chapters lecture

8/12/2019 Chapters Lecture

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WRITING CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1, which is the introductory part of the study consists of

the Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Objectives of the

Study, Scope and Limitations of the Study, and the Significance of the

Study.

The Background of the Study starts with an introduction or opening

statements about the main topic leading to the specific topic and theidentification of the nature of the proposal. It is followed by a discussion on

the specific topic leading to the problem definition. Finally, a solution is

proposed to solve the problem and its corresponding strategy.

The background facts are basically the existing knowledge about thetopic. You are expected to conduct thorough retrieval of all information

available about the topic.


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WRITING CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION cont.

The Five Wsand the H:

What: Descriptions and Types

Who: Users and Beneficiaries

Where: Uses and Applications

Why: Importance and RelevanceWhen: Historical background

How: Process, Functions and Operations

Aside from background facts, another good source of information is

the current facts. Specific information which people would like to know usually

include the deficiencies and/or problems encountered in the use of a particular

technology becomes visible in the current facts.


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Likewise, possible solutions to these problems may also beidentified from any or combination of the following:

1. Use of locally available materials

2. Improving efficiency of its operation

3. Increasing productivity of its users4. Improving flexibility or multiciplicity of its users

5. Growing concern for environmental degradation

6. Affordability or cost-effectiveness


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The Statement of the Problem.

Having chosen a specific topic for your study, it is definite that you have

something in mind that is finding a solution. It must be something which can bea technological need or problem.

In defining your research problem, it is necessary that you create

interest in your reader. This should give an idea to the reader of how you arrive

at selecting your project study.

The Objectives of the Study includes the General Objective and the

Specific Objectives.

The General Objective captures the title of the study. It must contain

the subject matter of the study. It must be responsive to solve the main or

overall problem presented.

On the other hand, the specific objectives must be explicit, precise and

expected results are verifiable.



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Thus, the criteria of SMART must be carefully considered in setting the

specific objectives:

Specific

Measurable

Attainable

Realistic

Time-bound

The Scope and Limitations of the Study defines what the study is all

about, where and when the study is to be conducted and who the subjects are

or for whom the study is being made. Also included is a brief statement of the

reason why the study is conducted and how it will be resolved.

The Significance of the Studypresents the value of the study, not only

to the researcher but also to other stakeholders.



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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The Conceptual Framework includes the Review of Related Literatureand Studies, Conceptual Model or Research Paradigm and the Operational

Definition of Terms.

The Review of Related Literature and Studies is concerned with

conceptual literature and research literature. Conceptual literature is

literature coming from books, journals, and other non-data materials whileresearch literature is literature that is empirical-based, consisting of findings in

theses and dissertations.

The review of literatureis basically a big pool of information related to

your topic from which you can develop your concept of the study. It involves

concepts, theories and ideas taken from different authors and experts. Theconcepts provide the basic knowledge to understand the topic. The theories

identify the research problem by presenting the gaps, weak points and

inconsistencies in the previous researches. These theories provide the study

with a conceptual or theoretical framework, which justify the need for an

investigation.


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WRITING CHAPTER 2CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK cont.

The following steps may help you in conducting your review of related

literature and studies:

1. Prepare a preliminary bibliography

2. Read and take notes

3. Organize your materials

4. Write your first draft

Several characteristics must be considered for the choice of related literature

and studies:

1. The materials must be as recent as possible

2. The materials must be objective and unbiased3. The materials must be relevant to the study

4. The materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true facts or data

to make them valid and reliable

5. The materials must not be too few or too many


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The sources of related literature and studies are limitless. These include

the following:

1. Books, encyclopedia, almanacs, and other similar references

2. Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals,

newspapers and other publications

3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters and diaries4. Unpublished theses and dissertations

5. The Constitutions, laws and statutes of the land

6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating from government offices and

departments, especially from the Office of the President of the Philippines

and the government agency concerned7. Records of schools, public and private, especially of their activities

8. Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise

9. Official reports of all kinds, educational, social, economic, scientific,

technological, political, etc. from the government and other entities


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Similarly, there are also many different ways of citing related literature

and studies. Examples include the following:

1. Magno (2003) stressed that Pres. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo is strongly

pushing for National ID System Act as a high priority.

2. According to Strasser, et. al (1981), men and boys are involved in more thantwo-thirds of the accidental deaths; whereas women and girls are involved

in fewer than one-third.

3. Australian universities tend to become research-oriented institutions since

research publications is considered to be the main criteria for recruitmentand promotion of academics (Oxenford, 1995).


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4. Ayers (1994) claims that dewatering improves waste handling and reduces

the volume of garbage to be incinerated. Incidentally, dewatering is another

method of waste treatment designed to treat wet garbage.

5. Moreover, Crucido (2004) reported that vegetable growing is possible evenin areas where production is limited by space or by unsuitable growing

conditions through container gardening.


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In order to avoid plagiarism, the following guidelines can help you:

1. Always put quotation marks around any direct statement from someone

elseswork.

2. Give credit to the author for any paraphrase of his or her ideas or

statements, even though quotation marks are not used, because these ideasare clearly not your own.

3. Reference ant material, ideas or thoughts you found in a specific source if it

is evident that they came from your reading and are not common

knowledge.

4. Do not reference material that is a common knowledge.5. Reference any summary of discussion from one of your sources, even if it is

your own words.

6. Reference any charts, graphs, or tables that are created by others or that

you make out of someone elsesinformation. Put the reference immediately

below the chart, graph or table.


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A paraphrase is... your own rendition of essential information and ideas

expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.

one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow

from a source.

a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on asingle main idea.

Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because... it is better than quoting

information from an undistinguished passage. it helps you control the

temptation to quote too much. the mental process required for successful

paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.


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6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing

1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.

2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.

3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you

envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word orphrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.

4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version

accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.

5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have

borrowed exactly from the source.6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can

credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.


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Example of paraphrasing:

The original passage:

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result

they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10%

of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you

should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while

taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

A legitimate paraphrase:

In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted

material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during

note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-

47).


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The Conceptual Model or the Research Paradigm is the diagrammaticpresentation of the concept of the study. The most common presentation of a

conceptual model for a developmental study follows the input-process-output

model while the research paradigm for trends and projection study follows the

use of dependent and independent variables. A brief description and

explanation of the model or paradigm must always be included. All inputs and

processes involved and/or variables must have been included and properly

discussed in the Review of Related and Studies.


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The most common presentation of a conceptual model for a

developmental research is shown below. In some cases, the same pattern could

also be applicable for an experimental research. However, it is necessary that the

required inputs be included in your respective conceptual model presentation.

Knowledge

Requirements

Software

Requirements

HardwareRequirements

Design

Development

Implementation

A new

technology or an

innovation

Evaluation

Input Process Output


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Knowledge Requirements are the basic information needed to

understand in pursuing the study. These include the concepts and principles

involved in the operation of the project. Discussions on similar gadgets or

machines maybe presented and how they are the same or hoe they differ in

construction, operation and/or application.

Software Requirements involve knowledge and skills on certaincomputer programming languages in order to create a workable system for the

project prototype. Such languages maybe Visual Basic Programming, Database

Management System, SQL and similar others.

Hardware requirements include the materials and equipment to beused in the fabrication and assembly of the project prototype. The kind or nature

of materials to be used will also determine the quality, time and cost involved in

the development of the project.


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Preparing the Bibliography

The Bibliographyis a list or literatures used in the conduct of the study.

It is the concluding section of a research paper, thesis or dissertation and is

usually in alphabetical listing of source materials. The style and form of

preparing the bibliography must conform to some standards being adopted by

the college/university. Generally, there are two different styles for bibliographicentries: the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American

Psychological Association (APA).

Incidentally, the type most frequently required for both undergraduate

and graduate research papers is the APA form and style where the year ofpublication immediately follows the authorsname. Author maybe a person, a

corporation, an association, a city, or a bureau.


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Books

(Suggested Minimum: 25; arrange in alphabetical order)

Authors Surname, First Name M.I., Copyright year. Title of the Book. Place of

Publication: Publisher.

Example:

Merriwether, Nell W., 1997. Twelve Easy Steps to Successful Research Papers.

Chicago: NTC Publishing Group.


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Theses and Dissertations


AuthorsSurname, First Name M.I. Titleof the thesis or Dissertation.Degree

awarded with thesis or dissertation citation. Name of University, Date

Granted.

Example:

Rilles, Geraldine M. Development of Assistive Technology for Persons with

Vision Loss. Masters Thesis. Technological University of thePhilippines, May 2012.


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Journals and Other Publications


AuthorsSurname, First Name M.I. Titleof the Article or Publication.Name of

Journal or Magazine or Newspaper. Date of Publication (in day-month-

year order): or Volume Number Issue Number. Pages.

Example:

Brody, L. E. GiftedChildren with Learning Disabilities. Journal of Learning

Disabilities, 23 September 2006: 30(3).


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Electronic Sources


Authors Surname, First Name M.I. Title of the Document. Title of the

Complete Work. Date of Publication (in day-month-year order). Full

URL used and (Date of Access).

Example:

Robert, Adelle B. Teaching Strategies and Techniques for People with

Disabilities (2007). Retrieved last July 21, 2010 fromhttp://www.hcblind.org

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