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Chapter 6Exploration, Isolation, & The Atlantic World

Chapters 3 and 4 in text Pages 92 to 149Europeans Seek New Trade Routes1275, Marco Polo (Italian) reached China, but at that time most Europeans didnt have the interest or ability to explore

Early 1400s led to spread of Christianity, advances in sailing technology, & an interest in exploration

New Wealth main reason for change in attitude Trade of spices & luxury goods from Asia to European markets Muslims sold Asian goods to Italian merchants, Italians then resold items to European merchants, who then resold them again to publicEach time resold, the price increased Spread of Christianity Belief they had a sacred duty continue to fight the Muslims and to convert non-Christians throughout the worldWhile converting, hoped to obtain Asian goods directly from the people instead of buying them from Muslims

New Technology made discovery voyages possible 1200 European ships couldnt sail against the wind1400 Caravel invented; studier, triangle sails allowed to sail against the wind - Astrolabe; brass circle with adjustable rings marked off in degrees, rings used to sight stars, captains could calculate latitude - Magnetic Compass; invented by Chinese

Portugal Reaches AsiaLeader in developing and using new sailing innovations

First to establish trading outpost along the West coast of Africa & then went into Indian Ocean

Prince Henry of Portugal The Navigator was determined to reach the sources of spices, gold, silver, & jewels. Also wanted to spread Christianity. 1419 founded a navigation school for mapmakers, shipbuilders, sea captains, and scientist for new instruments & technology

Henry used his own fortune to organize 14 voyages along west coast of Africa went into debt crown spent 60+ years to pay off debt

1460 Prince Henry died, but before his death Portugal had a series of trade post along the west African coastGold, ivory, and traded African captives to be used as slaves

1488 Wanted to reach Asia & believed they had to travel around the tip of Africa to reach Asia

Captain Bartolomeu Dias - reached tip of Africa, storm caused ship to travel to other side, he explored southeast coast of Africa, & then returned home due to lack of supplies

1497 Vasco da Gama began exploring east African coast

1498 he reached India & found spices, rare silks, and precious gems

1499 returned with all of their finds from India, the cargo was worth 60 times the cost of the voyage

Result Portugal had a direct sea route to India; 27,000 miles by ship

Portugals Trading Empire

Trading empire throughout the Indian OceanTook control of the spice trade from MuslimsNow more Europeans could afford these itemsStopped Muslims reaching India by taking control of the Straits of Hormuz1510, captured Goa a port city on Indias west coast & made it the capital of their trading empire1511, seized control of the Strait of Malacca - gave them control of the Moluccas; islands rich in spices & they became known as the Spice Islands Other Nations Challenge PortugalThe Dutch Republic, AKA The Netherlands

1581 declared independence from Spain & quickly became a leader in the seas

1600 Owned largest fleet of ships in the world, 20,000 vesselsRemoved Portugueses control in the Asian region

Established the Dutch East India CompanyTrade throughout AsiaPower to mint money, make treaties, & raise their own armies More powerful than the Englishs India Company they drove English out of region and established dominance

1619 established trading headquarters in Batavia on the island of Java

Seized Spice Islands from Portugal Amsterdam became a leading commercial center due to all of the Asian goods entering the region

1700 ruled most of Indonesia & Cape of Good Hope on Southern tip of AfricaBritish Established the English East India Company Created outpost in IndiaSuccessful in trading Indian cloth

French Established the French East India CompanyFaced continuous attacks by the Dutch Created outpost in India, but wasnt successful

Spain & The New WorldDesperate to follow in Portugals footsteps and establish trade routes to Asia and trading post

1492 Christopher Columbus (Italian) had Spain finance a voyage to find a route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic

Aug. 3, 1492 - Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria left Spain

Oct. 12, 1492 found one of the Bahaman Islands in the Caribbean Sea, but thought he had reached the East Indies Called the natives IndiansHe claimed land for Spain & named it San Salvador; Holy Savior

Voyage led to the colonization of the Americas

Portuguese believed he had reached Asia & claimed land for Spain that Portugal had found first

Strong rivalry began b/t the two countries

1493- Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep peace suggested an imaginary division line draw north to south through the Atlantic Ocean Line of DemarcationAll land to west belonged to SpainAll land to east belonged to Portugal Complained that line gave too much to Spain & line was moved farther west to include modern day Brazil

1493 Columbus returned to Spain & the monarchs agreed to finance 3 more voyages September he left for his 2nd trip with 17 ships carrying over 1,000 soldiers, crewmen, & colonistSpain wanted to colonized the new lands

1494 Spain & Portugal signed the Treaty of TordesillasBoth agreed to honor the line

Portugal & The New World1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral reached Brazil & claimed the land for Portugal

1501 Amerigo Vespucci (Italian, sailed for Portugal) traveled along the South Americas east coast was the first to state the land was NOT Asia, but a new world1507 German mapmaker named the new world America in honor of Amerigo Spain & the Pacific OceanVasco Nunez de Balboa explored modern day Panama on foot and was the first European to see the Pacific ocean

1519 Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese) convinced the King of Spain to fund voyages to explore the newly discovered oceanFive ships & 250 men sailed around the tip of South America & into the Pacific Explored GuamReached the Philippines where a local war was occurring & Magellan was killed One ship & 18 crew members returned to Spain in 1522First to circumnavigate (sail around) the worldSpanish Conquests in MexicoSpanish explorers known as ConquistadorsHeard of rumors of gold & silverSpanish were the first European settlers in the Americas

1519 Hernando Cortes landed in present day MexicoMarched inland with 600 men to claim land for Spain Finally reached the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan Emperor Montezuma II thought Cortes was a god & agreed to give Spanish a portion of their supply of gold

Spring 1520 Cortezs men killed many Aztec warriors and chiefs while they were celebrating a religious festival

June 1520 Aztecs rebelled & drove Cortezs men out

1521 Cortez & men fought back & conquered the Aztecs even though they were out numbered Superior weaponry muskets & cannons Help from various native groups who hated the AztecsDisease measles, mumps, smallpox, & typhus killed natives by the hundreds of thousands Eventually disease would kill millions of locals in S. America

Spanish Conquests Peru1532 Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire200 men met Incan ruler Atahualpa who had an army of 30,000, but only brought several thousand unarmed to the meetingSpanish kidnapped Atahualpa & ambushed his men Ransom for Atahualpa was a room filled with once with gold & twice with silver ransom was paid & Spanish killed rulerPizarro & men easily captured the Incan capital, Cuzco in 1533

Spains ColonizationAlso conquered the following placesMayans in Yucatan GuatemalaNew Spain (Mexico & Guatemala) Some land in Caribbean and Central & South America

Spanish settlers in the Americas were known as peninsulares & were mostly menNative women began relationships with Spanish menLed to a large mestizo population Mixed between Native Americans & Spanish Oppressed the native people & forced them to follow the Spanish law

Natives were forced to work for Spanish in a system known as encomienda FarmedRanchedMined for gold & silverWorked to death sometimes Portuguese in Brazil 1500 Cabral claimed land

1530s settlers arrived in the coastal regionBegan growing sugar b/c little gold & silver foundChopped down forest & built Sugar PlantationsColony was huge success b/c there was a HUGE demand for sugar in EuropeEventually spread west into the country to produce more sugar Spains Influence ExpandsBy 1540, claimed land from Mexico to Peru

1541, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado led expedition throughout Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, & KansasCalled area New MexicoVery little goldSpain sent mostly priests to colonize the United StatesBuilt capital called Santa Fe Holy FaithSpread Christianity & pushed for better treatment of Native Americans

French in North AmericaGiovanni da Verrazzano Italian / sailed for France1524, sailed to North America Discovered New York Harbor

Jacques CartierEastern coast of Canada & he named the St. Lawrence RiverFound present day Montreal

Samuel de ChamplainFounded Quebec became base for empire New FranceJacques Marquette & Louis JolietMarquette was a French Jesuit PriestJoliet was a traderExplored the Great Lakes & upper Mississippi River

Sieur de La SalleExplored the lower Mississippi RiverHe claimed the entire river valley for FranceNamed it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

French Settlers in New France1760, population 65,000

Most colonist had no desire to build towns &/or raise familiesPriest who wanted to convertYoung single men interested in making money by fur tradingEnglish in North America1606, London investors received a charter from King James to found a colony Started with 3 ships & 100 settlers 1607, reached Virginia & named settlement JamestownFounded by Sir Walter Raleigh 1st permanent settlement for England in N. Am.Settlers wanted to find gold NOT plant cropsAt first, 7 out of every 10 people died of hunger, disease, or from battles with nativesEventually discovered tobacco & town became successful

1620, Pilgrims2nd English colony Plymouth in MassachusettsThe Mayflower (ship)In search of religious freedom

1630, PuritansEstablished a larger colony at Massachusetts BayIn search of religious freedom & build a model communityThe Dutch in North America1609, Henry Hudson English / sailed for NetherlandsExplored waterways now known as the Hudson River, Hudson Bay, and Hudson Strait

Dutch established a fur trade with the Iroquois Indians

Trading post at Albany & on Manhattan Island

New colony known as New Netherland English Oust the Dutch1664, King Charles II allowed his brother the Duke of York to drive the Dutch out of New NetherlandYork arrived with fleet & Dutch surrendors without shots being fired

English renamed colony New York

By 1750, about 1.2 million English lived in the 13 colonies along the east coast from Maine to Georgia England Battles FranceEngland wanted more land & went west

1754, dispute over land in the Ohio Valley led to the French & Indian War

British defeated the French in 1763Seized control of eastern half of N. AmericaCauses of African SlaveryEuropean colonist needed cheap labor for plantations & farmsWere using Native Americans, but death due to diseases led to a labor shortage

Why Africans?had been exposed to diseases & built up an immunityExperience in farming & could be taught plantation workLess likely to escape b/c they didnt know the landSkin color made it easier to catch if they escaped & tried to live with others

Europeans didnt travel into Africa, they went to ports on the coast, where local rulers captured Africans to be enslaved, & traded them for gold, guns, etc. From 1500-1600 - 300,000 Africans were transported to U.S.

By the time the Atlantic Slave Trade ended in 1870 about 9.5 million Africans were brought to America

England was the leader in slave tradeAbout 1.7 million by 1807 when England abolished the trade

A Forced JourneyEuropeans brought goods to Africa & traded for slavesAfricans traveled across Atlantic & sold in West IndiesEuropeans bought sugar, coffee, & tobacco in the West Indies and brought them back to Europe

Merchants brought rum & other goods from colonies to AfricaExchanged goods for slaves Africans brought to West Indies & sold them for sugar & molassesGoods were then sold to rum producers in New England

Slavery in the AmericasAfricans auction off to highest bidder

Slaves worked in mines, in fields, or as domestic servants

Lived on little food, in small huts

Worked long hours

Suffered beatings

Lifelong Resistance & RebellionDeveloped way of life based upon cultural heritage Musical traditions Stories of ancestors

Made themselves less productiveBroke toolsUprooted plantsWorked slowRan awayThe Columbian ExchangeGlobal transfer of foods, plants, and animals during colonization of Americas

People returned to Europe, Africa, & Asia with items people NEVER saw beforeTomatoesSquashPineapplesTobaccoCacao Beans (chocolate)Turkeys

Global TradeTwo factors lead to a wave of new business & trade practicesMany have served as root of todays financial market

Rise of Capitalism Economic system based upon private ownership & investment or resources for profitGovernment no longer the sole owners of wealthBusinesses in Europe grew & flourishedIncrease in nations money supply = inflation = rise in the price of goods

2. Joint Stock Companies Worked like modern corporationsInvestors buy shares of stock in company, people combining wealth for a common purpose = colonize AmericaGreat RiskEst. Jamestown

Growth of Mercantilism Countrys power depended mainly on its wealth Result every nation wanted as much wealth as possibleCould increase wealth two ways

Obtain as much gold & silver as possibleColonies provided raw materials that couldnt be found in Europe & provided new markets to sell its goods

2. Favorable Balance of Trade sold more goods than you boughtBecome self-sufficient

Changes in European SocietySpurred the growth of towns & rise of a merchant classMerchants & Traders allowed social mobility Increased wealth in European nationsCreation of national identity

Much of populations continued to live in rural areasMajority remained poor