East & South Africa

East & Southern Africa Chapter 14 Map

2East and South Africa is a vast expanse. It includes the Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. Geographic Overview Mostly high plateaus Mt. Kilimanjaro Mt. Kenya

The Great Rift Valley

Rivers The Zambezi: Victoria Falls The Limpopo The Cape of Good Hope

3The Great Rift Valley: Vast depression in the earth extending from Jordan south and west to Mozambique. Located in the Middle East and Africa, is the most famous of the world's rift valleys (Rift valleys are produced by tensional tectonic forces which occur at divergent plate boundaries)

The Victoria Falls (Mosi-oa-Tunya): A waterfall situated in southern Africa between the countries of Zambia & Zimbabwe. The largest waterfall in the world, as well as being among the most unusual in form, and having arguably the most diverse and easily-seen wildlife of any major waterfall siteGeographic Overview The climate South Africa: temperate Other countries: considerable heat and extreme in rain or drought, depending on the time of year In high elevations: comfortable Low coastal areas: hot and steamy Agriculture Traditional crops of the subsistence farmers: corn, legumes, sweet potatoes, potatoes, millet, sorghum, & banana Livestock: cattle, goats, & sheepHistory/ Early Inhabitants Olduvai GorgeTanzania Tsodilo HillsBotswana Matobo, Domboshawa and Ngomakurira in ZimbabwaPunt The most successful early settlements Aksum Great Zimbabwe

5Aksum: Early, well-developed settlement in the highlands of Ethiopia of importance in the 4th and 5th centuries CE. Developed a language that was spoken, not written.

Great Zimbabwe: settlement in Zimbabwe featuring the Great Enclosure built of stone in the 14th centuryHistory/ Foreign Involvement Triggered by interest in trade & religion Portuguese Explorers Bartolomeu Diaz & The Cape of Good HopeVasco da Gama: revealed the strong presence of Arabian and Indian tradersJohn Prester

The Dutch, the French, and English For the slave trade and the Middle Passage Introduction of cassava and maize History / North from the Cape of Good Hope Bantu Dutch East India Company Voortrekkers AfrikaansThe Coloreds

The divisive policy of apartheid Some benefits in terms of development and organization from White rulers in Southern Africa7Bantus farmers: large group of Africans originally from west and central regions of Africa who spread east and south prior to colonial days. Major crops: millet & sorghum

Dutch East India Company: Established Cape Town as a post to restock its ships plying between the East Indies and Holland. Led to the inland migration dubbed the Great trek. Participants in this migration were called Voortrakkers (Trekboers).

Voortrekker: Boer (South African of Dutch descent) who used oxen and covered wagons to make the Great Trek between 1835 and 1839.

Afrikaans: Language spoken by Afrikaners (South African farmers of Dutch heritage). One of the official languages of South Africa.

The Coloreds: Include Indians, Malays, and offspring of interracial marriages.Market Day in Kenya

A Cheetah on the Serengeti Plain

Culture Religion Christian denominations: Influences of Missionaries during the colonial period Muslims in some parts of Africa Hindus Strong belief in Animism The Arts Music: the marimba and a variety of drums and rattles, horns, & religious songs Storytelling Native dancingCulture cont.Festivals Making the Seeds Grow in Zimbabwe Rainmaking celebration Circumcision of both adolescent boys and girls Food Patterns Meal Patterns Two meals a day Diets reflect: the crops that can be grown in the various regions The suitability of the climate for raising livestock Insects and some creatures Considered as delicacies Termites and mice Porridge of Cornmeal in Calabashes Mealie meal (South Africa) Sadza (Zimbabwe) Ugali (Kenya) Food Patterns cont. Health concerns Safe water particularly in the tropical areas Boiling is necessary Lack of refrigeration Food Patterns cont. East regions The climate and topography: well suited to farming and ranching Foundation of the diet: Cassava, corn, millet, sorghum, peanuts, and plantains Exporting crops: coffee, tea, cashews, & cloves The cuisines are predominantly vegetarian, influenced in part by Arab, Asian Indian, and British fare Dishes made with taro greens or other leafy vegetables Side dishes of local grains and produceFood Patterns cont. South African Very temperate climate: favorable to many fruits and vegetables The cuisine: strongly influenced by the European settlers of the region, including Dutch, British, and French Muslim slaves from Malaysia and India: significant impact on South African fare Mutton, beef, pork, fish, & seafood are popular Common sweets: dried fruit, fruit leathers, fruit preserves or jams India and Its NeighborsChapter 15 Geographic Overview/ Map India Afghanistan Pakistan Nepal Bhutan Bangladesh Sri Lanka

16South Asia is the geographic region comprising the nations of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan.

The South Asian subcontinent contains the fertile Indus and Ganges river basins, as well as parts of the Himalayan mountain range.

The Ganges: considered to be the holiest of rivers.

The climate varies from desert regions to jungle; forest to the worlds largest mountain glaciers.

Geographic Overview Agriculture India: diverse agricultural areas Excellent tea & rice Wheat, some barley, sorghum, and millet Various fruits and vegetables, coconuts, & some spices Legumes for the vegetarian diets Cooking oils from cottonseed, peanuts, rapeseed, & sesame Buffalo milk is common dairy product Lamb is popular, some beef in the northHistory and Culture (H/C): India Dravidians Early dark-skinned people of southern India Language, Tamil, is different from the Aryan languages Aryans Came from the north Began to settle in the region around 2000 BCE The spiritual home of two major religions Hinduism: the Vedas Buddhism Caste system The language of Sanskrit18People from virtually every racial and religious group have migrated to or invaded India at some time in history, and each has influenced the region. As the different races and religions intermingled, other cultures were created. There are currently 15 separate languages recognized by the Indian government. 300 languages are spoken in India; there are about 700 dialects. In a society that traditionally experienced frequent famines and chronic malnutrition, food is venerated. Complex traditions have developed around when how and why foods are prepared, served, and eaten.

It is important to understand the caste system to understand social relationships in India. The traditional Indian caste system influences the social structure of many Asian Indian groups. It is the Hindu method of ordering an individuals role in society. The four caste categories are hereditary; in addition, there are 1000s of sub-castes.

The influence of religion and Hindu ideology is found throughout Indian culture. Nearly 85% of Indians are Hindus.History and Culture (H/C): India Powers in India Persian invaders Alexander the Great from Greece Mauryans People of the Gupta empire Muslim invaders People of the Mughal Empire Europeans Great BritainHistory and Culture (H/C): India Arts Architecture The Tai Mahal The beautiful palaces and forts in Rajasthan in northern and northwestern India Music Based on individual creativity as well as melodies from gurus or teachers of music Sitar Storytelling and dancing

Official languages of India Hindi & English Different dialects Tamil and SanskritHistory and Culture (H/C): India The Taj Mahal: Check it out @ http://www.tajmahal.org.uk/

Nepal Wild tigers and elephants!!Mountainous Borders Tibet and IndiaThe Durbar Squares in Kathmandu, Patan, & Bhaktapur in the Kathmandu Valley Tibet Seat of Tibetan Buddhism Original home of the Dalai Lama Jokhang Temple Currently controlled by ChinaPakistan Muslim country Modern technologies in the cities Rural traditions in remote areas4 regions to Pakistan Punjab Sindh Baluchistan The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) Each regions has its own language and cultures24Pakistan, located to the northwest of India, has the Himalayan Mountains across the north and the Hindukush range across the northwest. The Indus River supplies the southern plains with water. Both Islam and added ethnic diversity were brought to the area by invasions of the Turks, Arabs, Moghuls, Huns, Greeks, and Mongols. In 1947, Pakistan became independent from India, being created to provide a Muslim homeland separate from India. India and Pakistan have fought wars and continue to fight over Kashmir. In Pakistan, the family is strongly patriarchal. Faith is the essential ruling aspect of life.Afghanistan Muslim country Food patterns are IslamicBangladesh Broke away from Pakistan in 1971 High population Few resources Hunger is a devastating problemSri Lanka South of India Religion Hindu and Buddhism are prominent Some Islam and ChristianityDominant culture Sinhalese (Aryan) Tamils (Descendents of Chola)A Fruit Stand in Sri Lanka

Food Patterns Food patterns reflect the religion of the people In India The traditional foods vary from north to south, east to west, region to region, & among religious and caste groups. Few individual foods are eaten throughout all of India Rice is the most common single food Concentrate on legumes and cereals: the basis of the vegetarian diet Fruits and vegetables predominate in the vegetarian cuisine Masala (blend of spices)Distinctive mixtures of spices and herbs.In the north, wheat is more common; dry & aromatic masalas are used In the south, rice is more common; wet & spicy masalas are used28In a society that traditionally experienced frequent famines and chronic malnutrition, food is venerated. Complex traditions have developed around when how and why foods are prepared, served, and eaten.

In India, traditional medicine has a long and distinguished history. Ayurvedic medicine is particularly important to understand. Ayurvedic medicine established the humoral concepts of the body that were later adopted in Greece and eventually evolved into biomedicine as we know it today. Therapy uses diet, herbal remedies, and mediation to reestablish equilibrium. Diet is extremely importantfoods are labeled hot or cold depending on their effect on the body. Home remedies are prevalent and include herbal infusions and poultices.

In Pakistan, the traditional healers, hakims, use Islami-Tibb, a humoral form of medicine adapted from traditional Arab systems. Herbs or botanicals are used to maintain balance in the body.Food Patterns cont. Variety of spices and seasonings Curry extremely varied; accompanied by chutneyDairy foods are used, partially fermented milk products like yogurt. Gheepurified, clarified butteris found throughout the country. Meat and poultry: very popular in Pakistan Beef avoided by Hindu; pork prohibited for Muslims29Curry: Hearty and well-seasoned, stewlike dish featuring meat or legumes and served with several accompaniments.

Chutney: chunky and flavorful sauce often served as accompaniment to curryFood Patterns cont. Tea is common in northern India/Pakistan; coffee in southern India Dishes in Indian menu Ghee, naan, samosas, curry, chutney, paratha, roti, and puriInteresting Websiteshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7520286.stm

http://www.exploresouthafrica.net/culture/food.htm

http://www.food-india.com/

http://indianfood.about.com/

Please Review the Guest Lecture on India nowthanks!