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CHINA

1Post-Classical China(1000B.C.E-500c.e)

2During this time period China went through many technological advances, agricultural,and the beginning of centralized rule.2PoliticsShang - decentralizedZhou(1029-258 B.C.E)Middle kingdom (Yangtze to Huang)-ethnocentrismNo central govt instead alliances with regional princesQin(221-202 B.C.E)Shi-huangdi~centralized govt, Great wall, Mandate of Heaven, strong unification & expansion southHan(202 B.C.E- 220 C.E.)power=Mandate of Heaven, Civil service exams,Wu Ti- Golden age, kept Huns out, expansion

3EconomyLarge differences between high and low classThree main groups:Landowning aristocracy & BureaucratsLaboring peasants and artisansmean people unskilled labor jobsRice, silk, wheat and trade with India + spice islandsMerchants had low standing

4Religion

Confucianism, Daoism, legalism, BuddhismConfucianism= mutual respect and eventually became the foundation of bureaucracy-HAN Dynasty somewhat ZHOUDaoism- balance with nature founded by LaoziLegalism- Qin dynasty & best govt = by force

5CultureTechnological advances like calendar, astronomy and seismographsART- pottery/calligraphySocial structure- aristocratic and meritPatriarchyHigh knowledge of science Mandarin language 6Interaction Silk road ~ India, Mesopotamia, GreeceLittle allances Spread of Buddhism due to trade with IndiaHunsEthnocentrism~ all non-Chinese= Barbarians

7Comparison with the outsideChinaDifferencesEmphasis on GovtConfucianismLocked up and small market econSimilaritiesRigid social structureNo slaves

IndiaDifferencesEmphasis on religionMainly Hinduism/BuddhismHuge market/trade econSimilaritiesRigid social structureNo slaves8Post Classical time(600c.e.-1450)POLITICSAfter Han, China= three kingdoms: Northern Zhou, Chen, and The Northern QiWendi~ Sui -married daughter to zhou empireYangdi~(son of Wendi) milder legal codes, Confucianism, civil service exam~luxury=declineTANG~ Li Yuan revived bureaucracy, civil service examsHereditary aristocracy declinedTang & Song-Scholar-gentry increased

9EconomicGrand Canal by YangdiTang promoted Chinese, Buddhist, and Islamic exchangeMerchants traded JunksFlying money or credit vouchers Inventions like wheelbarrow helped plowing, planting, etc

10ReligionBuddhism strong especially Chan or Zen Wide-spread conversions and monasteriesEmpress Wu= attempt commission Buddhism as state religionEnvy of Confucius/ Daoist Mid-9th Cent. Emperor Wuzong= persecution of BuddhismConfucianism flourished in Tang and Song11Culture

Neo-Confucianism-women=homemakersConfinement of women, chastity for wivesLike India widows cant remarryFoot-bindingSong & Tang technology, art &literatureGunpowder, chairs, calculator(abascus) & compass~ SongScholar-gentry~ artistic and literary creativety12InteractionsReopening of Silk roadIncreased interaction with India, Persia, and Central AsiaImports: Horses, Persian rugs, tapestriesExports: silk, textiles, porcelain, paperMerchants traded with other countries and transported it to China 13Continuites and ChangesContinuitesThere were multiple continuities like Confucianism based civil service exams and Bureaucracy.Women also continued to have a subordinate role.ChangeBuddhism became popular during this time period whereas before it was unknown to ChinaThe merchant class role became more important to that of Chinese economy.14Early modern Times(1450-1750c.e)

Song dynasty fell to Mongol invasion leading to the Yuan dynasty in 1271 by Kublai KhanKublai discontinued civil service exams but surrounded by Confucius, Buddhist, and Taoist scholarsWife Chabi = promotion of Buddhism

15PoliticalMing dynasty(1368-1644)Founded: Zhu Yuan Zhang revolted against YuanHe eradicated all Mongol evidence like dress(skirts and leather), namesBureaucracy and Confucianism revivedEmperor Hongwu=power for himself eradicated ministeryAnyone corrupt= public beatingDecline of Ming due to political inbalance

16Economy Zhenghe(1405-1423)~ third Ming emperor7 huge expeditions throughout world: Persia, Arabia, East indies, and East/south of AfricaHuge fleets(six times larger than European)Isolation after due to Ethnocentrism, too much money in that it can be used to fix internal problemsTrade allowed in Macao and Canton Trade=high Europeans loved silk and spicesAlso architecture became huge17Religion

Buddhism rose due to the rise in completionMorality books with lots of merits points for good deeds Hand in hand with ConfucianismDaoismSupported by emperorChristianity by Italian Jesuits 1583 Michael Ruggerius & Matteo ricci w/ knowledge of math and Science

18Culture Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang promoted art workBureaucracy= lots of Scholar-gentry w/ free time pursued art careersTime of peace meant more display opportunitiesConfucianism impacted culture~ sayings, art,etcBuddhism and Taoism had little impact for not as popular as Confucianism

19InteractionZenghes Expedition With huge fleetsIsolationismEuropeans with Christianity flowing into ChinaEthnocentrism made Chinese despise foreign rule Hatred towards Christian converts

20Continuites and ChangesContinuitesConfucianism continued to be major belief in China and continued to be the base for civil service examinations.ChangesChina went from subtly open country to completely isolated country due to the idea of Ethnocentrism.21Modern Period(1750-1914)

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PoliticsQing Dynasty (or Manchu Dynasty)Last dynasty of ChinaPeople unhappy since foreign rule Qing= Chinese ideas The Scholar-gentry still in power but Manchus were the main powerMandate of Heaven23Politics continued Qing fallCorrupted Exam system and bribery started it allWealthy were put into power againConfucius value wanedPoor were neglected so lots of robbery Qing= last dynasty because deprived of needed change, barbarians, and crops brought population growth Lin Zexu enforced laws on opium

24Economy

Opium Chinese got hooked & officials had no money for infrastructureLin Zexu enforces laws against opium so British angryOpium war won by british & Chinese ports forced openTaiping Rebellion= Christian prophet Hong Xiuquan Social order, rights to Women, question ConfucianismBoxer rebellion = Cixi oust Europe, Japan and America Failed 25ReligionConfucianism is still there but weakening due to corruptionChristianity brought into ChinaChinese despised foreign influenceConverts looked down uponBarely excepted after two Italian Christians brought it over

26Culture Women treated horriblyInfanticideMales marry lower class women to keep woman under controlMandate of heavenArt and architecture

27Interactions Lots of Foreign interactionEuropeansThis made them realize they are not at the top Technology level low so conquering was easyNew religions brought over to China

28Continuites and ChangesContinuites Although there was foreign rule in China, Confucianism still continued to be the main belief that everyone followed.Change China was forced out of the isolation that had once been in action and had to trade with Europeans without their consent.29Opium war

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First opium war on left and 2nd on right.30Industrial age(20th cent-present)

Present-day Hong kong pictured on the right.31Politics

Beginning= End of Puyi the last of the QingChina in ChaosStudents and Teachers factor in ChinaJapan= constant threat~ Revolutionary alliance but failed Japan took German land May 4th= Liberal Democracy movement but students = radical communist1921 communist party bornMAO ZEDONG communist leader considered a hero and ideas of moving forward and cultural revolutionDENG XIAOPING promoted economic reform and opened China to the world32Mao Zedong

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EconomicTechnological developments only somePlants used in factories Productivity growth by 1949 Match by the growing population of ChinaForeign trade involvement rose

34ReligionConfucianism is the most popular still throughout ChinaBuddhism and Islam in China of the Hui and UyghurFreedom of religionBuddhism widely influential throughout ChinaTaoist about 300 Taoist temples spread across ChinaOthers are Ancestor soul existence and the Chinese astrology is popular

35ReligionBuddhismTaoist36

CultureChinese new year a huge paradeClothing and ornaments like Dragon robe Folk artChinese zodiacNew year market selling fireworks, clothing and usually decorated with lots of lanterns37CultureChinese new yearChinese Zodiac38

InteractionsForeign trade Ministry of Foreign affairs like other nations U.S. used Mainland China as counter to the Soviet Union China and U.S. are rivals in many areas today including economy U.S. China trade largest in the world

39Continuities and ChangesContinuitesEven through the modern times, Confucianism stays strong as the major belief of most Chinese population today.ChangesThe govt went from a single ruler with Mandate of Heaven to slowly developing Communist govt.40