Health and SafetyModule 6

WORLDWIDE CHILDHOOD MORTALITY 6.1

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Worldwide Childhood MortalitySub-Saharan Africa

Highest rate of child mortalityWarsDiseaseFamine

1 in 8 die before 5th birthday

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#1 Under 5 child mortality on significant declinehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRrvsM4jxpQ

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India

Children suffering diarrhea outside an hospital in Malda, in a district some 500 km north of Calcutta.

SAFETY IN LATER CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE 6.2

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Homicide & Suicide

Homicide 2nd leading cause of death, 1 yr. olds.

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Homicide & Suicide

“A child abuse case turns into a murder investigation after an infant dies of her injuries.Jeffrey Locker is now charged with murder.Detectives say 1-year-old Brooklyn Saechao died Thursday. Brooklyn was living with her mother, Jamie Saechao & her boyfriend, Jeffrey Locker, 22.

Officials say it was Locker who called 911 & reported Brooklyn had fallen & hit her head.She was found with severe head injuries and was unconscious when she was rushed to Legacy Emanuel.”

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Homicide & Suicide

Major Risk Factors under 5?

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Homicide & Suicide http://www.childdeathreview.org/causesCAN.htm

Major Risk FactorsUnder fiveParents or caregivers under 30Low income, single-parent families experiencing major stresses. Children left with male caregivers lacking emotional attachment to childChildren with emotional & health problems. Lack of suitable childcare. Substance abuse among caregivers. Parents & caregivers with unrealistic expectations of child development & behavior.

Homicide2nd leading cause of death teens

Suicide rate has tripled since 1950sWhy?

Homicide & Suicide  

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Homicide & Suicide

Teens2nd leading cause of death

African Americans85% due to firearms

SuicideMore common than homicide

Risk factor depression

ACCIDENTS

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#2 Little Kids and Accidents

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Accidents

Most common childhood accidents?

AccidentsDeathSIDS:

Infants

Accidents:2,000 toddlers, under age of 2 die per yr

Preventable accidents

Accidents related to culture?Accidents related to SES?

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ROAD AND TRAFFIC SAFETY

Road and Traffic Safety

Leading cause of death2-5 yrs.: Motor vehicle

Why?

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Road and Traffic Safety

Why?70% improper car restraintsRunning into streetClimbing to unsafe heightsExploring toxic substancesWalking to schoolRiding bicycles

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SKATING & CYCLING

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Skating & Cycling

2007: 65,000 emergency room visitsSerious injuries, lack of proper sports equipment

Are helmets cool?"Almost 50% of skateboarding injuries have at least some component of head injuries to them," Dr. Michael Webb, NeuroTexas InstituteUnder 5 no skateboarding

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DROWNING & WATER INJURIES

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Drowning & Water Injuries

Second leading cause of death 14 & youngerLeading cause of death1- 2 yr. olds

2007: 844 toddlers diedNear drowning

Mild to severe brain injuryMany vegetated state

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Drowning & Water Injuries

Infants Mostly bath tubs

Under 5Swimming pools

AdolescentsLakes & oceans

Midjudge levels of risk

INJURY PREVENTION

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WATCH THE BABY!!

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Injury Prevention

Injury Prevention?

Injury Prevention

Prevention strategies bestSafety equipmentMinimize risky behaviorsSeat belts and car seatsProper adult supervisionTeach children how to cross the street

What is the issue?

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Sum up leading causes of death by age

Infants:SIDS

Younger than two:1st leading cause

Drowning2nd leading cause of death, 1 yr. olds.

HomicideChildren 2-5

1. Motor vehicle2. Drowning

Most common swimming pools14 & younger (previously 17)

2nd Leading cause of deathDrowning

Teens1. Unintentional injury (motor vehicle)2. Homicide 2. Suicide

ILLNESSES6.3

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Illnesses

75% common coldMay cause ear infections

More frequent infants & toddlers

Lower SESMore likely, health problems

BirthMore asthma, diabetes Hospitalized more

Miss more schoolSuffer consequences of less education

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Illnesses

AsthmaMost common chronic disease in childhood10 million children in US under 18Rising recent decades

Why?Asthma higher rate in wealthier countries

Higher death rate in developing countries Born in US Mexican children

Higher rate than those born in Mexico

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Illnesses

AsthmaAfrican Americans

Highest prevalence in USMore severeLess out patient treatment

More trips to ER & hospitalizations

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Illnesses

Asthma More common in athletes

Train outdoorsExercise induced

Genetic & environmental variablesTobaccoAir pollutionRespiratory infectionsStressetc.

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Illnesses

AsthmaEffects cognitive development

Medication side effectsSleep disruptedConcentration

Strict diet, medical regimeFrustration & anxiety

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Illnesses

AsthmaAffect psychosocial development?

Missed school daysLost social opportunitiesNo team sportsEmbarrassed to use inhalers or take medication

StressDirect link between degree of stress & psychiatric conditions

Depression

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Illnesses

DiabetesRisen 2 main types

Type 1 (Juvenile diabetes)Type 2 (Adult)

95% of all casesPreventableIncreasingly earlier ages

OverweightLack of physical activity

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NUTRITION AND ACTIVITY6.4

Group Work

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Nutrition (Group Work) What do you know about proper nutrition?Where did you learn it?Do you think what you know is common knowledge?How did your family eat?

Did you all eat together?Did you eat in front of the TV?

Was there plenty of junk food in your house?Was nutrition ever discussed?Were you told to eat everything on your plate?

Want to eat less?What are some EASY things to do?

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Nutrition

Children born this century may not live as long as their parents

Why?

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Children born this century may not live as long as their parents

Why?Poor childhood nutrition is associated with later

ObesityDiabetesHeart Disease

Today 3” taller than in 1776

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Nutrition

Children follow nutritional habits of parents.Snacks in moderation

AdolescentsPoor eating habitsAdditional healthy calories to support accelerated growthHigh need for calcium beginning age 9

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Nutrition

Confess:Do you eat breakfast?

What?Did you eat breakfast as a kid?

What?

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Nutrition

Why is breakfast the most important meal of the day?

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Nutrition

Why is breakfast the most important meal of the day?Positive effect

MemoryIncreased:

ConcentrationReasoning abilityProblem-solvingCreativity

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Nutrition

More nutrients

More involved with peers

Expressed more positive emotions

Less anxietyMore curiousPersistentSelf-confidentMore alert

Better energy

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Nutrition

Poor nutrition

Less energy

Less physical activity

Less exploration

Less attention to environmental

stimuliDiminished cognitive

involvementDiminished

development

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Nutrition

Habit forming importantChildren who eat breakfast:

More healthful food choicesMore likely to keep proper weightCreate lifetime of better food choices

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Nutrition

Adolescent and breakfastMore independent choicesMean number of days eating breakfast drops 25%

Translates:Greater weight in early adulthoodMales after 6 yrs. of no breakfast 37% risk of overweight

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Nutritional NeedsParents worry

Child eating enough?Don’t worryProvide healthy choices

Toddlers & preschoolers Good at regulating nutritional intake How do parents…

Encourage overeating?Reward overeating?

Problems?What should you feed your children?

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Nutritional Needs

Daily basis kids need:Low in fat & high in fiberProtein

Lean meats such as chicken (low in fat)Meat, rice, soy, beans, dairy and peanut butter.

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Nutrition

Daily basis kids need cont.:High in Iron to prevent anemia

Dark leafy VegetablesIron fortified cerealMeatSeafood

Calcium-rich Diary, soy, vegetables, nuts, fish

BonesTeeth

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MALNUTRITION6.5

Malnutrition in Infancy

Early weaning can cause deficienciesCan develop:

MarasmusWasting away of body tissues infant’s 1st yr.

How Do Infants Grow and Develop Physically?

Malnutrition in Infancy

KwashiorkorDeficiency in proteinAbdomen, feet

swollen with waterIf not fatal, effects detrimentalLowest SESAided by supplementary feeding

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Instant Noodles

Malnourished Health of 80-year oldWeighs 98 pounds & 5'3".Isn’t worried, "I just love noodles!" she said.

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OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN CHILDREN6.6

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Overweight & Obesity in Childhood

Obesity: 20% higher than normal for height.17% US children & adolescents obeseSince 1960’s tripledYounger & younger children diagnosedBreastfeeding may reduce risks Overweight children susceptible in adulthood

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Overweight & Obesity in Childhood

Health issues later:Cardiovascular diseasesPulmonaryEndocrine

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus, gastrointestinal tract & adrenal glands.

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Overweight & Obesity in Childhood

Health issues later cont.:Orthopedic problems

Risk of psychological problemsLower self-esteem, tired, less attractivePeer relations; rejection & withdrawal

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Overweight & Obesity in ChildhoodMotor development connected

Brain development Long-term effects of being overweight.

Overweight infantsExcess fat cells

Life long overweightLate motor development

Cause of being overweightNature or nurture?

Help?

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Overweight ChildrenTreatment:

Combination ofDiet, weight loss programsExercise

Calorie-burning activitiesFamily walkOther?

Behavior modification, lifestyle changesDaily diary Parents are very important for change

Activity levels are not hereditary

What Are Central Issues in Children’s Health?

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Eating Disorders6.7

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Anorexia NervosaPotentially life-threatening eating disorder

Intense fear of becoming fatDistorted body imageSelf-starvation Primarily in adolescent & young adult females10% die in 10 yrs.20% die in 20 yrs.

Recovery about 1.7 yrs.

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Anorexia Nervosa

Highest mortality rate of any mental disorderStarvationCardiac arrestSuicide Depression

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Anorexia Nervosa Pro-anoerxia web sites

“Tips & Tricks Make yourself a snack, but instead of eating it throw it away. Leave the dirty dishes where your parents can find them. They will think you ate. Prepare a list of excuses as to why you can't eat - You're sick, you're a vegetarian, allergic, etc. You'd be amazed at how many good excuses there are. Get out of your house! If you're not sitting around then people can't start shit with you about not eating.  Join a pro-ana group or start your own website. Anything that will keep you motivated.”

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Anorexia (died 2010 age 38)

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Bulimia Nervosa

Eating disorderCharacterized by binges of eating followed by self-induced vomiting.BingesVomiting

May after every mealEach morsel of food or water

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Bulimia Nervosa

Exercise3 hours a day

Self-medicateSpeed EnemasLaxatives (whole box)Diuretics

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Dangers Associated with BulimiaForeign Objects: Objects used to induce purging. (rupture)Teeth rotted away from stomach acid.Acid / food damage to esophagus.Finger skin & nail damage from acid.Red spots around the eyes.Subconjunctival hemorrhagePrevent absorption of needed vitamins & mineralsSkin ages.

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Bulimia

Cause?Treatment

BehavioralCognitive Family

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Binge Eating DisorderUsually overweightRapidly eat unusually large amounts of food several times week. Binge when aloneMost common eating disorder among adolescents

1.6%Cause unknown?

DepressionBrain chemicalsHormones

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Eating Disorders

Anyone willing to discuss a friend, family member with eating disorder.