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CM0256 Pervasive Computing
Patrick J. [email protected]
Some Module Topics
Introduction to Pervasive Computing (this lecture)
Scenario Device Technologies
RFID WinCE J2ME
Pervasive Computing Architecture Infrastructure Requirements
Further Module Topics Wireless Networks Wireless LANs Mobile IP Personal Area Networks Cellular Wireless Networks Mobility Management + Naming Issues Quality of Service
Wired Wireless Power Management Sensor Networks Routing in Sensor Networks User Interaction/Usability
People Teaching
Tom Goodale Omer Rana Patrick Stockreisser
Tom will focus on: Sensor Networks Power Management
Omer will focus on: Device Tech Location Management
Patrick will focus on: Wireless Networks Quality of Service
Module Overview
22 Lectures 100% Examination
No Coursework
4 Questions in Exam Answer ANY three 2 hours
Lectures on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday 1 additional lecture slot (but not always used) you will be told
about this beforehand
Module Timetable
Goodale“Sensor Networks … 1”Feb 26511
Goodale“Power Awareness … 3”Feb 21410
Goodale“Power Awareness … 2”Feb 2049
Goodale“Power Awareness … 1”Feb 1948
Goodale“Architecture Issues … 2”Feb 1337
Goodale“Architecture Issues … 1”Feb 1236
Rana“Location Management”Feb 725
Rana“Device Tech 2Feb 624
Stockreisser“Device Tech 1”Feb 523
Goodale“Scenario Introduction”January 3012
Stockreisser“What is Pervasive Computing”January 2911
LecturerSubjectDateTWLecture
Module Timetable Cont…
StockreisserGoodaleRana
“Revision”March 27922
Goodale“Case Study: Healthcare”March 26921
Goodale“Recap and Scenario”March 20820
Goodale“Software Development Approaches”March 19819
Stockreisser“QoS … 2”March 13718
Stockreisser“QoS … 1”March 12717
Stockreisser“LAN and WANs … 3”March 5616
Stockreisser“LAN and WANs … 2”March 5615
Stockreisser“LAN and WANs … 1”March 5614
Goodale“Sensor Networks … 3”Feb 28513
Goodale“Sensor Networks … 2”Feb 27512
LecturerSubjectDateTWLecture
Lecture Outline
In this lecture we: Introduce the concept of Pervasive Computing Look at the technological and user views Get an overview of existing examples:
Mobile Devices Embedded Systems Sensor Networks
Look at some existing challenges Look at the general trend in this field
What is Pervasive Computing?
Move away from computation on the “desk top” “Ubiquitous” Access via a variety of devices:
PDAs, Smart Appliances, Embedded Systems Computational devices already available in:
Home appliances, mobile phones, cars, traffic lights, medical devices – and soon in clothes, etc
Use of such devices Via specialist, always-on, wireless networks Support interaction between devices Use “collection” of devices to do something useful
Pervasive - Ubiquitous - Everyware
Promoters of this idea hope that embedding computation into the environment and everyday objects would enable people to interact with information-processing devices more naturally and casually than they currently do, and in ways that suit whatever location or context they find themselves in.
A central aim has been invisibility We do not need to continually rationalise our use of a system. We should cease to be aware of it. It is "literally visible, effectively invisible"
In the same way that a skilled carpenter engaged in his work might use a hammer without consciously planning each swing.
Similarly, when you look at a street sign, you absorb its information without consciously performing the act of reading.
Pervasive Computing:Two Views
Smart Environments
Information Usage from a variety of Sources
Device Interactivity for new types of applications
Invisible Interaction with the environment
Augmenting Human Capability through specialist devices
Technology View User View
Mobile DevicesVirtual Keyboard
PDA
Virtual Keyboard
PDA
PDA+ Phone
Bluetooth Headset
Robust Case for PDA – for outdoor use
Foldable “Fabric” Keyboard: www.eleksen.com
Direct Brain Interfaces
Pervasive Computing:Two Views
Smart Environments
Information Usage from a variety of Sources
Device Interactivity for new types of applications
Invisible Interaction with the environment
Augmenting Human Capability through specialist devices
Technology View User View
MicroDisplays
AugmentedVision with backpackComputer
www.tinmith.net/ wearable.htm
UbiFingerGesture-based Input
SenseBoard
Wearable Display
CerfBoard (Intrinsyc)
Used for embeddedSystems:
Contains:•Processor (Intel PX255)•Comms and I/O slots•LCD support•Bluetooth support
Support for Linux orWinCE
Pervasive Computing:Two Views
Smart Environments
Information Usage from a variety of Sources
Device Interactivity for new types of applications
Invisible Interaction with the environment
Augmenting Human Capability through specialist devices
Technology View User View
WatchPhone
Nokia Medallion I RX-3
CameraWatch andPhone
Java Ring
MatchboxComputer
TinyWebServer
Lego Mindstorms
http://mindstorms.lego.com/
What is a sensor?
Pulse Oximetry sensor(CodeBlue project)
RFID Tags (IEEE Computer (April 2004))
Hand Held devices(Compaq iPAQ)
Linux embedded in Sensoria© sGate platforms, with external geophone,microphone, and infrared sensors.
NRL
Sensor Network Constraints Communication
May not support 802.11b or Bluetooth protocols (approx 80kbps) IEEE 802.15.4 standard (250kps, 2.4GHz) Range constraints (+ node density)
Power Consumption Berkeley Motes powered by 2 AA batteries Drop to low power “sleep” mode
Computation Limited capability to undertake computation Some support for data aggregation at sensor
Uncertainty May be due to: malfunction, noise/interference, or incorrect
placement
Embedded Systems
The AJILE AJ100 board. Its use in a distributed Image processing system.
TINI board. Its use in distributed control
Ajile aj100EVB Evaluation Board
Embedded JavaEthernet based connection to the Internet (support for HTTP)Hardware based JVMdigital I/O, serial RS-232 ports and bus systems like RS-485 and I2C(Snijder Micro)
Java Optimised Processor on anAltera Cyclone
Embedded Networked Sensing Applications
Micro-sensors, on-board processing, wireless interfaces feasible at very small scale--can monitor phenomena “up close”
Enables spatially and temporally dense environmental monitoring
Contaminant Transport
Ecosystems, Biocomplexity
Marine Microorganisms Seismic Structure Response
Embedded Networked Sensing is revealing previously unobservable phenomena
Seismic Applications: Long-time users of sensor networks
Multi-Hopped Radio Linked Array features Time synchronization Network event detect Sequenced event transmission Deployments planned for UCLA
campus and the San Andreas Fault (100m-10 km)
Easily reconfigurable Worldwide application
Factor Building site 72 channels of 24-bit data 500 samples per second
continuous data recording Internet accessible real time data
monitoring Observation of 4 strong
earthquakes, including Alaska & Japan
Radio link
Fiberoptic link
Hardware Platform for Seismic Deployment
Stargate (Intel, Crossbow):X-Scale based, 400MHz
32MB RAM, Flash; runs Linux
802.11:fast back-channel,
command and time distribution
Kinemetricsdigitizer
GuralpSeismometer
The Ceiling Array: A Real Wireless Channel
Motes used to transmit and receive packets --A real-world augmentation to a virtual simulation
General Trend
Devices getting smaller and more integrated into other things
Networks are becoming more widely available Heterogeneous in nature Require independent setup and configuration Managed/Owned by different people
Devices are non-intuitive to use
Power Management Power source for devices important Batteries may be impractical for many devices
Solar cells not suitable for all environments Power not speed may be an issue for future devices Possibilities:
Micro-fuel cells Power Scavenging
Temperature Gradients Wind/air flow Pressure Variations Vibration Human power (body movements) – SRI Show (0.5W)
Bio-fuel cells
Network Management
Local vs. Wide area networks Interaction (such as Hand-off strategies)
Support for routing Privacy and security issues Quality of Service – especially over wireless
links Issues of scaling Defining network boundaries
Relationship to other emerging areas
Ubiquitous Computing Very similar focus – extending real life activities via
mobile computing infrastructure Context awareness: “what you get depends on
where you are and what activity you are doing” Use of “fields” – as a communication mechanism Example: Finding location – then determining
which taxi to call
Other ideas
Ambient Computing Speckled Computing
(http://www.specknet.org)
Lecture Summary
In this lecture we have: Introduced the concept of Pervasive Computing Looked at the technological and user views Got an overview of existing examples:
Mobile Devices Embedded Systems Sensor Networks
Looked at some existing challenges Looked at the general trend in this field
End of Lecture
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