolic language
with syntaxndash 3 developed languagendash languages diverging different language
families (Luigi Cavalli-Sforza)
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
ESS ndash Evolutionary stable strategies
bull Think of all the things you might want to talk about
bull What if you invented a different sound for each
bull Solutionndash categorizationndash combination
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Syntax evolution the problem
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Syntax evolution the answerNumber of word learnings per individual ndash x axis
Event rate matrix ndash frequencies at which these events occur
A 4 events 4 objects
B 6 events 6 objects
C 10 events 10 objects
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Saltatoric appearance
bull Noam Chomsky language could not have evolved by natural selection ndash Too complexndash All the interim forms bring no advantage
bull Exaptation
Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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Evolution theories
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
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-
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Egypt ndash an interesting experiment
bull Pharaoh Psammeticos (7th century BC)ndash Given two babies to a shepherd to raise them without
saying a word to them ndash the most ancient language would be the one they start to speak
ndash Once they happened to say the word bdquobheccosrdquondash It means bread in phrueg a language now extinct
bull Kaiser Franz II Germo-Roman emperor (10th AC)ndash same experimentndash no result
bull Jacob IV Scottish king (XVth AC)ndash The child started to speak something like Hebrew
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Similarity in onomatopaeiabull Afrikaans miaau
Albanian mjau Arabic (Algeria) miau miau Bengali meu-meu Catalan meu meu Croatian mijau Danish mjav Dutch miauw English meow Esperanto miaŭ Estonian naumlu Finnish miau kurnau French miaou German miau Greek niaou Hebrew miyau Hindi myaau myaauu Hungarian miau Icelandic mjaacute
bull Indonesian ngeong Italian miao Japanese nyaa Korean (n)ya-ong Mandarin Chinese miao miao Norwegian mjau Polish miau Portuguese miau Russian myau Slovene mijau Spanish miau Swedish mjau Thai meow meow (with high tone) Turkish miyauv miyauv Ukrainian myau Vietnamese meo-meo
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Otto Jespersen ndash the reason of the ban in 1886
bull Interlingua ndash International Auxiliary languagebull Bow-wow theory
ndash Imitating animals - onomatopeiabull Pooh-pooh theory
ndash Emotion-laden signs (pain happiness)bull Ding-dong theory
ndash A sort of verbalizing non-verbal communivationbull Yo-he-ho theory
ndash Vocalization while working singingbull La-la theory
ndash Love art poetry music
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
A difference in vocabulary
bull Hunter-gatherersndash 5000-6000 wordsndash Half of them is verb connected to survival
bull Modern language ndash 50-60 housand wordsndash 10-15 verbs
bull Language had a larger role in this
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
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- Slide 173
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- Slide 175
- Slide 176
- Slide 177
- Slide 178
- Slide 179
- Slide 180
- Slide 181
- Slide 182
- Slide 183
- Slide 184
- Slide 185
- Slide 186
- Slide 187
- Slide 188
-
What do you need to know to survive
bull Places of plants and migration of animals
bull Todayrsquos hunter-gathererrsquos ndash little evidence more gestures (max 1-2 words)
bull Talk basicly gossip ndash life of people affairs
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Tools and DIY
bull Constructional ability
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull You needndash Model of the outside worldndash Manipulation abilities
bull Both language and toolmaking arendash sequentialndash hierarchical
bull Two possibilitiesndash Making tools presupposes abilities that bootsrap
languagendash Making tools needs teaching and cooperation
presupposing language
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
DIY in hunter-gatherers
bull Rarely do they say instructions ndash Mostly direct observation
bull Cathleen Gibsonndash Division of labour ndash Social effect
ndash Gibson K R and Ingold T eds Tools Language and Cognition in Human Evolution Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1993
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
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-
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull Robin Dunbar
bull groomingndash Hygenic function - originallyndash Social and emotional bonds
ndash Endogene opiates
GETncmjustsaycust-recrate-itemcommunittgstoresdfavorite-lis-favorite-listruejust-say-no
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
A
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Grooming time for hominids
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
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-
bull Group size ~ groomingndash Reduces agressionndash Gets social support
bull Max 70 (20-25 of time)
bull Group size ~ brain sizendash Cogitive restraint
bull humans 1478 (150) (42 of time)
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Average size of human tribes
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
The magic number of 150
bull The average size of hunter-gatherer groups
bull Basic military unit
bull hutterites ndash one colony
bull Gore-Tex fabric Ltd 150 parking places
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
And the solution ishellip
bull Language ndash a more efficient way of groomingndash Can groom various persons at a timendash The hands are free to manipulate
bull Trading social informationbull Indirect experience ndash learn novel situationbull Group identity - dialects
bull It was 250-300 thousand years ago we reached this 70 person limit
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
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-
Talking
Men
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
Women
social activities
work
politics culture
free time
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
How did language evolve
bull Early linguistic theories
bull Ecolocigal modelsndash hunt
bull Social explanationndash Building social relations
bull Sexual selection
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Geoffrey Miller
Univ of New Mexico
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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-
bull Altruism of speaker ndash are we giving away information
bull language=nothing more than a sexual ornament a way of wooing
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
men women
same sex
both sexes
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull Name great writers in History
bull Fitness indicator bull Intelligence correlates with vocabulary 80bull 60 genetically determined
bull Cyrano effect
bull Seherzade effect
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
However
bull Women are better at verbal intelligence arenrsquot theyndash Contradictory findings
bull Fluency testsbull Verbal intelligence testbull Vocabulary tests ndash only until the age of 3-5bull The aphasia mythbull The autism myth ndash that is actually truehellip
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Climbing the hierarchybull Robbins Burling
ndash In egalitarian societies the chieftain is going to be the person communicating best
ndash Although ndash Baron-Cohen
First onomatopeic sounds
First comprehension evolves ndash then production (look whorsquos talking now)
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
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-
Constructing conversations
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Filling in the gaps
bull Communication is rather fragmentary
ndash What do you want to eatndash Well have you got money on youndash I donrsquot have that much time
Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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Scripts ndash Schank and Abelson
bull Scripts are groups of causal chains that represent knowledge about frequently experienced events (eg going to a restaurant) In other words a script is a stereotyped sequence of actions that defines a well-known situation and has associated with it
bull a number of roles for the actors (different points of view on the
bull situation eg customer vs waiter vs cook)bull different tracks (eg restaurant fast-food)bull different scenes (eg enter order eat pay) each scene
has abull MAINCON ie a main conceptualization which must havebull happened if the scene is instantiatedbull as well as props entry conditions results branches and
loops
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
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-
Bartlett and Freud
bull Freud ndash repression ndash later defense mechanisms ndash interpretation of dreamsndash Many cognitive scientists argue that current ideas are
completely differentndash Not because of threatening emotional content but
overwhelmed cognitive systemsbull Mistakes in remembrance
ndash Omissionndash Rationalizationndash Elaborationndash Condensationndash Distorsion (- falsification)ndash Reversals (ndash reaction formation)
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
False Memories
bull Deese 1959 Roediger amp McDermott 1995 DRM
bull Hill valley climb summit top molehill peak plain glacier goat bike climber range steep ndash MOUNTAIN (critical wordlure)
bull Presentation of strong associates results in high probability of falsely remembering the critical word
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Why do we falsely remember
bull Implicit Activation Response (IAR) hypothesisndash When people encode words they (implicitly)
think of associates to those words critical words then seem familiar at test and are falsely recognized
bull If we know about false memories can we prevent them from happening
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
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-
Gallo Roberts amp Seamon 1997
bull Can we avoid false memories if we know that they might occurndash Roediger amp McDermott (1995) excluded one
participant who failed to have false memories because she reported that ldquothe lists seemed designed to make her think of a nonpresented wordrdquo
ndash Informal demonstrations with knowledgeable participants still show false memories
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Loftus G
bull Law and psychologyndash Witnesses see the crime commited in suboptimal
conditions (dark far away)ndash Witnesses are exposed to posterior suggestive
informationbull Show-up and line-up procedures
ndash Line-up still problematicbull Physical bias ndash how to select the fillersbull Physical bias ndash odball effectsbull Lack of double blind policemanbull Unconscious transference - familiarity
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
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-
bull Problems with perceptual encoding at the timendash Distance as a factor is systematically
undervalued
bull Judges overestimate the importance of self-confidence
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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- Slide 186
- Slide 187
- Slide 188
-
Conclusion
bull Wersquore filling in gaps constantly not only in language but in other domains as well
Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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Mental health
And its evolutionary accounts
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
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-
Mental disorder - definition
bull Normal and abnormalndash Deviantndash Maladaptivendash Personal distress
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Cultural variationsbull Main disorders everyhere ndash but with minor differences
bull Culture bound disordersbull 1048713 Koro
ndash 1048713 an obsessive fear that onersquos penis will withdraw into onersquos abdomen seen only in Malaya and other regions of southern Asia
bull 1048713 Windigondash intense craving for human flesh and fear that one will turn into a
cannibal seen only among Algonquin Indian culturesbull 1048713 Anorexia nervosa
ndash an eating disorder characterized by intentional self-starvation until recently seen only in affluent Western cultures
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
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-
Olympe de Gauges
bull She was diagnosed in 1973 with an illness called bdquorevolutionary hysteriardquondash Abnormal sexuality ndash excessive menstruational flow ndash Narcissism (predilection of daily baths)ndash Lack of moral sense (refusal to remarry)
bull Mental illness as a category seems to changendash Geographicallyndash With time
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Today
Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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Evolutionary models
bull Why are there illnesses if we are so nearly perfected by evolution
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 187
- Slide 188
-
Evolution of mental illnesses
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Some assumptions
bull Homo sapiens evolved 200000 years ago ndash there have been no change in brain capacity relative to body sizendash So what we experience psychologically and
emotionally was almost certainly experienced throughout evolution
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 187
- Slide 188
-
Implicit cognition and therapy
bull Psychopathologies ndash lack of intentional controlndash Irrationalndash Affectional in nature
bull Freud TATndash More contaminationndash fakeable
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Cognitive models of anxiety
bull Maladaptive fear schemandash More attentive to threatening cuesndash Interpretation of ambiguous situationsndash Automaticity of fear schemas
bull Explicit not going to be fatally attacked by daddylonglegs
bull Implicitly avoidance
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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-
Anxiety disorders
bull Watson versus genetics
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
General Anxiety Disorder
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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-
Phobic disorder
bull A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
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- Slide 183
- Slide 184
- Slide 185
- Slide 186
- Slide 187
- Slide 188
-
Arachnophobia
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
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-
Arachnophobia and IAT
bull There is no natural implicit opposing category to spidersndash Snakesndash Household itemsndash Blood-injection
bull Mixed results
bull Go-NoGo task
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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- Slide 184
- Slide 185
- Slide 186
- Slide 187
- Slide 188
-
Go-noGo task
Has to answer quickly ndash otherwise it is not automatic ndash 1400 ms window
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull Spider fearndash Participants had to approach a frightening-
looking spiderndash They had to report anxiety levelndash on the basis of the distance they were
groupes into high-fear group and low-fear group
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
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- Slide 188
-
Evolutionary explanation
bull It is not against all harmful animals (big cat phobia is rare)
bull The fear seems to be directedndash Difficult to perceivendash Not physically but chemically dangerous (venomous)ndash Yet ndash the bigger the more frightening (logical with
some spiders but the opposite with snakes)bull Not without foundations ndash Indian statistics
ndash 925 by tigersndash 20000 deaths caused by snakes
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull Snakes are dangerous ndash a misconceptionndash Mind you- this would undermine the simple evolutionary
theoryndash Snakes in fact are not less afraid of humans than
humans are of themndash Cobrarsquos hoodsndash Elevated stance (34th)ndash Ability to pitndash Playing deadndash Most venomous bites are not deadlyndash The more poisinous the less deaths it provokes (based on mice
though)ndash 20 of deaths is a result of trying to kill a snake
bull Co-evolution ndash they evolved to accomodate human phobia and try not to evoke it and being beaten to death
What would be the point of evolving it
Source Brian Bushrsquos article httpmembersiinetnetau~bushmythhtml
The guy also says that there are no really venomous snakes in Australia whereas other sources list 5 out of the 10 most dangerous to be there (Including the tiger snake death adder and the taipan)
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
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- Slide 188
-
Depression
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
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-
Depression
bull Impairs motivation cognition and behaviourbull Psysical and emotional energy is lessenedbull Motivation to achieve set goalsbull Concentration is limitedbull Personal inadequacybull Nothing seems interestingbull Slowed physical movementsbull No heed to appearance
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 182
- Slide 183
- Slide 184
- Slide 185
- Slide 186
- Slide 187
- Slide 188
-
Depression
bull Unipolar and bipolar
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
- Slide 17
- Slide 18
- Slide 19
- Slide 20
- Slide 21
- Slide 22
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-
Biological basis
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
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-
Behaviourial basis
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
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-
bull Implicit and ecplicit viewsndash Negative schemas activatedndash Dual process theory of depressionndash Behaviorial Activation system
bull Positive appetitive incentivebull Specific to depression
ndash Behaviorial Inhibition Systembull Avoidance behaviourbull Associated with anxiety disorders ndash particularly social anxietybull Seems to be more general in psychiatric diseases neuroticitybull Depressive inhibition ndash it is detached from environmental
cues ndash has a life of its own
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
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-
bull Questionnaires (explicit)ndash BDIndash CSQ (Cognitive Style Questionnaire)ndash General distress Scale
bull IAT (Implicit)ndash Self (own name personal data taken)ndash Positive adjectives
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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-
3 week follow-up
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
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-
Evolution
bull The general description of depression is difficult because probably there is no such unitary illness
bull Various evolutionary theories exist but generally each explains a segment or type of depression not the disorder in general
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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-
SADS ndash seasonal affective disorder
bull Low on behaviourial activation system to conserve resourcesndash Cold weatherndash Vastly reduced vegetationndash Scarcer prey
ndash Zombies ndash winter hybernationndash Sufferers respond easily to exposure to artificial or natural lightndash All animals seem to become less active with cold ndash including
deersndash Optimal temperature coincides with plant vegetationndash BUT what about the Eskimo
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull BowinsThe Amplification effectndash Human intelligence has amplified emotional
states as a by-product ndash it made us the most emotional species
ndash Cognitive activating appraisals (basis of emotion) are more pronounced
bull Intensive because conscious associationsndash (loose your job ndash scenarios of hunger and necessity)
bull Extension over timendash The representation of past and future give rise to the
amplification of negative scenarios
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
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-
Psychopathy
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
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-
Explicit-implicit debate
bull Similarity to the rationality ndash emotionality debate
bull The difference is only about exactly where you store those memoriesndash bdquogo with your gutsrdquo
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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-
Damasiorsquos self
bull Feeling of emotions depends on the activation of the somatosensory cortices and the insula in particular
bull Descarts Je pense donc je suisndash Memory storage in the body via OMPFC
bull bdquothe somatic markerrdquo hypothesis
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
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-
The Iowa gambling task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Preliminary galvanic skin response
OFC lesion impairs task
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
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-
Delusions
bull Capgrass delusionndash Significant others have been replaced by
impostors robots or aliens
bull Contrast ndash prosopagnosia
bull Contrast ndash Fregoli syndrome
Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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Social implicit cognition
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
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-
Social cognition
bull Attitudes consist of three components ABCndash Affect
bull - physiologicalndash Behaviorial
bull ndash verbal or action ( differing)ndash Cognition
bull ndash cognitive evaluation (how do you know if not verbally)
bull La Pieacutererdquos Chinese couple in the USAndash Explicit attitudes cannot predict actual behaviour
bull Emotion is overexploitedndash Why sex in advertisements Why not candy
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
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-
New implicit methods
bull IAT ndash Implicit Association Test
bull LIB (Linguistic Intergroup Bias)
bull Affective priming
bull The visual-probe test
bull Go-NoGo tasks
bull Extrinsic affective Simon Task
bull Emotional Stroop
Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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Applied implicit cognition
bull Social cognitionndash The IAT (Greenwald McGee and Schwartz
1998)ndash Implicit Association testndash Applied to attitudes stereotypes self-esteem
bull ldquothe introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) trace of past experience that mediates Rrdquo where R refers to the category of responses that are assumed to be influenced by that construct
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
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-
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces) Men (names or faces)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Positive traits (wonderful glorious)
Negative traits (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
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-
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Women (names or faces)Men (names or faces)
Positive traits (wonderful glorious) Negative traits (horrible)
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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-
Validitybull Less fakeable ndash unless done various timesbull Does not always correlate with reported
measures ndash which one is true
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Slide 15
- Slide 16
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-
Disadvantages
bull Sometimes arbitrary categories have to be chosen no natural contrasts existndash Spidersndash Cocaine
bull Unipolar versions ndash there is simply one category and a control condition
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
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-
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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- Slide 185
- Slide 186
- Slide 187
- Slide 188
-
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Spider names (black widow tarantula)
Positive words (wonderful glorious) Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
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The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
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-
The implicit association test
BUTTON A BUTTON B
Cat names (Siamese Persian)
Positive words (wonderful glorious)
Negative words (horrible)
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
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-
Basic idea
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
negative positive
spider
cat
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
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-
Race and prejudice
bull The willing and able problemndash Self report measures are transparent to most
peoplendash Remember the Chinese couple travelling
through America
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Black names White names
desirable
Jamal
Sue-Ellen
undesirable
wonderful
disgusting
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
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-
Explicit measures
bull Semantic differentialndash 7 pointndash Beautiful ndash uglyndash Pleasant ndash unpleasantndash good ndash badndash Honest ndash dishonestndash Nice - awful
bull Feeling thermometer
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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-
bull Explicit and implicit measures ndash sometimes correlate (Dovidio et al 1997)ndash Sometimes they donrsquot (Greenwald et al 1998)
bull Actual behaviour (interaction with black experimenter) ndash correlates slightly more significantly with implicit
measures (039) than explicit ones (033)bull but in this study the two measures (implicit and explicit)
correlate
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
Learning attitudes
bull Olson amp Fazio (2001)
empathiccruel
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
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-
Attitudes
bull IAT task ndash positive vs negative
lovedeath
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
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-
The BeanFest Gamebull Faizio Eiser and Shook
ndash Imgaine yoursquore on a new planet and have to live off beans You have an energy of 100 initially which decreases if you eat bad beans or do not eat at all and increases if you eat Your goal is to survive on the planet
ndash With time on every trial you lose -1
ndash You gain +10 with good beans
ndash You lose -10 with bad beans
Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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Learning attitudes
bull Luupites and Niffitesndash They were told different stories about Luupites
and Niffitesndash There were names to the different categories
bull Positive and negative nouns
bull Gregg A P Banaji M R amp Seibt B (2006) Easier made than undone the asymmetric malleability of automatic preferences Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 1ndash20
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
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-
LIB
bull The Linguistic intergroup biasndash the tendency to describe stereotypic events in more
abstract terms than counterstereotypic events
bull Distancing from the self
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
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-
Abstract - concrete
bull Descriptive action verbs (hit)ndash refer to objective descriptions of observable
behaviors that have a clear beginning and end
bull interpretive action verbs (hurt)ndash describe a general class of behaviors and
have positive or negative connotations
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
- Slide 9
- Slide 10
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- Slide 183
- Slide 184
- Slide 185
- Slide 186
- Slide 187
- Slide 188
-
Abstract - concrete
bull state verbs (hate)ndash refer to enduring states without a clear
beginning or ending
bull adjectives (is violent)ndash describe highly abstract personal dispositions
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
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Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
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-
Jim Jones hit the guy
Jim Jones hurts the guy
Jim Jones hates the guy
Jim Jones is violent
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
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-
She hit the guyShe is violent
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
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-
Priming
Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Slide 5
- Slide 6
- Slide 7
- Slide 8
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Homophobia
bull Homophobic individuals ndash are threatened or sickened by their own personal attraction to
gay individualsndash somewhat odd and likely false to suggest that the phobic
individual harbors a secret attraction to the phobic object (eg a snake in the case of snake phobia
bull Freud S (1936) The problem of anxiety New York WW Norton amp Company
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull Adams et alndash Homophobic men (versus non-homophobic men)
became physiologically aroused (ie had increased penile tumescence) when presented with short video clips of gay men involved in sexual activity
ndash (only half of them)bull Shields amp Harriman 1984
ndash homophobic men exhibit physiological signs of fear and anxiety while viewing pictures of gay men
ndash similar to that exhibited by spider phobics when viewing spider stimuli
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull Defensie and non-defensive homophobia typesndash high homophobia in the context of high levels
of self-deception should take a defensive formndash low levels of self-deception should take a non-
defensive formndash Individual differences in self-deception
correlate positively with unrealistic self-portrayals in self-report
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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-
bull phobic participants (ie spider snake and bloodinjection phobias) choose to view phobic objects for a shorter time than non-phobic individuals
bull Participants had to rate the pleasentness of pictures of heterosexual or homosexual pairs in romantic contexts ndash actually the measure taken was viewing time
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
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-
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
GAY
heterosexual
Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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Questionnaires
bull Self deceptionndash Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding
bull I always know why I like things
bull Homophobiandash Index of Homophobia
bull I would feel uncomfortable if I learned that my neighbor was homosexual
bull I would feel comfortable working closely with a male Homosexual
bull It would disturb me to Wnd out that my doctor was homosexual
Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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Vocal categoization task gay or neutral
adjectives
Positive or negative ndash press button on a response box
bullSo it all boils down to self-deception
bullHomophobia can be cured with self-consciousness theories and teaching psychology (the current method is either backlash or teaching sociology)
(The tasks are simultaneous)
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
gay neutral
negative
positive
Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
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Racism
Subliminal prime
Blank screen or white face
Had to scale liking of black or wite (old and new faces)
4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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4
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
black face white face
white exposed
control
Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
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Affective priming
200 ms prime presentation Target appears
evaluative categorization
lexical decision
pronounciation
100 ms ISI
So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
- Slide 1
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So todayhellip
bull We learned that not all knowledge is conscious (still have to study anywayhellip)
bull Implicit learning is probably multiple phenomena
bull Uncnscious parts of attitudes are reflected in behaviour even more than conscious attitudes
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