CHAPTER 8 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

CHAPTERS 22, 23, and 24PLANTSChapter 22: Plant Diversity

Question of the Day APR 28EOC REVIEWThe first plants evolved from

A. Red algaeB. Green algaeC. Brown algaeD. Golden algaeAGENDA APR 28Objectives: Describe what plants need to survive. Explain the life cycle of a bryophyte.

1. EOC REVIEW2. Chapter 21 FUNGI Homework Check3. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity4. Review and Homework22-1 Intro to PlantsPlants are multicellular eukaryotes.

Cells walls made of cellulose.

Multicellular embryos.

PhotosynthesisChlorophyll a and bLife Cycle and SurvivalSporophyte diploid phase (2N)Spore producing plantGametophyte haploid phase (N)produces gametes

Basic NeedsSunlight, Water, Minerals, Gas ExchangeMovement of Water and Nutrients

EOC REVIEW DO NOW Apr 29What is the Cell Cycle?

What are the two main stages of the Cell Cycle?

What events occur during each stage?

AGENDA APR 29Objectives: Compare the characteristics of different types of plant life.

1. EOC REVIEW2. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity Continued3. Plants Question Packet4. Review and HomeworkPacket DUE THURSDAY May 1Overview of PlantsFirst plants evolved from multicellular green algae

Four GROUPS 1. Mosses2. Ferns3 Features3. Conifers4. FloweringWater-conducting tissuesSeedsFlowers

22-2 BryophytesMosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Require water for reproduction

No vascular tissuesWater taken in by osmosis Very low to ground

Rhizoids root like structuresLong thin cells draw up water and minerals

Gemmae small, multicellular reproductive structures

22-3 Seedless Vascular PlantsSpecialized to conduct water and nutrients through plant

XYLEM specialized tissue to transport water up the plant made of tracheids.

PHLOEM tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates.

Both can move materials against the force of gravity.

LIGNIN makes cell walls rigidPlants grow uprightFerns, Club Mosses, and HorsetailRoots absorb water and mineralsLeaves photosynthetic organsStems support structures carry water and nutrients

Club Mosses Horsetails

Ferns

22-4: Seed PlantsGYMNOSPERMS Bear seeds on cones

ANGIOSPERMS flowering plants bear seeds within tissue.

DO NOT REQUIRE WATER for fertilizationFlowers or conesTransfer of sperm by pollinationProtection of embryos in seeds

Question of the Day APR 30EOC REVIEWIn fruit flies, red eyes are dominant to white eyes and long wings are dominant to short wings. Cross a fly with white eyes that is heterozygous for long wings with a fly that is heterozygous for both traits. Construct a Punnett Square to determine all of the possible genotypes, phenotypes, and their genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Be organized and neat.AGENDA APR 30Objectives: Compare the characteristics of different types of plant life.

1. EOC REVIEW2. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity Continued3. Plants Question Packet4. Review and HomeworkPacket DUE THURSDAY May 1Mystery of Loch Ness Monster Solved?!?Why is it very unlikely that the Loch Ness monster is/was a plesiosaur?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUizJkymQYc

Reproductive PartsCones and flowers seed-bearing sporophyte structuresGametophytes live inside

Pollination transfer of pollen by wind, insects, animals.

Seeds contain embryosProtection and food supply

22-5: AngiospermsFlowers are reproductive organs.

Contain ovaries surround and protect seeds

Seeds produced within ovaries

Ovaries mature into fruits

Fruits aid in the dispersion of seeds

CHAPTER 23ROOTS, STEMS, and LEAVES23-1: Specialized Tissues in Plants Three Principal Organs of Seed Plants

1. ROOTS absorbs water and dissolved nutrients

2. STEMS support system for the plant body

3. LEAVES main photosynthetic systemsPlant Tissue SystemsDermal tissue single layer of epidermal skin cellsThick waxy cuticle protects against water loss and injury

Vascular tissue transports water and nutrientsXylemPhloem

Ground tissue cells between dermal and vascularParenchymaCollenchyma SclerenchymaGrowth and Meristematic TissueMost plants produce new cells for as long as they liveIndeterminate growth at tips of roots and stems

Meristems responsible for growth

New cells produced in meristematic tissue are not specialized.

What is differentiation?

Apical Meristems

23-2 ROOTSTaproot long thick primary rootSmall secondary roots

Fibrous root large cluster of roots all of the same size.

Mature roots have an epidermis layer (skin), ground tissue, and central vascular tissue.Question of the DAY May 2Tracheids and vessel elements make up

A. PhloemB. MeristemC. XylemD. TrichocystsAGENDA MAY 2Objectives: Compare the characteristics of different types of plant life.

1. EOC REVIEW2. Chapter 23: More PLANTS!3. Plants Question Packet4. Review and HomeworkCHAPTER 23 Packet DUE MONDAYSTUDY YOUR NOTES PLANTS TEST NEXT WEEKWEDNESDAY Root Functions1. Anchor plants to the ground2. Absorb nutrients and water

Active transport required to take in minerals from soil

Root pressure required to move or push water up through the xylem to other parts of the plant.22-3 STEMSThree major functions

1. Produce leaves, branches, and flowers.

2. hold leaves up to sunlight

3. transport substances between roots and leaves

Primary Growth Increase in stem lengthOccurs in apical meristemSecondary Growth Increase in stem widthLateral meristemOccurs in vascular cambium and cork cambiumDO NOW Monocots and Dicotshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHp_voyo7MY

Monocot StemDicot StemVascular bundles scatteredArranged inThroughout stemorganized, ringlikepatterns

23-4: LeavesAbsorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis

Blades thin flattened sections collect sunlight

Petioles attach leaves to the stem

Cuticle and epidermal cellsProtection and prevents evaporation of water

Leaf FunctionsPhotosynthesis occurs in mesophyll - specialized ground tissue.

Stomata pore-like openings that allow CO2 and O2 into/out of cell.

Guard cells control opening and closing of stomataOperate in pairsLocated in epidermisRespond to changes in H2O pressure

Guard Cells and StomataStomata open during daytimeClosed at night.Transpiration water loss through a plants leaves

23-5: Transport in PlantsWater transport requires enough force to move water through xylemRoot pressureCapillary actionTranspiration

Adhesion the attraction of water molecules with unlike moleculesH2O forms hydrogen bonds

Capillary action is the attraction of water to the walls of a tube water climbs higher in thinner tubes

Plant Nutrition and Transporthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsY8j8f54I0AGENDA MAY 5Objectives: Investigate the forces that allow plants to move water and nutrients. Describe the basic structure of a flower.

1. Continue notes on Plants2. All Notes and Study Guides posted on my webpage3. CHAPTER TEST on WEDNESDAY MAY 7Chapters 22, 23, and 24STUDY!!!Transpirational Pullhttp://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=capillary+action+in+plants&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=77E77D50E65926CABBBE77E77D50E65926CABBBE

Water is high = Open StomataExcess water lost through transpirationWater is low = H2O pressure dropGuard cells close stomataPressure-Flow HypothesisNutrients pumped into or removed from PHLOEM

Change in concentration of fluid also occursSame direction

Nutrients move from a high concentration SOURCE low concentration SINK

ROOT LEAF OR LEAF ROOTCHAPTER 24Reproduction of Seed Plants24-1 Reproduction with cones and flowersAlternation of Generations

Sporophyte (2N) alternates with Gametophyte (N)Gametophytes produce egg and spermForm a diploid zygoteZygote begins a Sporophyte generation

IN SEED PLANTSGametophytes hidden within tissues of sporophytes24-1 Structure of FlowersFour specialized kinds of leavesSepals enclose bud and protect flowerPetals attract pollinatorsStamensPistils or Carpels

Stamen anther and filamentAnther place where meiosis occurs male gametophytes

Pistil or Carpel produces female gametophytesOvaries contain ovulesStigma is a sticky part where pollen lands

Parts of a Flower PAGE 612

Parts of a Flowerhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHp_voyo7MY

10:5024-1 Life CyclesGymnospermsReproduction takes place in conesProduced by mature sporophytesPollen cones are male and Seed cones are female

AngiospermsReproduction takes place in the flowerDouble fertilization1. sperm and egg produce zygote new plant (2N)2. sperm and two polar nuclei form endosperm (3N)Food source for seedling as it begins to grow

24-2 Seed and Fruit DevelopmentFollowing fertilizationEmbryo grows within seed As seeds mature, ovary walls thicken to form fruit

Fruits are ant seeds that are enclosed within embryo walls.Applies to fruits and vegetablesEvolutionary change that enables seeds to be consumed